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12/3/2016
12/3/2016
12/3/2016
12/3/2016
Its states that current varies directly with voltage and inversely with
resistance.
V=IR
I=V/R
R=V/I
Given below a simple electric circuit, where current is
represented by the letter i. The relationship between the
voltage (V), resistor (R), and current (I) is V=IR; this is known
as Ohms law.
The
total
opposition
or
combined
impending effect of resistance plus
reactance to flow of alternating current is
impendence.
The word impendence is short formed to Z
and the unit is ohms. The relationship can
be illustrated by simple series circuit.
Impendence = Resistance + Reactance
Z= [R + Xl]
Z= [R + Xc]
RLC)
Z= [R + (Xl - Xc)]
(for
C=Q/V
C=r*0 *A/D
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the
active (true or real) power to the apparent power
where:
Active (Real or True) Power is measured in watts (W) and is the power drawn by
the electrical resistance of a system doing useful work.
Apparent Power is measured in volt-amperes (VA) and is the voltage on an AC
system multiplied by all the current that flows in it. It is the vector sum of the
active and the reactive power.
Reactive Power is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR). Reactive Power is
power stored in and discharged by inductive motors, transformers and
solenoids.
Reactive power is required for the magnetization of a motor but doesn't
perform any action.
The reactive power required by inductive loads increases the amounts of
apparent power - measured in kilovolt amps (kVA) - in the distribution
system. Increasing of the reactive and apparent power will cause the power
factor - PF - to decrease.
Cos=KW/KVA (Active Power)
P.F= KW/KVA
Sin =KVAR/KVA (Reactive Power)
12/3/2016
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A power factor of one or "unity power factor" is the goal of any electric utility
company since if the power factor is less than one, they have to supply more
current to the user for a given amount of power use. I
Because of that incur more line losses. As a result, an industrial facility will
be charged a penalty if its power factor is much different from 1.
Industrial facilities tend to have a "lagging power factor", where the current
lags the voltage (like an inductor). The windings of motors act as inductors
as seen by the power supply.
Capacitor have the opposite effect and can compensate for the inductive
motor windings.
Some industrial sites will have large banks of capacitors strictly for the
purpose of correcting the power factor back toward one to save on utility
company charges.
In
electrical system select the filter or
components as per their frequencies.
Filter used for filtering (like 3rd harmonic) the
system supply; otherwise it will effect on the
electrical equipment.
In most cases a filter is used to enhance
signals
of
desired
frequencies
while
suppressing signals of undesired frequencies.
An ideal filter would pass only desired
frequencies while completely suppressing all
unwanted frequencies, without any dispersion
in time of the frequencies. Unfortunately, ideal
filters are impossible to achieve.
Application: Use in VFD, Industry purpose
Insulation mostly use in electrical equipment which can protect form the
heating and earthing (Not contact directly with conductive path or metal
parts of equipment).
We can measure the insulation by using insulation tester or meggar meter
(according to voltage range of equipment).
For Ex:
Insulation Class:
1. A : 105C (Lowest)
2. B : 130C
3. F : 155C
4. H : 180C (Highest)
Thank you
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