NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF DEFENCE AND MANAGEMENT

STUDIES - Department of Strategic StudiesIRREGULAR
WARFARE:TERRORISM
AND
INSURGENCY
- Clausewitz?
- Religious, social, cultural, and economic factors shapes
the conduct of irregular conflict
- Terrorist and Insurgents ultimately seek to achieve
political from their use of force.
TERRORISM : the sustained (continued) use of violence
against symbolic or civilian targets by small groups for
political purpose, such as inspiring fear, drawing
widespread attention to a political grievance, and/or
provoking a draconian (zalim) or unsustainable (tidak boleh
bertahan) response..
- Terrorism cannot result in change on its own
- Terrorism is to provoke a response terrorist hope their
opponent will overreact
- Hijacking, remote bombing, and assassination are
criminal acts but the legal status can change if the violence
is carried out for a recognized political cause
- Terrorist seek attention for their cause to generate
domestic and international empathy (sympathy)- for the
reason why they take up arms
INSURGENCY is not conventional war or terrorism But it
use force to achieve political end - The difference between
terrorism and insurgency is the scope and scale of the
violence - Insurgency attempts to effect political change
through force of arms whereas terrorism cannot effect
change on its own.
- The difference between irregular and conventional war :
Conventional war involve enemy more or less the
same(symmetric) in equipment, training and doctrine - In
insurgency the enemy is asymmetric (not the same) the
weaker is almost a sub-state group attempts to bring
political change by using guerilla tactics - Guerilla tactics
hit - and run raids and ambushes the local security forces
AMERICA CIVIL WAR
America history
- 1st January 1863, Lincoln doesnt still accept
the independence of the Confederacy and writes
the Emancipation Proclamation. The leaders of the
Confederates are angry because of Lincolns attitude
and the Confederate Army is moved to
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, territory of the Union.
- The war between 2 state, north state (The Union) vs
southern state (The Confederacy)
- Fight between slave and non slave state
- After several battle, from Fort Sumter to Gettysburg,
From Gettysburg to Virginia then the fall of the
Confederacy in April 1865
COLD WAR
Superpowers at War
After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union
were the worlds strongest nations.They were called
superpowers.They had different ideas about economics and
government.They fought a war of ideas called the Cold
War. The Soviet Union was a communist country. In
communism,the government controls production and

resources. It decides where people live and work.The

United States is a capitalist country. In capitalism, people
and businesses control the production of goods. People
decide where they live and work. The Cold War began in
Europe after World War II.The Soviet Union won control of
Eastern Europe. It controlled half of Germany and half of
Germanys capital, Berlin. The United States, Britain, and
France controlled western Germany and West Berlin. In
June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked roads and railroads
that led to West Berlin. The United States, Great Britain,
and France flew in supplies. This was called the Berlin
Airlift.
Cold War Conflicts
After World War II, Korea was divided into North and
South Korea. North Korea became communist. South
Korea was a capitalist country. North Korean army invaded
South Korea. The United Nations sent soldiers to help
South Korea. China sent soldiers to help North Korea.The
war ended in 1953. Neither side won. Korea is still divided.
The United States and the Soviet Union were in a nuclear
arms race. In 1959, Cuba became a communist country and
the Soviets secretly put missiles there. President Kennedy
was afraid the Soviet Union would attack the United States.
He sent warships to surround Cuba. He hoped a blockade
would force the Soviet Union to remove its missiles.This
conflict was called the Cuban Missile Crisis. For six days,
nuclear war seemed possible.Then the Soviet Union
removed the missiles.
Referring BOOK - INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
20132014 Update Tenth Edition Pearson (July 15,
2013) Joshua S. Goldstein, Jon C. Pevehouse
5 Types of war
- Hegemonic
- Total
- Limited
- Civil
- Guerrilla
Hegemonic war

War over control of the entire world order the rules

of the international system as a whole, including the
role of world hegemony.

Last hegemonic war was World War II

Likely that due to the power of modern weaponry, this

kind of war could not occur any longer without
destroying civilization
Total war

Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy

another

Goal is to reach the capital city and force the surrender

of the government, which can then be replaced with
one of the victors choosing

Napoleonic Wars

Evolved with industrialization, which further

integrated all of society and economy into the practice
of war

Last total war: World War II

Limited war

Includes military actions carried out to gain some

objective short of the surrender and occupation of the
enemy.

War to retake Kuwait from Iraq (1991)

Raids

Limited wars that consist of a single action

Raiding that is repeated or fuels a cycle of
retaliation usually becomes a limited war
that is sometimes called a low-intensity
conflict.

Civil war

Refers to war between factions within a state trying to

create or prevent a new government for the entire state
or some territorial part of it.

U.S. Civil War of the 1960s - secessionist civil war

El Salvador in the 1980s - civil war for control over

the entire state

May often be among the most brutal wars

Guerrilla war

Includes certain types of civil wars; is warfare without

front lines

Irregular forces operate in the midst of, and often

hidden or protected by, civilian populations.

Purpose is not to confront an enemy army but rather to

harass and punish it so as to gradually limit its
operation and effectively liberate territory from its
control.
Six types of international conflict:

Ethnic - idea

Religious - idea

Ideological - idea

Territorial - interest

Governmental - interest

Economic interest
The Liberation of Kuwait was a U.S.-led military
operation to retake Kuwait from Iraq after the massive air
campaign, between 2428 February 1991. U.S. troops and
the Coalition entered to find the Iraqis surrendering en
masse; however, pockets of resistance existed, particularly
at Kuwait International Airportwhere Iraqi troops,
seemingly unaware that a retreat order had been issued to
them, continued to fight, resulting in a fierce battle over the
airport itself. The majority of the fighting took place in
Iraq, rather than Kuwait. The operation is part of what is
commonly known as the Gulf War.