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JEEsyllabus.

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Complex Numbers
1.

Complex Number :
A number which is of the form x + iy, where x, y are real numbers and i = 1 is called a complex
number. It also be written as (x, y). If z = x + iy, then x is called real part of z, y is called
imaginary part of z.

2.

Argand plane :
By taking real part along x-axis, imaginary part along y-axis, complex numbers (x, y) can be
plotted as points in xy plane, which is called Argand plane.
x-axis is called real axis, y-axis is called imaginary axis.
The points on x-axis are purely real, points on y-axis are purely imaginary, point of intersection of
x and y axes is origin which represents O.

3.

Modulus of a complex number :


If z = x + iy, then

x 2 + y 2 is called modulus of z and it is denoted by |z|. If z is represented by

P(x, y), then |z| = OP = x 2 + y 2 .


4.

Amplitude or argument of a complex number :


If OP makes an angle with positive direction of x-axis, then is called amplitude or argument of
z, where z is represented by P(x, y).
It is denoted by arg z or amp z. The value of , which satisfies x = r cos , y = r sin where r = |z|
and lying in the interval (, ) is called principal value of . If is the principal value of , then
2n + , nZ is called general value of .

5.

Modulus amplitude form of a complex number :


If z = x + iy, |z| = r, argz = , then cos = x/r, sin = y/r and z = r(cos + isin), which is called
modulus amplitude form of z. Also cos + isin = ei (Eulers theorem on power series).
Ordered relations z1 > z2 or z1 < z2 are not defined in the set of complex numbers.

6.

Equality of complex numbers :


If z1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2, then z1 = z2 x1 = x2 and y1 = y2.

7.

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex numbers.


If z1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2,
i) z1 + z2 = x1 + x2 + i(y1 + y2)
1

Complex Numbers
ii) z1 z2 = x1 x2 + i(y1 + y2)
iii)z1z2 = x1x2 y1y2 + i(x1y2 + x2y1)
iv)

z1 x1x 2 + y1y 2 i( x1y 2 x 2 y1)


=

z2
x 22 + y 22
x 22 + y 22

If z1 = r1(cos1 + isin1); z2 = r2(cos2 + isin2), then z1z2 = r1r2[cos(1 + 2) + isin(1 + 2)]


v)

z1
r
= 1 [cos( 1 2 ) + i sin( 1 2 )]
z 2 rr2

vi) Additive inverse of x + iy is xiy.


vii) Multiplicative inverse of x + iy is

x
x +y
2

iy
x + y2
2

viii) Multiplicative inverse of cis is cis( ).


8.

Conjugate : If z = x + iy, then z = xiy is called conjugate complex number of z.


i) z = z z is purely real.
ii) z = z z is purely imaginary
iii) z + z = 2 Re z
iv) z1 z2 = z1 z2
v) z1z2 = z1z2
z z
vi) 1 = 1 where z2 0
z2

9.

z2

Properties of modulus of a complex number :


i) | z1 z2 || z1 | + | z 2 | (triangle inequality)
ii) | z1 z2 || z1 | | z2 |
iii) | z1z2 |=| z1 | . | z2 |
iv)

z1
|z |
= 1
z2 | z2 |

v) |z| = | z | = |z| = | z |
vi) z z = |z|2
vii) | z1 z2 |2 =| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 Re( z1 z2 ) =
| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 | cos(12) where 1

arg z1 and 2 = arg z2.


viii) |z1 + z2|2 + |z1z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)

Complex Numbers
10. Properties of amplitude :
i) arg(z1 z2) = arg z1 + arg z2 + 2n
z1
= arg z1arg z2 + 2n
z2

ii) arg

iii) arg z = arg z


iv) arg z is not defined if z = 0.
y
v) arg z = Tan1 , if x > 0, y 0
x

y
vi) arg z = + Tan1 , if x < 0, y > 0.
x

y
x

vii) arg z = + Tan1 , if x < 0, y < 0.


viii) arg z = /2, if x = 0, y > 0 = /2 if x = 0, y < 0.
11. Demoivres theorem :
(cos + isin)n = cosn + isinn, where n is any integer.
If n is rational, cosn + isinn is one of the values of (cos + isin)n.
12. Integral powers of i :
If k is any integer, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = 1, i4k + 3 = i.
13. Square root of a complex number :

i) x + iy =


x2 + y2 + x
+ i
2

x2 + y2 x

ii) x + iy = p + iq x iy = p iq
iii) a b = 1 a 1 b = ab
14. nth roots of unity :
i) =
r

2 r
i
e n

2r
2r
= cos
where r = 0,
+ i sin
n
n

1, 2, ...., n 1 are nth roots of unity.


ii) Sum of nth roots of unity is zero.
iii)Product of nth roots of unity is (1)n1.
iv) Cube roots of unity are 1, , 2, where
1+ i 3
2

, 2 =

1 i 3
2

Complex Numbers
v) Also 1 + + 2 = 0, 3 = 1.
vi) Fourth roots of unity are 1, i, 1, i.
vii)The n, nth roots of unity are the vertices of an n sided regular polygon inscribed in the circle
|z| = 1.
viii)The three cube roots of unity are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
|z| = 1.
15. z1, z2, z3 represent points A, B, C respectively
i)

If z12 + z22 z1z2 = 0 the origin, z1 and z2 form an equilateral triangle

ii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of equilateral triangle and z0 is its centroid, then z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02 .
iii) z, iz, z, iz in order form the vertices of a square with center at the origin.
iv) If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the consecutive vertices of a parallelogram, then z1 + z3 = z2 + z4.
v) If z divides the join of z1 and z2 in the ratio 1 : 2, then z =

1z2 + 2z1
.
1 + 2

vi) |z z1| = r represents a circle with center at z1 and radius r.


vii)

z z1
z z2

= k represents a circle if k 1 and a straight line if k = 1.

viii) Perpendicular bisector of the join of z1, z2 is given by |z z1| = |z z2|.


16. Logarithm of a complex number : log z = log |z| + iarg z.

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