(A) Determine Whether a Given

Sentence is a Statement
1. A statement : sentence which is
either true or false but not both.
2. A non-statement : questions,
instructions and exclamations.

(B) Truth Values of Compound

Statements using And

4. When two statements are

combined using and, a true
compound statement is obtained
only if both statements are true.

Eg1: Solution:
(a) Statement; it is a false statement.
(b) Statement; it is a true statement.

5. If one or both statements are

false, then the compound statement
is false.

(c) Not a statement; it is a question.

(d) Not a statement; it is an
instruction.
(e) Not a statement; it is an
exclamation.

The truth table:

Let p = statement 1 and q =
statement 2.
The truth values for p and q are as
follows:

Eg 2 Solution:
(a) All polygons have the same
number of vertices and sides.
(b) Some multiples of 9 are even
numbers.
(c) Some of the whole numbers are
divisible by 7.

Eg 4;Solution:
(a)a true statement. (p and q is
true)
(b)a false statement. (p and q is
false)
(c)a false statement. (p and q is
false)

4.3 Operations on Statements

(d)a true statement. (p or q is true)

1. Negation of a statement refers to

changing the truth value of the
statement, that is, changing a true
statement to a false statement and
vice versa, using the word not or
no.

(e)a true statement. (p or q is true)

Eg 3:Solution:
(a) 17 is not a prime number. (True to
false)
(b) 39 not is a multiple of 9. (False to
true)

(B) Implications of the Form p if and

only if q

1. Two implications if p, then q and

if q, then p can be written as p if
and only if q.

2. Likewise, two statements can be

written from a statement in the form
p if and only if q as follows:

Implication 1: If p, then q.
Implication 2: If q, then p.
Eg 5 Solution:

(A) Reasoning by Deduction and

Induction

(a) If x + 1 = 8, then x = 7.
(b) x + 1 = 8 if and only if x = 7.

4.5 Arguments

(A) Premises and Conclusions

1. An argument is a process of
making conclusion based on several
given statements.
2. The statements given are known
as premises.
3. An argument consists of premises
and a conclusion.

Eg 6 Solution:
Premise 1: A pentagon has 5 sides.
Premise 2: ABCDE is a pentagon.
Conclusion: ABCDE has 5 sides.

Eg 7 Solution:
a)Conclusion: 45 is divisible by 5.
b) Conclusion: 3 is a factor of 54.
c)Conclusion: P is not the subset of
Q.

1. Reasoning by deduction is a
process of making a conclusion for a
specific case based on a given
general statement.

2. Reasoning by induction is a
process of making a generalization
based on specific cases.

Maths Tip
1.
General statement Special
conclusion Deduction
2.
Specific cases General
conclusion Induction

Eg 8 solution
The general conclusion 7n2 6, n =
1, 2, 3, 4 is made based on specific
cases. Therefore, the conclusion is
based on inductive reasoning.