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Complex Numbers
1.
Complex Number :
A number which is of the form x + iy, where x, y are real numbers and i = 1 is called a complex
number. It also be written as (x, y). If z = x + iy, then x is called real part of z, y is called
imaginary part of z.
2.
Argand plane :
By taking real part along x-axis, imaginary part along y-axis, complex numbers (x, y) can be
plotted as points in xy plane, which is called Argand plane.
x-axis is called real axis, y-axis is called imaginary axis.
The points on x-axis are purely real, points on y-axis are purely imaginary, point of intersection of
x and y axes is origin which represents O.
3.
5.
6.
7.
Complex Numbers
ii) z1 z2 = x1 x2 + i(y1 + y2)
iii)z1z2 = x1x2 y1y2 + i(x1y2 + x2y1)
iv)
z2
x 22 + y 22
x 22 + y 22
z1
r
= 1 [cos( 1 2 ) + i sin( 1 2 )]
z 2 rr2
x
x +y
2
iy
x + y2
2
9.
z2
z1
|z |
= 1
z2 | z2 |
v) |z| = | z | = |z| = | z |
vi) z z = |z|2
vii) | z1 z2 |2 =| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 Re( z1 z2 ) =
| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 | cos(12) where 1
Complex Numbers
10. Properties of amplitude :
i) arg(z1 z2) = arg z1 + arg z2 + 2n
z1
= arg z1arg z2 + 2n
z2
ii) arg
y
vi) arg z = + Tan1 , if x < 0, y > 0.
x
y
x
i) x + iy =
x2 + y2 + x
+ i
2
x2 + y2 x
ii) x + iy = p + iq x iy = p iq
iii) a b = 1 a 1 b = ab
14. nth roots of unity :
i) =
r
2 r
i
e n
2r
2r
= cos
where r = 0,
+ i sin
n
n
, 2 =
1 i 3
2
Complex Numbers
v) Also 1 + + 2 = 0, 3 = 1.
vi) Fourth roots of unity are 1, i, 1, i.
vii)The n, nth roots of unity are the vertices of an n sided regular polygon inscribed in the circle
|z| = 1.
viii)The three cube roots of unity are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
|z| = 1.
15. z1, z2, z3 represent points A, B, C respectively
i)
ii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of equilateral triangle and z0 is its centroid, then z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02 .
iii) z, iz, z, iz in order form the vertices of a square with center at the origin.
iv) If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the consecutive vertices of a parallelogram, then z1 + z3 = z2 + z4.
v) If z divides the join of z1 and z2 in the ratio 1 : 2, then z =
1z2 + 2z1
.
1 + 2
z z1
z z2