Zinc Oxide - Zno - Pubchem

11/30/2016
NIH
ZINCOXIDE|ZnOPubChem
U.S. National Library of Medicine
National Center for Biotechnology Information
OPEN
Search Compounds
CHEMISTRY
D A T A B A S E
Compound Summary for CID 14806
PUBCHEM COMPOUND ZINC OXIDE
ZINC OXIDE
STRUCTURE
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DRUG INFO
PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
PATENTS
PubChem CID:
Chemical Names:
14806
ZINC OXIDE; Oxozinc; Amalox; 1314132; Permanent White; Chinese White
More...
Molecular Formula:
ZnO or OZn
Molecular Weight:
81.379 g/mol
InChI Key:
XLOMVQKBTHCTTDUHFFFAOYSAN
Safety Summary:
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary LCSS
Drug Information:
Drug Indication Therapeutic Uses Clinical Trials FDA Orange Book
ZINC OXIDE is a mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages,
pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.
from MeSH
Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. ZnO is a white powder that is insoluble in water, and
it is widely used as an additive in numerous materials and products including rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass,
cement, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, and
firstaid tapes. It occurs naturally as the mineral zincite, but most zinc oxide is produced synthetically. Zinc oxide
can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skin caused
by ultraviolet light. It is also widely used to treat a variety of other skin conditions, in products such as baby
powder and barrier creams to treat diaper rashes, calamine cream, antidandruff shampoos, and antiseptic
ointments.
from DrugBank
Crude zinc oxide is a yellowgray granular solid with no odor. It is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the
threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.
Prolonged inhalation of the dust may result in metal fume fever with symptoms of chills, fever, muscular pain,
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/zinc_oxide
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nausea and vomiting.

from CAMEO Chemicals
Modify Date: 20161126; Create Date: 20050327
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Contents
1 2D Structure
2 3D Status
3 Names and Identifiers
4 Chemical and Physical Properties
5 Related Records
6 Chemical Vendors
7 Drug and Medication Information
8 Agrochemical Information
9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
10 Use and Manufacturing
11 Identification
12 Safety and Hazards
13 Toxicity
14 Literature
15 Patents
16 Classification
17 Information Sources
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1 2D Structure
Search
Download
Get Image
Magnify
from PubChem
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2 3D Status
Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element
from PubChem
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3 Names and Identifiers

3.1 Computed Descriptors
3.1.1 IUPAC Name
oxozinc
from PubChem
3.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/O.Zn
from PubChem
3.1.3 InChI Key

XLOMVQKBTHCTTDUHFFFAOYSAN
from PubChem
3.1.4 Canonical SMILES

O=[Zn]
from PubChem
3.2 Molecular Formula

ZnO
from ILOICSC, NIOSHPocketGuide, OSHA Occupational Chemical DB
OZn
from PubChem
3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.1 CAS
1314132
from ILOICSC, NIOSHPocketGuide, OSHA Occupational Chemical DB, EPA Chemicals under the TS
3.3.2 EC Number
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2152225
from European Chemicals Agency ECHA
6171016
from European Chemicals Agency ECHA
3.3.3 ICSC Number

0208
from ILOICSC
3.3.4 RTECS Number

ZH4810000
from ILOICSC, NIOSHPocketGuide
3.3.5 UN Number
3077
from OSHA Occupational Chemical DB, NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List, CAMEO Chemicals
3.3.6 Wikipedia
Title
Zinc oxide
Description
chemical compound
from Wikipedia
3.4 Synonyms
3.4.1 MeSH Synonyms
1. Lassar Paste
2. Lassar's Paste
3. Lassars Paste
4. Oxide, Zinc
5. Paste, Lassar's
6. Zinc Oxide
from MeSH
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3.4.2 DepositorSupplied Synonyms

1. ZINC OXIDE
11. Zinc oxide ZnO
21. Hubbucks white
31. Unichem ZO
41. Protox type 167
2. oxozinc
12. Akrozinc bar 85
22. Ozlo
32. Vandem VAC
42. Protox type 168
3. Amalox
13. Flowers of zinc
23. Zinc monoxide
33. Vandem VOC
43. Protox type 169
4. 1314132
14. Azo33
24. Zincum Oxydatum
34. Vandem VPC
44. Protox type 267
5. Permanent White
15. Nogenol
25. Flores de zinci
35. Green seal8
45. Protox type 268
6. Chinese White
16. Outmine
26. Zinci Oxicum
36. Philosopher's wool
46. Akrozinc bar 90
7. Snow white
17. Zincite
27. Zinci Oxydum
37. White seal7
47. Azodox55
8. Zinc White
18. Zincoid
28. Hubbuck's White
38. KZinc
48. Azodox55TT
9. Emanay zinc oxide
19. Azodox
29. Blanc de Zinc
39. Powder base 900
49. Red Seal 9
20. Ozide
30. NoGenol
40. Protox type 166
50. EMAR
10. Felling zinc oxide
from PubChem
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4 Chemical and Physical Properties

4.1 Computed Properties
Molecular Weight
81.379 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Rotatable Bond Count
Exact Mass
79.924 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
79.924 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
17.1 A^2
Heavy Atom Count
Formal Charge
Complexity
Isotope Atom Count
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
CovalentlyBonded Unit Count
1
from PubChem
4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description
WHITE POWDER.
from ILOICSC
White, odorless solid.
from NIOSHPocketGuide, OSHA Occupational Chemical DB
1. Dry Powder
2. DryPowder
3. DryPowder, OtherSolid
4. DryPowder, PelletsLargeCrystals
5. Liquid
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6. OtherSolid
7. OtherSolid, PelletsLargeCrystals
8. PelletsLargeCrystals
from EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
Crude zinc oxide is a yellowgray granular solid with no odor. It is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the
threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.
Prolonged inhalation of the dust may result in metal fume fever with symptoms of chills, fever, muscular pain,
nausea and vomiting.
4.2.2 Color
White or yellowishwhite powder; hexagonal crystals
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of
Chemistry, 2013., p. 1888
from HSDB
Coarse white or grayish powder
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1346
from HSDB
Hexagonal, wurtzite crystal structure
Goodwin FE; Zinc Compounds. KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (19992013). New York, NY: John Wiley
& Sons. Online Posting Date: 17 Feb 2006
from HSDB
White powder; hexagonal
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 20132014, p. 4
100
from HSDB
4.2.3 Odor
Odorless
from HSDB
4.2.4 Taste
Bitter taste
from HSDB
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4.2.5 Melting Point

1974 deg C
100
from HSDB
1975C
from ILOICSC
3587F
from NIOSHPocketGuide
MLT: 3587F
from OSHA Occupational Chemical DB
3587 F NIOSH, 2016
4.2.6 Solubility
Insoluble in water
100
from HSDB
Slowly decomposed by water
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010168 (2010). Available
from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
from HSDB
Soluble in dilute acid
100
from HSDB
Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble in alcohol
from HSDB
0.00042 g/100 cu cm water at 18 deg C
from HSDB
in water: none
from ILOICSC
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64F: 0.0004%
0.0004 % at 64 F NIOSH, 2016
4.2.7 Density
5.6 g/cu cm
100
from HSDB
5.6 g/cm
from ILOICSC
5.61
4.2.8 Vapor Pressure

0 mm Hg approx
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CDROM. Department of Health & Human Services,
Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication
No. 2005151 (2005)
from HSDB
0 mmHg approx
0 mm Hg approx NIOSH, 2016
4.2.9 Stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
SigmaAldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Zinc Oxide, Product Number: 204951, Version 4.2 (Revision Date 9/19/2012).
Available from, as of November 5, 2013: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/204951?lang=enion=US
from HSDB
4.2.10 Decomposition
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /zinc oxide/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. WileyInterscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3725
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from HSDB
Chlorinated rubber at 419 degrees F, water [Note: Slowly decomposed by water].
from HSDB
4.2.11 pH
pH = 6.95 American process zinc oxide; 7.37 French process
from HSDB
4.3 Spectral Properties

Index of refraction: 2.0041, 2.0203
from HSDB
Completely absorbs ultraviolet light <366 nm
from HSDB
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5 Related Records
CLICK TO LOAD...
from NCBI
5.1 Related Compounds

Same Connectivity
2 records
Mixtures, Components, and

Neutralized Forms
387 records
Similar Compounds
6 records
from PubChem
5.2 Substances
5.2.1 Related Substances
All
524 records
Same
80 records
Mixture
444 records
from PubChem
5.2.2 Substances by Category

CLICK TO LOAD...
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from PubChem
5.3 Entrez Crosslinks

PubMed
39 records
Taxonomy
6 records
OMIM
1 record
Gene
285 records
from PubChem
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6 Chemical Vendors
CLICK TO LOAD...
from PubChem
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7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 FDA Orange Book
7.1.1 Prescription Drug Products
Drug Ingredient
MICONAZOLE NITRATE; PETROLATUM, WHITE; ZINC OXIDE
Proprietary Name
VUSION
Applicant
DELCOR ASSET CORP Application Number: N021026. Patent: 8147852

from FDA Orange Book
7.2 Drug Labels for Ingredients

Label Information
Total 2750 labels
Drug Ingredient
ZINC OXIDE
NDC Codes
NDC Codes
Packagers
0005436556, 0023495302, 0023495313, 0023496301, 00234963

03, 0023496308, 0023496313, 0023496403, 0023496413, 0023
549401 ... total 4808.
Sheffield Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 0to7 Inc; 1004LABORATORY; 3LAB, Inc; 3M
Health Care; 714 Essentials LTD; A Bit Hippy; AS Medication Solutions;
ABLE C&C CO., LTD.; ABLE C&C Co., Ltd. ... total 863.
from DailyMed
7.3 Drugs at PubMed Health

Drugs at PubMed Health: 1 of 4
Drug Name
Ammens Medicated
Notes
See Zinc Oxide On the skin

from PubMed Health

Drug Name
Good Neighbor Pharmacy Diaper Rash Creamy
Notes

from PubMed Health
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Drug Name
Periguard
Notes

from PubMed Health
View All 4 Drugs at PubMed Health
7.4 Clinical Trials

Download
1 to 5 of 200
View More
Record ID
Title
Status
Phase
NCT02472054
First Line Treatment of Familiar Lymphohistiocytosis by Alemtuzumab

CAMPATH
Recruiting
NCT01712828
A Phase 1, OpenLabel, TwoPart, FixedSequence Crossover Study to

Evaluate the Effect of Pglycoprotein Inhibition on Lenalidomide
Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Male Subjects
Completed
NCT02462252
A Phase IIA, Openlabel Study Designed to Evaluate Efficacy and

Safety of BL8040 Followed by AntiThymocyte Globulin hATG,
Cyclosporine and Methylprednisolone in Adult Subjects With Aplastic
Anemia AA or Hypoplastic Myelodysplastic Syndrome MDS
Recruiting
NCT02137239
Evaluation of Acute Rejection Rates in de Novo Renal Transplant

Recipients Following Thymoglobulin Induction, CNIfree, Nulojix
BelataceptBased Immunosuppression
Recruiting
NCT01231399
Phase Ib Trial of mFOLFOX6 and Everolimus NSC733504 in Patients

With Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
Completed
from ClinicalTrials.gov
7.5 Therapeutic Uses

Dermatologic Agents; Sunscreening Agents
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 2013)
from HSDB
The physical compounds titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect, scatter, and absorb both UVA and UVB rays. ...
Using new technology, the particle sizes of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been reduced, making them
more transparent without losing their ability to screen UV.
US EPA; Sunscreens: The Burning Facts p.4 EPA 430F06013 (September 2006). Available from, as of November 5, 2013:
http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/doc/sunscreen.pdf
from HSDB
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Zinc oxide diaper rash ointment promotes healing, protects skin and relieves chafing.
Drug Facts and Comparisons 2013. Wolters Kluwer Health St. Louis, MO 2013, p. 3308
from HSDB
In addition to healing diaper rash, zinc oxide ointment is indicated for treating many everyday skin problems. It
promotes healing, protects and helps seal out wetness. Use for minor burns, cuts and scrapes.
from HSDB
Zinc oxide is mildly astringent and is used topically as a soothing and protective application in eczema and
slight excoriations, in wounds, and for hemorrhoids. It is also used with coal tar or ichthammol in the treatment
eczema.
SWEETMAN, S.C. (ed.) MartindaleThe Complete Drug Reference. 36th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 2009., p. 1621
from HSDB
/Zinc oxide paste with salicylic acid is frequently used/ in treatment of athlete's foot and other
dermatomycoses. Presence of zinc oxide imparts astringent and protective property to this paste. Astringent
action is desired to reduce inflammation and to close fissures. /Zinc oxide paste with salicylic acid/
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing
Co., 1975., p. 719
from HSDB
Zinc oxide is used as the basis for the production of a number of dental cements. Mixed with phosphoric acid it
forms a hard material composed largely of zinc phosphate; mixed with clove oil or eugenol, it is used as
temporary dental filling.
from HSDB
MEDICATION VET: Pharmacologic levels of zinc as zinc oxide have consistently been found to increase pig
performance during the postweaning period. In some instances, high levels of zinc oxide have been reported
to reduce the incidence and severity of postweaning diarrhea. Responses to zinc oxide and antibiotics seem to
be additive in nature, much like the responses to high copper and antibiotics; however, there is no advantage
in including high copper and high zinc in the same diet.
Kahn, C.M (ed.).; The Merck Veterinary Manual 10th Edition. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station NJ. 2010, p. 2072
from HSDB
MEDICATION VET: Sheep and cattle can be protected from the effects of sporidesmin if given adequate
amounts of zinc. Zinc may be administered by drenching with zinc oxide slurry, by spraying pastures with zinc
oxide, or by adding zinc sulfate to drinking water.
from HSDB
THERAP CAT; Astringent; topical protectant; ultraviolet screen.
from HSDB
THERAP CAT VET: Antiseptic; astringent; topical protectant
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from HSDB
Zinc oxide reflects ultraviolet radiation and is used as a physical sunscreen.
from HSDB
Daily use of a sunscreen with a high SPF greater than 15 on usually exposed skin is recommended for
residents of areas of high ... /solar radiation/ who work outdoors or ... /enjoy/ regular outdoor recreation. Daily
use of a sunscreen can reduce the cumulative ... /solar/ exposure that causes actinic keratoses and squamous
cell carcinoma.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of CancerPreventive Agents (2001) Sunscreens (IARC Handbooks of Cancer
Prevention, Vol. 5), Lyon, IARC; Unit of Chemoprevention: CancerPreventive Effects of Sunscreens p.148
from HSDB
MEDICATION VET: Dietary supplementation with 2500 ppm ZnO for up to two weeks after weaning appears
to be potentially beneficial in the prevention of postweaning diarrhea in pigs. Abstract: PubMed
JensenWaern M et al; Res Vet Sci 64 (3): 22531 (1998)
from HSDB
7.6 Drug Warning

Do not use in eyes; for external use only.
Lelkin, J.B., Paloucek, F.P., Poisoning & Toxicology Compendium. LEXICOMP Inc. & American Pharmaceutical Association,
Hudson, OH 1998., p. 573
from HSDB
The presence of zinc oxide inhibits the therapeutic effects of 8hydroxyquinoline in ointments.
Stockley, I.H. Drug Interactions. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1981., p. 90
from HSDB
The manufacturers of sunscreen preparations with propellants warn that concentrating and subsequently
inhaling the fumes from these preparations may be harmful or fatal. /Propellants/
American Society of HealthSystem Pharmacists 2013; Drug Information 2013. Bethesda, MD. 2013
from HSDB
Because the absorptive characteristics of skin of children younger than 6 months of age may differ from those
of adults and because the immaturity of metabolic and excretory pathways of these children may limit their
ability to eliminate any percutaneously absorbed sunscreen agent, sunscreen products should be used in
children younger than 6 months of age only as directed by a clinician. It is possible that the characteristics of
geriatric skin also differ from those of skin in younger adults, but these characteristics and the need for special
considerations regarding use of sunscreen preparations in this age group are poorly understood. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
Little information is available regarding the safety of chronic sunscreen usage, but commercially available
physical and chemical sunscreens appear to have a low incidence of adverse effects. Derivatives of PABA,
benzophenone, cinnamic acid, and salicylate and 2phenylbenzimidazole5sulfonic acid have caused skin
irritation including burning, stinging, pruritus, and erythema on rare occasions. /Sunscreens/
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from HSDB
Sunscreens should not be used as a means of extending the duration of solar exposure, such as prolonging
sunbathing, and should not be used as a substitute for clothing on usually unexposed sites, such as the trunk
and buttocks. /Sunscreens/
Prevention, Vol. 5), Lyon, IARC; Unit of Chemoprevention: CancerPreventive Effects of Sunscreens.
from HSDB
The protection of skin from solar damage ideally involves a number of actions which include wearing tightly
woven protective clothing which adequately covers the arms, trunk and legs, a hat that provides adequate
shade to the whole of the head, seeking shade whenever possible, avoiding outdoor activities during periods
of peak ... /solar radiation/ and use of sunscreens. Sunscreens should not be the first choice for skin cancer
prevention and should not be used as the sole agent for protection against the sun. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
The reported incidence of side effects due to sunscreen use is less than 1 to 2%. All sunscreen agents have
been reported to cause allergic reactions but the frequency of such reactions is low. Irritation due to the
vehicle rather than to the sunscreen's active ingredient seems to be the frequent cause of adverse effects.
/Sunscreen agents, topical/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.
from HSDB
Infants under 6 months of age should be kept out of the sun and be physically protected from direct sun
exposure. Sunscreen agents should not be used on infants under 6 months of age because of possible
irritation and accidental ingestion. /Sunscreen agents, topical/
from HSDB
If skin irritation or a rash occurs during use of a sunscreen product, use of the sunscreen should be
discontinued and the sunscreen washed off. If irritation persists, a physician should be consulted. Contact of
sunscreen agents with the eyes should be avoided. If the sunscreen comes in contact with the eyes, the
affected eyes should be flushed thoroughly with water. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
Sunscreen preparations should be applied uniformly and generously to all exposed skin surfaces, including lips,
before exposure to UVB radiation. Two applications of the sunscreen may be needed for maximum protection.
PABAcontaining sunscreens are most effective when applied 12 hours before exposure to sunlight. Sunscreen
products that are not water resistant should be reapplied after swimming, toweldrying, or profuse sweating
and, because most sunscreens are easily removed from the skin, reapplication every 12 hours or according to
the manufacturer's directions usually is required to provide adequate protection from UVB light. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
Believed to put the elderly, who spend little time in the sun and use sunscreens frequently, at risk for vitamin D
deficiency, although this has not been proven; eating a diet including food rich in vitamin D; taking oral vitamin
D supplements as recommended by physician /SRP: might be helpful/. /Sunscreen agents, topical/
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from HSDB
Topical use of sunscreens reduces the risk for sunburn in humans. Sunscreens probably prevent squamouscell
carcinoma of the skin when used mainly during unintentional sun exposure. No conclusion can be drawn about
the cancerpreventive activity of topical use of sunscreens against basalcell carcinoma and cutaneous
melanoma. Use of sunscreens can extend the duration of intentional sun exposure, such as sunbathing. Such
an extension may increase the risk for cutaneous melanoma. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
7.7 Drug Indication

For adjunctive treatment of diaper dermatitis.
from DrugBank
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8 Agrochemical Information
8.1 Agrochemical Category
Preservative
from EPA Office of Pesticide Programs
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9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification
Dermatologic Agents
Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. See a list of PubChem compounds
matching this category.
from MeSH
Sunscreening Agents
Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking
ultraviolet radiation. See a list of PubChem compounds matching this category.
from MeSH
9.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Urinary and blood exam /in workers in maufacturing of zinc oxide compound/ indicated that zinc was
absorbed and excreted in amount higher than normal, from 0.123.93 mg/100 cc in urine normal average ...
estimated as 1.06 mg; Fecal Zn also high, but this represented to considerable extent Zn swallowed and
passed through GI tract unabsorbed.
Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: AppletonCenturyCrofts, 1969., p. 353
from HSDB
Absorption occurs across broken epithelium when zinc oxide is applied to treat burns or wounds.
Sullivan, J.B., Krieger G.R. (eds). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Second edition. Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1999., p. 902
from HSDB
An increase in serum Zn2+ levels was observed in 8 patients suffering from second and third degree burns,
who were treated with adhesive zinctape ca 7.5 g ZnO/100 g dry weight. The maximum value up to 28.3
umol/litre was reached within 3 to 8 days during treatment. It is noted that the absorption through intact skin
cannot be assessed based on this study with burn patients.
European Chemicals Bureau; EU Risk Assessment Report Zinc Oxide, Vol.43 p.48 (2004). Available from, as of July 10, 2006:
http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/cc20582ad35947228cb642f1736dc820
from HSDB
... Application of zinc oxide dressings containing 250 ug Zn2+/sq cm to rats for 48 hours with fullthickness
skin excision resulted in a 12% delivery of zinc ions from the dressing to each wound, while application of zinc
sulphate dressings containing 66 ug Zn2+/sq cm resulted in a 65% delivery of ions to each wound ... The
application of zinc oxide resulted in sustained delivery of zinc ions causing constant woundtissue zinc cation
levels due to its slow dissociation rate, while the more water soluble zinc sulphate delivers zinc ions more
rapidly to the wound fluid with subsequent rapid transferral into the blood /was suggested/.
from HSDB
After inhalation exposure nasal to zinc oxide aerosol ... zinc retention in the lungs of guinea pigs ZnO 11.3
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mg/cu m, 3 hr was 19.8%; in rats ZnO 4.3 mg/cu m, 3 hr, 11.5%; and in rabbits ZnO 6 mg/cu m, 6 hr,
4.7%.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 19 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p.
2:257
from HSDB
Zinc salts are not equal in solubility, which is important in zinc absorption. The solubility of zinc salts is affected
by gastric pH. Healthy subjects were given a single oral dose of 50 mg elemental zinc as the ... oxide salt under
either high pH > 5 or low pH < 3 intragastric pH conditions. The mean plasma zinc area under the curve for
... zinc oxide at low pH OL and ... at high pH OH were ... 364 and 66 ug/hr/dL ...
2:266
from HSDB
The dermal absorption of 65Zn2+ from ZnCl2 and ZnO was studied by applying the zinc preparations under
occlusion on the shaven, but intact skin on the back of male Sprague Dawley rats. The zinc absorption, being
the ration between 65Znactivity in the carcass, liver and gastrointestinal tract, and the 65Znactivity in
carcass, liver, gastrointestinal tract, skin and bandage, was reported to range from 1.6 to 6.1%. It should be
noted that the higher percentages 3.6 to 6.1% were achieved after application of ZnCl2 in acidic solution pH
= 1. Less acidic solutions with ZnCl2 or with ZnO resulted in a dermal absorption of less than 2%. In this study
only the absorption into the body, excluding the skin, was determined. No data were available as to the effect
of zinc chloride solutions with pH = 1 on dermal integrity.
from HSDB
In a time course experiment male Wistar rats 3/group received a single intratracheal instillation of 0.4 mL zinc
oxide suspension zinc oxide particles <2 um, but they appeared to form aggregates of 1020 particles at a
dose of 100 ug Zn2+/rat and the rats were killed 1/3, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after administration. In a
doseresponse experiment 0.4 mL zinc oxide suspension zinc oxide particles <2 um, but they appeared to
form aggregates of 1020 particles was instilled in the lungs of male Wistar rats 3/group at doses of 20, 50,
100, 200, 500 and 1,000 ug Zn2+/rat. The rats were killed after 2 days. Control animals were included in the
experiments. In the time course experiment a significantly increased lungwet weight 1 day after instillation
and remaining throughout the time course was seen. Only a limited portion of Zn could be retrieved in the
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid BALF. No measurable amount of exogenous Zn was observed after 5 days. The
halflife of zinc oxide instilled in the lung was calculated to be 14 hours. In the doseresponse experiment the
lungwet weight increased with dose of zinc oxide 2 days after instillation. The results indicated that the rat
lung was able to clear zinc oxide particles up to a dose of 50 ug Zn2+/rat at least within two days. No
measurable accumulation of Zn was observed in the liver and kidneys even at a dose of 1,000 ug Zn2+/rat.
European Chemicals Bureau; EU Risk Assessment Report Zinc oxide, Vol.43 p.44 (2004). Available from, as of July 5, 2006:
from HSDB
Groups of three rats received single intratracheal installations of zinc oxide suspension at the dose of 100
mg/rat ... The halflife of zinc oxide was calculated to be 14 hr. Most of the recovered Zn in the lavage fluid was
present in the supernatant of bonchoalveolar lavage fluid BALF. This suggests that zinc oxide particles might
be solubilized rapidly in the bronchoalveolar fluid. When rats received 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg
Zn/rat and were killed 2 days later, the percentage of Zn retained in the lung increased with the dose, but at
doses lower than 50 Zn mg/rat, exogenous Zn was not observed 2 days after installation ... It indicates that the
rat lung was able to clear zinc oxide particles up to a dose of 50 mg Zn/rat at least within 2 days. In doses
higher than 200, Zn was retreived proportionally to the dose of zinc oxide in both the supernatant and the
pellet of BALF. It has been suggested that at doses higher than 200 mg Zn/rat solublization of zinc oxide
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particles in the bronchoalveolar fluid might play a major role in the clearance rate of zinc oxide from the lung.
2:272
from HSDB
Contrary to cadmium ... the protective role of matallothionein MT as sequestrating factor may be much less
sigificant in the case of zinc. The maximal MT content after instillation of 100 mg Zn/rat was about 6 mg
greater than the control level. Such amount of MT could bind about 0.5 mg of zinc, which corresponds to only
0.5% of the initial dose of zinc.
2:272
from HSDB
A total of 24 workers whose exposure ranged from 2 to 35.5 years were selected. In most work areas the mean
zinc concentrations were generally below 35 mg/cu m, except in the zinc dust plant where concentrations of
up to 130 mg/cu m were measured. The average level of zinc in whole blood of the 24 exposed workers was
458 ug/100 mL, compared with 387 ug/100 mL in 10 controls. No information was given about the control
subjects.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th
ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 19931994., p. 2337
from HSDB
Induction of matallothionein MT in the lung was observed 2 days after instillation of zinc oxide. The
concentration of MT was proportional to the dose amounting to 7.8 mg/lung at the dose of 100 mg Zn/rat and
to 29 mg/lung at the dose of 1000 mg Zn/rat. The possibility of induction of MT as result of inhalation
exposure to ZnO was also confirmed. Exposures of rats to 5 and 2.5 mg/zinc oxide/cu m resulted in peak eight
fold increases in MT mRNA levels immediately after exposure, while 1 mg zinc oxide/cu m exposure caused a
3.5fold elevation in MT mRNA. These levels returned to approximate control gene expression values 24 hr
after exposure. Contrary to cadmium ... the protective role of MT as sequestrating factor may be much less
sigificant in the case of zinc. The maximal MT content after instillation of 100 mg Zn/rat was about 6 mg
greater than the control level. Such amount of MT could bind about 0.5 mg of zinc, which corresponds to only
0.5% of the initial dose of zinc.
2:272
from HSDB
Sunscreen containing 10% zinc oxide refers to a protection factor 2025: By an application of 9 g
sunscreen/event, 3 events/day during 18 days/year the exposure will be 1,332 mg sunscreen/day, being 107
mg Zn2+/day. Assuming a dermal absorption of 2% the uptake is estimated to be 2.14 mg Zn2+/ day,
European Chemicals Bureau; EU Risk Assessment Report Zinc Oxide, Vol.43 p.36 (2004). Available from, as of June 29,
2006: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/cc20582ad35947228cb642f1736dc820
from HSDB
The absorption of zinc from soluble zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, zinc aminoate, zinc methionine and insoluble zinc
oxide was compared in ten human volunteers who were dosed orally with 50 mg Zn in various forms separated
by two weeks intervals. Bioavailability of zinc from the various forms was compared on the basis of plasma zinc
levels and area under the plasma curve analysis. Plasma peak levels were observed after about 2.5 hr for all
forms, but maximal plasma Zn concentration amounted to 221 and 225 ug/dL for the acetate and the sulphate
form while the peak plasma level for Zn from the oxide was only 159 ug/dL. When AUC values for the different
zinc forms were compared, it appeared that the bioavailability of zinc oxide was about 60% of the
bioavailability of the soluble forms.
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from HSDB
ZnO, zinc omadine, zinc sulfate and zinc undecylenate 131 uCi/mole of 65Zn2+ were used for topical
application on shaved skin on the back of rabbits. Each application consisted of 2.5 mg Zncompound
containing 5 uCi 65Zn2+. Two animals received one application on four skin areas left of the spine, while the
four skin areas on the right side received two applications, the second one 24 hours after the first one. The
rabbits were killed 6 and 24 hours after the second application. One rabbit served as control animal. No
significant differences were found in the amount and location of 65Zn2+ in skin treated with 4 different zinc
compounds. High concentrations of 65Zn2+ were observed in the cortical and cuticle zones of the hair shaft,
being the highest in the keratogenous zone. Accumulation of 65Zn2+ in epidermis was very low but heavy in
the sub dermal muscle layer. Since no different rates of absorption and concentrations of zinc compounds with
different oil/water solubility, pH, and molecular weight were seen, it was suggested that the major mode of
65Zn2+ uptake in skin is by diffusion through the hair follicles due to the heavy localization of 65Zn2+
primarily in the hair shaft and hair follicles.
from HSDB
... Application of zinc oxide dressings containing 250 ug Zn2+/sq cm to rats for 48 hours with fullthickness
skin excision resulted in a 12% delivery of zinc ions from the dressing to each wound, while application of zinc
sulphate dressings containing 66 ug Zn2+/sq cm resulted in a 65% delivery of ions to each wound. The data
suggest that the application of zinc oxide resulted in sustained delivery of zinc ions causing constant wound
tissue zinc cation levels due to its slow dissociation rate, while the more water soluble zinc sulfate delivers zinc
ions more rapidly to the wound fluid with subsequent rapid transferral into the blood.
from HSDB
The systemic absorption from topical application of 40% zinc oxide ointment with petrolatum was
investigated ... in healthy subjects and in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition TPN for a minimum of 3
days prior to the start of the experiment. TPN is known to result in zinc deficiency mean decrease 6.6
ug/dL/week, and the longer the period of TPN without zinc supplementation, the greater the decrease in
serum zinc concentration. In a controlled, cross over study on two separate days, one week apart 6 healthy
subjects received a topical application of 100 g of the 40% zinc oxide ointment or 60 g of control ointment
100% white petrolatum base to the chest, upper legs and lower legs ... for 3 hours. Each subject fasted for 12
hours before treatment started only water ad libitum. During the study no food or water was consumed.
Blood samples were taken after the 12 hrfast baseline value, and at 1, 2 and 3 hours after the start of the
topical application. Mean serum Zn2+ concentrations at these time points were 107.3, 116.1, 105.3 and 112.6
ug/dL for the zinc ointment and 115.2, 103.5, 105.5 and 110.5 for the control ointment, respectively. Normal
serum zinc concentrations were considered to be in the range of 68 to 136 ug/dL. An increase in serum zinc
over the baseline value was observed in 4/6 subjects. In 3 of them, the rise was most pronounced after 1 hour.
In 2/6 no increase was observed throughout the treatment. Overall, there was a mean serum Zn2+ increase of
8.8 ug/dL over baseline 1 hour after application. This represented an 8.2% rise in serum zinc, which however
was not statistically significant. Six patients received under occlusion a topical application of 15 g of the 40%
zinc oxide ointment onto the upper legs 1015 cm once daily for 8 consecutive days. Blood samples were
taken before treatment baseline value, at 4, 6 and 8 days just prior to application, and at day 10. The mean
baseline level of the patients 88.6 ug/dL differed significantly from the mean baseline level of the healthy
subjects. The mean zinc concentration in the 3 patients that completed the study remained relatively stable
over the 10day period 7893 ug/dL. It can be concluded that topical applications of 40% zinc oxide ointment
did not result in a significant increase in serum zinc concentration in healthy human subjects over a 3hour
period nor in TPNpatients over 10 days. ... It is theorized by the authors that after topical application zinc is
locally absorbed and stored in the hair follicles where it is relatively unavailable for immediate systemic
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absorption in subjects with normal serum zinc concentrations. In subjects that are hypozincemic, there is
absorption from the storage depot at a rate sufficient to prevent a decline in serum zinc concentration. It is
agreed with the authors that the 3hour sampling time in normal subjects may have been of insufficient length
to allow for appreciable systemic absorption from the storage depot.
from HSDB
... The lung clearance rate of zinc aerosols was determined in male Wistar rats 8/group 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours
after exposure to zinc oxide aerosol at a concentration of 12.8 mg/cu m mean aerodynamic diameter of 1 um
for 17 hours. The ZnO aerosol was created by pyrolysis of a micronised Znacetate aerosol at 500 deg C. 8
Animals were kept in clean air and served as controls. The lungs and trachea of the animals were removed and
their zinc content was determined by flame photometry. In comparison with the controls, the lungs of exposed
rats were increased in weight presumably because of oedema, which increase was significant at 8 hours and
even more pronounced at 24 hours. The zinc content in the trachea was not uniform but was above control
values except after 24 hours. The zinc content in the lungs decreased monoexponential and was 7% of the
initial burden after 24 hours. According to the short halflife of 6.3 hours found in this study for the pulmonary
zinc content, a fast dissolution of the particles must occur, as the alveolar clearance of an inert Fe2O3 aerosol
occurred with a halflife of about 34 hours. It is not clear whether the clearance of Zn from the lungs is affected
by the pathological condition of the lungs.
from HSDB
9.3 Biological HalfLife

Groups of three rats received single intratracheal installations of zinc oxide suspension at the dose of 100
mg/rat during the experiment and were killed 1/3, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after administration. The half
life of zinc oxide was calculated to be 14 hr.
2:272
from HSDB
9.4 Mechanism of Action

... Freshly formed fumes are ... composed of ... particles in range of 0.05 to 0.5 um, and ... /have/ increased
activity when they come into contact with the alveolar walls of lung. As fumes age they become less reactive
because they tend to agglomerate or form aggregates and settle out of atmosphere ... thereby reducing concn
of reactive particulates in lung. ... The size of particles is important factor in producing the illness. ... Finely
divided particles of metals /are/ so small that they behave much like a gas and act on the alveolar surfaces,
affecting the lung tissue and not upper respiratory tract. /Zinc/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International
Labour Office, 1983., p. 1339
from HSDB
... /That/ zinc oxide fume inhalation initiates a timedependent sequence of proinflammatory events /was
postulated/. This includes dosedependent increases in pulmonary neutrophils and increased tumor necrosis
factor TNF release into the pulmonary environment beginning at 3 hr after exposure, which, in turn, may lead
to increases in bronchoalveolar lavage BAL IL6 and the neutrophil chemoattractant IL8. The IL6 then enters
the circulation, contributing to the development of the fever and the symptoms of metalfume fever. /It was/
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confirmed, through in vitro studies, that zinc oxide exposure stimulated U937 mononuclear cells to release TNF
and IL8, a finding consistent with in vivo observations in metalfume fever.
2:276
from HSDB
The pathogenesis /of metal fume fever/ is unknown, but it is thought to result from endogenous pyrogen
release due to cell lysis. Extracts prepared from tracheal mucosa and from the lungs of animals with
experimentally induced metal fume fever produce similar symptoms when injected into other animals.
Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGrawHill, 2001.,
p. 848
from HSDB
Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet UV light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a
specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the
molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents/
from HSDB
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10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses
10.1.1 Industry Uses
1. Adhesives and sealant chemicals
11. Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categ
2. Adsorbents and absorbents
12. Pigments
3. Agricultural chemicals nonpesticidal
13. Plating agents and surface treating agents
4. CBI
14. Process regulators
5. Corrosion inhibitors and antiscaling agents
15. Processing aids, not otherwise listed
6. Dyes
16. Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
7. Fillers
17. Viscosity adjustors
8. Fuels and fuel additives

9. Intermediates
10. Oxidizing/reducing agents
10.1.2 Consumer Uses

1. Adhesives and Sealants
11. Paints and Coatings
2. Agricultural Products nonpesticidal
12. Personal Care Products
3. Building/Construction Materials not covered elsewhere
13. Plastic and Rubber Products not covered elsewher
4. Electrical and Electronic Products
14. Toys, Playground, and Sporting Equipment
5. Fabric, Textile, and Leather Products not covered elsewhere

6. Food Packaging
7. Fuels and Related Products
8. Lawn and Garden Care Products
9. Lubricants and Greases
10. Metal Products not covered elsewhere
10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

... By vaporization of metallic zinc and oxidation of the vapors with preheated air French process; also from
franklinite, American process or from zinc sulfide.
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from HSDB
Two processes are used to produce metallic zinc from the ore concentrates that are not subjected to caustic
soda leaching. In one process, the ore concentrate containing zinc sulfide is roasted in the presence of air to
produce zinc oxide, which is combined with coke or coal and retorted to approximately 1,100 deg C to
produce metallic zinc. In the other process, the roasted zinc oxide is leached with sulfuric acid, and the solution
is electrolyzed to produce zinc of >99.9% purity.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Zinc p129 PB2006100008 (August 2005)
from HSDB
Direct or American Process. The direct process is noted for its simplicity, low cost, and excellent thermal
efficiency. It consists of an initial hightemperature reduction 1000 1200 deg C of a zinccontaining material
as oxide, the reducing agent being coal. Reduction The zinc vapor and the CO gas are then oxidized to zinc
oxide and carbon dioxide above the reaction bed or at the furnace exit. Various zinccontaining materials are
used, e.g., zinc concentrates, metallization residues, byproduct zinc hydroxide, and above all zinc dross from
casting furnaces or galvanizing. The dross must first be treated to remove chloride and lead by heating at ca.
1000 deg C in rotary kilns. Only rotary kilns are now used for the direct process; the use of static furnaces has
been discontinued. The zinc content of raw materials is between 60 and 75 %.
Auer G et al; Pigments, Inorganic, 2. White Pigments. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (19992013).
NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: October 15, 2009
from HSDB
Indirect or French Process. The zinc is boiled, and the resulting vapor is oxidized by combustion in air under
defined conditions. The crystallographic and physical properties of the ZnO can be controlled by adjustment of
the combustion conditions e.g., flame turbulence and air excess. The chemical composition of the ZnO is
solely a function of the composition of the zinc vapor. Many types of furnace are available to produce vapor of
the required purity from various raw materials and obtain a high yield of zinc. Pure zinc super high grade,
SHG; high grade, HG or, to an increasing extent, metal residues e.g., scrap zinc, die casting dross /SRP: a mass
of solid impurities floating on surface of molten metal/, or galvanizer's dross are used as raw materials.
Various liquid or vaporphase separation techniques are used for separating Cd, Pb, Fe, and Al from zinc metal
before it is oxidized.
from HSDB
Wet Process. Zinc oxide is also produced industrially from purified solutions of zinc sulfate or chloride by
precipitating the basic carbonate, which is then washed, filtered, and finally calcined. This method produces a
grade of zinc oxide with a high specific surface area. Products of this type are also obtained from waste
hydroxides which are purified by a chemical route and then calcined.
from HSDB
10.3 Impurities
... Some technical grades contain a few tenths of a percent lead.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins,
1984., p. II142
from HSDB
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10.4 Formulations/Preparations
Zinc oxide is incorporated in powders, ointments, and pastes. ... Preparation containing zinc oxide including
zinc oxide ointment 20% or 25% ZnO, zinc oxide paste 25% ZnO, and zinc oxide and salicylic acid paste 2%
salicylic acid in zinc oxide paste.
Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th
ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 967
from HSDB
Calamine consists of pink powder containing zinc oxide not less than 98% and small amont of ferric oxide. It
is incorporated into calamine lotion 8% calamine and 8% zinc oxide, and phenolated calamine lotion
compound calamine lotion 1% phenol in calamine lotion.
Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th
ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 967
from HSDB
The medicinal grade contains 99.5% or more ZnO; technical grades contain 9099% ZnO and a few tenths of
1% of lead.
from HSDB
Grades: American process, leadfree; French process, leadfree, green seal, red seal, white seal according to
fineness; leaded white lead sulfate; USP, single crystals.
from HSDB
Zinc oxide preparations: Bandages: Zinc Paste and Coal Tar Bandage ... not less than 6% zinc oxide; Zinc Paste
and Ichthammol Bandage ... zinc oxide 6.25 g per 100 g; Zinc Paste Bandge ... not less than 6% zinc oxide; Zinc
Paste, Calamine and Clioquinol Bandage ... zinc oxide 9.25 g per 100 g; Creams: Zinc and Ichthammol Cream ...
zinc cream 82 g per 100 g; Zinc Cream ... zinc oxide 32 g per 100 g; Zinc Cream Oily ... zinc oxide 32 g per 100
g; Zinc Oxide and Diphenhydramine Cream ... zinc oxide 8 g per 100 g; Dental Cements: ZincEugenol Cement;
Kerr's Sealer; Dental Paste: Dental Triozinc Paste; Dustingpowders: Cmpd Zinc Dustingpowder; Conspergens
Zinci; Zinc and Salicylic Acid Dustingpowder; Zinc, Starch, and Talc Dustingpowder; Gauzes: Zinc Gelatin
Impregnated Gauze; Liniments: Linimentum Phenoli et Zinci Oxydi; Linimentum Zinci; Lotions: Lotions F;
Schamberg's Lotion; Zinc Talc Lotion; Ointments: Hamer's Hemorrhoidal Ointment; Zinc and Caster Oil
Ointment; Zinc Ointment; Zinc Oxide and Ichthammol Ointment; Zinc oxide cmpd ointment; Pastes: Cmpd Zinc
Paste; Zinc Gelatin
Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) MartindaleThe Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982.,
p. 509
from HSDB
Proprietary preparations: Calaband, Coltapaste, Ichthopaste, Icthaband, Noratex, Pharmakon, Quinaband,
Septex Cream No1, Sudocrem, Tarband, Thovaline, Impregnated Gauze, Viscopaste, Viscopaste PB7, Zincaband;
Herisan; Oxyplastine
p. 510
from HSDB
/Transparent Zinc Oxide/ Trade names include Sachtotech MicroZinkoxid Sachtleben, Germany and Zcote
HP 1 SunSmart, United States.
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Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: WileyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
2003 to Present, p. V. 26 710 (2003)
from HSDB
Trade Names: AkroZinc Bar 85; AcroZinc Bar 90; Actox 14; Actox 16; Actox 216; Amalox; Azodox; Azo 22; Azo
33; Azo 55; Azo 66; Azo 77TT; Cador XX 78; Chinese white; CI77947; CIPigment White 4; Emanay Zinc Oxide;
Emar; Felling Zinc Oxide; Flores de Zinci; Flowers of Zinc; Green Seal 8; Hubbuck's White; Kadox 15; Kadox 72;
Kadox 25; Outmine; Ozide; Ozlo; Permanent White; Philosopher's Wool; Powder Base 900; Protox types 166,
167, 168, 169, 267, 268; Red Seal 9; Snow White; Unichem ZO; Vandem VAC; Vandem VOC; Vandem VPC;
White Seal 7; XX 203; XX 78; Zinc White; Zinca 20; Zincite; Zincoid; Zn 0701T; Electrox 2500; GIAP 10; Outmine;
Unichem ZO; XX 601
269
from HSDB
Wettable powder 202.76% zinc oxide; Metal strip 99.1% zinc; Powder 99% zinc oxide formulation
intermediate; Powder 99.4% zinc oxide industrial preservative.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document Zinc salts. EPA 738F92007 September
1992. Available from, as of July 14, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
from HSDB
Microban Additive ZO7 Microban Products Company: Active ingredient: zinc oxide 97.0%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Zinc Oxide (1314132). Available from, as of October 21,
2013: http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
from HSDB
Chemonite Part C Arch Wood Protection, Inc.: Active ingredient: zinc oxide 97.0%.
from HSDB
Chemonite ACZA Arch Wood Protection, Inc.: Active ingredient: arsenic oxide 5.5%; cupric oxide 11.0%; zinc
oxide 5.5%.
from HSDB
Stay Clean Additive A AS America, Inc.: Active ingredient: zinc oxide 100%.
from HSDB
10.5 Consumption
Rubber, 50%; agriculture, 15%; chemicals, 12%; paints, 8%; ceramics, 5%; photocopying, 5%; miscellaneous, 5%
1986
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Zinc Oxide, 1987
from HSDB
Zinc oxide shipments in metric tons 1970, 193,488; 1975 153,754; 1978 181,452; 1979 179,769; 1980
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135,776; 1995 104,000

KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991Present.,
p. V25 848
from HSDB
US consumption in metric tons: 1995 70,900
United States Department of the Interior/U.S. Geological Survey. Minerals Yearbook. Metals and Minerals Volume 1.
Washington, D.C. 1995., p. 928
from HSDB
2001 1410 thousand metric tons zinc. /Apparent, all forms/
USGS; Mineral Commodity Summaries, Zinc (2006). Available from, as of July 25, 2006:
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/
from HSDB
from HSDB
from HSDB
from HSDB
from HSDB
10.6 U.S. Production

1970 202,059 metric tons
p. V25 851
from HSDB
p. V25 851
from HSDB
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p. V25 851
from HSDB
p. V25 851
from HSDB
Production volumes for nonconfidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
Production Range pounds
1986
>500 thousand 1 million
1990
1994
>1 million 10 million
1998
2002
>10 million 50 million
US EPA; Nonconfidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 19862002
Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Zinc oxide (1314132). Available from, as of October 18, 2013:
http://epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002vol.html
from HSDB
Production volume for nonconfidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical:
Zinc oxide ZnO. Aggregated National Production Volume: 100 to < 500 million pounds.
USEPA; NonConfidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Zinc oxide (ZnO) (1314132).
Available from, as of October 8, 2013: http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
from HSDB
Nonconfidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting CDR information on the production and use of chemicals
manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Zinc oxide ZnO. National Production Volume:
731,727,916 lb/yr.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Zinc oxide (ZnO) (1314132). Available
from, as of October 3, 2013: http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/
from HSDB
10.7 U.S. Imports

1986 4.36X10+10 g
from HSDB
Quantities in metric tons: 1994 41,300; 1995 49,100
from HSDB
10.8 U.S. Exports

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1986 9.08X10+8 g
from HSDB
Quantities in metric tons: 1994 8,200; 1995 7,090
from HSDB
10.9 Sampling Procedures

Analyte: Zinc metals and oxides; Matrix: air; Sampler: filter 0.8 um cellulose ester membrane; Flow rate: 1
L/min; Vol: min: 10 L, max: 400 L; Stability: At least 1 yr at 25 deg C /Welding and brazing fumes/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and
revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. V2 72001
from HSDB
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11 Identification
11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods
Method: NIOSH 7502, Issue 2; Procedure: Xray powder diffraction; Analyte: crystalline zinc oxide; Matrix: air;
Detection Limit: 5 ug per sample.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Zinc Oxide (1314132). Available from, as of October 21, 2013:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003154/
from HSDB
Method: OSHA ID143; Procedure: Xray diffraction; Analyte: zinc oxide; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: qualitative
30 ug zinc oxide; quantitative 50 ug zinc oxide.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Zinc Oxide (1314132). Available from, as of October 21, 2013:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003154/
from HSDB
Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: strong heat produces a yellow color that
disappears on cooling
U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S.
Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p2289 (2006)
from HSDB
Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: reaction with sodium acetate or ammonium
sulfide yields a white precipitate, with hydrogen sulfide, that is insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in
hydrochloric acid; reaction with potassium ferricyanide yields a white precipitate that is insoluble in
hydrochloric acid zinc test
from HSDB
Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: dissolution of freshly ignited zinc oxide and
ammonium chloride in sulfuric acid; addition of methyl orange indicator; titration of excess sulfuric acid with
sodium hydroxide
from HSDB
Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation ointment; paste; procedure: ignition of sample until
residue is uniformly yellow; white when cool chemical identification
from HSDB
Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation ointment; paste; procedure: ignition of sample until
residue is uniformly yellow; dissolution in sulfuric acid; addition of ammoniaammonium chloride buffer
solution and eriochrome black indicator; titration with edetate disodium to a blue color chemical purity
from HSDB
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Analyte: Zinc; Matrix: air; Procedure: Xray fluorescence; Range: 0.050.06 mg/cu m; Est LOD: 2 ug each
metal/samp Precision: 0.043; Interferences: Controlled with wavelength depressive fluorescence, more severe
with energy depressive systems, cobalt in fumes requires different ratio standard element /Welding and
brazing fumes/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and
revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. V2 72001
from HSDB
11.2 OSHA Chemical Sampling

Zinc Oxide Fume
from OSHA Chemical Sampling Information
Zinc Oxide Respirable Fraction
Zinc Oxide Total Dust
11.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

ZINC and compounds, as Zn 7030
from NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
ZINC OXIDE 7502
ELEMENTS by ICP Microwave Digestion 7302 Now available in NMAM 5th edition
ELEMENTS by ICP Microwave Digestion 7304 Now available in NMAM 5th edition
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12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification
12.1.1 GHS Classification
Signal: Danger
GHS Hazard Statements
H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity Category 2]
H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure Category 1]
H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard Category 1]
H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long
term hazard Category 1]
Precautionary Statements
P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray.
P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.
P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P273: Avoid release to the environment.
P281: Use personal protective equipment as required.
P307+P311: IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P321: Specific treatment see ... on this label.
P391: Collect spillage.
P405: Store locked up.
P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...
from NITECMC
View GHS Classification from all 3 sources.
12.1.2 Health Hazard

Exposure Routes: inhalation Symptoms: Metal fume fever: chills, muscle ache, nausea, fever, dry throat, cough;
lassitude weakness, exhaustion; metallic taste; headache; blurred vision; low back pain; vomiting; malaise
vague feeling of discomfort; chest tightness; dyspnea breathing difficulty, rales, decreased pulmonary
function Target Organs: respiratory system NIOSH, 2016
12.1.3 Fire Hazard

Not combustible.
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from ILOICSC
Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances Low to Moderate Hazard]: Some may burn but none ignite readily.
Containers may explode when heated. Some may be transported hot. For UN3508, be aware of possible short
circuiting as this product is transported in a charged state. ERG, 2016
12.1.4 Fire Potential

Not combustible.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Zinc
Oxide (April 21, 2004). Available from, as of November 5, 2013: http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
from HSDB
Contact with water liberates highly flammable gases.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Zinc oxide (1314132) (2000 CDROM edition). Available from, as of July 6,
2006: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
from HSDB
12.1.5 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Derivatives of PABA, benzophenone, cinnamic acid, and salicylate and 2phenylbenzimidazole5sulfonic acid
have caused skin irritation including burning, stinging, pruritus, and erythema on rare occasions. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
12.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

12.2.1 Flammability
Noncombustible Solid
12.2.2 Chemical Dangers

500 mg/cu m
from HSDB
Reacts violently with aluminium powder, magnesium powder and chlorinated rubber on heating. This
generates fire and explosion hazard.
from ILOICSC
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12.2.3 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z1 8hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Zinc oxide fume/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
Available from, as of October 18, 2013: http://www.ecfr.gov/cgibin/ECFR?page=browse
from HSDB
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z1 8hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Total dust/
from HSDB
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z1 8hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Respirable fraction/
from HSDB
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 mg/cu m; STEL 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Fume/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97140. Washington, D.C. U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 374
from HSDB
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Total dust/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97140. Washington, D.C. U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 374
from HSDB
12.2.4 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour TimeWeighted Average: 5 mg/cu m. /Fume, dust/
from HSDB
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Minute ShortTerm Exposure Limit: 10 mg/cu m. /Fume/
from HSDB
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15Minute Ceiling value: 15 mg/cu m. /Dust/
from HSDB
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12.3 First Aid Measures

12.3.1 First Aid
See procedures
Breathing:Respiratory support
Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If
breathing has stopped, perform mouthtomouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest.
Get medical attention as soon as possible. NIOSH, 1997
Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If
breathing has stopped, perform mouthtomouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest.
Get medical attention as soon as possible. NIOSH, 2016
12.3.2 Inhalation First Aid

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
from ILOICSC
12.3.3 Skin First Aid

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
from ILOICSC
12.3.4 Eye First Aid

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes remove contact lenses if easily possible, then refer for
medical attention.
from ILOICSC
12.3.5 Ingestion First Aid

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .
from ILOICSC
12.4 Fire Fighting Measures

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Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if
necessary.
from HSDB
In case of fire in the surroundings: use appropriate extinguishing media.
from HSDB
12.4.1 Fire Fighting

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.
from ILOICSC
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with
difficulty. AAR, 1999
Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances Low to Moderate Hazard]: SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water
spray or regular foam. LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high
pressure water streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike firecontrol water for
later disposal. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is
out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. ERG, 2016
12.5 Accidental Release Measures

12.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation
Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances Low to Moderate Hazard]: As an immediate precautionary measure,
isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters 150 feet for liquids and at least 25 meters 75
feet for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above.
FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters 1/2 mile in all directions; also,
consider initial evacuation for 800 meters 1/2 mile in all directions. ERG, 2016
12.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep
spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect
remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
from ILOICSC
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12.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Accidental release measures: Personal precautions: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid
breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let
product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for
containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep
in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
from HSDB
Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect
remainder, then remove to safe place.
from HSDB
12.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent
propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the
material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical
must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal,
aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
from HSDB
Chemical Treatability of Zinc; Concentration Process: Ultrafiltration; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of
Study: Continuous flow, pilot scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Industrial wastewater; Results of Study: 0.38 ppm
effluent concentration. /Zinc/
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68032766 p.E93 (1982)
from HSDB
Chemical Treatability of Zinc; Concentration Process: Miscellaneous sorbents; Chemical Classification: Metals;
Scale of Study: Literature review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: Final concentration
reduced to 0.1 ppb; SiO2 + CaO slags used. /Zinc/
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68032766 p.E202 (1982)
from HSDB
12.5.5 Other Preventative Measures

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or
dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its
point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to
airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.
from HSDB
Exhaust ventilation is the most effective control of freshly generated zinc oxide fumes. Education of metal
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repair persons as to the hazards and proper use of temporary ventilation for large repair jobs is essential.
Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 615
from HSDB
Prevention ... /of metal fume fever/ is a matter of keeping exposure of workers below level of concn currently
accepted as satisfactory for working with the metal in industry, preferably by employment of proper local
exhaust ventilation to collect fumes at their source. Acceptable respirators are avail commercially but should be
used only under suitable conditions. /Zinc/
from HSDB
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.
from HSDB
In all cases where zinc is heated to the point where fume is produced, it is most important to ensure that
adequate ventilation is provided. Individual protection is best ensured by education of the worker concerning
metalfume fever & the provision of local exhaust ventilation, or, in some situations by wearing of suppliedair
hood or mask.
International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 14 1998. Geneva,
Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 63.45
from HSDB
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!
from HSDB
12.6 Handling and Storage

12.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response
Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Keep material dry.
Disperse vapors using fans or blowers. Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or
solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Water spill:
Neutralize with agricultural lime CaO, crushed limestone CaCO3, or sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3. Use
mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. AAR, 1999
Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances Low to Moderate Hazard]: Do not touch or walk through spilled
material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust. SMALL
DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from
spill area. SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into
containers for later disposal. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill
with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined
areas. ERG, 2016
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12.6.2 Storage Conditions

Store in airtight containers.
p. 509
from HSDB
Conditions for safe storage: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and wellventilated place. Keep in a dry
place.
from HSDB
Store between 15 deg and 30 deg C 59 deg and 86 deg F.
from HSDB
12.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

12.7.1 REL
Dust: TWA 5 mg/m3 C 15 mg/m3
Fume: TWA 5 mg/m3 ST 10 mg/m3
15 MINUTE CEILING
12.7.2 PEL
TWA 5 mg/m3 fume TWA 15 mg/m3 total dust TWA 5 mg/m3 resp dust See Appendix G
RESPIRABLE FRACTION, 15 mg/m3 TOTAL DUST
12.7.3 PELTWA
5 mg/m3
12.7.4 RELTWA
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5 mg/m3
12.7.5 RELSTEL
10 mg/m3
12.7.6 RELC
15 mg/m3
12.7.7 IDLH
500 mg/m3
See: 1314132
500 mg/m3
500 mg/m3 NIOSH, 2016
12.7.8 Threshold Limit Values

8 hr Time Weighted Avg TWA: 2 mg/cu m Respirable fraction; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit STEL: 10
mg/cu m Respirable fraction.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 61
from HSDB
12.7.9 Other Occupational Permissible Levels

Other /pel/ recommendations: USSR 1967, Czechoslovakia 1969, East Germany 1973, West Germany 1974
and Sweden 1975 5 mg/cu m.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 645
from HSDB
12.7.10 Occupational Exposure Limits

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TLV respirable fraction: 2 mg/m as TWA; 10 mg/m as STEL; ACGIH 2004. MAK as fume respirable
fraction: Peak limitation category: I1; DFG 2005. MAK respirable fraction: 0.1 mg/m; Peak limitation
category: I4;. MAK inhalable fraction: 2 mg/m; Peak limitation category: I2; Pregnancy risk group: C; DFG
2009.
from ILOICSC
12.7.11 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly , especially for fume.
from ILOICSC
12.7.12 Effects of Short Term Exposure

Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever. The fume is irritating to the respiratory tract. The effects may
be delayed. See Notes.
from ILOICSC
12.7.13 Allowable Tolerances

Residues of zinc oxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a coating agent in
accordance with good agricultural practice as inert or occasionally active ingredients in pesticide formulations
applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
40 CFR 180.910 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
Available from, as of October 21, 2013: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr
from HSDB
Residues of zinc oxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solid diluent, carrier
in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert or occasionally active ingredients in pesticide
formulations applied to animals.
from HSDB
12.7.14 Personal Protection

See protection codes
Skin:No recommendation
Eyes:No recommendation
Wash skin:No recommendation
Remove:No recommendation
Change:No recommendation
12.7.15 Respirator Recommendations

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NIOSH/OSHA
Up to 50 mg/m3:
APF = 10 Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter including N95, R95, and P95
filtering facepieces except quartermask respirators. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99,
N100, R100, P100.
Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.
APF = 10 Any suppliedair respirator
Up to 125 mg/m3:
APF = 25 Any suppliedair respirator operated in a continuousflow mode
APF = 25 Any powered, airpurifying respirator with a highefficiency particulate filter.
Up to 250 mg/m3:
APF = 50 Any airpurifying, fullfacepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.
APF = 50 Any suppliedair respirator that has a tightfitting facepiece and is operated in a continuousflow
mode
APF = 50 Any powered, airpurifying respirator with a tightfitting facepiece and a highefficiency particulate
filter
APF = 50 Any selfcontained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece
APF = 50 Any suppliedair respirator with a full facepiece
Up to 500 mg/m3:
APF = 1000 Any suppliedair respirator operated in a pressuredemand or other positivepressure mode
Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:
APF = 10,000 Any selfcontained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure
demand or other positivepressure mode
APF = 10,000 Any suppliedair respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressuredemand or
other positivepressure mode in combination with an auxiliary selfcontained positivepressure breathing
apparatus
Escape:
APF = 50 Any airpurifying, fullfacepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.
Any appropriate escapetype, selfcontained breathing apparatus
Important additional information about respirator selection
12.7.16 Exposure Prevention

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!
from ILOICSC
12.7.17 Inhalation Prevention

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
from ILOICSC
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12.7.18 Skin Prevention

Protective gloves.
from ILOICSC
12.7.19 Eye Prevention

Wear safety goggles.
from ILOICSC
12.7.20 Ingestion Prevention

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.
from ILOICSC
12.7.21 Protective Equipment and Clothing

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 50 mg/cu m:
Assigned
Protection
Factor APF
Respirator Recommendations
APF = 10
Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter including N95, R95, and
P95 filtering facepieces except quartermask respirators. The following filters may also be
used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.
APF = 10
Any suppliedair respirator.
from HSDB
Assigned Protection Factor
APF
APF = 25
Any suppliedair respirator operated in a continuousflow mode.
APF = 25
Any powered, airpurifying respirator with a highefficiency particulate

filter.
from HSDB
Assigned Protection
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Factor APF
APF = 50
Any airpurifying, fullfacepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.
APF = 50
Any suppliedair respirator that has a tightfitting facepiece and is operated in a

continuousflow mode.
APF = 50
Any powered, airpurifying respirator with a tightfitting facepiece and a high

efficiency particulate filter.
APF = 50
Any selfcontained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
APF = 50
Any suppliedair respirator with a full facepiece.
from HSDB
Assigned Protection Factor
APF
APF = 1000
Any suppliedair respirator operated in a pressuredemand or other positive

pressure mode.
from HSDB
Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:
Assigned
Protection
Factor APF
APF = 10,000
Any selfcontained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressuredemand or other positivepressure mode.
APF = 10,000
Any suppliedair respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressuredemand
or other positivepressure mode in combination with an auxiliary selfcontained positive
pressure breathing apparatus.
from HSDB
Respirator Recommendations: Escape:
Assigned
Protection Factor
APF
APF = 50
Any airpurifying, fullfacepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter. Any
appropriate escapetype, selfcontained breathing apparatus.
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from HSDB
A properly fitting respirator with a filter cartridge suitable for fumes is effective in unusual jobs requiring
respirators for short exposures.
from HSDB
Wear safety goggles. Protective gloves.
from HSDB
Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
from HSDB
Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes:
No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made
specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin either immediately or at the end of the work
shift. Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or
contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing
after the work shift. NIOSH, 2016
12.8 Stability and Reactivity

12.8.1 Air and Water Reactions
Slowly decomposed hydrolyzed in water. Insoluble in water.
12.8.2 Reactive Group

Salts, Basic
12.8.3 Reactivity Profile

ZINC OXIDE is insoluble in water. What little solubility it has yields aqueous solutions that are neutral in pH.
Intimate mixtures of zinc oxide and chlorinated rubber with or without hydrocarbons or chlorinated solvent
react violently, even explosively upon heating [Chem. Trade J., 1962, 151, 672]. Slow addition of zinc oxide to
cover the surface of linseed oil varnish caused generation of heat and ignition, [Chem. Trade J., 1933, 92, 278].
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12.8.4 Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Slow addition of zinc white a voluminous oxide containing much air to cover the surface of linseed oil varnish
caused generation of heat and ignition. Lithopone, a denser airfree grade of oxide did not cause heating.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: ButterworthHeinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1394
from HSDB
Oxides of ... zinc can react explosively with magnesium when heated.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491
112
from HSDB
Intimate mixtures of chlorinated rubber and zinc oxide ... with or without hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents,
react violently or explosively when heated at about 216 deg C. If in milling such mixtures local overheating
occurs, a risk of a violent reaction exists. Such risks can be minimized by controlling milling temperatures, by
cooling, or by using a mixture of maximum possible fluidity. /Chlorinated rubber: metal oxides or hydroxides/
from HSDB
Zinc oxide reacts with carbon monoxide or hydrogen to produce /elemental zinc/.
KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 126. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 19781984.,
p. 24(84) 855
from HSDB
Presence of zinc ... oxide ... causes flaming decomp /of hydrazinium nitrate/ above the melting point 70 deg
C. /Hydrazinium nitrate: alone, etc/
from HSDB
Reaction between zinc oxide and chlorinated rubber in a large batch resulted in a violent explosion that
wrecked a manufacturing building.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491
209
from HSDB
Chlorinated rubber at 419F, water [Note: Slowly decomposed by water.]
This compound is incompatible with the following:Chlorinated rubber at 419F, water [Note: Slowly
decomposed by water.] NIOSH, 1997
12.9 Transport Information

12.9.1 DOT ID and Guide
1516 143
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12.9.2 DOT Label

Class 9
12.9.3 EC Classification
Symbol: N; R: 50/53; S: 6061
from ILOICSC
12.10 Regulatory Information

12.10.1 DOT Emergency Response Guide
171 SUBSTANCES Low to Moderate Hazard POTENTIAL HAZARDS FIRE OR EXPLOSION * Some may
burn but none ignite readily. * Containers may explode when heated. * Some may be transported hot. HEALTH
* Inhalation of material may be harmful. * Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. * Inhalation of Asbestos
dust may have a damaging effect on the lungs. * Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. *
Some liquids produce vapors that may cause dizziness or suffocation. * Runoff from fire control may cause
pollution. PUBLIC SAFETY * CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping
Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. * As
an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters 150 feet
for liquids and at least 25 meters 75 feet for solids. * Keep unauthorized personnel away. * Stay upwind.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING * Wear positive pressure selfcontained breathing apparatus SCBA. * Structural
firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. EVACUATION Spill * See Table 1 Initial
Isolation and Protective Action Distances for highlighted materials. For nonhighlighted materials, increase, in
the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown under "PUBLIC SAFETY". Fire * If tank, rail
car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters 1/2 mile in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters 1/2 mile in all directions. EMERGENCY RESPONSE FIRE Small Fire * Dry chemical,
CO2, water spray or regular foam. Large Fire * Water spray, fog or regular foam. * Do not scatter spilled
material with high pressure water streams. * Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. * Dike
firecontrol water for later disposal. Fire involving Tanks * Cool containers with flooding quantities of water
until well after fire is out. * Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or
discoloration of tank. * ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. SPILL OR LEAK * Do not touch or walk
through spilled material. * Stop leak if you can do it without risk. * Prevent dust cloud. * Avoid inhalation of
asbestos dust. Small Dry Spill * With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely;
move containers from spill area. Small Spill * Take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material
and place into containers for later disposal. Large Spill * Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. * Cover
powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. * Prevent entry into waterways, sewers,
basements or confined areas. FIRST AID * Move victim to fresh air. * Call 911 or emergency medical service. *
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. * Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. * Remove and
isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. * In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes
with running water for at least 20 minutes. * Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the materials
involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
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12.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

EPA 5000 ug/L /Zinc/
USEPA/Office of Water; FederalState Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal
Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
from HSDB
EPA 2000 ug/L /Zinc, Lifetime health advisory/
from HSDB
12.10.3 State Drinking Water Guidelines

AZ ARIZONA 5000 ug/L /Zinc/
from HSDB
MN MINNESOTA 2000 ug/L /Zinc/
from HSDB
12.10.4 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307a1 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is
subject to effluent limitations. /Zinc and compounds/
40 CFR 401.15; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from,
as of June 21, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr
from HSDB
12.10.5 FIFRA Requirements

Residues of zinc oxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a coating agent in
accordance with good agricultural practice as inert or occasionally active ingredients in pesticide formulations
applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
from HSDB
Residues of zinc oxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solid diluent, carrier
in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert or occasionally active ingredients in pesticide
formulations applied to animals.
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from HSDB
The Agency has sufficient information on the human health effects of zinc salts and on it potential for causing
effects in fish and wildlife and the environment when used to control moss and fungus growth in outdoor
residential areas, on structures, in pressuretreated lumber and incorporated into fibers used in carpet. The
Agency concludes that products containing zinc salts for these uses ar eligible for reregistration. Only certain
generic physical chemistry data studies on zinc salts still are needed as comfirmatory information. The Agency
has determined tha zinc salt containing products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility
Document will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document Zinc Salts EPA 738F92007 (August
1992). Available from, as of October 21, 2013: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
from HSDB
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to
consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this
pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients
initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose
unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality
Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective
date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other
factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing
pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Zinc oxide is found on List D. Case No: 4099; Pesticide type:
fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 09/92; OPP has made a decision that some/all
uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision RED
document.; Active ingredient AI: Zinc oxide; Data Callin DCI Dates: 10/07/92; AI Status: OPP has
completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision RED document for the case/AI.
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of Pesticides in
Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738R98002, p. 346
from HSDB
12.10.6 FDA Requirements

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed
prescription drug products, including zinc oxide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA
under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
DHHS/FDA; Electronic Orange BookApproved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. Available from, as
of October 18, 2013: http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/
from HSDB
Certification of this color additive when used for coloring externally applied drugs, including those used in the
area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of
the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721c of
the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Actt.
21 CFR 73.1991 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
from HSDB
Certification of this color additive when used in cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of
the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of the
public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721c of the
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
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from HSDB
This substance is generally recognized as safe when used as a nutrient in accordance with good manufacturing
practice.
from HSDB
Drug products containing active ingredients offered overthecounter OTC for the treatment of boils. ... Zinc
oxide /has/ been present in OTC boil treatment drug products. There is a lack of adequate data to establish
general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of ... /this/ or any other ingredient for OTC use for the
treatment of boils. Treatment is defined as reducing the size of a boil or reducing an infection related to a boil.
Treatment has involved the use of "drawing salves" for these purposes. These "drawing salves" contained
various ingredients. Based on evidence currently available, any OTC drug product offered for the treatment of
boils cannot be considered generally recognized as safe and effective. ... After May 7, 1991, any such OTC drug
product that contains ... zinc oxide initially introduced or initially delivered for introduction into interstate
commerce that is not in compliance with this section is subject to regulatory action.
from HSDB
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered overthecounter OTC for certain uses. A number
of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However,
based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety
and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: zinc oxide is included in topical acne drug
products.
21 CFR 310.545(a)(1) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
from HSDB
and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: zinc oxide is included in external analgesic drug
products insect bite and sting.
from HSDB
and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: zinc oxide is included in skin protectant drug
products.
from HSDB
Sunscreen active ingredients. The active ingredient of the product consists of any of the following, within the
concentration specified for each ingredient, and the finished product provides a minimum SPF value of not less
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than 2 as measured by the testing procedures established in subpart D of this part: Zinc oxide up to 25 percent
is included on this list.
from HSDB
Trace minerals added to animal feeds as nutritional dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe when
added at levels consistent with good feeding practice. Zinc oxide is included on this list.
from HSDB
This substance is generally recognized as safe when used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in
accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
from HSDB
12.11 Other Safety Information

12.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. Zinc/zinc oxides
from HSDB
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13 Toxicity
13.1 Toxicological Information
13.1.1 Carcinogen
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on
inadequate evidence in humans and animals. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL
CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. /Zinc and compounds/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Zinc and compounds (7440
666). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: http://www.epa.gov/iris/
from HSDB
EPAII; D; I
13.1.2 Health Effects

Acute systemic toxicity Metal fume fever HE4 Mutagen HE2
13.1.3 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
from ILOICSC
inhalation
13.1.4 Symptoms
Metal fume fever: chills, muscle ache, nausea, fever, dry throat, cough; lassitude weakness, exhaustion;
metallic taste; headache; blurred vision; low back pain; vomiting; malaise vague feeling of discomfort; chest
tightness; dyspnea breathing difficulty, rales, decreased pulmonary function
Metal fume fever: chills, muscle ache, fever; dry throat, cough; lassitude weakness, exhaustion; metallic taste;
headache; blurred vision; low back pain; vomiting; malaise vague feeling of discomfort; chest tightness;
dyspnea breathing difficulty, rales, decreased pulmonary function
13.1.5 Inhalation Symptoms

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Sore throat. Headache. Fever. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness. Fever. Muscle pain. Symptoms may be delayed.
See Notes.
from ILOICSC
13.1.6 Ingestion Symptoms

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.
from ILOICSC
13.1.7 Target Organs

respiratory system
Respiratory system
13.1.8 Interactions
The presence of zinc oxide inhibits the therapeutic effects of 8hydroxyquinoline in ointments.
Stockley, I.H. Drug Interactions. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1981., p. 90
from HSDB
... The effect of zinc oxide on contact allergy to colophony /was studied/. With 14 patients with earlier history
of moderate patch test reactions to colophony a patch test with 10% zinc oxide 2.3 mg Zinc/sq cm with and
without colophony was performed. No positive response was observed in the 14 patients when only a 10%
solution of zinc oxide was used. The addition of zinc oxide to colophony decreased the allergic reaction
induced by colophony.
from HSDB
... /The authors/ report here preliminary studies of biocidal effects and cellular internalization of ZnO
nanoparticles on Escherichia coli bacteria ... Bacteria thin sections were used to study biocidal action of ZnO
materials. The results confirmed that E. coli cells after contact with diethylene glycol DEG and ZnO were
damaged showing a Gramnegative triple membrane disorganization. This behavior causes the increase of
membrane permeability leading to accumulation of ZnO nanoparticles in the bacterial membrane and also
cellular internalization of these nanoparticles. Abstract: PubMed
Brayner R et al; Nano Lett 6(4):86670 (2006)
from HSDB
Zinc oxide effectively reduces visual cell loss in rats exposed to intense visible light and is known to slow the
rate of disease progression in advanced stages of agerelated macular degeneration. Our goal was to
determine the efficacy of zinc oxide in combination with novel and wellestablished antioxidants in an animal
model of lightinduced oxidative retinal damage. One group of male SpragueDawley rats was pretreated with
zinc oxide with or without a detergent extract of rosemary powder and then exposed to intense visible light for
424 hr. Another group of animals received zinc oxide combined with rosemary oil diluted with a mixture of
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polyunsaturated fatty acids ROPUFA and a third group was given an antioxidant mineral mix containing zinc
oxide, as recommended by the Age Related Eye Disease Study group's first clinical trial AREDS1. Visual cell
survival was determined 2 weeks after intense light treatment by measuring rhodopsin and photoreceptor cell
DNA levels and confirmed by retinal histology and agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Western analysis was
used to determine the effects of zinc and antioxidants on the oxidative stress markers, glial fibrillary acidic
protein GFAP, hemeoxygenase1 HO1, and carboxyethylpyrrole CEP. Rod and cone opsin and arrestin
levels were used as markers of photoreceptor cell function. Darkreared rats treated with 1.3 mg/kg zinc oxide
and 17 mg/kg rosemary extract, or with onehalf those doses, and exposed to moderate intensity green light
retained 75%85% of the rhodopsin and retinal DNA measured in unexposed rats. These levels were
significantly higher than found for zinc oxide or rosemary treatment alone. Rosemary oil was also effective
when combined with zinc oxide, but ROPUFA alone was no more effective than the detergent vehicle.
Prolonged intense green light led to increases in retinal GFAP and HO1 levels and to decreases in cone cell
opsin and rod and cone arrestins. Rosemary plus zinc treatment reduced the expression of oxidative stress
protein markers and enhanced visual cell survival, as shown by improved photoreceptor cell morphology and
by decreased retinal DNA degradation. Using higher intensity white light for exposures in cyclic lightreared
rats, treatment with an AREDS antioxidant/mineral mixture was found to be ineffective, whereas rosemary
extract plus an equivalent dose of zinc oxide was significantly more effective in preserving visual cells. CEP
protein adduct formation was reduced by all antioxidant treatments, but rosemary plus zinc oxide also
prevented the loss of cone cell opsin and arrestin more effectively than AREDS. In the rat model of acute retinal
light damage, zinc oxide combined with a detergent extract of rosemary powder or rosemary oil is more
effective than treatment with either component alone and significantly more effective than an AREDS mixture
containing a comparable dose of zinc oxide. Lightinduced oxidative stress in animal models of retinal
degeneration can be a useful preclinical paradigm for screening novel antioxidants and for testing potential
therapeutics designed to slow the progression of agerelated ocular disease.[Organisciak DT et al; Mol Vis 19:
143345 2013] Full text: PMC3695758 Abstract: PubMed
from HSDB
Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet UV light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a
specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the
molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/
from HSDB
13.1.9 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Emergency and supportive measures: Administer supplemental oxygen, and give bronchodilators if there is
wheezing ... If hypoxemia or wheezing is present, consider other toxic inhalations ... Provide symptomatic care
eg, acetaminophen or other antipyretic as needed; symptoms are selflimited ... There is no specific antidote.
Decontamination is not necessary; by the time symptoms develop, the exposure has usually been over for
several hours ... There is no role for ... /enhanced elimination/ procedures. /Metal fume fever/
OLSON, K.R. (Ed). Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Sixth Edition. McGrawHill, New York, NY 2012, p. 277
from HSDB
Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has
been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demandvalve
resuscitator, bagvalvemask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush
contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward
or place on left side headdown position, if possible to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep
patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Zinc and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier
Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 424
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from HSDB
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed. Suction if
necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by
nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate
seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes
immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline NS during transport ... . Do not use
emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient
can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Zinc and related
compounds/
from HSDB
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is
unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positivepressure ventilation
techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... .
Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm
and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/.
Use 0.9% saline NS or lactated Ringer's LR if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of
hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid
volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine,
hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Zinc and related compounds/
from HSDB
13.1.10 Medical Surveillance

Frequent exam urine zinc level
Fuscaldo, A., B. J. Erlick, and B. Hindman. (eds.). Laboratory SafetyTheory and Practice. New York: Academic Press, 1980., p.
268
from HSDB
Medical surveillance shall be made available ... for all persons occupationally exposed to zinc oxide.
Preplacement medical examinations shall include comprehensive or interim work history and comprehensive or
interim medical history. The examination shall give special emphasis to the respiratory tract. Such tests as chest
Xrays and pulmonary function studies may be considered by the responsible physician.
Nat'l Research Council Canada; Zinc Oxide p.2 (1975) NRCC No. 76104
from HSDB
The assessment of zinc exposure can be accomplished through measurement of zinc. The presence of excess
zinc ... can indicate high exposure to zinc; however, no information was found in the literature regarding the
accuracy of these levels in predicting possible health effects. Blood Reference Ranges: Normal average level
1200 ug/dl; Exposed not established; Toxic not established. Serum or Plasma Reference Ranges: Normal
average levels 100 ug/dl; Exposed not established; Toxic not established. Urine Reference Ranges: Normal
average levels 0.5 mg/g creatinine or 150 to 1200 ug/24 hours; Exposed urinary concentrations of 600 to 700
ug/l were found in workers exposed to zinc oxide at levels of 3 to 5 mg/cu m; Toxic greater than 1200 ug/24
hours has been indicated as a toxic urinary level of zinc; however no information was located relating to the
severity of symptoms seen with high urinary zinc levels. /Zinc/
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 13. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p.
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2317
from HSDB
Respiratory Symptom Questionnaires: Questionnaires have been published by the American Thoracic Society
and the British Medical Research Council. These questionnaires have been found to be useful in identification
of people with chronic bronchitis, however certain pulmonary function tests such as FEV1 have been found to
be better predictors of chronic airflow obstruction. /Zinc/
2318
from HSDB
Chest Radiography: This test is widely used for assessing pulmonary disease. Chest radiographs have been
found to be useful for detection of early lung cancer in asymptomatic people, especially for detection of
peripheral tumors such as adenocarcinomas. However, even though OSHA mandates this test for exposure to
some toxicants such as asbestos, there are conflicting views on its efficacy in detection of pulmonary disease.
/Zinc/
2318
from HSDB
Pulmonary Function Tests: The tests that have been found to be practical for population monitoring include:
Spirometry and expiratory flowvolume curves; Determination of lung volumes; Diffusing capacity for carbon
monoxide; Singlebreath nitrogen washout; Inhalation challenge tests; Serial measurements of peak expiratory
flow; Exercise testing. /Zinc/
2319
from HSDB
Sputum Cytology: Sputum cytology along with chest radiographs have been the standard procedures for
detecting early lung cancer in asymptomatic patients. Sputum cytology has been found to be useful for
detection of central tumors, especially squamous carcinomas. /Zinc/
2319
from HSDB
Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve conduction study; Electromyography; Quantitative sensory testing;
Thermography. /Zinc/
2319
from HSDB
Evaluation of Central Nervous System Effects: Evaluation of CNS effects can be performed through
neuropsychological assessment, which consists of a clinical interview and administration of standardized
personality and neuropsychological tests. The areas that the neuropsychology test batteries focus on include
the domains of memory and attention; visuoperceptual, visual scanning, visuospatial, and visual memory; and
motor speed and reaction time. There is limited data on which components of the test batteries are best
indicators of early CNS effects. /Zinc/
2319
from HSDB
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Evaluation of Cranial Neuropathies: Evaluation of cranial nerve damage, as evidenced by symptoms such as
loss of balance, visual function, smell, taste, or sensation on the face, can be accomplished through a physical
examination focusing on tests such as: Smell Assessment ... Visual Assessment ... Facial and Trigeminal Nerve
Assessment ... Vestibular Assessment ... Hearing Assessment. /Zinc/
2320
from HSDB
13.1.11 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Researchers/ exposed a group of 11 control subjects and a group of 10 sheet
metal workers to 5 mg/cu m of zinc oxide fume for 2 hours on each of 3 consecutive days. Naive subjects
showed a number of slight to moderate symptoms following the first exposure, including chills, flushing,
fatigue, muscle and stomach aches, dyspnea, and nausea. Following the second and third exposures, the
incidence of symptoms among naive subjects were significantly lower than following the first exposure.
Similarly, the increase in temperature was greatest among naive subjects after the first exposure, and
decreased after the second and third exposures; after the third exposure, the temperature increase was
significantly lower than after the first exposure. The temperature changes and incidence of symptoms for sheet
metal workers were not significantly different from exposure to control air. Both the response of naive subjects
to multiple exposures and the response of sheet metal workers to zinc oxide exposure were cited as evidence
of the development of tolerance to zinc fume fever.
USEPA; Environmental Protection Agency Toxicity Review: Zinc and Compounds EPA/635/R05/002 p.39 (July 2005).
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Two volunteers /were exposed/ to air concentrations of 600 mg Zn/cu m as
ZnO. Moderate symptoms with typical febrile reaction and leukocytosis were recorded after 10.5 and 12
minutes exposure.
Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.:
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. II:674
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... 14 welders recruited /from/ galvanized steel /industry were studied/ ... /Their/
lung volumes, airflow, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and airway reactivity at baseline as well as either
6 or 20 hours after welding /were measured/ ... Bronchoalveolar lavage either 8 hours early followup, 5
participants or 22 hours late followup, 9 participants /were carrried out/ after welding, assaying the fluid for
total and differential cell counts and bronchoalveolar lavage supernatant concentrations of interleukin1 and
tumor necrosis factor TNF ... Changes in pulmonary function and airway reactivity were minimal. Cumulative
zinc exposure and polymorphonuclear leukocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at late r = 0.87; P less
than 0.01 and early r = 0.93; P less than 0.05 followup were positively correlated. Among the late followup
group, the mean proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was 37% range, 19% to 63%, a statistically
greater proportion than the 9% range, 2% to 21% seen among the early followup group P less than 0.05 ...
TNF or more than a trace amount of interleukin1 /was not detected/ in the bronchoalveolar lavage
supernatant ... /I was concluded that/ zinc oxide welding fume was associated with a marked dosedependent
increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 22 hours
after exposure but was not associated with a clinically significant change in pulmonary function or airway
reactivity ... Abstract: PubMed
Blanc P et al; Ann Intern Med 114(11):9306 (1991)
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bronchonchoalveolar lavage BAL was performed in 23 volunteer subjects 26
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exposures at 3 6 subjects, 8 and 22 hr after welding of galvanized mild steel for 15 to 30 min. The mean
cumulative zinc oxide concentrations amounted to 1.8, 2.0, and 2.6 g/min/cu m. Tumor necrosis factor TNF,
interleukin 6 IL6, and interleukin 8 IL8 were detected in the BAL fluid supernatant. The concentration of
TNF was significantly higher at 3 hr than at 8 hr or 22 hr after exposure, exhibiting a doseresponse
relationship to airborne zinc at each followup time period. IL6 displayed a significant doseresponse
relationship to zinc at 22 hr and IL8, at 8 hr after exposure. The time course of increased cytokines, their
correlations with one another and with polymorphonuclear /leukocytes/ PMN in the BAL fluid support ... the
hypothesis that a network of cytokines is involved in the pathogenesis of metalfume fever.
2:275
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... The effect of zinc oxide on contact allergy to colophony /SRP: plant extract
from pine tar/ /was studied/. With 14 patients with earlier history of moderate patch test reactions to
colophony a patch test with 10% zinc oxide 2.3 mg Zinc/sq cm with and without colophony was performed.
No positive response was observed in the 14 patients when only a 10% solution of zinc oxide was used. The
addition of zinc oxide to colophony decreased the allergic reaction induced by colophony.
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A subject experimentally exposed to 430 mg Zn/cu m as ZnO fumes for 5 hr
reported mild pain when breathing deeply on the next day. Acute experimental exposures to lower
concentrations of zinc oxide 14 mg/cu m for 8 hr or 45 mg Zn/cu m for 20 min and occupational exposures
to similar concentrations 8 to 12 mg Zn/cu m have not produced the symptoms of metalfume fever.
2:273
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A number of studies have measured exposure levels associated with metal
fume fever. In a study, ...humans n=4 were exposed in a singleblind fashion to control furnace gases or ultra
fine ZnO particles 5 mg/cu m for 2 hours. All 4 persons exposed to ZnO showed the typical metal fume fever
symptoms beginning 4 to 8 hours after exposure and disappearing within 24 hours. The reported symptoms
included fever, chills, dry or sore throat, chest tightness, and headache. No changes were observed in
pulmonary function immediately after exposure. The specific airway resistance increased with 16% in all
subjects exposed to ZnO.
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Pulmonary function measurements were performed in 57 workers exposed to
fumes containing zinc oxide and 55 nonexposed workers at the beginning and near the end of a workshift day
or night. The concentrations of zinc oxide amounted to 5 to 7 mg/cu m. During the day shift, there were no
significant differences in pulmonary function between groups. However, workers exposed at the night shift
showed a slight decrease in the vital capacity VC, forced expiratory volume in the first one second FEV1 and
decline in respiratory resistance Rrs. The decrease in FEV1 was maintained the day after exposure.
2:273
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Four volunteers, previously unexposed to zinc oxide were exposed in a single
blind mode to freshly generated ultrafine particles of zinc oxide 5 mg/cu m; mass median diameter 0.17 mm
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or to control furnace gases for a period of 2 hr. Exposures were performed randomly on each subject and
separated by at least 3 days to avoid carryover effect. Each participant experienced one or more symptoms of
the classic metal fever beginning 48 hr after exposure to zinc oxide. The reported symptoms included fever,
chills, dry or sore throat, chest tightness, and headache, which disappeared 24 hr after exposure. Exposure to
ZnO or control furnace gases did not produce a change in pre and postexposure values of carbon monoxide
diffusing capacity DLCO, forced vital capacity FVC, forced expired volume in one second FEV1, and peak
expiratory flow rates.
2:274
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... 12 healthy volunteers previously unexposed to zinc oxide fumes were
exposed to 0 control furnance gases, 2.5, and 5 mg ultrafine particles ZnO/cu m for 2 hr. Exposure to 5 mg/cu
m produced fever rise of 1.35 deg F and symptoms mainly fatigue, muscle ache, and cough. In addition,
exposure to 2.5 mg/cu m also induced mild fever rise of 1.23 deg F but no significant increase in symptoms.
/It was/ suggested that such evident response to ZnO in concentration equal to the present TLV for only 2hr
exposure may be partly attributed to two factors: 1 the volunteers were never previously exposed to ZnO and
2 they were exposed to ultrafine ZnO fumes.
2:274
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Exposures to 320 mg zinc/cu m as zinc oxide for 13 hours or 600 mg zinc/cu m
as zinc oxide for 1012 minutes were reported to have resulted in nausea; it should be noted, however, that the
zinc used in these studies contained slight impurities i.e., lead, magnesium. Autopsies of victims who died
following exposure to very high concentrations of zinc chloride smoke revealed irritation of the stomach and
intestines.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Zinc p.33 TP PB2006100008 (2005)
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Clinical tolerance to the acute effects of zinc oxide inhalation develops in
workers during periods of repeated exposure. The aims of this study were to determine whether clinical
tolerance is accompanied by a reduction in the acute pulmonary inflammatory and cytokine responses to zinc
oxide exposure and whether tolerance can be demonstrated in sheet metal workers who chronically inhale low
levels of zinc oxide. Naive neverexposed subjects inhaled 5 mg/m3 zinc oxide on 1 or 3 days and underwent
bronchoalveolar lavage 20 hours after the final exposure. Sheet metal workers inhaled zinc oxide on 1 day and
control furnace gas on another day. Among naive subjects in whom tolerance was induced, bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid percent neutrophils and interleukin6 IL6 levels were significantly decreased compared with
subjects who underwent only a single exposure. Sheet metal workers were much less symptomatic, but they
still experienced a significant increase in plasma IL6. The results indicate that clinical tolerance to zinc oxide is
accompanied by reduced pulmonary inflammation and that chronically exposed sheet metal workers are not
clinically affected by exposure to zinc oxide fume at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Permissible Exposure Limit. The increase in IL6 levels observed in the clinically responsive, and to a lesser
extent, tolerant, states following zinc oxide inhalation is consistent with the dual role of IL6 as a pyrogen and
antiinflammatory agent. Abstract: PubMed
Fine JM et al; J Occup Environ Med 42 (11): 108591 (2000)
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Workers involved in pouring molten zinc reported shortness of breath and
chest pains 212 hours following exposure to 320580 mg zinc/cu m as zinc oxide for 13 hours; the number of
workers was not reported.
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from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Two volunteers had nasal passage irritation, cough, substernal chest pain,
persistent rales of the lung base, and a decreased vital capacity for approximately 3 to 49 hours following
acute inhalation 10 to 12 minutes of 600 mg zinc/cu m as zinc oxide.
from HSDB
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A subject experimentally exposed to zinc oxide fumes reported mild pain when
breathing deeply the next day after a 5hour exposure to 430 mg zinc/cu m.
from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of zinc oxide fume causes metal fume fever MFF, also know as
brassfounder's ague, Zn chills, Zn fever, Spelter's shakes, and metal shakes. The illness is an acute, selflimited
flulike illness manifested by fever, chills, myalgia, nausea, fatigue, and infrequently shortness of breath that
occurs after inhalation of finely dispersed particles that are formed when Zn oxide is volatilized as particles <
1.0 um aerodynamic diameter.
Norderg, G.F. et al; Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals 3rd ed. Academic Press, Burlington, MA. 2007, p. 942
from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... /It is reported/ that if men work in uncontrolled levels of fumes or dust of zinc
oxide ... they develop dermatitis, boils, conjunctivitis, and GI disturbances. In this report such findings do not
occur until exposure has lasted more than 6 months.
Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 187
from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In industrial operations zinc metal, ores, or alloys when heated to near the boiling
point of 907 deg C form zinc oxide particulates. These freshly formed zinc oxide particulates at 45 to 870 mg
ZnO/cu m can result in metal fume fever also called zinc chills or brass founders' ague among the workers.
This is a transient condition and is characterized by fever, chills, muscle pain, and vomiting. Recovery normally
occurs within 24 to 48 hr. No cases were observed among workers exposed at 8 to 12 mg/cu m, whereas at
400 to 870 mg/cu m for 1 to 3 hr all were adversely affected. Tolerance may develop, but is generally lost over
the weekend. Thus metal fume fever, at least that caused by zinc oxide, is most likely to occur on Monday or
after a holiday.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th
ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 19931994., p. 2336
from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Metal fume fever, a welldocumented acute disease induced by intense inhalation of
metal oxides, especially zinc, impairs pulmonary function but does not progress to chronic lung disease.
Symptoms generally appear within a few hours after acute exposure, usually with dryness of the throat and
coughing. The most prominent respiratory effects of metal fume fever are substernal chest pain, cough, and
dyspnea. The impairment of pulmonary function is characterized by reduced lung volumes and a decreased
diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide. The respiratory effects have been shown to be accompanied by an
increase in bronchiolar leukocytes. The respiratory symptoms generally disappear in the exposed individual
within 14 days. Inhalation of zinc oxide is most likely to occur in occupational situations where zinc smelting
or welding take place. Ultrafine zinc oxide particles 0.21.0 um originate from heating zinc beyond its boiling
point in an oxidizing atmosphere. Upon inhalation, these small particles <1 um reach the alveoli and cause
inflammation and tissue damage in the lung periphery.
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from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Physically, the patient /of metal fume fever/ appears distressed, his or her pulse is
elevated 100 to 120 beats/min, and he or she has fine crepitant rales in the lower lung fields. Laboratory data
may include elevated sedimentation rate and white blood cell count in the range of 11,000 to 16,000/cu mm,
with a marked shift to early band forms of neutrophiles. Lactic dehydrogenase enzyme may be elevated above
the normal range of 0.75 to 1.2 mg/L. Chest radiography is usually negative but may show an interstitial
shadowing. Bronchoalveolar lung lavage has revealed a marked increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in
welders with and without symptoms of metal fume fever shortly after exposure ... The illness, if caused solely
by zinc, is never fatal ...
from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute inhalation of 180 ppm zinc as zinc oxide: nasal passage irritation, cough,
substernal chest pain, rales on the lung base, decrease of vital capacity. All reversible within 2 days.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Zinc oxide (1314132) (2000 CDROM edition). Available from, as of July 6,
2006: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
from HSDB
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Metal fume fever results from inhalation of fumes of zinc oxide produced when
zinc is heated to high temperatures, such as during welding, metal cutting, or smelting zinc alloys. Victims
complain of nausea and vomiting, chills and fever, muscular aches and pains, and weakness.
Gossel, T.A., J.D. Bricker. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1994., p. 202
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ Clinically latent liver dysfunction has been reported in 15 of 25 workers exposed at high levels
of zinc oxide 50 mg/cu m as evidenced by abnormal levels in liver function tests. ... Radiological evidence of
peptic ulcer, found in three elevated uropepsin levels was felt to be indicative of toxic damage to the GI tract.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed.
New York: John Wiley Sons, 19811982., p. 2047
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ Although zinc oxide is a constituent of many topical dermatologic preparations and has
demonstrated low potential for skin irritation, nevertheless it was reported in 1921 that 14 of 17 men
employed in making zinc oxide had experienced an occupational dermatitis, "oxide pox." The eruptions, which
were small, red, hard, projecting papules with a white central plug, usually persisted for a wk or 10 days. In 13
of the cases, the pubic region, scrotum, and inner aspects of the thighs were involved, and in 4 cases, the axilla
and inner surfaces of the arms as well. /It was/ ... concluded that zinc oxide had combined with debris and
bacteria to block sebaceous glands as a result of lack of personal hygiene.
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ ... A rash and follicular pustules /developed/ in a patient who received a treatment with a 40%
zinc oxide ointment treatment 15 g on 150 sq cm under occlusive dressing at 24 hr post treatment. The
dermal reaction disappeared 2 days after removal of the ointment and treatment with cool saline compresses,
but reappeared after application of 5% zinc oxide. From the study it could not be derived whether the dermal
effects were a result of zinc oxide of from other treatmentrelated stimuli. In 5 other patients who were treated
with 40% zinc oxide ointment in a similar way and in 6 volunteers who received 100 g of 40% zinc oxide
ointment on chest and legs, no signs of dermal reactions were reported.
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from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ ... A case of recurrent bronchoalveolitis related to an exposure to zinc fumes in which the
clinical picture and bronchoalveolar lavage BAL results indicated a probable hypersensitivity pneumonia /was
described/ ... Zinc could act as a hapten and could become antigenic after complexing with proteins. /Zinc/
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/CASE REPORTS/ ... Serum zinc in a 34yearold man /was measured/ during, and shortly after, an event of
metal fume fever caused by inhalation of hot zinc fumes. The serum level of zinc was subnormal during the
fever, but was normalized after 6 days. It was suggested that inhaled zinc oxide particles caused an
inflammatory reaction in the alveoli which in turn resulted in a release of pyrogenic substances into the blood.
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ ... One case of prolonged hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a smelter ... was reported. As the
worker had symptoms and signs of pulmonary effects several months after the acute episode, this indicates
that recurrent episodes of zincinduced pulmonary effects are not always benign.
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ A 57yearold man with a 37year occupational history of welding was admitted for high
fever and dyspnea after inhalation of zinc oxide fumes during a period of welding without a protective mask.
Chest radiography and CT showed bilateral diffuse groundglass opacities, and blood gas analysis revealed
that PaO2 was 48.1 torr in room air. A transbronchial lung biopsy was done, and revealed diffuse alveolar
damage.The case /was diagnosed/ as chemical pneumonia due to the inhalation of zinc oxide, and
prednisolone /was prescribed/. As a result, his symptoms improved within several days. The inhalation of zinc
oxide fume usually causes metal fume fever, but chemical pneumonia is also reported on rare occasions.
Abstract: PubMed
Taniguchi H et al; Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 41 (7): 44750 (2003)
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ Metal fume fever MFF is a wellknown complication of zinc oxide fume inhalation. Prompt
recognition of this condition is essential for the proper medical management of this selflimited disease. The
patient is a 25yearold male welder who had MFF and presented with aseptic meningitis with pericarditis,
pleuritis and pneumonitis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of MMF presenting with these signs and
symptoms. Abstract: PubMed
Hassaballa HA et al; Occup Med (Lond) 55 (8): 63841 (2005)
from HSDB
/CASE REPORTS/ A dialysis patient exposed to zinc in water that was used for the dialysis developed severe
anemia 3 g hemoglobin/dL. /Zinc ion/
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from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The protection of skin from solar damage ideally involves a number of
actions which include wearing tightly woven protective clothing which adequately covers the arms, trunk and
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legs, a hat that provides adequate shade to the whole of the head, seeking shade whenever possible, avoiding
outdoor activities during periods of peak ... /solar radiation/ and use of sunscreens. Sunscreens should not be
the first choice for skin cancer prevention and should not be used as the sole agent for protection against the
sun.
Prevention, Vol. 5), Lyon, IARC; Unit of Chemoprevention: CancerPreventive Effects of Sunscreens. p.148
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... There is no chronic form of ... /metal fume fever/, but in rare instances the
acute incident may be followed by complications such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ From the immunological point of view, metalfume fever is interesting
because prior sensitization is not required and tachyphylaxis has been observed. Workers typically develop
fume fever only after several days without prior exposure.
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/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ It has been postulated that metal fume fever is an immunologic disease,
and an allergic reaction with angioedema have been described in a zinc welder.
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ On the basis of an occupational study ... it has been estimated that metal
fume fever will not occur at air concentrations below 15 mg/cu m. Twentyfour workers occupationally
exposed to 3 to 15 mg/cu m for periods of 2 to 35 years showed no signs of chronic toxicity ... No evidence of
chronic respiratory effects upon examination of 234 Finnish workers exposed to 2.5 to 4.5 mg/cu m in the form
of zinc oxide.
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Sunscreens should not be used as a means of extending the duration of
solar exposure, such as prolonging sunbathing, and should not be used as a substitute for clothing on usually
unexposed sites, such as the trunk and buttocks. /Sunscreens/
Prevention, Vol. 5), Lyon, IARC; Unit of Chemoprevention: CancerPreventive Effects of Sunscreens p.148
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ There is evidence from isolated cell experiments that zinc oxide and
titanium dioxide can induce free radical formation in the presence of light and that this may damage these
cells photomutagenicity with zinc oxide. However, this would only be of concern in people using sunscreens
if the zinc oxide and titanium dioxide penetrated into viable skin cells. The weight of current evidence is that
they remain on the surface of the skin and in the outer dead layer stratum corneum of the skin.
Australian Government, Department of Health and Aging, Therapeutic Goods Administration; Safety of Sunscreens
Containing Nanoparticles of Zinc Oxide or Titanium Oxide (Feb 2006). Available from, as of August 1, 2006:
http://www.tga.gov.au/npmeds/sunscreenZotd.htm
from HSDB
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/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Of several effects resulting from industrial exposure to zinc, that of zinc
fume fever from freshly formed zinc oxide fume ... /is/ most commonly described and best documented. In
survey of 102 brass foundry workers, 20% had attacks of "brass foundryman's ague" on average of once/wk,
13% once/month, 17% once/yr, 11% twice/wk, 14% twice/month, 6% twice/yr, 2% 3 times/month, 1% 3
times/yr and about 10% 4 times/yr. The attacks among 88% of workers occurred only during winter months
when ventilation was inadequate, but 12% had attacks regardless of season. ... Zinc oxide level that caused the
attacks /was not determined/.
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Topical use of sunscreens reduces the risk for sunburn in humans.
Sunscreens probably prevent squamouscell carcinoma of the skin when used mainly during unintentional sun
exposure. No conclusion can be drawn about the cancerpreventive activity of topical use of sunscreens
against basalcell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma. Use of sunscreens can extend the duration of
intentional sun exposure, such as sunbathing. Such an extension may increase the risk for cutaneous
melanoma. /Sunscreens/
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The manufacturers of sunscreen preparations with propellants warn that
concentrating and subsequently inhaling the fumes from these preparations may be harmful or fatal.
/Propellants/
from HSDB
13.1.12 NonHuman Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Genomewide linkage analyses were performed on a CByD2F2
mouse cohort phenotyped for BAL protein, PMNs, and macrophages following 5 consecutive days of exposure
to 1.0 mg/m3 inhaled ZnO for 3 hours/day. A haplotype analysis was carried out to determine the contribution
of each quantitative trait locus QTL and QTL combination to the overall BAL protein phenotype. Candidate
genes were identified within each QTL interval using the positional candidate gene approach. A significant
quantitative trait locus QTL on chromosome 1, as well as suggestive QTLs on chromosomes 4 and 5, for the
BAL protein phenotype, was established. Suggestive QTLs for the BAL PMN and macrophage phenotypes were
also identified on chromosomes 1 and 5, respectively. Analysis of specific haplotypes supports the combined
effect of three QTLs in the overall protein phenotype. Tolllike receptor 5 Tlr5 was identified as an interesting
candidate gene within the significant QTL for BAL protein on chromosome 1. Wildderived Tlr5mutant
MOLF/Ei mice were tolerant to BAL protein following repeated ZnO exposure. Genetic background is an
important influence in the acquisition of pulmonary tolerance to BAL protein, PMNs, and macrophages
following ZnO exposure. Promising candidate genes exist within the identified QTL intervals that would be
good targets for additional studies, including Tlr5. The implications of tolerance to health risks in humans are
numerous, and this study furthers the understanding of geneenvironment interactions that are likely to be
important factors from persontoperson in regulating the development of pulmonary tolerance to inhaled
toxicants.[Wesselkamper SC et al; Respir Res 6 1: 73 2005] Full text: PMC1180855 Abstract: PubMed
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... /Guinea pigs exposed/ for an hour to concentrations of ... 1000 to
2600 mg/cu m /zinc oxide/ resulted in initial drop in body temperature of 0.5 to 2 deg C, followed 6 to 18
hours later by a rise to 0.5 to 1 deg C above normal. Animals exposed at concentrations up to 2500 mg/cu m
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for 3 to 4 hours died during or immediately after exposure.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide
Occupational Exposure Values. CDROM Cincinnati, OH 452401634 2005., p. 1
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rabbits, rats, and cats exposed for 3.5 hr to zinc oxide fumes at
concentrations of 110600 mg/cu m reacted with a transient fall in body temperature followed by a marked
leukocytosis. In heavily exposed animals autopsy studies showed signs of bronchopneumonia.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Poisoning with zinc oxide fumes ... give rise to fever, dyspnea,
anorexia, suppression of milk yield, & subcutaneous emphysema of neck & chest. These signs are followed by
... recovery in few days or death. Characteristic lesions are interstitial pulmonary emphysema & atelectasis,
believed to be due to a form of anaphylactic shock.
Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 77
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Guinea pigs were exposed 3 hr/day to the mean concentration of 7
mg/cu m of freshly generated ZnO for 5 days. Pulmonary function of some of these animals was measured
immediately after exposure on each of the 5 days. Another group of animals was exposed to a lower
concentration 2.7 mg zinc oxide/cu m using the same 3hr/day, 5day timeframe ... The concentration of 7
mg/cu m produced a gradual decrease in the total lung capacity and vital capacity over the course of
exposure. The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity DLCO was not affected until the fourth day, when it
dropped down to 30% below control levels. Wetlung weight/body weight ratios and wetlung/drylung
weight ratios increased, indicating the presence of edema. Exposures to 2.7 mg zinc oxide/cu m did not alter
any parameters measured. In two experiments a single high peak of zinc oxide 2534 mg/cu m occurred. In
one experiment exposure was stopped, but pulmonary function measurements were performed according to
the schedule. In the other case, exposures to zinc oxide were continued. In both cases lung volumes declined
abruptly and to a greater extent than when the peaks were absent. Continued exposure caused greater
decrease in total lung capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity FRC, and residual volume than were
observed when exposure was stopped. Peak exposures reduced DLCO values to 4060% below those of
control. Airway resistance increased and compliance decreased following peak exposures. When exposure was
terminated, these changes were reversible. With continued exposure they were still different from control on
the fifth day.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Pulmonary toxicity of zinc oxide ZnO was evaluated by
investigating the metabolic fate and inflammatory potency of ZnO instilled into the rat lung. Groups of three
rats received single intratracheal instillations of ZnO suspension at a dose of 100 micrograms Zn/rat in the
timecourse experiment or received 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 micrograms Zn/rat and were killed 2 days
after treatment in the doseresponse experiment. It was suggested that ZnO particles were solubilized in the
bronchoalveolar milieu and cleared from the lung with a halflife of 14 h. Metallothionein MT was induced
with a peak at 2 days. The content of MT was proportional to the dose of ZnO, but contributed little for the
accumulation of Zn in the lung. A dose of 20 micrograms Zn/rat was sufficient to develop maximum responses
for betaglucuronidase activity and surfactant content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, the
activity of lactate dehydrogenase and protein content in the lavage fluid increased significantly at 20
micrograms Zn/rat. These results suggest that the recommended ZnO concentration in the workplace
atmosphere of 5 mg/m3 might not be adequate. Abstract: PubMed
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Hirano S et al; Arch Toxicol. 1989;63(4):33642 (1989)
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The dermal irritancy of six zinc compounds was examined in three
animal models, In open patch tests involving five daily applications, zinc chloride 1% aqueous solution was
severely irritant in rabbit, guineapig and mouse tests, inducing epidermal hyperplasia and ulceration; aqueous
zinc acetate 20% was slightly less irritant. Zinc oxide 20% suspension dilute Tween 80, zinc sulfate 1%
aqueous solution and zinc pyrithione 20% suspension were not overtly irritant, but induced a marginal
epidermal hyperplasia and increased hair growth. Zinc undecylenate 20% suspension was not irritant.
Epidermal irritancy in these studies is related to the interaction of zinc ion with epidermal keratin. The
compounds studied were not consistently bacteriostatic in the three species tested. Abstract: PubMed
Lansdown A BG; Food Chem Toxicol 29 (1): 5764 (1991)
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects of experimental inhalation exposure of guinea pigs, rats,
and rabbits to freshly formed zinc oxide ... were evaluated ... The animals were exposed through the nasal route
for only 3 hr guinea pigs and rats and for 2 hr rabbits to 0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg zinc oxide/cu m. At 0, 4, or 24 hr
after exposure the animals were anesthetized and the tracheas were cannulated and the lungs lavaged. Both
the lavage fluid and the recovered cells were examined for evidence of inflammation or altered cell function.
Significant interspecies differences in the response were found. The lavage fluid from guinea pigs and rats
exposed to 5 mg/cu m had significant increases in the total cells, lactate dehydrogenase, betaglucuronidase,
and protein content. These changes were greatest 24 hr after exposure. In guinea pigs the alveolar
macrophage function was depressed. Significant changes in lavage fluid parameters were also observed in
guinea pigs and rats exposed to 2.5 mg zinc oxide/cu m. There was a doseresponse relationship between a
single exposure to zinc oxide and the markers of injury in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In contrast, rabbits
showed no increase in biochemical or cellular parameters following a 2hr exposure to 5 mg zinc oxide/cu m.
The difference in response could be caused by different total lung retention of ultrafine zinc oxide particles.
Guinea pigs and rats retained an estimated 20 and 12%, respectively, of the inhaled dose but rabbits, only 5%.
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In a wellperformed eye irritation/corrosion study, ... three male
New Zealand White rabbits were treated by instillation of approximately 64 mg of zinc oxide a volume of
about 0.1 mL into the conjunctival sac of one eye. The other eye remained untreated and served as control.
After 24 hours, both eyes of two animals were rinsed with water. The eyes were examined at 1, 24, 48 and 72
hours after instillation. No symptoms of systemic toxicity were observed and no mortality occurred. Slight
iridial irritation grade 1 was observed in one animal, at 1 hour only. Slight irritation of the conjunctivae grade
12 was seen as redness mean scores over 2472 hours 0.7, 1 and 1, which had completely resolved at 72
hours in all animals. Chemosis grade 2 and discharge grade 1 were also observed in all animals, but at 1
hour only. No corneal opacity or epithelial damage was observed in any of the animals.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In mice, ... acute effect threshold is 1.0 g/kg bw. Toxic action
manifestations included increased blood hemoglobin concentration, changed motor activity, and reduced
ceruloplasmin activity in the blood plasma. According to other data, administration of zinc oxide caused
intense gastroenteritis, since severe irritation and even corrosion of the mucosa of the stomach follow the
formation of zinc chloride in the stomach by its reaction with the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice.
Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p.
423
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from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The skin sensitizing potential of zinc oxide purity 99.69% was
investigated in female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs in two wellperformed maximization tests ... Based on the
results of a preliminary study, in the main studies experimental animals 10 in each test were intradermally
injected with a 20% concentration and epidermally exposed to a 50% concentration ie the highest practically
feasible concentration. Control animals 5 in each test were similarly treated, but with vehicle water alone.
Approximately 24 hours before the epidermal induction exposure all animals were treated with 10% SDS. Two
weeks after the epidermal application all animals were challenged with a 50% test substance concentration and
the vehicle. In the first study, in response to the 50% test substance concentration skin reactions of grade 1
were observed in 4/10 experimental animals 24 hours after the challenge 40% sensitization rate, while no skin
reactions were evident in the controls. In contrast, in the second study no skin reactions were evident in the
experimental animals 0% sensitization rate, while a skin reaction grade 1 was seen in one control animal. The
skin reaction observed in one control animal is probably a sign of nonspecific irritation.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male Hartley guinea pigs were exposed to 0, 2.3, 5.9 or 12.1 mg/cu
m of zinc oxide as ultra fine particles with an average diameter of 0.05 um 3 hours a day for 1, 2 or 3
consecutive noseonly exposures. Three animals from each group were examined after each exposure period;
they were sacrificed and lung tissues were microscopically examined, and the pulmonary lavage fluid was also
examined. Exposure to 12.1 mg/cu m increased the number of nucleated cells in lavage fluid. Exposures to 5.9
and 12.1 mg zinc oxide/cu m were associated with increased protein, neutrophils, and activities beta
glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and angiotensinconverting
enzyme. The increases were dose dependent and were detectable after the second exposure, and generally
increased after the third exposure. Significant morphologic damage characterized by centriacinar inflammation
in the lung was seen at 5.9 and 12.1 mg/cu m. Minimal changes in neutrophils and activities of lactate
dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were seen in the pulmonary fluid at the lowest dose level of 2.3
mg/cu m after 3 exposures but no morphologic changes were observed at this dose level. Based on these
results 2.3 mg zinc oxide/cu m is considered as a marginal LOAEL in this study.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rats were dosed with 5.0 mg zinc oxide/kg bw
for 6 months. Histology examination revealed hyaline cylinders in the kidneys and moderate hyperplasia in the
white pulp of the spleen. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg bw was considered to be the LOAEL.
Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p.
424
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ...Rats and mice were exposed to 121.7 mg
zinc/cu m as zinc chloride smoke which also contains zinc oxide, hexachlorophene, and other compounds for
1 hour/day, 5 days/week, for 20 weeks, and then observed for an additional 13 months. In the same study,
guinea pigs were exposed to 119.3 mg zinc/cu m as zinc chloride smoke for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, for 3
weeks. All animals were sacrificed at the end of 18 months. Routine gross and microscopic evaluation of the
stomach and intestines at 18 months revealed no persistent adverse effects.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... A 14day and a 49day feeding study /were
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conducted/ in 3 different breeds of sheep that were receiving feed containing 31 mg Zn2+/kg feed. The sheep
received additional amounts of Zn2+ from zinc oxide at dose levels of 261 and 731 14day study or 731 and
1,431 mg Zn2+/kg feed 49day study. No effects were seen after 261 mg Zn2+/kg feed. In all other groups
pancreatic lesions were seen. Administration of 240 mg Zinc as ZnO/kg bw for 3 times/week during 4 weeks
to 42 castrated sheep resulted in an increased incidence of pancreatic lesions.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Four groups of ferrets 35/group were given 0,
500, 1,500 or 3,000 mg zinc oxide/kg feed equivalent to be 0, 81.3, 243.8 or 487.5 mg ZnO/kg bw, respectively.
At the highest dose level 487.5 mg zinc oxide/kg bw all animals 3 were killed in extremis within 13 days.
Macroscopic examination showed pale mucous membranes, dark colored fluid in the stomach, blood in the
intestines, orange colored liver and enlarged kidneys showing diffuse necrosis, hemorrhages in the intestine
and a severe macrocytic hypochromic anemia. Histology showed nephrosis and extramedullary hematopoesis
in the spleen. At the mid dose level of 243.8 mg zinc oxidekg bw the animals 4 were killed on day 7, 14 and
21 1/2 in extremis showing poor condition. Macroscopy showed pale livers with fatty infiltration and enlarged
kidneys. Histology was comparable with the highest dose group. The hemogram showed macrocytic
hypochromic anemia, increased reticulocytes and leucocytosis. At the lowest dose level 81.3 mg zinc oxide/kg
bw the animals 3 were killed on day 48, 138 and 191, respectively. No clinical signs of toxicity or pathological
changes were seen, apart from an extramedullary hematopoesis in the spleen.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Longterm exposure of rats to zinc oxide at
concentration of 15 mg/cu m for 8 hr daily for up to 84 days gave rise to minor microscopical changes with
signs of chronic inflammation and slight changes, in 2 of the 10 pulmonary function tests studied.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ 240 Female Wistar rats 80/group were exposed
by inhalation to 15 mg zinc oxide/cu m for 1 hour, 4 hours or 8 hours a day for 5 days a week. 20
Animals/group were sacrificed after 14, 28, 56, and 84 days and their lungs were examined for zinc content. It
appeared that the highest daily exposure time resulted in the highest dry lung weights, independent of the
duration of the experiment, while the zinc content remained almost constant. The absolute and relative
relative to dried weights of lung tissue zinc content in the lungs was influenced by the duration of the
experiment. After 84 days of exposure the zinc content was significantly higher compared to 14 days exposure,
independent of the duration of the daily exposure.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... Guinea pigs were exposed by nasal route 3 hr
daily to 5 mg/cu m of freshly generated zinc oxide mean diameter 0.05 mm for 6 days. After exposure the
animals were anesthetized and tracheotomized. Ventilation, lung mechanics, lung volume, and diffusing
capacity for carbon monoxide were evaluated at 1, 24, 48, or 72 hr after the end of the last exposure. Vital
capacity, functional residual capacity FRC, alveolar volume VA and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity
DLCO all had decreased immediately following the last exposure and had not returned to control values by
72 hr. Flow resistance remained elevated for 24 hr, and compliance remained decreased for 48 hr. These
functional changes were accompanied by elevated lung weight/body weight ratios and inflammation involving
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ / /In/ sheep, observed effects /of the/ oral
/administration of/ zinc oxide /equivalent to/ 240 mg Zn/kg, 3 times/wk /for/ 4 wk, /were/ pancreatic lesions.
/From table/
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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... 175 to 1000 mg of zinc oxide/day /were
given/ for periods of ... 3 to 53 weeks to dogs and cats, and ... was tolerated; glycosuria occurred in dogs, and
fibrous degeneration of pancreas in some cats ... no manifest injury occurred in rats from administration of 0.5
to 34.4 mg zinc oxide/day for periods of 1 month to 1 year.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Zinc oxide ... /in diet of rats at 0.5% does/
not retard growth ... /but does/ retard growth when diet contains 1% zinc. ... In pregnant rats, dietary zinc oxide
at 4000 ppm zinc causes resorption and death of fetuses.
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 72
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Groups of SpragueDawley rats 10/group
were fed diets containing 2,000 or 5,000 mg zinc oxide/kg feed calculated to be 150 or 375 mg ZnO/kg bw
[approx 120 or 300 mg Zn2+/kg bw/day] from day 0 of gestation to day 14 of lactation, then mothers and
remaining pups were killed. The control animals received a basal diet containing 9 mg Zn2+/kg feed. Maternal
weight, daily food intake, duration of gestation and the number of viable young/litter were not affected. No
external malformations were seen. Two females at 5,000 mg/kg feed had all stillborn litters containing
edematous pups. At 2,000 mg/kg feed 4 stillborn pups not edematous were observed. Dry liver weights of
pups newborn and 14 days old were decreased at 5,000 mg/kg feed. A doserelated increase in zinc content
and a doserelated decrease in iron content were observed. The livers of newborns of zinctreated dams,
however, contained significantly more iron than the controls. This was not observed in the 14day old pups.
The copper levels in the liver were significantly lower only in the newborns of the 5,000 mg/kg level. After 14
days the copper concentrations were significantly lower in all treated pups.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ High levels of 0.2 and 0.4% zinc as zinc
oxide were administered to adult female rats beginning at either 0 day age of the fetus or 21 days before
breeding. Excess zinc 0.4% in the diet of the maternal rat, beginning at 0 day age of the fetus, caused a
significant reduction in the growth dry matter of the 15 to 20dayold fetuses. Fetal resorption amounted to 4
and 29%, but no external malformations were observed. An extension of the feeding of 0.4% zinc to 21 days
before mating resulted in 36, 40, and 100% resorption for 12, 14, and 15 to 16dayold fetuses, respectively.
Lowering the level of zinc in the diet to 0.2% 400 mg zinc/kg/day and feeding from day 21 before breeding
had no adverse effects on the fetal development. General trend toward reduced fetal iron with all zinc
regimens was observed. Significant reduction of copper content occured in the 18 and 20dayold fetus from
mothers on 0.4% zinc diets and in the fetus of mothers fed 0.2% of zinc. The reduction in the content of iron
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and copper suggests an altered synthesis of important iron and copper metabolites in the fetus, which may
have precipitated the abnormal fetal development.
2:262
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ ... Groups of mink 11 females and 3
males/group /were exposed/ to basal diet containing 20.2 mg Zn2+/kg diet and 3.1 mg Zn2+/kg diet or to
the diet supplemented with 1,000 mg zinc oxide/kg diet. No maternal effects were seen. All females on the
basal diet produced offspring, 8/11 females of the Znsupplemented diet group had young. None of the
animals males, females and kits were sacrificed, so they were only macroscopically examined. The kits were
kept on the basal and supplemented diets. The body weight of male kits on the supplemented diet was
significantly lower at 12 weeks of age. 8Week old kits on the supplemented diet showed a significant decrease
of the Htvalue, the other blood parameters were comparable to the kits on basal diet. The decreased Tcell
mitotic response observed in the Znsupplemented kits was reversible when the kits were placed on basal diet.
Kits 34 weeks old of females fed the Znsupplemented diet showed effects consistent with copper
deficiency, such as grey fur around eyes, ears, jaws and genitals together with hair loss and dermatosis in these
areas.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Special studies were conducted to examine the morphological and
histoenzymatic changes of the brain. Twelve Wistar rats were given daily doses of 100 mg zinc oxide about
600 mg ZnO/kg bw 480 mg Zn2+/kg bw intragastrically for 10 consecutive days. A control group was
included. After 10 days the rats were sacrificed and the brains were examined for morphological and
histoenzymatic changes. Morphological changes included degenerative changes of neurocytes, accompanied
with moderate proliferation of the oligodendroglia and glial proliferation in the white matter. Furthermore
endothelial edema was observed in the small arterial and capillary walls. Histoenzymatic changes included
decreased activities of ACP acid phosphatase, ATPase adenosinetriphosphatase, AChE acetylcholine
esterase, and BChE Butyrylthiocholineesterase. The activities of TTPase thiamine pyrophophatase and NSE
nonspecific esterase were increased. No details on quantitative aspects of enzymatic changes were given. No
change was seen in the alkaline phosphatase. The authors indicated that observed morphological and
histoenzymatic changes were unspecific, undistinctive and most likely reversible. Examination of the
neurosecretory function of the hypothalamus and the hypophysis in these animals showed an increased
neurosecretion in cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus along with a
declined neurosecretion in the hypophysis and an enhanced release of antidiuretic hormone in the
neurohypophysis. It is not clear whether these observations represent an adverse effect of zinc on the brain or
whether they are secondary to changes somewhere else in the body.
from HSDB
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Minor neuron degeneration and proliferation of oligodendroglia
occurred in rats dosed with 487 mg zinc/kg/day as zinc oxide for 10 days. Rats receiving 472 mg zinc/kg/day
for 10 days had increased levels of secretory material in the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus. Mice
exposed postnatally to 0.5 mg zinc/kg/day as zinc acetate for 28 days showed no changes in memory
formation, but showed a gradual decrease in learning extinction throughout the study.
from HSDB
/GENOTOXICITY/ Only a slight increase in chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow was reported after
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exposure to zinc oxide by inhalation. Female rats were subjected to continuous inhalation of a zinc oxide
aerosol in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 mg/cu m for 5 months. 200 Metaphases were studied and the total
amount of cells damaged were 1.0% in controls, 4.5% in rats exposed to 0.1 mg/cu m, and 6.5% in rats
exposed to 0.5 mg/cu m.
European Chemicals Bureau; EU Risk Assessment Report Zinc Oxide, Vol.43 p.80 (2004). Available from, as of June 29,
2006: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/cc20582ad35947228cb642f1736dc820
from HSDB
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The possibility that ... zinc oxide might stimulate the formation of
oxygen radicals by human neutrophils /was examined/. Luminolamplified chemiluminescence CL was
monitored during 2 hr from human neutrophils isolated from venous blood of healthy humans and incubated
in vitro with ... zinc oxide ... Zinc oxide 12 to 100 mg/mL caused a 1.5 to 5fold increase in CL, but CL peaked
after 20 to 40 min of incubation ... Zinc oxideinduced CL was inhibited by Manaolite, a phospholipase A2
inhibitor ... These results indicate ... zinc oxide ... stimulates oxygen radical formation in human neutrophils and
that this might contribute to the pathogenesis of zincfume fever.
2:276
from HSDB
/VETERINARY CASE REPORTS/ Zinc oxide is produced during oxyacetylene cutting or arc welding of galvanized
pipes. These activities in closed facilities in which cattle are housed may result in toxicity characterized by
respiratory distress. Lesions are similar to those described for atypical interstitial pneumonia. Treatment is as
described for nitrogen dioxide toxicity.
from HSDB
/VETERINARY CASE REPORTS/ Toxicities from human drugs, topical preparations: Zinc oxide ointments or
creams are commonly used as topical skin protectants, astringents, and bactericidal agents. Most ointments
contain 1040% zinc oxide. Acute ingestion of zinc oxidecontaining products usually results in gastric irritation
vomiting and diarrhea, without the intravascular hemolysis, and liver and renal damage associated with
elemental zinc ingestion. Signs are usually seen within 24 hr of a significant exposure. Vomiting animals
should be managed symptomatically and supportively.
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Hemolytic reactions, adsorption tests, and microscopic evidence provided
information about the interactions between either zinc, zinc oxide, or zinc sulfide dust particles and human red
blood cells. In vitro, zinc dust extensively hemolyzed red blood cells and absorbed the liberated hemoglobin.
Metallic zinc had the greatest hemolytic effect and the largest hemoglobin binding capacity; it was followed by
zinc oxide and zinc sulfide.
Delbeck G, Delbeck M; Res Exp Med 160 (4): 25560 (1973)
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... The inflammatory potential of zinc oxide /was investigated/. Rats received
single intratracheal instillations of ZnO suspension at doses of 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg Zn/rat and
were killed 2 days after. A dose of 20 mg Zn/rat an equivalent of inhalation exposure to about 10 mg/cu m for
3 hr, assuming lung ventilation about 0.1 L/min and retention about 10% was sufficient to develop maximum
responses for betaglucuronidase activity and surfactant content in the bronchoalveolar fluid. The activity of
lactate dehydrogenase and protein content increased significantly at the same dose.
2:271
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from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Zinc oxide fumes from welding of galvanized materials are ... /thought/ to
be responsible for poisoning of cattle in vicinity of welding operations. ... It is evident that young animals are
much more susceptible to poisoning by zinc than mature animals.
Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 76
from HSDB
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ...Zinc oxide /given/ to sheep in food at concentrations exceeding 1000
mg/kg ... recorded poor growth, microcytic and hypochromic anemia after several weeks of exposure.
from HSDB
13.1.13 NonHuman Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat ip 240 mg/kg
Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3725
from HSDB
LD50 Mouse oral 7950 mg/kg
Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3725
from HSDB
LD50 Rat oral >5 g ZnO/kg bw
from HSDB
LC50 Mouse inhalation head and nose only >5.7 mg/L/4 hr
from HSDB
13.1.14 Ecotoxicity Values

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus Bobwhite quail 23 weeks old; oral via capsule 566 mg/kg 95% confidence
limit: 428719 mg/kg
USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on Zinc oxide (1314132). Available from, as of
June 20, 2006: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm
from HSDB
LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus Bobwhite quail 11 days old; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days /99% AI
formulation/
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from HSDB
LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill sunfish weight 0.38 g; Conditions: static; Concentration: >320
ppm for 96 hr /99% AI formulation/
from HSDB
LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout weight 0.78 g; Conditions: static; Concentration: 1.1 ppm
for 96 hr 95% confidence limit: 0.592.5 ppm /99% AI formulation/
from HSDB
LC50; Species: Thamnocephalus platyurus Fairy shrimp larvae; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 deg C, pH 7.3
7.8; Concentration: 190 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity/
Heinlaan M et al; Chemosphere 71 (7): 130816 (2008) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 27,
2013:
from HSDB
LC50; Species: Daphnia magna Water flea <24 hr old neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.59.1;
Concentration: 98 ug/L for 48 hr /dissolved/
Gale NL et al; Proc Univ Mo Annu Conf Trace Subst Environ Health 25: 16983 (1992) as cited in the ECOTOX database.
Available from, as of October 27, 2013:
from HSDB
EC50; Species: Danio rerio Zebra danio 1.5 hr postfertilization embryo, male and female; Conditions:
freshwater, static, 26 deg C; Concentration: 2066 ug/L for 84 hr 95% confidence interval: 14722897 ug/L;
Effect: mortality, decreased hatch />99.0% purity/
Zhu X et al; J Environ Sci Health Part A, Environ Sci Eng Toxic Hazard Substance Control 43 (3): 278284 (2008) as cited in
the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 27, 2013:
from HSDB
LC50; Species: Danio rerio Zebra danio 1.5 hr postfertilization embryo, male and female; Conditions:
freshwater, static, 26 deg C; Concentration: 1550 ug/L for 96 hr 95% confidence interval: 9272589 ug/L
/>99.0% purity/
Zhu X et al; J Environ Sci Health Part A, Environ Sci Eng Toxic Hazard Substance Control 43 (3): 278284 (2008) as cited in
the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 27, 2013:
from HSDB
13.1.15 Populations at Special Risk

Because the absorptive characteristics of skin of children younger than 6 months of age may differ from those
of adults and because the immaturity of metabolic and excretory pathways of these children may limit their
ability to eliminate any percutaneously absorbed sunscreen agent, sunscreen products should be used in
children younger than 6 months of age only as directed by a clinician. It is possible that the characteristics of
geriatric skin also differ from those of skin in younger adults, but these characteristics and the need for special
considerations regarding use of sunscreen preparations in this age group are poorly understood. /Sunscreens/
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from HSDB
13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity
Download
1 to 5 of 5
Record ID
Pesticide Type
Organism
Dose Type
Toxicity
9087
Preservative
Bobwhite quail
LD50
606 MGK
9088
Preservative
Bobwhite quail
LC50
> 5000 PPM
9089
Preservative
Rainbow trout
LC50
1.1 PPM
9090
Preservative
Bluegill sunfish
LC50
> 320 PPM
9091
Preservative
Water flea
EC50
> 1000 PPM
from EPA Office of Pesticide Programs
13.2.2 Natural Occurring Sources

The zinc mineral zincite is composed of zinc oxide and is 80.3% zinc1. Metallic zinc is not found free in nature,
but rather occurs in the +2 oxidation state often as zinc sulfide or zinc oxideSRC.
(1) Goodwin FE; Zinc and zinc alloys. KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (19992014). New York, NY: John
Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 9 Oct 2012
from HSDB
13.2.3 Artificial Sources

Zinc oxide's production and use as a pigment in white paints instead of lead carbonate; in rubber industry as
vulcanization activator and accelerator; in cosmetics, driers, quicksetting cements; with syrupy phosphoric acid
or ZnCl2 in dental cements; manufacture opaque glass and certain types of transparent glass; manufacture
enamels, automobile tires, white glue, matches, white printing inks, porcelains, zinc green; as a reagent in
analytical chemistry; in electrostatic copying paper; as flame retardant; in electronics as semiconductor1 may
result in its release to the environment through various waste streamsSRC. Its use as a feed additive, dietary
supplement, in seed treatment2 and application to patios, walkways and roofs for mold control3 will result
in its direct release to the environmentSRC.
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 1888 (2013) (2) Lewis RJ Sr;
Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 15th ed, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1347 (2007) (3) USEPA/Office
of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document Zinc salts. EPA 738F92007 (August 1992). Available
from, as of Oct 21, 2013: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
from HSDB
... Zinc oxide is produced ... in zinc smelting, manufacture of zinc oxide and powder, production of brass, and
melting of galvanized iron. Zinc oxide fumes may also be produced secondary to torch welding and cutting of
zinc containing or galvanized materials.
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Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. 667
from HSDB
13.2.4 Environmental Fate

Contamination of pastures with zinc oxide is known to occur in vicinity of works where zinc is produced from
its ores and is likely in neighborhood of brass foundries.
Clarke, E.G., and M. L. Clarke. Veterinary Toxicology. Baltimore, Maryland: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1975., p. 104
from HSDB
13.2.5 Biodegredation
PURE CULTURE: Zinc oxide, present at 4.8 umol, exhibited 100% dissolution in 40 hours at 24 deg C using an
anaerobic Nfixing Clostridium sp isolated from coalcleaning waste. However, the dissolution of zinc oxide
was attributed primarily to the effects of organic acids and low pH; biosorption of solubilized zinc by cell
biomass was negligible1.
(1) Francis AJ, Dodge CJ; Appl Environ Microbiol 54(4): 100914 (1988)
from HSDB
13.2.6 Water Concentrations

GROUNDWATER: Zinc oxide was not a dominant metal species in aquifer samples from the Bypass601
Superfund site in Concord, NC, a former location of a lead battery recycling operation1.
(1) Hesterberg D et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 28406 (1997)
from HSDB
13.2.7 Sediment/Soil Concentrations

SOIL: The concentration of zinc oxide in soil samples taken from 020 cm depth in the vicinity of the leadzinc
smelter at Tarnowskie Gory in southwest Poland was studied. Zinc oxide concentration ranged from 31.3 to
237 mg/kg in 10 samples from Haplorthods podzols; pH 4.15.4; organic matter 1.263.69%; cation exchange
capacity 5.123.5 cmol/kg; cadmium 0.33.0 mg/kg; lead 14410 mg/kg; zinc 54540 mg/kg. Zinc oxide
concentration ranged from 7.8 to 2727 mg/kg in Haplumbrepts brown soils; pH 3.77.1; organic matter 0.89
5.61%; cation exchange capacity 7.224.2 cmol/kg; cadmium 0.2102 mg/kg; lead 147100 mg/kg; zinc 37
10,000 mg/kg1.
(1) Chlopecka A et al; J Environ Qual 25: 979 (1996)
from HSDB
13.2.8 Atmospheric Concentrations

SOURCE DOMINATED: Zinc oxide is present at 35% of total composition in the fume generated during an
entire meltingcycle of steel production1.
(1) Schueneman JJ et al: Air pollution aspects of the iron and steel industry. Pub No. 999APA. Cincinnati, OH: US EPA Pub.
Health Serv. pp. 118 (1963)
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from HSDB
SOURCE DOMINATED: Zinc oxide fumes may also be produced secondary to torch welding and cutting of zinc
containing or galvanized materials. These processes yield a dispersion into the atmosphere of zinc oxide
particles of about 1 um.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 666
from HSDB
13.2.9 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be
exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of zinc oxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be
greatly underestimated1.
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Nonconfidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing,
Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of Oct 24, 2013:
http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
from HSDB
NIOSH NOES Survey 19811983 has statistically estimated that 919,302 workers 151,482 of these were
female were potentially exposed to zinc oxide in the US1. The NOES Survey does not include farm workers.
Occupational exposure to zinc oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at
workplaces where zinc oxide is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be
exposed to zinc oxide via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact with consumer products containing zinc
oxideSRC.
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 19811983. Estimated numbers of employees
potentially exposed to specific agents by 2digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Oct 24, 2013:
http://www.cdc.gov/noes/
from HSDB
Of several effects resulting from industrial exposure to zinc, that of zinc fume fever from freshly formed zinc
oxide fume ... /is/ most commonly described and best documented.
Jakubowski M; Patty's Toxicology. (2005) NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Zinc and Cadmium. Online posting date: Apr 16,
2001.
from HSDB
Exposure to zinc fumes, particularly zinc oxide, is potential risk where ever zinc oxide is product or by product
such as, in zinc smelting, manufacture of zinc oxide and powder, production of brass, and melting of
galvanized iron.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. 667
from HSDB
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14 Literature
14.1 Depositor Provided PubMed Citations
CLICK TO LOAD...
from PubChem
14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

CLICK TO LOAD...
from PubChem
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15 Patents
15.1 DepositorSupplied Patent Identifiers
CLICK TO LOAD...
from PubChem
15.2 FDA Orange Book Patents

Patent
8147852
Expiration
Mar 30, 2028
Applicant
DELCOR ASSET CORP
Drug Application
N021026 Prescription Drug: VUSION. Ingredients: MICONAZOLE

NITRATE; PETROLATUM, WHITE; ZINC OXIDE
from FDA Orange Book
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16 Classification
16.1 Ontologies
16.1.1 MeSH Tree
CLICK TO LOAD...
from MeSH
16.1.2 ChEBI Ontology

CLICK TO LOAD...
from ChEBI
16.1.3 KEGG: Drug

CLICK TO LOAD...
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from KEGG
16.1.4 KEGG: JP15

CLICK TO LOAD...
from KEGG
16.1.5 KEGG: Risk Category of Japanese OTC Drugs

CLICK TO LOAD...
from KEGG
16.1.6 KEGG: OTC drugs

CLICK TO LOAD...
from KEGG
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16.1.7 KEGG: Additive

CLICK TO LOAD...
from KEGG
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17 Information Sources
1.
HSDB /source/HSDB
ZINC OXIDE
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+1314132 http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi
bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+1314132
2.
ILOICSC /source/ILOICSC
ZINC OXIDE
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0208 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?
p_card_id=0208
3.
NIOSHPocketGuide /source/NIOSHPocketGuide
Zinc oxide
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0675.html https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0675.html
4.
OSHA Occupational Chemical DB /source/OSHA Occupational Chemical DB

ZINC OXIDE, DUST
http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=214 http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?
RecNo=214
ZINC OXIDE, FUME
http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=215 http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?
RecNo=215
5.
CAMEO Chemicals /source/CAMEO Chemicals

Zinc oxide, crude
http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/23075 http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/23075
6.
EPA Chemicals under the TSCA /source/EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
http://www.epa.gov/chemicaldatareporting http://www.epa.gov/chemicaldatareporting
7.
DrugBank /source/DrugBank
Zinc oxide
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09321 http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09321
8.
OSHA Chemical Sampling Information /source/OSHA Chemical Sampling Information

Zinc Oxide (Respirable Fraction)
https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_277005.html
Zinc Oxide (Total Dust)
Zinc Oxide Fume
9.
NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List /source/NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
zinc oxide
http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/2037.pdf http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/2037.pdf
10.
EU REGULATION EC No 1272/2008 /source/EU REGULATION EC No 1272/2008

zinc oxide
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/chemicals/classificationlabelling/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/chemicals/classificationlabelling/index_en.htm
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11.
NITECMC /source/NITECMC
Zinc oxide
http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/ghs/13mhlw2001e.html http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/ghs/13mhlw2001e.html
12.
Safe Work Australia HSIS /source/Safe Work Australia HSIS

The Hazardous Substances Information System (HSIS) at the Safe Work Australia is an internet advisory service that
allows you to find information on substances that have been classified by an authoritative source (such as the European
Commission or NICNAS) in accordance with the Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances
[NOHSC:1008(2004] 3rd Edition.
http://hsis.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ http://hsis.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/
13.
FDA Orange Book /source/FDA Orange Book

Patent:8147852
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129662.htm
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129662.htm
14.
PubMed Health /source/PubMed Health

Zinc Oxide (On the skin)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012707/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012707/
15.
Wikipedia /source/Wikipedia
Zinc oxide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide
16.
DailyMed /source/DailyMed
ZINC OXIDE
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=ZINC+OXIDE
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=ZINC+OXIDE
17.
EPA Office of Pesticide Programs /source/EPA Office of Pesticide Programs

The EPA OPP Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database, updated by the Ecological Fate and Effects Division of the EPA Office of
Pesticide Programs, contains all EPA reviewed ecotoxicity endpoints for pesticides registered or previously registered in
the U.S. Toxicity data. Read more. http://www.ipmcenters.org/Ecotox/index.cfm
http://www.ipmcenters.org/Ecotox/index.cfm http://www.ipmcenters.org/Ecotox/index.cfm
18.
European Chemicals Agency ECHA /source/European Chemicals Agency ECHA

Zinc oxide (ZnO)
https://echa.europa.eu/ https://echa.europa.eu/
19.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods /source/NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods

1314132
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003154/pdfs/7030.pdf http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003154/pdfs/7030.pdf
1314132
1314132
1314132
20.
ClinicalTrials.gov /source/ClinicalTrials.gov
secura protective|zinc oxide|zbum|bum ease|critic aid skin|babys butt aid|lil goats zinc oxide|periguard|booty
goo|atopalm diaper rash|sol protect|baby diaper|zinc white|diaper rash|baza protect|manzatine diaper rash skin
protectant|baby diaper rash|maximum strength diaper rash|balmex diaper rash|tena protective cream|mayinglong
hemorrhoids|dynashield|balmex adult care rash|maximum strength original diaper rash
https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=secura protective+OR+zinc oxide+OR+zbum+OR+bum ease+OR+critic aid
skin+OR+babys butt aid+OR+lil goats zinc oxide+OR+periguard+OR+booty goo+OR+atopalm diaper rash+OR+sol
protect+OR+baby diaper+OR+zinc white+OR+diaper rash+OR+baza protect+OR+manzatine diaper rash skin
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protectant+OR+baby diaper rash+OR+maximum strength diaper rash+OR+balmex diaper rash+OR+tena protective

cream+OR+mayinglong hemorrhoids+OR+dynashield+OR+balmex adult care rash+OR+maximum strength original
diaper rash https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=secura protective+OR+zinc oxide+OR+zbum+OR+bum
ease+OR+critic aid skin+OR+babys butt aid+OR+lil goats zinc oxide+OR+periguard+OR+booty goo+OR+atopalm
diaper rash+OR+sol protect+OR+baby diaper+OR+zinc white+OR+diaper rash+OR+baza protect+OR+manzatine
diaper rash skin protectant+OR+baby diaper rash+OR+maximum strength diaper rash+OR+balmex diaper
rash+OR+tena protective cream+OR+mayinglong hemorrhoids+OR+dynashield+OR+balmex adult care
rash+OR+maximum strength original diaper rash
21.
PubChem
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22.
MeSH /source/MeSH
Zinc Oxide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68015034 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68015034
MeSH Tree
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
Dermatologic Agents
Sunscreening Agents
23.
ChEBI /source/ChEBI
ChEBI Ontology
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
24.
KEGG /source/KEGG
Drug
http://www.genome.jp/dbgetbin/www_bget?brite:br08301 http://www.genome.jp/dbgetbin/www_bget?brite:br08301
JP17
Risk category of Japanese OTC drugs
OTC drugs
Additive
25.
NCBI
LinkOut is a service that allows one to link directly from NCBI databases to a wide range of information and services
beyond NCBI systems.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/linkout https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/linkout
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Zinc Oxide - Zno - Pubchem

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Zinc Oxide - Zno - Pubchem

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11/30/2016

U.S. National Library of Medicine

National Center for Biotechnology Information

Compound Summary for CID 14806

PUBCHEM COMPOUND ZINC OXIDE

Cite this Record

Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary LCSS

Drug Indication Therapeutic Uses Clinical Trials FDA Orange Book

nausea and vomiting.

3 Names and Identifiers

3.1.3 InChI Key

3.1.4 Canonical SMILES

3.2 Molecular Formula

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.3 ICSC Number

3.3.4 RTECS Number

3.4.2 DepositorSupplied Synonyms

11. Zinc oxide ZnO

21. Hubbucks white

41. Protox type 167

12. Akrozinc bar 85

32. Vandem VAC

42. Protox type 168

13. Flowers of zinc

23. Zinc monoxide

33. Vandem VOC

43. Protox type 169

24. Zincum Oxydatum

34. Vandem VPC

44. Protox type 267

25. Flores de zinci

35. Green seal8

45. Protox type 268

26. Zinci Oxicum

36. Philosopher's wool

46. Akrozinc bar 90

27. Zinci Oxydum

37. White seal7

28. Hubbuck's White

9. Emanay zinc oxide

29. Blanc de Zinc

39. Powder base 900

49. Red Seal 9

40. Protox type 166

10. Felling zinc oxide

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count

Rotatable Bond Count

Topological Polar Surface Area

Heavy Atom Count

Isotope Atom Count

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count

CovalentlyBonded Unit Count

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.5 Melting Point

4.2.8 Vapor Pressure

4.3 Spectral Properties

5.1 Related Compounds

Mixtures, Components, and