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Chapter 6
Power Amplifier
Final chapter
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
Analyse Class A, B and AB power amplifier and find the
respective efficiency
Categorise the power amplifier based on its class and
discuss the importance of transistors power rating
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Introduction
Power amplifiers are usually the output stages in an
amplifier system.
Figure 1. Audio
amplifier system
Main function:
to provide the needed power and deliver it efficiently to
the output transducer.
Important feature:
Very low output resistance
Po (max)
100 0 0
Pin ( dc )
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Classification
The class of operation is defined by the angle of conduction of the
power transistor in one cycle of the input signal.
Class A: conducts 360 of each cycle of the input signal
Class AB: conducts slightly more than 180 of each cycle
Class B: conducts only for 180 of each cycle
AC load line
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Example A1
Determine the efficiency of Class A amplifier circuit
depicted in Figure A1 if:
(a) VCC = 12 V and vo = 10 V(p-p)
(b) VCC = 15 V and vo = 10 V(p-p)
Figure A1
(b) 11.11 %
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Solution : Example A1
Part (a) i.e. VCC = 12 V and vo = 10 V(p-p)
2
v
v
v
102
The output power, Pout (ac ) = o ( rms ) = o ( pk ) = o ( pk pk ) =
RL
2 RL
8RL
8 RL
2
V
V
122
Pin ( dc ) = VCC I C = VCC CC = CC =
2 RL 2 RL 2 RL
102
P
102 2 RL
8R
Efficiency, = out ( ac ) % = 2L % =
% = 17.36%
12
8 RL 122
Pin ( dc )
2 RL
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Example A2
Answer :
Pin(dc) = 8.28 W,
Pout(ac) = 0.64 W,
= 7.7 %
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Solution :
Example A2
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Example A3
Calculate the input dc power that is drawn from the supply by the
amplifier shown in Figure A3. Assume = 100.
Answer :
ICQ = 1 mA,
ICC = 1.82 mA,
Pin(dc) = 18.2 mW
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Solution : Example A3
Two steps have been skipped, i.e. VTH and RTH calculations...
VTH VBE
= 9.8A
RTH + ( + 1)RE
= I B = 0.98 mA
VCC
= I CQ + I1 = I CQ +
R1 + R2
IB =
I CQ
I CC
= 0.98m + 0.82m
= 1.8 mA
Pin ( dc ) = VCC I CC = 10 1.8m
= 18 mW
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Class B
The main disadvantage of class A is low efficiency (maximum
efficiency is only 25 % (see slide no.9)).
Therefore Class B is more widely used (i.e. the push-pull
amplifier) as to amplify large signal as it provides greater
efficiency (78.5%).
Achievable by letting the transistor conducts only at half of the
input cycle (180) 2 transistors are used in push-pull
amplifier.
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During
negative
cycle
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Example B1
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Example B2
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Solution:
Example B2
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Solution:
Example B2
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Class AB
The cross-over distortion in class B can be eliminated
by providing just enough bias to the complementary
symmetry transistor pair to overcome the barrier
potential losses
i.e. shifting the operating point from lower edge to
slightly above the load line (i.e. allowing small current
to flow at zero signal condition) class AB.
However the efficiency will be reduced due to wastage
of power.
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11 k
11 k
11 k
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DC operation
VCC = VR1 + VR 2 + VD1 + VD 2
I1
ICC
IC1(ave)
VR 2 =
R2
[VCC (VD1 + VD 2 )] = VB (Q 2 )
R1 + R2
*VD1=VD2 = 0.7 V
The current I1 is
I1 =
I CC = I1 + I C ( ave )
where
I C ( ave ) =
ip
vp
RL
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Example AB1
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Example AB2
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References
Balbir Kumar & Shail B. Jain, Electronic Devices and
Circuits, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2012
Denton J. Dailey, Electronic Devices and Circuits:
Discrete and Integrated, Prentice-Hall, 2001
Ali Aminian & Marian Kazimierczuk, Electronic Devices:
A Design Approach, Prentice-Hall, 2004
Masnani Mohamed, Siti Hawa Ruslan & Nabiah Zinal,
Learning Module: BEL 10203 Analogue Electronics, 2nd
Printing, Penerbit UTHM, 2014
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