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Ionic Bonds
- between metal and non-metal
- group 1, 2, and 13 will release their
electron to achieve the stable duplet
or octet electron arrangement.
- A +ve ion formed when an atom
released electrons
- Non-metal from group 15, 16, 17
will accept electron to achieve the
stable octet electron.
- A ve ion is formed when an atom
receives electrons.
- The +ve ion and ve ion are
attracted to each other by strong
electrostatic force of attraction in
ionic bond.
- The total charge must be same in an
ionic compound.

Covalent Bonds
- between atoms of non-metals.
- Non-metal atoms share valence
electron to achieve the stable duplet
or octet electron arrangement in
covalent compound.
- Three types of covalent bond;
single, double and triple bond.

NaCl:

H2

O2

Property

Ionic Compound

Covalent Compound

Melting and Boiling

point
Volatility

High

Low

Non-volatile

Very volatile

Solubility

Electrical conductivity

Soluble in water
Insoluble in
organic solvent

Conduct electricity in
liquid & aqueus solution.

N2

Soluble in
organic solvent
- Insoluble in
water
Does not not conduct
elctrcity in any state.

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The information shows the chemical symbols which represent

elements W, X, Y and Z.
Maklumat menunjukkan simbol kimia yang mewakili unsurunsur W, X, Y dan Z.

27
13

35
17

12

23

11

Atoms of X and Z can also react to form a compound.

Atom X dan atom Z juga boleh bertindak balas untuk membentuk
satu sebatian.
(i)

Write the chemical formula for the compound.

Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian itu.
..........................................................................................
[1 mark

(ii)

Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.

Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.

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Diagram 7 shows the chemical symbols which represent three elements X, Y and Z
These letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.
23

35

12

11

17

Z
6

Diagram 7
(a)

What is meant by:

i)

Ionic compound

ii)

Covalent compound
[2

marks]
(b)

Explain the formation of the bond that is formed between

i)
ii)

element X and element Y.

element Y and element Z.
[12

marks]
(c)

The melting point of magnesium oxide is much higher than methylbenzene.

Explain why.
[6

marks]

Figure 8 shows the electron arrangement for atoms P, Q and R.

Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom P, Q dan R.

(a)

Based on figure 8, answer the following questions:

Berdasarkan rajah 8, jawab soalan-soalan berikut:
(i)
State the location of atom R in the Periodic Table of Elements.
Nyatakan kedudukan atom R dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.
(ii)

(b)

Explain how you determine the group and the period of atom R.
Terangkan bagaimana anda menentukan kumpulan dan kala bagi atom R.
[5 marks]

Atoms P and Q can form chemical bonds with atom R.

Atom P dan Q boleh membentuk ikatan kimia dengan atom R.
State the type of chemical bond and explain how the bond is formed between:
Nyatakan jenis ikatan kimia dan terangkan bagaimana ikatan terbentuk antara:
(i)
Atoms P and R
(ii) Atoms Q and R
[11 marks]

(c)

State one physical property of the compound formed in (b) (i) and the compound
formed in (b) (ii). Explain the differences in the physical property stated.
Nyatakan satu sifat fizik bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di (b)(i) dan bagi sebatian
yang terbentuk di (b)(ii). Terangkan perbezaan bagi sifat fizik yang dinyatakan.
[4 marks]