Science 20 2006 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.

Chapter 1 Review Questions

Knowledge
1. An atom has an atomic mass of 9.01 and an atomic number of 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Determine the identity of the atom.

Determine the number of neutrons the atom has.
Draw a Bohr diagram for the atom.
Draw a Lewis dot diagram for the atom.
Determine the number of valence electrons this atom has.
Write the symbol of the ion for this atom. Explain the reason for the net charge on this ion.

2. An atom has an atomic mass of 32.06 and an atomic number of 16.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Determine the identity of the atom.

Determine the number of neutrons in the most common form of the atom.
Draw a Bohr diagram for the atom.
Draw a Lewis dot diagram for the atom.
Determine the number of valence electrons this atom has.
Write the symbol of the ion for this atom. Explain the reason for the net charge on this ion.

3. Consider the following compounds.

carbon tetrachloride, CCl4(l)

hydrogen fluoride, HF(g)
potassium iodide, KI(s)
magnesium oxide, MgO(s)

a. Which compounds are ionic and which are molecular?

b. Draw Lewis dot diagrams of the individual atoms that comprise these compounds.
c. Draw diagrams to illustrate the bonding between particles in each of the four compounds.
4. A fireproof safe contains an ionic compound, CaCO3(s),
between the inside and outside layers of metal. The particles
of this compound do not respond to the heat released by
a fire the same way the particles in the metal do. Explain
how these different responses to heat are due to the different
forms of chemical bonds in these materials. Describe how the
presence of the CaCO3(s) in the safes construction protects
the contents against damage from the heat.
5. Classify each substance as being either a molecular
compound or an ionic compound. Determine whether it will
dissolve in water and whether it is classified as an electrolyte
or a non-electrolyte.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

NaF(s)
CH4(g)
Li2O(s)
AlCl3(s)
C5H12(l)

6. Define dissociation. Use a diagram to explain why NaCl(s) will dissociate when placed in water.
7. Describe the differences between the changes that occur to solute particles that form a solution by undergoing dissociation
and to the changes that occur to solute particles that form a solution but do not dissociate.
8. Give two reasons why a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid is more dangerous than a dilute solution of sulfuric acid.
9. Explain why it is a common safety procedure to flush skin with plenty of water when it comes into contact with a
concentrated acid.
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Unit A: Chemical Change

Science 20 2006 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.

Applying Concepts
10. You dissolve 280 g of sucrose (table sugar), C12H22O11(s), in 2.00 L of water.
a. Determine the number of moles of sugar in this solution.
b. Calculate the molar concentration of this solution.
11. You dissolve 16.0 g of potassium sulfate, K2SO4(s), in 500 mL of water.
a. Determine the number of moles of potassium sulfate in this solution.
b. Calculate the molar concentration of this solution.
12. A solution contains 100 ppm of lead. Determine the mass of lead present in 0.500 kg of the solution.
13. While visiting an ocean beach in Nova Scotia, you notice
the following sign above the sinks in the changing room.
a. If someone was to ignore this sign and drink 250 g
of water, they would consume about 9.5 10-6 g of
arsenic. Calculate the concentration of the arsenic in
this water in parts per million.
b. The maximum acceptable level of arsenic in
drinking water is 0.025 ppm. Drinking water with
an arsenic concentration of 60 ppm is lethal. Use
this information and your answer to question 13.a.
to determine if drinking a cup of water from this tap
would be lethal.
c. There are places on Earth where the only drinking
water available to people contains high levels of
arsenic. Use the Internet to locate a place
where the arsenic contamination of drinking
water creates major health problems for the
population. What is the source of the arsenic
contamination in this place?
d. Arsenic has been used as a poison for
centuries. Use the Internet to survey the
evidence that suggests that Napoleon
Bonaparte was poisoned with arsenic while imprisoned on the tiny island of St. Helena.
14. Determine how many moles of solute are dissolved in each of the following solutions.
a. a 250-mL solution of sucrose, C12H22O11(aq), with a concentration of a 0.500 mol/L
b. a 5.00-L solution of potassium sulfate, K2SO4(aq), with a concentration of 0.0250 mol/L
15. Determine the number of moles of solute and the mass of the solute dissolved in each of the following solutions.
a. a 250-mL solution of sucrose, C12H22O11(aq), with a concentration of 0.146 mol/L
b. a 4.00-L solution of potassium sulfate, K2SO4(aq), with a concentration of 0.150 mol/L
16. Determine the volume of solution required for the following situations.
a. You wish to obtain 3.89 g of sucrose, C12H22O11(s), from a 0.0675-mol/L sugar solution.
b. You wish to prepare a 6.26-g potassium sulfate solution, K2SO4(aq), with a concentration of 0.0250 mol/L.
17. An amount of sucrose, C12H22O11(s), is needed to prepare 500 mL of a sugar solution with a concentration of 0.783 mol/L.
a. Calculate the number of moles of sucrose that will be needed for this solution.
b. Calculate the mass of sucrose required to make this solution.
18. An amount of sodium chloride, NaCl(s), is needed to prepare 1.25 L of a salt solution with a concentration of
0.750 mol/L.
a. Calculate the number of moles of sodium chloride that will be needed for this solution.
b. Calculate the mass of sodium chloride required to make this solution.

Chapter 1: Aqueous Solutions

55

Science 20 2006 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.

19. While removing rust from the bumper of a vintage automobile, a can containing 95.0 mL of an acid-based rust
remover is left out in the hot sun. After some time, 15.0 mL of the water evaporates from this can. If the acids original
concentration was 2.30 mol/L, determine the new concentration of the acid.
20. While cleaning a toilet, 150 mL of disinfectant solution is poured into a toilet containing 750 mL of water. If the initial
concentration of the disinfectant was 3.40 mol/L, determine the new concentration of the solution.
Use the following information to answer questions 21 to 27.

Case Study: The Chemistry of Shampoo

Despite claims from the manufacturers, shampoo cannot enliven, nourish, or revive hair. This is because the part of
hair that appears above the scalp is basically a shaft of protein molecules produced by cells in the scalp. Individual
hairs are lubricated and protected by a natural oil, called sebum, which is produced by tiny glands located at the base
of each hair. Unfortunately, sebum naturally tends to collect dirt as well as residues from hair-care products. The
goal of shampoo is to remove the oily layer of sebum and any dirt that this layer may have accumulated on the shafts
of the hairs. The challenge is that this oily layer must be removed in the watery environment of the shower. Water is a
poor solvent for oil.
Shampoo manufacturers have solved this problem by including detergent substances in their products. Detergents
are a type of surfactantsshort for surface active agents. The detergent property of the solutions removes the oil,
and the surfactant property means that the shampoo will rinse out of the hair easily in water.
Anionic Surfactant

Cationic Surfactant

hydrocarbon
tail

negatively
charged head

hydrocarbon
tail

positively
charged head

Surfactants work because one end of these long molecules consists of a tail of hydrocarbons that can attach itself
to oily substances. At the other end of these molecules is a head that can be ionized and, therefore, be attracted to
water molecules. If the head of the surfactant carries a negative charge, it is called anionic. If the head carries a
positive charge, the surfactant is called cationic. Shampoos usually consist of a group of anionic surfactants mixed
with other ingredients in a water-based solution.
INGREDIENTS IN BRAND X SHAMPOO
Name of Ingredient

Volume (mL)

Function

water

109.3

acts to dissolve other ingredients

ammonium lauryl sulfate solution

109.0

anionic surfactant

ammonium laureth sulfate solution

106.5

anionic surfactant

ammonium dodecylbenzene
sulfonate solution

12.0

anionic surfactant

lauramide DEA solution

10.5

high-foaming surfactant

dimethicone solution

2.0

a coating that replaces the sebum, providing shine and easy combing

disodium EDTA solution

0.7

preservative to keep shampoo from spoiling

Total

350.0

Shampoos work because the tail of the surfactant molecule secures itself to the oily layer of sebum while the
anionic head attracts water molecules. When you rinse out the shampoo, the sebum is also washed away.

56

Unit A: Chemical Change

22. Identify an ingredient in the shampoo that could be classified as a solute.

23. Explain how neutral water molecules could be attracted to the charged head of an anionic
surfactant. Draw a diagram to support your answer.
24. Calculate the percent by volume concentration of the following ingredients in the shampoo.
a.
b.
c.
d.

ammonium lauryl sulfate solution

ammonium laureth sulfate solution
ammonium dodecylbenzene sulfonate solution
dimethicone solution

25. The main protein in hair is keratin. An interesting property of keratin in hair is that its molecular
structure tends to have a high percentage of negative charges on its outer surface. This means that
the outer surface of each shaft of hair tends to have a slightly negative charge.
a. Explain how the slightly negative charge along the length of a hair actually assists in the
rinsing of the anionic surfactants from the hair after shampooing.
b. Explain why dry hair tends to stand up and fly away after it has been combed.
26. Use your understanding of the properties of different groups of molecules to explain the following statement from the
information box: Water is a poor solvent for oil.
27. Manufacturers are required to list the ingredients in shampoo in order of decreasing concentration. However, they are not
required to state numerical values for the concentration of each ingredient because this would reveal the exact recipe of
the shampoosomething considered to be a trade secret. Locate a bottle of shampoo in your home.
a. List the first three ingredients on your bottle of shampoo.
b. How many ingredients are listed in total?
c. Suggest some of the tests that would have to be performed on each of these ingredients before they could be approved
for use in shampoo.

Chapter 1: Aqueous Solutions

57

Science 20 2006 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.

21. Identify an ingredient in the shampoo that could be classified as the solvent.

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