Using Compound Microscopes

Group:
Lala: maihoangyen20022013@gmail.com
Alice: alice20020204@gmail.com
Charice: ooocharicelove@gmail.com
Holly: huonglangxang@gmail.com
Janet: cellykelly0907@gmail.com
October 15, 2016
On my honor, I have neither received nor given any unauthorized aid
on this assignment.

Introduction:
Quoting MedicineNet, a compound microscope is a microscope that consists of two
microscopes in series, the first serving as the ocular lens (close to the eye) and the second
serving as the objective lens (close to the object to be viewed).
According to HISTORY of the Microscope, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans started
experimenting with these lenses during the 1590s. They discovered it while they were putting
several lens in a tube. Their first microscopes was more special than a scientific tool. Its
maximum magnification was only around 9x and the images were cleare than the past. Some
information was told that Zacharias Jansen's father, Hans, helped him build the first
microscope in 1595.

A first microscope ( Source: HISTORY of the Microscope)

Compound microscopes are always used to focus on an object that contains its cells inside
within the electric devices. According to MicrobeHunter Microscopy Magazine, there are a lot of
different types of microscopes out there.

Optical Microscopes: These microscopes always use the visible light ( or UV light) to
make an image. The light is refracted with optical lenses.
Compound Microscope: These microscopes are the combination of two lens
systems: an objective and an ocular (eye piece). Their maximum objective is
about 1000x.
Stereo Microscope: They are useful for observing opaque objects. Their
maximum objective is 100x and they can also provide a 3-dimensional view of
the specimen.
Confocal Laser scanning microscope: Unlike any microscopes, they are able
to scan an object in the depth and can also create a 3D image.

X-ray Microscope: These microscopes use a beam of x-rays to create an image.

Scanning acoustic microscope: They use concentrated sound waves to generate an
image. They are often used as detect small cracks or pressures in materials.
Scanning Helium Ion Microscope: As their name, they use a beam of Helium ions
to generate an image.
Neutron Microscope: These microscopes are still in a testing time.
Electron Microscopes: This modern electron microscopes can magnify up to 2
million times.

 Transmission electron microscopy: In this type, the electron beam is passed

through the object or sample. Its result is a two dimensional image.
Scanning electron microscopy: Here the electron beam is projected on the
sample. It wont walk through the sample but bounce off. Its able to visualize
the surface structure of the specimen. The image will appear 3 dimensional.
Scanning Probe Microscopes: Its likely to visualize individual atoms with these
microscopes.

Materials:

A compound microscope
Glass slides
Coverslips
Onion
Onion root
Yogurt (diluted)
Yogurt (undiluted)
Methynlene blue
Cheek
Toothpicks
Gloves
Pipette
Distilled water
Oil
Fire

Procedure:
We always prepare glass slides and coverslips for all experiments.
Onion Cells:
1. First, we have to peel an onion. Second, we take a small knife and slide it a part.
2. Then, we put that slight onion cell on a glass slide and use a coverslip to cover it.
3. Next, we place the glass slide which contains onion cell onto the compound
microscopes stage and use stage clips to secure the slide to the microscope.
4. Start with the lowest magnification, the 4x objective to concentrate on the onion cell.
5. Rotating the nosepiece slowly until you can see the cell of onion clearly.
6. Use the diaphgram to adjust the amount of light which goes through the slide.
7. Use the coarse adjustment to focus the object relative quickly and then use fine focus
knob until the slide is on centration.
8. Repeat step 4th with the 10x ojective.
9. Finally, take pictures and observe.

Onion Root Cells:

1. To the onion root, we similarly use a small knife and slide 1/10 of the union root.
2. Then, put it onto the slide with the coverslip on top of.
3. Place the glass slide which contains onion root cell onto the compound microscopes
stage and use stage clips to secure the slide to the microscope.
4. Start with the 4x objective to make sure that the onion root cell is in focus.
5. Rotating the nosepiece in different objectives to see the onion root cell.
6. Use the diaphgram to adjust the amount of light which goes through the slide.
7. Use the coarse adjustment to focus the object relative quickly and then use fine focus
knob until the slide is on centration.
8. Repeat step 4th with the 10x ojective.
9. Finally, take pictures and observe.

Cheek Cells:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Wear the gloves first.

Then we take a toothpick and rub the cheeck cell in our mouths gentlely.
After that, we coat the cheek cell on the glass slide.
Wait for 3 or 4 minutes until the cheek is completely dry.
Next, we flame it.
Use the pipette to take the methylene blue and put it on the cheek cell slide. Second,
use the coverslip to cover it.
7. Place the glass slide onto the compound microscopes stage and use stage clips to
secure the slide to the microscope.
8. Start with the 4x objective first and rotate the nosepiece in different objectives to see
the cheeck cell.
9. Use the coarse adjustment to focus the object relative quickly and then use fine focus
knob until the slide is on centration.
10. Repeat from step 8th with the 10x objective .
11. Photograph and observe it.

Yogurt (diluted):
1. Wear the gloves first.
2. Then we have to mix the yogurt (diluted) up before taking a small amount of it with a
toothpick.
3. After that, we coat yogurt (diluted) on the glass slide and wait for 3 minutes.
4. We similarly flame it like the cheeck cell.
5. Use the pipette to take the methylene blue and put it on the yogurt (diluted) slide.
Second, use the coverslip to cover it.
6. Place the glass slide onto the compound microscopes stage and use stage clips to
secure the slide to the microscope.
7. Start with the 4x objective first and rotate the nosepiece in different objectives to see
the yogurt (diluted) cell.
8. Use the coarse adjustment to focus the object relative quickly and then use fine focus
knob until the slide is on centration.
9. Repeat from step 7th with the 10x objective.
10. Photograph and observe it.

Yogurt (undiluted):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Wear the gloves first.

Use a toothpick to take a small amount of yogurt (undiluted).
After that, we coat yogurt (undiluted) on the glass slide and wait for 3 minutes.
Next, we flame it.
Use the pipette to take the methylene blue and put it on the yogurt (undiluted) slide.
Second, use the coverslip to cover it.
6. Place the glass slide onto the compound microscopes stage and use stage clips to
secure the slide to the microscope.
7. Start with the 4x objective first and rotate the nosepiece in different objectives to see
the yogurt (undiluted) cell.
8. Use the coarse adjustment to focus the object relative quickly and then use fine focus
knob until the slide is on centration.
9. Repeat from step 7th with the 10x objective.
10. Photograph and observe it.

Data and Results

- Onion Cells ( the 4x objective)

- Onion Cells ( the 10x objective)

Onion Cells:
At the first picture ( the 4x objective), there are the mixture of purple and dark
brown in the cells. It has a lot of bubbles and its quite like a net.
At the second picture ( the 10x objective), its as the same as the first picture,
but its clearer than the first one.

- Onion Root Cells ( the 4x objective)

- Onion Root Cells ( the 10x objective)

Onion Root Cells :

At the first picture ( the 4x objective), the onion root cells are green. It also has
a black line on the bottom and a few dots.
At the second picture ( the 10x objective), its as the same as the first picture,
but its clearer and the line is bigger than the first one.

- Cheek Cells ( the 4x objective)

- Cheek Cells ( the 10x objective)

Cheek Cells:
At the first one, the cells are blue. It either has a lot of blue dots or white
holes. The blue dots are nucleus.
At the second one, the dark blue dots are clearer and bigger.

 Our team cannot see anything in 40x and 100x objectives.

- Diluted Yogurt ( the 4x objective)

Diluted Yogurt ( the 10x objective)

Yogurt (Diluted):
At the first picture, it has a shape quite look like this . It also has dark
purple color and it isnt clear.
At the second one, its clearer. There are a lot of scratches in the yogurt
(diluted).
Our team cannot see anything in 40x and 100x objectives.

- Undiluted Yogurt ( the 4x objective)

Yogurt (Undiluted):
At the picture, the cells are almost opaque. There are a lot of holes in it.
Our team cannot see anything in 10x, 40x, and 100x objectives.

Discussion

According to Deeptirekha Jain, onion cells

contain a lagre amount of rectangular cells. They
lies together within spaces among them. Not
only that, these cells are surrounded by specific
cell walls. They also have a dark stained nucleus
and a large vacuole in the center. Moreover,
The cell membrane surrounds hyaline
cytoplasm and an oval, dense nucleus. Quoting
from Deeptirekha Jain.

Onion Cells ( Soure: Microscopy For Kids)

According to Value @ Amrita, onion root tips are

common studying mistosi. The onion root tip is the
fastest growing part of the onion. From that, a lot of
cells will be in different stages. Onion cells can be
also prepared and crushed in the way which allow
them to be flatten or smooth in a microscopic slide;
therefore, the chromosomes of individual cells might
be observed more easily and clearly. In addition, the
onion root cells can be imagined by treating with
DNA specific stains, like Feulgen stain and
Acetocarmine stain.
Onion Root Cells
( Source: The Biology Project Cells Biology)

According to Livestrong, the bacteria are

commonly found in yogurt is lactic acid
bacteria.These good bacteria are usually
from the types called lactobacillus
bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus.

Latic Acid Bacteria ( Source: Biolumix)

Lactobacillus bulgaricus ( Source: Mystical Biotech)

 Streptococcus thermophilus ( Source: Prezi.com)

Cheek cells ( Franklin HS Academy Biology)

Compare:

My photo of onion cells has the same bubbles, actually called bricks, are the cell
walls. There are no oval, defense nucleus and cytoplasm in my photo.
My photo of onion root isnt as the same as the online photo. The online contains
fully the stages and dots.
Although my photo of cheek cells has some small nucleus dots as the online photo,
but it doesnt have the big dot at the center of the cheek cells like the online photo.
Both of them dont have the same color.
My two photos of yogurt (diluted and undiluted) are different with the photos online
because theres no bacteria appear in my photos.
I learn a lot of things from the experiment, such as why you have to wear gloves whenever
you use something that relates to toxic. I know how to use the micrscope and apply it in
observing the objects. Through this experiment, I can improve my skill and my knowledge
about the biology and cells. Moreover, I also understand what is the right and effective way
to work together in a group.

Research Questions:

According to Reference, methylene blue is used to stain and highlight the processes
of cells, such as the stages in cell division. Thats why its in preparation of the human cheek
cells and yogurt slides.
According to Microscope For School, while working with methylene blue, you have
to wear gloves because this toxic will causes irritation whenever it contacts with your skin
and eyes.
According to Brainpop.com, the purpose of the oil used in the 100x oil immersion
objective step is preventing light deformity and making the image clearer. Before using the
oil lens, we have to rotate the 40x objective out. Then, we add a small amount of the oil onto
the center of the lens. Finally, we rotate the 100x oil immersion objective to the place which
have oil and make sure that the len touches the oil.

Works Cited
Virtual Labs: Using the Microscope. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.brainpop.com/games/virtuallabsusingthemicroscope/>.
Jain, Deeptirekha. Biology Discussion. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.biologydiscussion.com/experiments/experimental-preparation-of-temporarymounts-of-an-onion-peel/1777>.
The Biology Project - Cell Biology. N.p., Apr. 2004. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html>.

Value @ Amrita . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. Path:

<http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=188&sim=1102&cnt=1.>

Brown, Elizabeth. Livestrong.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2015.

<http://www.livestrong.com/article/349067-list-of-good-bacteria-in-yogurt/>.

Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

<https://www.reference.com/science/blue-methylene-used-cheek-cell-labe06874d0dd092782>.

Microscope For School . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

<http://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/microscopes4schools/humancheek.php>.
HISTORY of the Microscope. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.history-of-the-microscope.org/history-of-the-microscope-who-inventedthe-microscope.php>.

MedicineNet . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2016.

<http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2809>.
MicrobeHunter Microscopy Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.microbehunter.com/different-types-of-microscopes/>.