Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Patients in Rehabilitation
Review of existing scales and tests and their psychometric properties
School of physiotherapy
Amsterdam 26/01/2007
Yaara Levi
Zohar Raveh
Table of contents
1. Acknowledgments
2. Introduction
1.1 The client
1.2 Measurements in rehabilitation
3. Stroke
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Epidemiology and impact
3.3 Stroke manifestation
4. Quality of a measuring instrument
4.1 Reliability
4.2 Validity
4.3 Responsiveness
5. Method
5.1 The search process
5.2 Criteria list
5.3 The analysis
5.4 The product
6. Scale analysis
6.1 Function and structures
6.1.1 Motor
6.1.2 Tone
6.1.3 Trunk stability
6.1.4 Balance
6.1.5 Pain
6.1.6 Sensation
6.1.7 All in one
6.2 Activity
6.2.1 Mobility
6.2.2 Arm and hand mobility
6.2.3 Activity of daily living
6.2.4 Disability
6.3 Participation
6.3.1 Quality of life
7. Conclusion
8. References
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Page 36-37
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1. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank our client Nitza Kaner for giving us the apportunity to work
on such a fascinating project and the learning process it brought with it. We would
also like to thank Jaap Bakker and Jesse Aarden for helping us along in the progress
and giving us great advice and guidance. Last but not least, we thank Avihay Haim
for helping us with the design of the computer program.
2. Introduction
This end project of our third year of study is aimed to release us into the world ready
to work as physiotherapists. We were approached by a client Nitza Kaner who is a
physiotherapist in a rehabilitation center in Afula Israel, and her request was to make
a digital catalogue of assessment scales and tests for stroke patients.
This paper is aimed to describe the process towards the end product and to explain
our decisions during our course of action.
In the introduction we will describe shortly the rehabilitation center and their need
for assessment tool box and measurements in rehabilitation medicine.
The scales and tests we put in the tool box could be used for all neurological
patients; however we decided to focus on stroke patients since in the rehabilitation
clinic they are most prevalent.
countries since 2001. It is a classification of health and health related domains that
describe body functions and structures, activities and participation. The domains are
classified from body, individual and societal perspectives. ICF is useful to understand
and measure health outcomes. It can be used in clinical settings, health services, or
surveys at the individual or population level (World Health Organization 2001).
The terms measurement and assessment are often used interchangeably especially
when referring to the tools used to collect information (Wade 2004). In rehabilitation
assessment refers to the process of evaluating a patient problem including
recognition and measurement of the problem and determining the cost and the
extent. Measurement is to quantify and to determine the extent of something by
comparison with a standard unit (Wade 1992).
According to Wade there are several reasons why a patient should be assessed:
Diagnosis refers to understanding of whether a specific item is present or absent
but also to the structures, activities and participation, which are impaired.
Prognostics determining who is likely to recover well and the extent of help the
patient will need.
Measurement determining the severity of the problem and the changes that
occur through time.
Process Keeping a record of the treatments given to the patients.
Others administration and legal reasons.
The importance of using quantified measurements as part of the whole assessment
is to detect change, quantify input and outcome and to evaluate effectiveness of our
intervention. We also believe that by using quantified measurements we could show
the patients their improvements therefore motivating them.
3. Stroke
3.1 Definitions
The term stroke is used synonymously with cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The
World Health Organization defines stroke as a condition characterized by rapid
developing symptoms and signs of a focal brain lesion, with symptoms lasting for
more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than that of
vascular origin (Stokes 2004).
Hypoesthesia /anaesthesia
- Visual
Hemionopia
Diplopia
- Other Organs abnormalities
Bowel/bladder dysfunction
Orofacial dysfunction like Dysphagia
- Higher cortical functions
Neglect
Amnesia
Personality changes
Apraxia/ Dyspraxia
Aphasia
Agnosia
4.1 Reliability
Reliability concern the degree to which a measuring tool accounts for random error
and therefore repeatability and consistency (Gaubert and Mockett 2000).
-
4.2 Validity
Validity Places an emphasis on the objectives of a test and the ability to make
inferences from test scores or measurements.
-
4.3 Responsiveness
When assessing the stroke scales and tests we will check whether all these
psychometric properties have been scientifically assessed. This is important to the
quality and usefulness of the scales and tests.
5. Method
In the next section we will describe the process we went through to reach our end
product.
Grading Criteria
1. Validity
Points
Reference
of the scale :
Content validity proven: 1 point
Concurrent validity proven: 1 point
Predictive validity proven: 0.5 point
Construct validity proven: 0.5 point
No validity has been proven: 0 point
The scale has been proven to be not
valid: -2 point2
/3
/3
/1
/1
/2
/2
Total
/12
Range: -4 points to 12 points
1. If only a part of the scale has been proven for one of the categories it will get a score of 0.5 point.
2. Minus points are awarded to a scale if there is evidence proving that the scale is not valid or
unreliable.
10
11
6. Scales analysis
6.1. Functions and structures
6.1.1 Motor
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
0/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
The test has been used to validate the Motricity index and Trunk
control test (Collin and Wade 1990).
5. Brief
0/2
This scale is too long for routine use (Collen et al. 1990).
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
12
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1/3
2. Reliability
1/3
Interrater reliability has been proven (Poole and Whitney 1988, Carr
et al. 1985).
The test is well studies with good support for validity and reliability
except for the tone item, which is unreliable (wade 1992).
3. Responsiveness
0.5/1
Responsiveness of only the upper extremity part of the scale has been
tested and was found moderate. Change at the level of disability is
closely related to change at the level of impairment in relation to arm
function (Hsueh et al. 2002).
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
The scale requires many items such as a stool, stopwatch etc, which
equipment
Total
7.5/12
13
C. Motricity Index
The Motricity Index is a brief means of assessing motor impairment by examining
one movement at three joints or portions of the upper extremity (pinch grip, elbow
flexion, shoulder abduction) and one movement at three joints of the lower extremity
(Kopp et al. 1997). The movement is given a score according to the strength. The
Scores are between 0 for no movement and 33 for normal movement. Than the arm
score is added to the leg score and divided by two.
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1/3
Concurrent validity has been proven (Collin and Wade 1990). Also
the concurrent validity of the leg portion of the index has been
proven when it was correlated with the strengths of the muscle
groups measured by a hand held dynamometry (Cameron et al.
2000).
2. Reliability
1/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
The arm portion of the index has been used as a golden standard
to correlate with a newly formed test (Kopp et al. 1997).
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
6.5/12
14
6.1.2 Tone
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
-2/3
It has been proven that the scale is not valid for measuring spasticity
however it may be valid for measuring resistance to passive
movement (Pandyan et al. 2003). Validity is questioned due to lack of
interrater reliability (Blackburn et al. 2002, Ansari et al. 2006).
2. Reliability
2/3
-2/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/1
6. No special
2/1
equipment
Total
2/12
15
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
2/3
Concurrent validity has been proven by correlating the test with the
Rivermead motor assessment (Collin and Wade 1990).
Construct and predictive validity were proven. The individual items
were correlated with the FIM and the TCT scores were shown to
predict the recovery of more complex motor function (Frenchignoni et
al. 1997).
2. Reliability
1/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
The newly developed Trunk Impairment Scale was correlated with the
TCT as a proof of its validity (Verheyden et al. 2004).
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
8/12
16
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
2/3
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
9/12
17
6.1.4 Balance
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1.5/3
2. Reliability
3/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
5. Brief
0/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
18
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
2.5/3
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
9.5/12
19
6.1.5 Pain
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
We found articles referring to the reliability and validity of this test but
could not find articles using stroke patients (Jensen et al. 1986). We
found one article that questions the ability of stroke patients to use
the scale because of cognitive impairments and neglect (Price et al.
1999).
2. Reliability
0/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
Used to validate the faces pain scale for stroke patients (Benaim et al.
2006).
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
5/12
20
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
0/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
4/12
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
0.5/3
The content validity has been proven but only for left hemispheric
stroke patients but not for the right (Benaim et al. 2006)
2. Reliability
1/3
Inter and intrarater reliability has been found to be good but only for
left hemispheric stroke patients (Benaim et al. 2006).
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
5.5/12
21
6.1.6 Sensation
Criteria
Point
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
0.5/3
References
We could find articles that referred to the reliability of the scale but
could not find the article itself The unreliability of sensory
assessment by Lincoln (Lincoln et al. 1998, Gaubert and Mockett
2000).
The stereognosis part of the scale has found to have high interrater
reliability (Gaubert and Mockett 2000).
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
0/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
2.5/12
22
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
0.5/3
2. Reliability
1/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
0/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
3.5/12
23
6.2 Activity
6.2.1. Mobility
Criteria
Point
1. Validity
2/3
References
Construct, predictive and concurrent validity has been proven
(Antonucci et al. 2002, Collen et al. 1991, Rossier et al. 2001, Hsieh et
al. 2000).
The construct validity has been proven by comparing results of the
RMI with those of the Berg balance scale (BBS) and the Barthel index
(BI). The predictive validity has been asses by comparing the result of
the RMI at admission with those of the BI at discharge (Hsieh et al.
2000).
2. Reliability
1/3
5. Responsiveness
1/1
The responsiveness of the scale has been proven (Hsieh et al. 2000,
Hsueh et al. 2003).
6. Golden standard
0/1
7. Brief
2/2
18. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
8/12
24
Criteria
Point
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
2/3
References
3. Responsiveness
1/1
All has been found to be responsive, however the 6-minute walk test
has been found to be the most responsive (Kosak and Smith 2005).
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
7/12
25
Criteria
Point
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
1/3
References
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
5/12
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
1/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
6/12
26
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
We found articles that mentioned the scale was valid and reliable but
we were not able to find the actual articles that proved this fact
(Kollen et al. 2006).
2. Reliability
1/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
5/12
27
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1/3
Correlating the scale with the upper extremity part of the motor
assessment scale has proved concurrent validity (Hsieh et al. 1998).
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
0/2
equipment
Total
6/12
28
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
It is a simple and quick test for finger dexterity (Oxford et al. 2003).
6. No special
0/2
The scale requires a nine-hole board and nine wooden pegs that have
equipment
Total
Point
References
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
0/2
The scale requires some equipment like cylinder, rod, clothes pins,
equipment
Total
29
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1.5/3
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
9.5/12
30
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1/3
Construct validity has been proven by correlating the index with the
Barthel Index and the Sickness Impact Profile (Schuling et al. 1993).
2. Reliability
0.5/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
The scale was used to validate the London Handicap Scale (Jenkinson
et al. 2000).
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
6.5/12
31
Criteria
Point
1. Validity
0/3
2. Reliability
1/3
References
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
5/12
32
6.2.4 Disability
A. Functional Independent measurement (FIM)
The FIM is a functional assessment scale that evaluates the patients abilities in selfcare, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion, communication, and social cognition.
The conceptual basis of the FIM is to determine the burden of care for a disabled
individual to perform basic life activities effectively.
The FIM was designed to be collected by trained clinicians, but to be discipline free.
FIM item scores range from 1 to 7: a FIM item score of 1 is total assist (performs
less than 25% of task), while a score of 7 is categorized as complete
independence. Scores falling below six require another person for supervision or
assistance (Cohen and Marino 2000).
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1.5/3
The correlations (rs > 0.92) and agreement (ICC > 0.83) between the
FIM motor and 10 item BI were high at admission and discharge,
indicating high concurrent validity (Hsueh et al. 2002).
Another article has been proven the concurrent and construct validity
of this scale (Hobart et al. 2001).
2. Reliability
3/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
1/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
10.5/12
33
6.3. Participation
6.3.1.Quality of life
x100
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
1.5/3
2. Reliability
2/3
3. Responsiveness
0/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
7.5/12
34
Criteria
Point
References
1. Validity
0.5/3
2. Reliability
1/3
3. Responsiveness
1/1
4. Golden standard
0/1
5. Brief
2/2
6. No special
2/2
equipment
Total
6.5/12
35
7. Conclusion
Making this project provided us with broader understanding of how scales should be
formed and tested and which aspects are important when reviewing and choosing
which scales would be best to use.
In an overview of our work, we discovered that even though some of the scales have
received a low score when graded with our criteria list, we cannot state that they are
not good quality scales. Some of these scales were developed many years ago and
therefore we could not find literature about their psychometric properties. In
contrast, we found recently developed scales that are not widely used (yet) however
they are well tested for their psychometric properties and are good quality tests (i.e.
PASS). For example; the Rivermead Motor Assessment Scale (developed before
1992) received a score of three by us because of lack of evidence of its psychometric
properties and yet it is used as a golden standard. This emphasizes the limitation in
our research process, which resulted from the limited access to articles, especially to
the ones who were published before 1995.
Another limitation of our study is the fact that we are not statisticians and therefore
could not go deep into the methods of how to analyze the psychometric properties of
scales. We took the results as stated in the articles and could not be critical readers
regard the statistics tests and analysis.
36
The pain scales also received lower than average scores according to our criteria list.
These scales in our opinions are hard to validate because they measure a very
subjective feeling that is influenced by multidimensional factors (such as culture,
education etc).
The Nottingham sensory scale also received a low score according to our criteria list.
Firstly, the scale is not well tested for the psychometric properties (we found only
one article). This could also be due to the fact it is a very long and cumbersome
scale that examines many aspects of sensory abnormalities and takes much time to
perform. We believe that in the physiotherapy field, a tester can just quickly make a
few specific tests and get the information that they need about the sensation.
On the other hand the most commonly used scales like the Barthel Index, Berg
Balance Scale and the FIM got a high score according to our criteria lists. These
scales have many articles about their psychometric properties and are used in many
scientific research and therefore it is not surprising that they are highly scored.
The process of researching, writing and making the catalogue has been a challenging
and interesting one. We believe that this product will benefit the quality of work in
the rehabilitation clinic, providing a more accurate assessment and as a consequence
a better treatment. It will also give the patients a better insight into their
rehabilitation process and will motivate and inspire them.
We found this learning process very interesting and enjoyed working together on this
project. We are excited about the results and are enthusiastic to see our work being
used soon by the clinic and the results it could bring. The next stage for us as future
physiotherapists is to apply a more scientific approach to our work, using these
assessment tools.
37
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