Atlas of igneous rocks and their textures W.S. MacKenzie, C.H. Donaldson & C. GuilfordContents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1 The textures of igneous rocks (Numbers refer to photographs - not to pages) Introduction Crystallinity Granularity ‘Terms referring to what the aided and unaided eye can or cannot see ‘Terms indicating absolute ranges of grain size Terms indicating relative sizeof crystals (Crystal shapes ‘Terms indicating quality of the development of faces on crystals “Terms indicating three-dimensional crystal shape General three-dimensional terms Specific three-dimensional terms ‘Skeletal, dendritic and embayed erystals Paralle-growth crystals Sieve-textured crystals Elongate, curved. branching erystals Pseudomorphs ‘Mutual relations of erystals (and amorphous materials) Equigranular textures Inequigranular textures Seriate texture Porphyritic texture 1014 1817 18.22 23.28 26.30 3132 3 May 38 39.43 aEGlomeroporphyritie texwure Poikilitic texture Ophitie texture Interstitial textures (Oriented, aligned and directed textures Trachytic texture Trachytoid texture Parallel-growth texture see ‘Comb texture (comb layering) Orbicular texture (orbicular layering) see Imtergrowth vextures ‘Consertal texture Micrographic texture (or graphic. if visible with the naked eye) Granophyric texture Myrmekitic texture Intrafasciculate texture Lamellar and bleb-like intergrowths Symplectite texture Radiate textures Spherulitic texture Variolitic texture Radiate intergrowth Overgrowth textures Skeletal or dendritic overgrowths Corona texture Crystal zoning. Banded textures (banding) ‘Comb layering, orbicular texture, and ocellar texture Cavity textures Vesicular texture Amysdaloidal texture Miarolitc texture Lithopnysa or (stone-ball) texture Part 2 Varieties of igneous rocks (Numbers refer to photographs ~ not to pages) Introduction Ultrabasie rocks, Dunite Peridotite Kimberlite Garnet peridotite Pyroxenite Komatiite Meymechite Horblendite Basic rocks Basalts var. Tholeitie basalt var, Alkali olivine basalt var. Lunar low-Ti basalt var. Lunar high-T basalt var. Picrtie basalt wae Ankaramite 46-47 4851 5257 5863 64 66 7 a2 071 104 RB 14.76 67 80.83, 84 88, 86.88 89 1 92.94 95-102 103-104 106-107 108, 0 ML 2 na nd us 16 47 118 u9 iri imSpilite Gaboro Teschenite Essexite Dolerive Norite Anorthosite Intermediate rocks Andesite Boni Diorite Tonalite Kentallenite Monzonite Dacite Granodiorite Trachyte Syenite Shonkinite Acid rocks. Rhyolite Pantellerite Granite Alkali granite Alkaline and miscellancous racks Phonolite Leucite phonolite Nosean leucite phonolite Psoudoleucite phonokve Blairmorite Nepheline syenite Malignite Sodalite syenite Nephelinite Holite Unite Basanite Tephrite Olivine metiltite Leueitite Fergusite Minette Alnbite Mafurite Fitzroyite ‘Wyomingite Madupite Carbonatite Chondirite (meteorite) Achondrite (meteorite) Appendix: Preparation ofa thin section of rock References Index 14 1s 126 27 D8 19 130 142 143 144 145 167Crystallinity Tancous rocks range in crystallinity From entirely crystals to emitely glass Adjectives used to desribe these states re show on the following scale: 100% erytale 100% glass hojoerystaltin ypocrystaline! oF hypohyaline ‘oohyaline ‘The adjetives gla completely glass vitreous and dyafine all indicate that & rock is more or less “ttypoeryaline rocks cn be described more precisely hy stig the sla proportions of cent lass 1 Holocrystalline anorthositic gabbro Elongate crystals of plagioclase feldspar, some wrapped round olivine crystals, form a framiework in this rock, the Intestces of which are filled with smaller plagicelas, olivine and augiteerystals. The purplsh-blue area atthe top right of thi photograph is an augite crystal which includesa number of smal plagioclase and olivine crystals. Perpendicular Feldspar gabbro from Middle Border Growp ofthe Skaergaard intrusion, Fast Greenland: miagification S7XPL. 2 Holocrystall Crystals of biotite, quart, “perthti’potassium-rich spar (large crystal bottom ight) and zoned sodium feldspar makes up this granite. The speckled appearance in the cores ofthe plagioclase feldspar cause by fine inclusions of mica. Granite from Ross of Mull, Scotland: magfication x1, NPLCrystalinty 3 Hypocrystalline pitchstone with perlitic cracks Crystals of plagioclase, biotite and magnetite are set in glass (Black in XPL) which has spher tures known as perlite cracks: these appear as thin section f 1m Chemnitz, East Germany; magritcation | PL and XPL Be Dacite 20, I 4 Hypocrystalline basalt Small olvine phenocrysts (colourless in PPL) and colum: nar, skeet eige colour in sed by murky brown glas. No plagioclase his erystalized in this rock, The deeper punk colour around the margin of some of the titanauite is @ narrow mantle of Ti-ich amphibole Basalt from Quars, West Greenland: magnifeations 35 PPL nd XPLCeysainity Hypocrstalline basalt (continued) ass. Th as"spherulites (sce Sp adc returep. $4) (See Pitchstone fram Arran, Scotland: magnification 12, PPL7 Glassy particles of mare basalt in lunar soil Pieces of las, many of them spherical, are orange-brown ‘or black in colour. Some ofthe darker ones are partially ‘xptaline. These patiles were formed by rapid cooling ‘of droplets of basalt melt; thas been sugpested that the Aroples formed ether in fre-fountsiing fava eruption, ‘or by meteorite impact into a lava lake oF into a molten ot solid lava flow. (Contrast 6) The scarce, iregularly Shaped fragments are pyroxene (pale brown) and feldspar (colourless) “Lamar basalt 74220 from Taurus Litton Valley collect by Apolo 1? astronaut; magniction 43, PPE. Za Liquid tmmiseibility Globules of one glass in another ae found in some rocks and tkese are attributed to immiscibity ‘of the two liquids. tn this rock they can oly be seen at very high power in thin films oF glass henween lathe of plagioclase. Specimen from basal ava, Lava bes National Memument California, CS.A.: magnification » 630. PPL, Crystatinty Glass, oF devitriied glass. is often an important constituent ofthe pyrocestic rocks Known as asa ruff and alow nis (or igrambrites). Such rocks typically have Jraemental textures... they comprise mixtures of fragments of rocks. crystals and sss. predominantly kss than a millimetre in size (89). In an ashen depont the las fragments may initially be plastic enough to he partly of wholly welded to ther as the weight of overlying material causes compaction of the consitusst Fragments; such a rock is known as a welded taf (8b). I sufficient heat is avaiable, sassy fragments devitityCrysis 89 Glassy unwelded rhyolite tuft “The glassy fragments ia this rock, some of which are ‘panded and slightly Savtened, are not welded to one ‘another, They and the crystals of quartz and feldspar are ‘embedded in fine glassy particles ash, ‘Recent ignimbrite, from Whakatane, North Island, New Zealand: magniieation 46, PPL ‘Bb Glassy welded crystal tuff “The glassy matrix in this rack has an apparent discon- tinuous lamination caused by extreme. compaction and tnekling of original pumice fragments. The rewular ali Ineat of the faten6d Fragments is known as eutaitc Welded tuff fram Tibchi granite ring-comples, Nigeria ‘magnification +36, PPL. 9 Tutt “This fragmenta rock consists of erystals of quartz, alka feldspar and plagioclase of various sizes and shapes, pieces of glassy rhyolite (eg. centre) and pieces of Fre-grained tuff ll enclosed in a fine-grained banded fash mattis which originally may have been glassy. (See also 13) Tf from Llanelwedd, Wales: magnification x 10, PPL. and XPL,Granalarit Granularity This property embraces thre different concepts: (I) what the aided and unaided exe can or cannot see; (2) absolute erystal sizes (p, 12); and (3) relative crystal ses (9.14). ‘erm referring to what the aed ant unaided eye can or cannot sce Pesta texture ar le ae drikngy Large The ler aphyi& sont wed fr ephantic racks which Lack peor o, , 6,1), hich he Phanerocrsstalline (ohaneritc texture of American petrologiss) all crystals ofthe mand rare principal minerals ean be distinguished by the naked eye (sce 10)" phanitc~ all crystals, other than any phenocrysts preset (see p. 14), cannot be Semen Medlurgraised ~erystal diameters Stim Fine-vained crystal diameters < Lm! ‘The newt six photographs (18, 16 and 17) eral aken a the same magnification (427) to indicate how grain size relates to the numberof crystals soon in given eld of view (4.2 « 3.1mm), and hence the exten of te texture visible at that magni= fication. While the overall texture is recognizable in the fine-grained tock, is Hol $0 i the coarse one and a low-pawer objective lens would be nevessry to examine it adequately, Petrographic microscopes rarely havea sflicenly low-power abiective lens for examining the extures of coarse-grained rocks: hand lens should be used for these, with two shoes of polaroid, i available "some pelos nchule another rage, <0.0Smm, which they cll ery ne graine. 14 Pitchstone containing crystallites of two ‘sizes Radiate clusters of crystallites are set herein glass. The bulk of the lass contains even smaller crystallites, causing the grey colour, whereas adjacent to tho larger enstalies the smaller ones are absent. This is higher magnifeation view ofthe cock illustrated in 5 Pitcstone from Arran, Scotland: magnification x 82, PPL 15 Fine-grained gabbro ‘This rock contains plagioclase, orthopyroxene, augite and magnetite: some of the orthopyroxene crstals (ow birefringent mae mineral) contain narrow lamellae of tausite. Although the rock i fine grtined, itis called a "gabbro’ because itis from a large intrusion: the fine tain size resuls from quick cooling at the intrusion margin. Another term that could be used for this rock is ‘mierogabbro (se p78. Gabbro fom chilled marein of the Skaergaard inirasion, East Greenland: magnification «27, PPL and XPL-Yee Fine-grained gabbro (continued) 16 Medium-grained olivine gabbro The spaces between crystals of plage this rock are occupied by augite and ilmenite. Act Fight ofthe picture the plagioclase abuts onto an olivine sta. The augite erystals contain lamellae of orthop- tabu Gabbyo from Lower Zone b of the Skaergaurd intrusion. Bast Greenland: magnification «27, PPL and NPL“Terms indicating relative sizeof crystals all eystal are of approsimately the same size JIncquiranulay ~ crystals differ substamaly in size. A common variety, porphritic Texte, involves relatively lar sroundimass. (NP. The same m bedded in finer pained feral may be present as both phenocrysts snd froundmass) In naming a rock with porphyritc texture the mine DPhenocryts should be listed and followed by the sux -phse Pigeon phyric andesite. How Pires used, eg an olivine viophyre {exiurein this case isreferrd as werophyrie (3, 142), Sefare exture involves con tinvous range in sizes of erystalsof the principal mincras: if the crystals show a ‘broken series of sizes, the inoquigranule texture fs said to be hiatal Caution is sd hiatal textures, since the dimensions af jon depend on the atitude ofthe intersection of the est crystals (phemoers sts et if the groundmase is glass, the term “Vitro has olivine phenocrysts set i glass: the ‘necessary in the idonifieaion of sera ‘crystal in thins "The prefs miro- may be add to phenocrysts which have diameters ined olivine gabbro A this magnification only parts of throe large olivines and one plagioclase are visible, such that textural relations fare not determinable inthis singe vie Geabbro from Ruan, Scotland, magnification and XPL , PPLGranlarty 18 Equigranular poridotite- Uniformly-sized olivine crystals, some of them in clots, fomm the bulk of this rock, with plagioclase filing the interstices, The black material is mieroerystalline haem tie formed by oxidation of olivines and the grees material sa clay mineral Peridot from the Skeergaard intrusion, ast Grenland, ‘magnification x27, PPL and XPL, fadiional views of equigranalar rocks are shown in 43, 13,117,125, 130 (frst photo) 134.140 hid poo, 168. Andesie from Siebengebirge, Germany; magnification 2 PPL and XPLleaf throuah thesgito-magnetite vitrophyre Phenoerysis ofthe three minerals plagioclase, augite and ‘magnetic, some of them in clots, are set in lass which contains crystallites of plagioclase Basalt from Arran, Scotland: magnification «20, PPL. See 132 for another exanple of nanophyre 22 Seriate-textured olivine basalt The crystals of olivine, augite and plagioclase in his tus all show a wide ange of grain size From as small as 001mm up to 4num. Note the abundance of groundmass Inclusions in some of the crystals, giving them a sponge like appearance Olivine basalt from Arthas Seat, Eiinburgh, Scotland ‘mognificaion 17. PPL and XPL. See 44 a 137 for other examples ofthis texture(Crystal shapes Two kinds of tem are used to describe erystalshape= (1) those relating to the quality Of the development of faces on crystals and (2) those spocfying the three-dimensional Shapes of individual erytals(p. 19) Terms indicating the qu ty ofthe development of faes on crystals stably, three sets of words ate in-use to describe the same ideas, the most commonly use set being tha in the fist column ofthe following table Prefers ms |Synonymous terms |Ssronymows terms | Meaning Eahedral leiomorphic | Aomorphic | Cyt sompleely ‘ded by ts ‘Shaniteristi ae Subbed Hypiomorphic | Hypautomorphic | Crystal hounda by oa some of ts charasersic Anbar Allotsiomorphic 23 Euhedral olivine in olivine basalt The photograph shows the characteristic sicsided eu heal shape of olivine in sections through the prism and dlome faces. Note the slight enclosure of matrix material by one ofthe prism faces. Olivine basalt from Ubekend Elland, magnification 40, XPL West Greenland; 24 Subhedral olivine in pieritic basalt Some ofthe faces on this equidimer fare flat, planar ones, whereas ot ombayed, ‘onal olivine crystal ers are curved and Picrite basalt from Uhekendh Eland, magnification, 72, XPL and:25 Anhe ine phenocryst in basalt The entire perimeter ofthe large olivine erystal, at extne tion in this picture, hasan irregular outline and ao planar faces are present (The narrow brown rim on the syst i “iddingsit’ formed by hydration and oxidation of the olivine) Olivine basalt from Mauritius, Indian Ocean: magnifica ton 32, NPL Fig. A Examples of equidimenstonal crystal shapes The words grain and grande are often used for eau dimensional crystals, and drap and ble for particularly soll examples. Crystal shapes ‘Terms indicating three-damensional erstal shape In hand specimens of coarse-grained racks itis often possible to see the thre: dimensional shapeof acrystl on a broken surface. For fner-gained rocks, howeser ‘the crystals have fo be examinod ia tin sections and th two-dimensional shapes of Several erst of different orientations sad ta deduce the three-dimensional shapes ofthe crystals in genera. General thce-dimensional toms Te shape may cther be an equdimensional (syn. equa) ot fone, asllusrated in figs. A and B where the names applied to n inequitanensional ‘various shapes are anhodral spheric!Ceystal shapes //\ il (| "a i U ms a, Ake, Specific thee-dimensional terms Skeletal, dente and embaed erst «those which have hollows and gaps, possibly regularly develop. «3, and usualy with particular crystallographic orientations. In thin section spaces appear as embayments* and holes in the eryta, filed with groundmass ystals or glass. Dende erystale consist of regular arty of tibees sharing 2 ‘common optical orientation (ie all part a a single crystal) and having a brancheng Pattern resembling that ofa tee or the veins i leaf ora feather. In practice a rystals can be deseribed as ether skeletal or dendritic because they have charaeters. (ies of both imply resorption o's eye by recon wth ig WE mah 29), athers (eg. 35 and 27) have embaymens which proba and ‘embered Pig. B Ew N.B, Although these are uhedal examples, they cold be ‘ubhedral or anhedral, crystals in this ook ate olivines and each shows a diferent shape in section; some are complex skeletal rystls (eg. elongate yellow crystal on the lef ‘others are relatively simple skeletons (eg. quant orange Crystal, middle right) and yet others have only small embayment Pierite basalt from Ubekerdt Ejland, We ‘magnification 0, XPL GreenlandCrystal shapes 27 Skel Wile superficially resembling the euhedral outline of the olivine in 23, thecrysal occupying the bulk of his picture has « complex interior form and incomplete prism and dome faces Pleriic basalt fom Ubekendt Ejland, West Greenland: magnification x 15, PPL 28 Dendritic All the delicate, dendritic crystals in tis photograph are jinly rapid solic: sate the yellow Specimen of olivine basalt melted and then cooled a 10 he the laboratory. magnification 40, PPL 29 Embayment in augite phenocryst The large augite systal in this photograph contains a Olivine basal from Arthur's Seut, Edinburgh, Scotland XPL ‘magnification » 2Crystal shapes Paralle-growth estate The term i applied to an agregateof elongate crystals of the same mineral whose ‘stallographic axes are mutually parallel, or almost so. Although in thin section individual parts of the agaregte may be isolated from one another, inthe third nsion they are probably connected. A purallel-growth crystal single, incomplete crystal formes by a putictlar style of skeletal growth 30 Embayed quartz The deeply embayed quartz crystal in this olivine basalt contains. brown glass and sail, columnar, skeletal ‘Pyroxenes. Is aso surrounded bya film of the glass and an aggregate of equant granular augite crystals which separate it from the basaltic proundmass Ottrine basalt from Lassen Park, USA: magnifeaton x42 PPL 31 Olivine paraltel growth ‘The clongate olivines near the middle of the photograph and showing blue inteterence colour all have the same «xstallographic orientation, and hence representa single paralle-growth crystal The crystal with yellowishgrecn Imterference colour shows how the paralel-growth crystal ‘might appear, if sectioned a right angles. Pirie basalt from Ubekendt Ejland, West Greenland magrications 23. XPL‘ere the paraliel grow is oF avery lange olivine ery ‘The actual width ofthe field of view is 1-Tem and this shows only a small part of the paral growth, avhose ‘otal width is SOcm and height is 18cm, The whole comprises several hundred parallel units like the on shown here. Plagioclase and augite occupy th “channel beewoen the parallel growths. In the XPL picture the polars have Been rotated so that the olivine i not in ‘tinction, The slight differences in birefringence OF the olivine atthe top and bottom of the pictare are caused by the section being thinner there, Tis rock has the special textural name harriite Feldspathicperidovic from Rluan, Scrtane; magnification 7, PPL and NPL. Sieve-texurederssals ‘These contain abundant, smal, interconnected, box-shaped glass inclusions, giving the crystals a sooncev. oF noronk anmrmeeCrystal shapes ‘The core of this xenocryst consists of pass and alkali feldspar ina fine-mesivlke arrangement; the narrow rim isan overgrowth of plagioclase Otvine basal from Lassen Park. USA. magnification» 62, PPL. Elongate, curved, branching erynals These are rely genuinely bent, rather the curvature is caused by development of branches along the length of the erytal, each branch having a slightly ifferent crystallographic orientation to its neighbours (eg. 34 36). 34 Curved branching augite The highly coloured ersstals in this photograph are com: plex. branching crystals of augite in subparalel align Ineni, They form part_of a pyroxenecrich band in siferentited dyke. (See also 71) Dolerite from North Skye, Sees: magnifieation 2 NPL35 Branching augite in lamprophyre dyke ‘he acicular, aligned phenocrysts in this photograph are all of augite, forming eomposte, radiating, curved and branching groups, Individual nesdles can be seen to cot sist of several straight portions offset slightly from one another, and having very slightly differen orientations: this ves cach ‘acd its curved appearance, The margin ofthe dyke ly to theleft. (See also 70.) Fowrhite from Fiskaenesset area, Southwest Greenland; Iagniiaiton 20, XPL 36 Curved and branching plagioclase crystals in dolerite The large composite plagioclase crystals in this rock are elongate parallel to the e crystallographic axis und Rat- ened parailel to (010). From the direction in which they branch, and from tha i which the erysal atthe bottom ins itcan be deduced that the crystals prew from right fo le. The matrix consiss of fine-grained plagiocase, olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, devitrified glass and clay tiers. Feldspathic dolerite, Ubokendt Ejland, West Greenland, ‘mugniteations 16, PPL. and XPL (Crystal shapesCrystal shapes Pseseomorphs Temay be found that crystals ina thin section, although having the characteristic shape of particular mineral, prove to be of another mineral, or an agarezate of Erystals of another mineral, The name pseudomorph is used for such a crystal. If the peeudomorph fas the same composition as the orginal crystal (€z quart" in These photographs iluscate a particulary intriguing shape of branching aupte crystal t consists Of groups o! slightly diverging needle, subparalel tothe length of the érystal, which apparently have grown from curved branch ing needles oriented approximately at right angles to the crystal length. Despite the uniform interference colour ‘of many the acedles. a sweeping style ofextinetion occurs when the microscope stage is otated under crossed polars, indiating thatthe needles are no allo thesamecrystallo- sraphic orientation Peridoritic komatite from Munro. Tovnstip, On (Canada: magncation » 52, PPL and XPE.38 Carbonate psoudomorphe after olivine The phi tins of skeletal olivine, with inclusions of groundnass in the embuyments. However the photograph shows the phenocrysts to be occupied by finely crystallized carbon: al, indicating that replacement of ovine has vocurted. certs in this altered basalt show typical see Miered args Derbyshire, En Another example of pseudomorph is shown bs 98 Coys sha Mutual relations of erystals (and amorphous materials) The various pattems of erystal an gement which can exist are convenient introduced under the following headings: eguierana textures; banded textures: and cavity textures. ‘more than one ofthese categories and some also belong to the categories of erysta Fity. granularity and erysal shape. Thus certain of the teatures introduced th section have already been mentioned and reference is made Yo photosraph of thet quigranlar textures Depending on the general shape of the crystals, three textures canbe distnguisho in Which crystals of the principal minerals ina rock are of roughly uniform grat, ‘vhodra granular | panidiomomphic granular | blk of the estas are | eubedea and of air subodral gunulse | Aypidiomorphic granular | bulk of the erst are sibhedel tad of form sae (aohedra! granular altriomorphie tres aly 1 coos bulk of heey are Boundaries between these categorie uly defined and consequent wea rock may not i net into of the crystals are euhecral and ~ 0 anhedral might best be described as having amined euhedral und andra granu Ta adlition 18,111 118, the examples of these textures in 39-43, others may be found in 7.128, 130, 134, 140 ad 16839 Euhedral granular hornblendite Rocks possessing truly cuhedéal granular textures are very rare. The one in this igure i 4 good example of « ‘more common situation in which only Some ofthe crystals othe principal mineral, homblends, ace euhedral and Some stcty are subiedral. In contrast to 40, there are 8 higher proportion of erysals with faces and the ten cuhedeal granular’ is therefore suggested as most ap- propriate. Itshould be appreciated, however that another petfologst might prefer subhedral granular Homblendie fram Avsbeal Hil, Scotland: magufiaton The stout prismatic plagioclase feldspar erystals which dominate this rock are mostly subhedral. The ankedral Interstitial crystals are of orthopyroxene, augite and magnetite Gahbro from Midite Zone of the Skacrgaard suiusion, East Greenland; magnifiatonx 20, XPL 41 (Anhedral) granular troctolite few of the plagioclases in this equ possess face and none of the olivines do. A] ice therefore predominantly anhedral and 1 texture i granblar. Troctoite from Garbh Bheinn inrusion, Skye, Sevan ‘magication 17, NPL“Mutual relations of erystals:equigranoar textures 42 Granular granite FExceping the saree biotite crystals, the quartz, micro. 43. Granular therzolite “The crystals of olivine (coloures in PPL), and pyroxenes (pule brown in PPL) which make up 95°, of this rock, Fhok any crystal ices, Lyzolue xenolth from the Matokey kimberie pipe esutho; magnification x 16, PPL and PE,Mutual relations oferystalss equigramalar textures Incquigranalar textures ‘This category includes seven kinds of texture: (a) seiate; (6) porpirii; (c) ‘lomeroporphyritic; (4) poiklitic; (@) ophitie: (©) subophities and (2) merit Cntersertal and intergranula, Tes not common fora single thin section to display ‘more than one of these textures, Seria texture (Crystals of the prineipal minerals show continuous rang of sizes, (Se also p. 14) 44 Soriate-textured basalt This basalt, consisting of just plagioclase, augite and a Esoull proportion of magnetite, shows range in sizes of plagioclase and augite crystals From =0.01-0 Sram Basalt from stn of Mantas: magnification x43, PPL aud XPE. ‘See 22 and 137 for athe seratetestured rocks.45 Augite-o1 jeite-phyric mol Avgite(ereyish-gron and green in PPL) is present in fine generations in this sample - large euhdta pheno ysis. subbed microphenacryts and tinute ground mass crsials. The leucite occurs as colourless. quan fthedral microphenacryss, most cally identified by their very low biretringence in the XPL. picture, and the fbvine a fintgrey, euedri, columnar mi ents. Note the complicated zoning pattern in om Augie phenocrysts, the prominent marginal zoning and the line of small inclusions of groundmass crystals in lanother. Mellie is confined to the fine-grained granular igfoundmass and cannot easily be seen in these photo saps Moliite rom Malena, Celeber; magnification 11, PPL asd XPL Many more examples of porphyriic texture may be found Io leafing throwsh the oak Porphyrtic texture Relavely laree ery the grounimass (8 ls (phenocrysts) are surrounded by finer sine crystals oGhomeroporphyriictexewre ‘A variety of porphyrtic texture in which the phenocrysts are bunched, or clustered, in agpregates or cots called glomerocr sts (A minority of petroloista rant thot y to monomineralie clots and for polymineralc lots they use term cumdophyrie texture.) Glomerophyric is usually used synonyanours wah slomeroporpyrtc, though the formes term strictly should be reserved Tor eluston a ‘sant erystas Johannsen, 1931), (Shmewss fe includes the genetic imp Fest avoided} also describes erystal clots but on thatthe erytas ‘swam together” and is therefore 46 Glomeroporphyritie tholelitic basalt ‘The photograph shows erystal clots of different sizes composed. of plazio gite and olivine crystal, snclosed by fine-grained intergranular and intereral textured groundmass Bast from unkioe locality: magnification 12, XPL 47 Glomeroporphy itic hawalite Discrete phenocrysts of plagioclase and olivine, and clots consisting ofa few erystals ofthe same minerals, are Selina fine-grained groundmass in places showing sight alignment of plagioclase needles. Some plasiocases in individual clots are aligned ~ this arrangement = common in plagioclase glomerocrysts, Hawaite from plateau lesas of North Skye, Sconand masificiton HLAPL. Addiional views of slomeroporphyrtic texture may be Seen in 122, 127. 186 and 138.Part of single augi 3 in own he some of which form Gahbro from North Skye, Scot XPL n Quarsut, West Greenland: magnification chadacrysts enclosed by Stal (yellow colour, exceeding losing plagioltse crystals The orange erystal at upper land: magaifcation 7. Poikiite eseure Crystal an the enclose ryt fsant, oF neary 30, they ne tiferencesin extent of chadacryst growth atthe ime of enclosure. It snot customary vextre tothe arrangement in which scarce minute erystal of ‘are embedded in a crystal, nor to that in which the enclosing roximately te se sie as that included,Ophide texte This isa variant of pike testureim which the randomly arranged chadacysts are ongate and are wholly, of partly, enclosed by the ofkocryst. The commonest foccurtence is of bladed crystals of plagioclase surrounded by subeguant a tals in dolerite (Sometanes refered tows dleriic texture): however the textus [Snot confined to dolerites, aor to plagioclase and augite as the participating minerals ‘Some petrologiss distinguish the arrangement in which the elongate chadlacryts closed (petilophic texture) from that in which they are partially tnclosed and therefore penetrate the oikocryss (subophitic fexture). Poikfophitic fexrure could also be ised when oikocryts surround elongate chadacryts of one ‘mineral and equantchadacrysts of another, Fine-and medin-arained rocks made up of many small oikoerysts haves patchy stm dosed soph ied. 50 oli Large pagioclases, enclosing or pataly enclosing, ro olivines at their margins provide a framework to this Fok: the interstices of which are occupied by lara ko enclosing round olivines and sll stubby crystal plagioclsse Olivine gabbro from Middle Bovder Grow of the Ska. ituard intrusion, East Greenland magnification * 12. XPL gabbro containing poikilitic domains 51 Olivines enclosed by plagioclase oikocryst Sulbhodral equant olivine crystals here are enclosed in & single large playioease erst Felaspar periorte from Riu, Scotland: magnification 21 APL Additional views of poskilie cexaire may be found in 111, 18 and 16752 Ophitic-textured alkali olivine dolerite yo lr ana ert of aug esse nurs, fal sa variable colour due toa chemical Olivine dlerite from Shiaat tts sl, Scotland: magna L tion 1, ‘58 Subophitic toxture in olivine dolerite The photographs show plagioclase lths embedded in several augite erystals: whereas some of the pl fe partially altered to a green cly-like mineral and is -lavered rock (below) and pyroxene-phyte rock above), The V ofthe branching ‘widens inthe direction of growth, which savy from the > duegite forthe converse We have chosen to illustrate this rock by two different samples The upper and middle pho textured peridotite in which, in Feld, « number of round erysals ia tae elmopyicame oy ioclae crystals, In the centre olivine Th plagioclase and the pyroxene ste Yew! say polarization prodaces the p pit colours inthis view “The lower photograph shows an XPL view of a pid oliticallym2 Kimberlite Kimberiteisa porphyrtic potassium water, and carbon dioxiderich peridoite which forms dykes, sls and pipes. Teonsists of phenocrysts of olivine, phlogopite, iments and pyrope 1 groundimass wich eommonly contains olivine, phlogopite, serpentine, cate, chlorite, Iagnetite, apatite and perovskite. All ofthe phenocrysts in the photographs are olivine as are many’ of the smaller ersstals: some of the small frystals are-pyroxene. The olivine crystals have round ‘outlines and are surrounded by rims of microcrystalline Serpentine. In the groundmass are patches of eaete and ‘high density of small crystals which appear black inthe photographs: these ate oxide miners, ineliding perove- Kite (CaTiO,) whieh fsa common constituent of Kimber lies. The large ovine at the top et contains neoblasts is, new, smaller crystals which are belicved to have ‘rove from highly strained pars ofthe big ers. Kimberlte from Kimberley, South Afeica: magnification PPL and NPL22 ns Garnet peridotite {A plutonic rock consisting of more than 407, olivine with Wo kinds of pproxenes and a small amount of armel “The eranulr-textured specimen illustrated has oly one feurnet funy clearly shown in the eld of vies the left of the lower edge. About the centre othe loner ee is crystal of strained phlogopitic mica. The tt of the fields occupied by olivine (rey), orthopyroxene (pinkish- brown).and chrome diopsde(pale greene-2 middle of op edge), the olivines and chrome diopside showing moderate Interference colours, orthopyroxene showing. HM! gr8y colours in the XPL view “The veins which penetrate most of the erytals are of sementine but around the garnet crystals are thin veins ‘which are ooeupied by a pale brown mica: in the XPL Siew the interference colours of the micts are moderate second order Garnet peridot from Kimberley, South Afpiea: mewnifca ton «7, PPL and XP4 Pyroxenite An sltrsmatc rock consisting mainly of pyeoxends) Possible accesory minerals nce olivine, spel, get Hombsnde, bot, Fespar, and nehlne. A rook son sistingor bh orthopyroxene andclitopyroxeneiskaown eaebsere. I segerine-aupts o nephelne preset term all pyroxene se “The sample ikstraed bere i, strictly speaking, webster and shows round. orthopyroxene crys ‘Reognized by thew fo st order colours and a amet SSructure, polly enclosed by a large zoned ino prone crystal showing blue and red interference cole fs A fe aes of Toe eli sce nthe vow i PPL ae tube plagioclase AL the bottom Ie isa hole inthe sie ‘Aslght ference in colors ofthe orthopyroxene crystals aie scent the PPL view and thins ey det stay Polarization in the photographic equipment Wobsterve from the Stillwater complex, Montana, USA ‘magnification «7, PPL and XPLUteabasic rocks ns Komatiite This has been define as a ultramafis volcanic rok with ‘more than 18° MgO, While the rock lacks plagioclase it isrich in magnesian olivine and clinopyroxene erytals set in devitrified plas. though theolivineisusallyal bt com: pletely serpentinized. ‘The term “spinfen textures” his ‘een used to describe parallel and radiate arrangements ‘of elongate olivines and pyroxenes common in komalites ‘These textures imply rapid erystallization from an ult sate Higui The photomicrographs were made from a large thin section (ISem by Gem) in which pretdomorphs afer olivine eryials are up to 10cm in lengths. In the PPL sew the long colourless shapes were originally ovines but are now completely replaced by serpentine. Ia thin section the ovine crystals appear to be acicular in habit ba in fact are eross sections of thinly tabular crystals stacked parallel to one another. The browa maternal (PPL. view) was mainly clinopyroxene and lass, thoush the slinopyroxene has been replaced by chlorite and tremolite ar tale, and the glass replaced by chlorite Komative from Muviro Tosnship, Ontario: magnification XS PPL and NPL6 Meymechite This is the name given by the Russians to a rock die covered in Siberia which is a porphiyiic ultramafic txirusive rock consisting mainly of olivine phenocrysts in ‘ jroundmass of clinopyroxene, mica and chlorite “Te illustrated sample comes from the type locality and shows pars of to large phenocrysts of partially serpent iad olin na groundimass consisting mainly of brownish pyroxene and some iron ore. The fox-brown mineral, of Which there are only small fragments, is mica: some Chlorte preset. The grounds igh serpentinize Meymechite from the Meymeche river, Northern Siberia inaenieation = 10, PPL and XPL7 Hornblendite ‘An aliramafic ignsous rock consisting mainly of hor blende. Thenameumphibaveisreservedforametamorpic ‘ockconsistingessentalyofanamphiboleand plagioclase The first and second photographs are of a hornblendite ‘in which almost the whole of the field ef view is occupied bby amphibole erystas. Many of the crystals are zoned, feware twinned anda few ate cu in the cortect orientation to show the two cleavages intersecting at 120" Notice the lack of preferred orientation of the erytals and theit interlocking relations. Hornblendie from Donegal, Irelane: magifcation 12, PPL and XPL. Another hornblende ts strated in 39.Basalts Tn the most generalized definition these ar fine-grained mafic rocks with essential daugite, labradortesodie bytownite and opaque minerals (‘tanomagnetite + iimenie). They may be subdivided, iso wished, nto rholetic hauls (tholetes or ‘subalkaline basis) nd alka ovine basalts (Big, L) on the basis of the presence or absence of accessory olivine, quartz and low-Ce pyroxenes (pigeonite or ortho- pyronend). Phenoerysts or microphenoerysts of all the essential and accessory minerals (except quartz) may be present. Thott hasals (118, 46,58, 62) contain both auste and low-Ca pyroxene (pigeon ite bypersthene or both), Olivine either absent of present only in small armounts (stan 5%, by volume) as phenocrysts only. never inthe groundmass. The ground ‘mass commonly contains varying amounts of interstitial brown ghs, or devitifed iiss (intersertal texture) in more slowly cooled rook the place ofthe glass taken bby granophyricintergrosehs of quartz and alkali feldspar. The remainder of the sroundinass usually his an intergranular or subophite texture ‘Akl olivine basalts (119 and 11) contain no ow-Ca pyroxene but plentiful alvin, both as phenocrysts (i present) and in the groundmass, The augite is often some- ‘what purplish grey in colour due to high Ti content. Less than 10% ofthe feldspar {sf alkali type. The groundmass texture i usually intergranular or subophitie and las is very fare though accessory interstitial hepeline or analete may be present TWatkai feldspar is present, tn the interstions and as rims on plauioease. ‘The term olivine Heit and offine basalt (2,23, 44, $6, 57) have been used for rocks which have certain characteristics of both tholelites and alkali olivine basalts. ‘They lack low-C' pyroxene, olivine is essen, exceeds 5%, and may be present as ‘both phenoeryss and in the groundmass. The augite is not Teich and iis not as ‘Covtch as that in alka olivine basalts. Itersttial lass may be present: nepheline fand analite are absent, ‘Chemical data greatly asist in making these distinetions: normative hypersthene 6s the hallmark of a tholeite (Irae tholeite and olivine tholeite) and absence of formative hypersthene characterize alkali olivine basalt; normative olivine and hypersthene characterize olivine tholeite, Without such data the petrographer must rly on the mineralogical characteristics mentioned above, whieh of course may ot be distinguishable if the rock i very ine erined. Particularly olivie-rich varieties of Both akal olivine basalt and olivine thoteite exist (upto 50%, olivine) and these may be referred vo as alkali pirites and thoi pleres (or tholeite perte hasli) or generally piriie basalts (122, 26, 27, 30, Pyroxene-tch basalt called amkaramite (98.123). The term cracybasalt! is sometimes used for rocks slightly richer in alkalis and silica than alkali olivine basalt aad hence having a more sodic plagioclase and more Alkali feldspar (10-40°, of total feldspar) than alkali olivine basalt. Stity, the {erm shoul he used for those rocks which onan alkalies plot fig L) he between ‘alka olivine basalt and trachyte, namely Aawatte(andesine, anortbciase, olivine, faugite and biotite, see 47), mugearte (sume but oligoclase for andesine) ant ben- mort same but anorthoclseforoligoclase) and heace show features gradational ‘between trichyte and basal, Syenogabhro isthe equivalent coarse-grained name. "A very uncommon group of basalts are both alkali ich and have K greater than Na, in contrast to common basalts, These contain essential K-fespar in the ‘roundmass in addition to augie, plagioclase (labradorite) and opaques. Olivine id biotite are common accesories The terms absarokiie and shoshonie are used for the, the former being more malic than the later. ‘Lunar basalts, to of which areilistrated here (120, 21), arectassiied differen ‘but being poor in sodium and potassium are move akin to terrestrial thleites than to alkali olivine basalts. "Cansenason the ecning of his rm i poor 1: wax original used fr what ino termed ‘akan 197) aname pellets have wedi for banalts i which he Kevan exceeds hat ofa aase rocks m8 Basalt var. Tholeiitic basalt The first and second photographs are of a tholeite which ain sire than. usu, lino The 1 fow skeletal oxide erystals are graph shows an XPL view of an olivine Tholite fiom Deep Sea aesa Plate S.E. Pacthc Third photograph: Olivine tholite from Cohunbia River BY USA; mnacniicarion 20, XPLne Basalt var. Alkali olivine basalt “The photographs show a rock consisting of brownish augite crystals subophitcally enclosing clear laths of ledspar. One micropnenoeryst of plagioclase feldspar is ceuey visible a¢ the top tcrophenoeryats of olivine are easily hemi by their bright interference colours ~ one blue crystal adi the feldspar micropienoerystat the top eda taph and one pink crystal othe ight af the eet fe, Smaller erysta paring the two photographs in the PPL view the olivine {Enytals have much paler colour than the clinopytoxenes, ‘nich in this rock are quite strongly coloured Atha olin basalt from Hawai: magafcation» 1S, PPL tind NPL. the field of view TwoBaste rocks 120 Basalt Lunar low-Ti basalt The photographs show phenocrysts of olivine and pyrox- ene set in-a mairix of plagioclise and, pyroxene. The Pyroxenes can be distinguished from the olivines by the act that they have a reddish-brown colour, the in ases toward the rims of the crystals iy colourless in PPL and within thet las and also opaque minerals, m T grown in varolitic fashion with pyr aque mineral inthe groundmass is ‘mainly meni Low-tvanian orphyrte Basu obtained by the Apa 12 Pond XP ™ 11 Basalt Lunar high-T1 basalt The thin section ofthis rack shows reddish-brown pyr0X- agioclae and limenie, The completely unalired Sine ofthe pyroxene and plagioclase is probably the frst Characteriste which strikes the observer. Zoning it the patorene is distinct in some erysials, NOUGe Texture im which plspioelas pytoxene, contrary 10 nom Sorycristobaite is also pre ‘uand corner of the view in PPL, where is low index means that i stands out in rele the cal plagioclase ~ is low interference co Seen inthe view under erossed polars ain high-ttanio b F7 mission from the Tours ito Val tains. (NASA sample number 70017 £25, PPL and XPL vtuained by the Apollo Taurus Mow. aBasic rocks 122 Basalt var, Pieritic basalt123 Basalt var. Ankaramite Madagascar; magnificaBasi rocks 9 124 Spilite A basic rock, commonly amygdaloidal, in which the ‘original minerals have been affected by some type of alteration, so tha the feldspars are of albite composition and the pyroxenes have been replaced by other mineral. Although it has besa suggested many times that this name should be dropped on the sounds tha sites ane meta sorphosad basalts itis tillin use. “The sample ilusrated shows an amygdaloigal rok in which the amygdales are filed with ealet, white i both the XPL and PPL views and chlor in the PPL view and showing anomalous blues and purpks in the XPL view. In the groundmass of te rock are laths of spar ofalbite composition set in dark patches which ace mainly of finely erystalized chlorite, caste and Iisematte, Splte from Chipley quarry, Devon, England; magne ow 48, PPL and XPL125 Gabbro [A coarse-grained, dark: to medium-coloured rock con- ‘Skingesentally of aveiteand. plagioclase of bradorte, ‘oF more ealeie. compesition, ic the equivalent of basalt tnd dolerite. Other minerals which may be present are fthopyroxene. pigeonite, ovine or quartz. Gabbros of thei alfinity commonly show lamellar textures inthe pyroxene. ‘Gabbros containing feldspathoids (including analcite) and lackinglow-Capyroxene have the group nanne ala, {gabbres or syenogabbros. A number of names are used for these alkali gabbros: if the gabbro contains abundant analete and little nepheline teschenite (126) is used i nepheline amounts to more than 10% cheraiteis wed, ori Glivine s present iis termed an oene thera; ifnephsl- ineeveeeds 10%, and between 10%, and 40°, ofthe feldspar ‘sof alkali type, the name esexie (127) s used The rock iMustrated is a granular olivine gabbro. A sr0up of throe olivine erystals are located at the centre of the field towards the top and another erstalisat the Fight ‘geo the field, The rest of the Feld is aecupied by aupite and base plagioclase ~ he section is slightly too thick Snve some of the plagioclase ersstals show a very pale sellow interference colour. The ausite shows slight zoning insomeerystals anda lamellar texture isalso visible; thisis probably dueto exsolution. Absence af orthopyroxene and presence of olivine make this rock the coarse-grained ‘quivalent of olivine thoi Otivine gabbro from New Caledonia; magnification 12, PPL and XPL Other gabbros are itsiated w 18, 16,17, 40,49, 30.61. 68, 98,oe 126 Teschenite This isthe name used for an alkali gubbro or dolerit Which consists essentially of a plagioclase feldspar 6 labradorite or more caleie composition, x cinopyroxen whichis commonly a purpish-browa colour, and aneleite olivine i present, ollineteschene is used. The ter ‘rinanite is sometimes used to denote a modium-srine, olvine-bearing tock of this type which contains onl trivial, but essential anakite The sample we have illustrated comains olivine purplish clinopyroxene plagioclase and anakeite Otisincs ‘anging in size from 0.2-2mm, are scattered through ‘he rock and may be recognized by their grey colout it PPL. The subophitic clinopyroxene shows the colout Typical of titaniferous_pyroxenes and. zoning canbe clearly seen inthe large crystal near the top of the fed {ASO the left of centre Inthe XPL view, the analyzer bas been rotated through 4 few degrees so that the analeite ean be distinguished from the opaque ores present in the rock — iasead of being completely black the anaeiehasasighty brownish colour (eg, left of centr): the triangular erysal of iron Dxide near the top centre of thefeld is partially surrounded by analeite. This rack also contains some nepheline but it cannot be easily seen in this photograph. Note the un- sual radiate arrangement of plagioclases a lower Teschente from Dippin sil, Arran Scotland -magaifcaion 5. PPL and XPL.va Essexite fakery pence oe cl able minor amounts of alka flds which is tepbeline with or without ‘The upper photograph shows a consisting of la olivine crystals. a: An ener vow of the rat praph is produced as the middle and | fraphs. In the PPL vies, the brown colour oft maui hemo foc he fairly closet the right athe lower extremity ofthis crystal there isa rim o kal feldsper Ewsexite from Cravfordohn, ds magiicaton x (upper) NPL, 2 mile ied lower). PPL and XP128 Dolerite This is the name used for medium-grined basic rocks consisting essentially of labradorite, augite and ore minerals, 2. equivalent of basalt and gaboro. In North ‘America the term dabase is used in preference wo dolerite to denote the sime rock: Like basalts and gabbros, there ‘re tholeti and alkalic varieties which ean be entiid fom the presence or absence of low-Ca pyroxencs, nepheine, anaeite, quartz and the absenee of presence and amount of olivine. Coars-grained sames are often prefted by micro to name alkalic varieties (eg. micro. fesshenite) “The photographs show PPL. and XPL views of a subs ophititholitie dolerite -thisiscontimsd bythe presence ofboth orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. Asmailamount of olivine is present in this rock and it has best purty replaced by serpentine ~ this can best be seen in the PPL view where the olive-green patches are of serpentine after olivine: Most ofthe pyroxene atthe lower lft o the eld of view i orthopyroxene, i asa lamellar texture but this cannot be seen 4 this magnification The crystals showing ‘ed and blue interference colours to the tight ofthe field of view are of clinopyroxene, The opie texture i fairly typical ofthis type of rock Dolerte from Palisades sil, New York, USA: magni: tion «21, PPL and XPL Additonal dolerites ave Uusated in 82,83, 59.60, 683, 89 ‘and 9,129 Norite Tiss the name use fora coarse-grained rock consis mainly ofa calcic plagioclase and orthopyroxene, The sample illastrated shows plagiocse, othopyrox: ene and some clinopyroxene in. subhedal granular texture. In the PPL view iti dificult to distinguish the tivo pytoxenes but we can detect the pressnce of inter srowths in the two largest areas of brownish pyroxene Inthe XPL view the ares with a brownish-ellow inter Fsrence colour are of orthopyroxene with clinopyroxene lamellae showing higher interference colours, Small crystals showing blue and green interference colours fofelinopyroxencand hesehavelamellacof orthopyroxene Onesuch area showinga blue interferencecolour slocated bout te centre just above the bottom edge ofthe Fld Norite from Bushveld complex, South Africa magnifica tion 12, PPL and XPA.Basie rocks f 120 Anorthosite An anorthosite is com rained rock consisting of more than 90%, plagioclase, ually labradorite oF bytownite. There area variety of diferent types ofan thonite depending on he type of occurence and the com. position ofthe plagioclase; many anorthosites, although Perhaps orginally igenous, are now metamorphic rocks, The specimen illustrated in the upper and middle photographs is of an anorthosite layer fom an igneous ‘complex. Most ofthe fold of view is occupied by yo ites towards the et edge ofthe fed of view some pyroxene fan be recognized among the plagioclase crystals The mineral which appears opaque is a ery datk brown chrome spinel. There is «strong preferred orien the tabultr plagioclase crystals inthis rock aiving it» laminated texture. The thin section is slighty thick as is Indicated by the pale yellow tinge in the plagioclase interference colours, The lower photograph is of a lunar anorthosite. It shows sirsined and broken (ie. cataclasc) texture which probably resulted from meteorite impact The feldspar composition in ths samples An ‘more calciumerich than mos terrestrial ‘Only tiny crystals of pyroxene exist among the small feldspar fragments, The large feldspar crystal occupying. the lower left part of the field of view shows patchy esting tion as does the rysal just above the centre ofthe fl This material is one of the oldest known rocks having an fe between 4,000 and 4.500 milion years, ‘its and second photugraphs: Ano ne from Rb, Scotland: magnification» 9. PPL and " Third photograph: Anorthosite from Cayley: Formation, Descartes region ofthe Lunar Highlands; sample brought lack by Apollo 16 mission (NASA sample mamber SOUS 255) maeifcation 12. X) Another anorthosites lutraed in 104Interment rocks a3 Andesite porphyrticIntermediate rocks 122 Boninite 102133 Diorite A coarse-grained, medium-coloured rock consisting of. fandsine plagioclase and one or more ofthe mafie minerals ci fide quartz und K-leldspar may be present. Olivine is a fminot constituent of some diortes. This i the coarse- {rained equivalent of andesite [fquartzis abundant (up to 0’) the name quarts diovite i sed The photographs show a fod of view in which there are throe mafic minerals: biotite, pale o dark brown colours in the view under PPL; ombopyroxene: and clino- pytoxene. Some of the clinopyroxene crystals ean be Gasly recognized in the XPL view because they show ig second-order interference colours of bh frthoyroxenes show only fist plagloclase feldspar shows a very fan be detected ia the PPL view intrusion showing pronounced clouding ofthe feldspar is Shown in Part Lin 67 A sell amount of quartz is present in this rock and ix recognized by absence of alteration, and pope, The ‘colours. The slowding whieh Diarite from Comtie, Perthshire, Scotland magnification x12, PPL and XPL. Another dirite is shown bv 92. and ortho-pyroxene, hornblende and biotite. A ook Irom the samo 108lntermeiate rocks 108 134 Tonalite A coarse-grained rock consisting of plagioclase (approx. ‘Ano, hornblende, of biotite or oth, and accessory ‘quartz, The mame i synonymous with quort= dre Gin North Amerie tonalite implies t quarts content of tore than 20°, but in Britain smaller quartz contents are inchided.) “The mineralogy of the rock ilusteated ie simple: zoned pligioelase and strained quartz are readily identified, find the omly ferromagnesian mineral present is biotite “The cores ofthe plagioclase crystals contain a dense mass of very fine mica und clay minerals generally ascribed Slcraton, and he biotite erstals have inclusions, many ‘of which produce pleocheoic haloes. Tonalite from Theis, Puy de Dime, France; mognifcaion 412, PPL and NPL138 Kentallenite |A coatse-gtuined rock consisting of essential olivine Augite, biotite, plagioclase (mote calcic than Ansa) and forthociase. This isa ro). itmay bereganded asan olivine ‘overed by neivorks of black eracks are olivines, = eryaals ean be identified by thei rel oouress fekispar: there visibie and te of these sh and the third, tthe top ri flour. Some pale green chlorite can be stl with uniform g the olivine erysal shown the riaht edie ofthe Fi ‘purple interference colour at eorthoclase Kemullente from Kersalten, Scotland; magnification x 12 PPLand XPL carse-rained equivalent of acly~ i interference colours just belowIntermediate rocks 136 Monzonite ‘This is the name used for coarse-grained rockin whit the amount of alkali feldspar is about the same as that of plagioclase feldspar. The amount of quartz present should be 05%, and mac minerals 10-28%, The rock is Intermediate in character between syemiie and nite is ine-grained equivalent is called anit ortachyandeste "The rock illustrated consists mainly of clinopyroxene alkali feldspar and plagioclase feldspr, In the PPL view the clinopyroxene can be readily identified, #8 can stall Amounis of biotite and opague oxides. In ths rock the distinction between plagioclase and alkali feldspar is teasily made because the alkali feldspar shows no smultiph focinning, whereas almost all the plagiockse estas the fild of view are multiple twinned. Very fine iatergrowihs are present in the alkali feldspar but they cannot easily be Seem at the magnification of these photographs. A very Small amount of quartz is present inthis rock, Monzonite from Mount Dromeliry Complex, Nev South Woes, Awsratia; magnification x 1, PPL and XP17 Dacite This isa volcanic rock which usually contains pheno rst of plagioclase, les caleie than andesine, quartz and subordinate fer minerals) in fi ioundmass:¢ small proportion of alka Te be present. The coarse-grained equivalents pranndirt ‘The specimen illustrated shows stromply-roned pheno: cyst of plagioclase, and quarta and mictophenoerysts of ‘sbrownish-eren amphibole ina fne-srained groundmass ‘composed of the sume minerals and biotite. The pheno: test of quartz can be distinguished from the of pagio: ise by «number of erteria: the interference colour Shown by the quartz erystls is just slightly hiober than that of the feldspar; the quartz crystals show no 200i or twinning: and they have round outlines, whereas th plagioclase crystals show th etal faces only Slightly rounded atthe corners. Some of th hetioersts have sieve texture (Lop le). T thooa complete gradation in sive of eystals From ph ysis through microphenoerysts to groundmass crystals (Geniate texture). Some of the variation in size of the eiysals i du to the fat Uhit the section does not cut through the centres of all erystas, Dee from skew <3, PPL ond NPL ality m Arg Another dacte i itstrated in 3 107108 138 Granodiorite A granodiorite is a medium- to light-coloured coarse grained sock conlaining. estenial_ quarz, plagioclase Feldspar (oligoclase) and alkali Teldspar. in amounts between 10°; and 38°, of the total feldspar, and lesser amounts of mafic minerals, commonly hornblende or biotite, or both. ‘Whereas granodirites have 20-30" art, diortehas only accessory qua, fan "The specimen illsiated is 4 granular bioite-horn bende granodiorte. The hornblende is ploochroie i shades of brown and green in PPL view (eg. the thice araon crystals neat the cone of the Bld). To of these hommblende crystals show twinning in the XPL. view Just below them are two biotite crystals shoving ight and ‘dark Brown absorption colours. Quartz cat be distin~ auishod from the feldspar hat ts rslatively cles in the PPL view and some erystals show a slightly higher iter ference colour than the feldspars. ti more dificult to distinguish the alkal feldspar fom the plagioclase, but in this roek the former shows only smaple twins: thee atthe top right corner of the field OF view ate of feldspar. whereas the large crystal neat the cent of the fields plagioclase. The distinction is most easily made by the difference in reli which cannot easly be shown in photographs, but the plagioelive in this rock fa «highcr Feliet than quartz wheres the alkali feldspar basa lower reli, Granodtorve from Crifel- Dalbeattie, Scotlands magic son's L, PPL and XPL139 Trachyte A trachyte i a fnegrsined voleanic rock consisting nainly of alkali feldspar oF sometimes of two Teldspats 8 sore plagioelsse and @ potassic feldspar. A small amount of ferromaghesian minerals is usually. preset Quartz oF nepheline may be present as aevessores but ate confined to the groundmass. The coarse-grained equi valent is syente The sample illustrated isa porphyriti rock in which the predominantly cuhedral phenocrysts are of both sudic plagioclase and sanidine. nthe centre of the tld 582 group of plagioclase crystals which inthe PPL view ‘an be seen to have slightly higher tle than the large sanigines which oocupy the bottom lft corner of the fil In the XPL view the multiple twinning inthe plagio: ase crystals is obvious. The (vo large crystals at the ght ofthe photograph are of sanidine. onc showing simple twin. At the bottoms left there isa hole inthe side |m which the lage sinidine shows broken fragmenta, A few microphenocrys of pyroxene are visible one hing just above the centre of the field. Unfortunately it doesnot show up very well inthe PPL view because the substage dlphragm was siopped down to show the rei in the plagioclase feldspar, and in the XPL view this pyroxene 'Sin the extinction position Trachote from Wehia, Hal: magnification 14, PPL anal hyte photographs are shown th 64. 65 and 109Antemediate rocks 140 Syenite Asye ured, coarse-grained rock consist mainly eldspar with es than SY, quartz, oF han Tinopsroxene, hora bowie a prevent in small amounts ol accessory. Thisrock isthe The upper photograph i of polished slab of lorikite asyenite commonly used ws a decorative building materia bosause of the Filler shown a feldspars. Athi om this ok ‘ XI \e aph. Mos ofthe field of view is occupied by eryptoperthitic alkali feldspar. A Small amount of nepheline is present in this sample but ‘cannot be easily ilustrated in one our is of pyro ‘added £0 Syenite from Lark in frst photo), x10 (second First and rom Hmoussag. Soudh-vest 16, XP noa Shonkinite This names used fora melanoeratic ormesoeratc potasic The photographs show eryials of biorte and clino peroxenc, with one olivine crystal towards the bottom Tettcormer of te feld— its interference eolour in the XPL m isdark green, Olivine is only an accessory constiuen Ot a ahwdinie, ‘The remainder of the field of view is ‘ecupied by am alkali feldspar with a symplectiteike wth, best seen in the PPL view; some soe plgio iv also presen, The parts ofthe symplectite which “ppear brown are. Ane gtained alteration products of another mineral, A small amount of nepheline i alo Ninble inthis view but is no easily distinguished in the photograph. With increasing amount of nepheline this Fock would grade into a maligt (see 152). Shonkinite from Shonkin Sag. Highwood Mounains, Mor tema, USA. meguification 22, PPL and XPLa2 142 Rhyolite A thyolite i an acid voleani rock generally containing Dhenverysts of quartz and alklirck feldspar in & fine {rained or glassy sroundias, Unfortunately, because the (quartz phenocrysts may be absent, itis sometimes im possible 10 state without a chemical analysis whether a ven rock isa rhyolite. The feldspar may be snidinesodic Dlsoclase or both. Grant isthe courte grained equiva- Tent. Many rhyolite are wholly slasy and some have a ‘high proportion of glass the erms wbvidianand pitchstone then apply respectively: these terms do not, however, imply shyoite composition. Tt may e noted that some petrologsts define obsidian and pitchstone not on the ths oferystalliniy but on water content: inthe former itis usually less than 1°, nd in the ater up to 10 ‘We have chosen a rock containing two types of feldspar phenocrysts in a microcrystalline to glass groundmass Showing perlite facturing, Most ofthe phenocrysts are of alkali feldspar, some of which show simple twinning and ontain glass inclusions: one phenoeryst in the fld is a Plagioclase. The small crystals showing higher interference Colours are clinopyroxene, Some opague ran ore crystals fre also present Ravolve from Eig, Scotland; mugifiction <7, PPE. and XDL. Additional views of rhyoites and views of pitchstomes are Shon v3, $12, 1621, 66.87.88, 91 cd 183,14s Pantellerite ommoniy a ur maybe pale brown iGranite is the name wsed for levcocrtic rocks containing mainly quar ad feldspar between 90°, and 38", hornblende’ oe bistite tmonest maf minerals. Muscovite may be present. Rho- lite s the fine-grained equivalent. A mcropranite with ‘mierographic quartz-alklt feldspar intergrowths ivr (7) A leucoerats microsranite occurring ‘veins fs Known a aplite. Granites in which fof the fekdspar fs an alkali feldspar are Known a5 alkall granites (sce 148). When alkali feldspar is between feldspar the names sed for rocks saad of studies. From the photographs it st mainly ofa granular misture of quartz and feldspar. with botteanda few erysals of muscovite. Sodie plagioclase and idspar are pre bal ofthe feldspar in th of it does not show micros ‘pears only in patchesin some ofthe ery the centre of the field and slightly to showing vague eros-hatched twinning. At the left edge ‘ofthe photograph one potassium feldspar crystal shows a imple twin, The third photograph is an XPL view of the granite from Shap. In this view the right lower part of the fed is ‘oecupied by’ group of Isl large phenocrysts oF kl feldspar showing micoperhitc texture. Most ofthe plagioclae erystls show some nized is the photograph by the prose ing and. zoning. The quart crys ce from alteration and th ‘pear back inthis photograph, to the lt of dnd atthe lft bottom comer, are quartz crystals at tinction, The only other mineral present in a significa ‘mount in this Heid of view is biotite (See aso the hand spesimen photograph in 10.) ca be F0 ‘which First graphs: Granite from Wester raiicaton «14, PPL amd XPL ap, Engle ogni 1“144 Granite (cominued) The granular textured specimen illustrated here shows mainly quarizand two fekispars. The quartz is recogsined inthe PPL view by the lack of alteration, snd in the XPL ‘ew, by its interference colours which are slightly higher than tha ofthe feldspar, and by the non-uniform extine tion shown by one crystal at the top right of the view Microcline is clearly ientifed bythe typical cross: hatched twinning and there are slight signs of miero- perthiti texture also. In this fed of view there are only a few plagioclase crystals visible; one, near the top left comer of the fed is simple twinned erytal showing ‘ery dark grey interference colours: vag signs ofalbite thin lamellae can just be seen in this erystal- Another rytal just fo the right ofthe centre of the field and sho ing low grey colour i also plagioclase, To the let ofthe biotite crystal at middle et a smal patch of myrmekite From the relative proportions ofthe tw feldspars visible in this field of view this sample could be close to the boundary between alkali granite and granite Granite from South Dakota, USA: magnication x 12, PPL and XPL, Additional vows of granites are shown i 2, 10, 42,76, 96 1s and 10. nsAlkali granite A leucoeratic coarse-rainad plutonic rock consisting essentially of quartz and alkali feldspar, any plagioclase constituting les than 10%, of the total feldspar content ‘The erromagnesian minerals preset are alkali amphibole or alkali pyroxene ‘The PPL view of this rock shows an area of colourless tninerals and a fow fairly darkecoloured erystalh~ these tre of an alkaline amphibole. riebockite. which shows Strong ploochroism from a brown to indigo-blue. The {interference colours shown in the XPL view are masked by the absorption colours, The lage areas of fey uni- form intererence colour are quartz phenocrysts. and the ‘Rstof the fled is made up mainly of lbitelaths ophitcally mnd_subophitically enclosed. in. subhedral pathes of Imicrocline: erosschaiched twinning, characteristic of mmicrooline, is visible. The erystals of albite tend to be Smaller than thore of micrcline and show only albite ‘inning Atk granite from Jos, Nigeria: magnification 16, PPL. ond XP.146 Phonolite This the name given to a fine grained rock consisting ciel of sanidine oF anorthoclase as groundmas kath land frequently slso es phenocrysts, nephelie as ground mass erstals and often as phenocrysts as wel, with some alkali pyroxene or alka amphibole. tis fanlyeommon to have # mineral of the sedalite group present also. The ‘course equivalent is neplelinesyent The first and second photographs show phenocrysts of pephetine and alkali feldspar in a fine-grained groundmass The greensh-brown. microphenocrysts are maialy of alkali amphibole, although inthe group of erystals near the bottom left corner of the eld there arc one or two sna crystals of bitte, Tis dificult to know which of the phenocrysts are sanidine and which are nepheline but those showing simple twioning sre invariably sanidine Tihs the crystal tothe let of centre of the Bel, showing two triangular areas with different interference colours, is almost certainly a Baveno twin of sanidine. In this particular rock the nepheline shows a distinct clavage find this cam be seen in the PPL view in two erystals near ‘o the botiom righi-hand corner: This s unusual because, although feldspar may show one or two cleavages, ‘epheline rarely does so. The groundmass of this rook I ‘made up of sunidine, nepheline and needles of a green Phe third photograph is that of & phonolte wth 2 small amount of nosean present. This photograph is cluded ere manly for historical interest in thatthe tit section used for this photograph was prepared for J. R. Gregory in 1898 and has been in the Manchester Univer sityeolection since tha ime. The view shows nepeline and feldspar phenocrysts and one phenoeryst and a fe mmicrophenocrysts of nosean, whied appear almost black im PPL due to the high density of inclusions. The lath shaped erystals ate likely to be stnidine, whereas the nepheline crystals are rectangular. In this ock the nephel ine crystals show zoning by the margins of the ervstals having «higher refractive mdr than the interior, an they san be distinguished from the feldspars by this feature ‘The groundmass of this tock consists of nepheine, sn dine, green pyroxene and nosean, First and second photographs: Phonolite from Maranguds Zonbabwes magnification» 4, PPL. ad NPL. Third photograph Nosean phonolite ftom Wolf, Rock Comnwall, England; magnification 14, PPL 7“wt Leucite phonolite Thisis the name given to volcanic rock which consists of essential Teucte, nephohine and K-feldspar: an alkali pyroxene i ustully present. The term lecitphyre Was Formerly used for varieties which contained no nepheline bt this distinction pechaps not necessary “The photographs are of a rock which contains levi rmicrophenoerysts, cach of which i surounded by a ring (Of small pyrouene crystals, These lie in a groundmass maitly composed of nepheline, loucte, pyroxene and a small amount of alkali feldspar. ‘The nephelin is easily ‘coznizid by the rectangular and hexagonal shape of the {rystals and one hexagonal cross-section of zoned nepel ine is ahnost exactly im the centre ofthe field of view phonolite from Olbrick, Bie, Germany’: magna PPL and XPL Law148 Nosean leucite’ phonolite an alkali pyroxene ws acess. The first two photographs show « rock containing phenocrysts of in the PPL view), brownish ssinds of smal sand phonoeryte and mien otograph shows very similar rock to the fone shown above but the nosean ciysials have orange borders The phenocrysts are of lewcite and nosean with brown pyroxene having reenish nepheline, nosesn,leacite and Ryroene: On clonal sin mirophenas eats atthe hott Sphene and eat but eannot be ds Fist and second photographs: Nosean leucit fram Reson, Evel Germany: magnification x PL Third phorogroph: Nosean lecite phowolte from Laacher See, Germany: magnitcation 9, PPL120 149 Pseudoleucite phonolite fre predominantly brown in colour 3 altered saniine; the nepheline and anaeite I Ine ight edge ofthe sifer in that they nt haves higher ene. I appears that hes original Teucites. The groundm minute crystals of nepheline,fekspar and py Pseudoleuctte phonoite from Bearpaw Mountains, Mor tana, USA: magnification» J, PPL und XPLAlkaline ad miscellaneous rocks 150 Blairmorite A very rare volcanic rock, known only from three oe four Focalitis, i is characterized by the presence of pheno ensts of analcite and sanidinein a groendeass of anil alka feldspar and pyroxene. Melanie garnet sequently present. Despite its rarity, itis included here because t the only extrusiverock which has both analcite and garnet 88 phenocrysts. Iis chemical composition is tht of a sodium-rich phonolte but the nepheline which & present ima phonolite is here represented y anakite. and h has hee raphs show three phenocrysts of sanidine (grey imererence colours), Two of the pbenocrysi ite Parcilly surrounded by analeite which has a sgh ellowish colour in the PPL. view; the dark brown macro. Dienoorystsare of melanite garnet; and the green crystals are of aegirine ausite. The groundmass consists of lathe of samilne,equant anasite and pyroxene Bluirmorite from Blainnore. Crow's Next Pass, Alberta, Canada: magnification 12, PPL and XPL rav2 151 Nepheline syenite This is the name used for a coarse-grained, felsic rock consisting essentially of alkali feldspar and nepheline with small proportion ‘of mafie minerals, usually alkali amphibole or pyroxene or both. It isthe plutonic equi alent of phonaie. The mediumgrained equivalent is called nepheline microsyente. though the special ‘name fnguaite also exits for this The name fayuite has been used for nepheline syenites which have a trachytoid texture and the firs two rocks itystzated fall in this category. The term droite is some times used for nepheline syenites in which the testure is subhedral granular and the thd rack illstrated could be so described ‘We have chosen to illustrate this rock type by three XPL photoenaphs, since the PPL. views are dominated by colourless low relief minerals and Hence are less inform: tie The Hist photograph shows interpenetrating tabla crystals of fekispar in which the interferenc patchy. This is parly due tothe fact thatthe Imicroperthitc. and ‘winning in both the sodiun- and potassium-tich phases of the microperthte. A rapion of uniform grey interfer tence colour can be seen just below the centre ofthe fl This snephelin, asi small triangular area towards the top righthand part of the field. The small black triangular area just above the centre of the field and to th fanalete. At the op left of the Held area few crystal of pyroxene showing green interference colour, and an alkaline amphibole showing a very dark brown colour ‘can he seen dt the lower night ofthe centre of the Hel. The second photograph shows tabular phenocrysts of microperthiteseldspar and microphenoerysts of nephel ine showing homogeneous grey interference colours ~ a large area just above and to the left ofthe centre ofthe field of view i nepheline. Between the phenocrysts is & aehytictextured groundmass consisting of nephiline, feldspar, pyroxene and a few biotite crystals showing bright second-order interference colours. The magnifica on used here is such that we cannot easily distinguish the ferro-magnesian minerals from the one photograph. All the regions in which the interference colour i uniform Tight or dark grey are of nephelne The third photograph is of a slightly coarser-grained rock thatthe other two, but here agin the lal feldspar ‘and nepheline can be fairly easily distinguished by the hhomogencous interference colour shown bythe nephtine, in contrast tothe mieroperthitic texture of the feldspars, A few crystals of nopheline are visible to the right ofthe ‘entre ofthe field The small coloured crystal 0 the right ‘ofthe centre i biotite and in the hottor right commer fet ‘xysals of phone are vstle Firs fhagro: Nagphati nperd Africa; magnification 12. XPL ‘Second photograph: Nepheline microssenite from Bavona, Portugal: magnifiation «7, XPL ‘Third photograph: Nephelne synite from Langesundford Norway: magmficavion 1, XPL from PilansbergMalignite This isthe name given toa rock consisting essentially of pyroxene, alkali feldspar and nepheline in which the pyroxene isthe dominant constituent (about 0%,)and the ther two minerals are in approximately equal amounts Treanbe considered to bea mesosratic variety ofnepbeline “The rock illustrated shows a large number of equant ‘euhedral green pyroxene crystals, The clear erystals to the let of the centre, showing uniform interference colours ae of nephelite, the other parts are of feldspar. The region at the pit edge ofthe eld i composed of nepbeline- feldspar itergrowth, A crystal of biotite is visible atthe top lft comer ofthe fel. Malgnite ftom Shai, China magn NPL PPL ond vaSodalite syenite A coarsegrained rock consisting essentially of sodalite ‘and alkali feldspar with generally some nepheline also Alkali amphiboles and pyroxene ate invariably present The view llsrated here shows large eukedealsoalite phenocrysts, isotropic im the XPL view, amphibole and pyroxene in fner-grained aggregate o alkali eldspar and Repheline. The alkali feldspar shows the same patchy ‘xlintion af seen in the nepheline syentes illustrated ‘whereas the nepheline has uniform interference colours fone nepheline crystal showing a pale grey interference ‘colour can be scen adjacent to two sodalite crystals, n the Tefipar ofthe view. Another clear nephelin crystal can be seen tothe left ofthe large sodaite atte bottom edge of the fick. The Ovo lath-shaped isotropic crystals are also cof sodalite, indicating a tabular habit of the erystal inthis rock, Sodilitesyeite from Aaliankoab, Grerdand: magnification x11, PPL and XPLNephelinite the coarse equivalent of nephelnite The rock illustrated in the fist phi mya rectangular or as clearly visible f ier ao ate transparent. They porphyitic nephelnite i which the phenoerysts are of nepheine and pyroxene in 3 rund which i extremely fine grained, and made of he aime minerals. The only ether mineral present in this 125Ijolite An ijlite is 1 mesoeratic coarse-grained rock consisting stentially of nepheline and clinopyroxene in approxi mately equal amounts. Frequently melanite garnet ispre- Sent. This the coarse-grained equivalent of nepheinte Other names used for coarse-grained nepheline-pyroxene Inistures are alkali pyrosenite, melteigite and write (see 156), these respectively being hypermelanic (< few per emt nepbeline), melanocrtie and leucocrati. The pyro= ene an range in composition from sodic diopside to fepirine augite to aegitine to titanaugite, If ttanaugite is the pyroxene in an alkali pyroxenite, then the name jot irae used. in the granulartextured sposimen wwe have used 10 inusrate this rock eye, the nepheline is recognized by ts fow ‘elif in the PPL view and by the fistorder grey interference colours in the XPL view. At the edges ofthe heplieline crystal, and in cracks within them. the mineral ‘which has fstorder pale yellow and white colours is ‘anerinite The pytoxene 48 this rock is not strongly toloured bat shows only a pale green absorption colour Yolite fram Aino, Sweden; magaiication 16, PPL and XPL. A levctesbearing variety of merojlite is shown i 20. 25156 Urtite A coarse-grained, leucocratic rock consisting mainly of nephline, but generally an alkali pyroxene and/or an Amphibole is present in small amounts. Its more felsic than dolite. 158) The ek of view is mainly occupied by nephtine, some- what altered and showing a brown colour inthe PPL view The dark ecjstals in the field are of an alkali pyroxene considerably altered in pars. Atte centre ofthe hottom ‘ge ofthe field, an area which was probably pyroxene is imost entirely filled with fine-grained alteration products of the pyroxene, eXept for a sroup of clear crystals (PPL. view) which are of apatite Unite from Khibina, Kola peninsda, USSR: magnification x11, PPLand XPL ww157 Basanite brownish pyroxenes, seare laths of plagioelase ( of nepali 18158 Tephrite ve used fo illustrate this rock type isa re uhedral and and hauyn. The cli 129159 Olivine melil160 Leucitite Tis is the name given to an extrusive mesootatie rock consisting. essentially of Teucite and a. clinopyroxene Without olivine. If olivine is present the name used is ‘olivine euctte, and if the eli itis known a3 waundie. The inirusive equiva lewenite i sometimes called a fergusite (8 161) The sample we have ilustrtod shows; n the PPL view clear phenocrysts and glomerocrysts of lecite and zoned olive-green crystals of pyroxene, set in avery fine-grained roundinass composed mainly of the two minerals and flss. There is no evidence of any other minerals such as nephetine or feldspar. vm Celobes: magnifieation 12, PPL and XPL Lewit163 Alnoite This rock belongs to the al lamprophyre group Keon tains olivine, pyroxene and biotite, usually as phenocrysts inva groundmass containing mete. a carbonate mineral {s commonly present also. Monticlite may be present Campane consists of event plapioclase and brown amphibole. ttanaugite may be prevent, possibly i excess ‘of the amphibole: ile anette my Occupy the ter Stes. Minch has essential olivine. tanaugite and brown hornblende na mattis of analate and. posihy some biotic Fuurchite (oF which an nus textured variety is shown in 385 and 0) Is the same but sithout Tn the specimen illastrated here mos of th ‘nthe centre ofthe field of view are cond clinonyroxcnes A few microphenocrysts of olivine are prevent. At the hottom right othe Weld of view na lrge aren which wan agrepate of erysals of bioite imtetetown with pyroxene In the groundmass ate poiklitic eons showing ple brewn colour and thee are ano of Butie. A pale ow ‘ongated erytal of mc cun be seen towards the wee othe fel Much ofthe clear groundmass material seen in the PPL elite hut because of as very fom anomalous Interference colour i snot easily dented in the NPL ‘ew at this maunuieation. The dark brown crystals are tainly perosskite 15. PPL and 134Alkaline and miscllancous rocks 168 Carbonatite This mame covers a considerable variety of diferent vo! oek types whose main con sthonate mineral. The which is a The specimen we have chosen oilustrate is. carbona- tite composed of more than 90' ‘with minor amounts of apatite ‘opaque mineral whi 139(meteorite) Meteorites are classed a stones, stony-itons or irons ‘depending on the proportion of silicates to nickel-ton alloy. The stones are mainly composed of olivine and frthopyroxene and are subdivided into chondrites and chondrites according to the presence or absence of chondeules. Chondrules are spherical objects, with an fverage diametcr of Imm, and ate composed of olivine fr pyroxene or both. We have ilustited two chondrites land one achondrite (170), Most authorities on meteorites prefer to consider chondrites as metamorphic rocks, though the chondrules may be of igneous origin The fist photograph is « PPL an oivin hyporsthene chondrite which is the commonest type of chondrite. In the thin section only’ the one chondrule (hich we have illstrated) is present. Tt consists of radiating erysials of orthopyroxene. The ret of the Fld is made up of an aggregate of orthopyroxene and olivine and some opaque resions. The opaque regions ate mostly ‘of a metal phase with some sulphides but these cinot be Aistinguished in transmitted light Thesecond photograph isan XPL view of chrondrite inwhich the chondrules are unusually well developed und team be seen 10 have dliferent mineralogy and texture ‘One small chondrule, just above the eentre ofthe eld of view, showing a yellow bireringence colour with black Tamellae js composed of olivine wth lamellae of las, Te third photograpa i a higher magnification XPL view oF the top IM commer of the second po he honda tthe kl ofthe eld consist of blade srystals of clinobronsite. Because ofthe Uvinning and aw bovetrngence it could be mistaken in a photograph, for plagioclase, This chondrale appears to have been broken at some sage since in section is nota complete cs The other large chondrale also compose of pyroxene ti i t00 fine grained for optical ientifieation. Three separate olivine crystals are Vile a th Fed of view Fist photograph: Chondrite ftom Bruderheim, Alert, Canada magnticotion x28, PPL ‘Second ned third photographs: Chondrite frm Prairie Dog Creek, Kansas, USA: magnication 18 (seoond photo XPL, «43 (third photo). NPL170 Achondrite meteorite [Achondrites are stony meteorites (¢¢ p, 140) in hi chondrules are lacking and a nickel ron phase is either fbsent_o present in very stall amounts. These are relatively rare ma otozruph shows coarse-groined clasts or frape rents ia breclatedmatris. This specimen isclased asa ‘Cucrte and iteonsistsmainy of bytowaite and a pigsonitic pyroxene together with an auste. To the let ofthe centre Ol the fk! is a fragment consisting of an inerprowth of plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The plagioclase contains frais of minute inclusions unevenly distributed within the rtals and it these inclusions which cause the brown colours in the crystals in the PPL view, The clinopyroxene is relatively iron-rich und a fine lamellar structure ean just he detected inthe NPL photograph. The rest ofthe i is ‘ecupiad by the sane minerals bac of much ier grain size in some parts. The pyroxene erstalsare almost Black de toa very high coneestration of an opaque mineral, pro baby magnstite, Thete is no olivine i this specimen The name eucrite sso used for a terrestrial gabloroie rock consisting of a calc plagioclase (Ansys) and a Clnopyroxene. Some of the achoodites have textures similar to those of terrestrial ga Pyroxeneplagivclae achondrite from Stannern, Crecho- Slonakta fobserved fal, 1808); magnification 14, PPL find XPL uiAll references refer to page numbers. Page numbers in italics refer to additional photographs of rocks in part I where detailed descriptions of ‘hem are included in part 2 Absarokite 87 ‘Accessory mineral 78 Achondrite 14 Acicular crystal 20 Acid rock 78, 112-16 Adamellite 114 Alkali gabro 95 Alkali granite 114, 116 Alkali olivine basalt 87,89 Allotriomorphic crystal 18, Alngite 14 Alkali perite 87 Aligned textures 41-5 Amphibolite 86 ‘Amygdaloidal texture 71, 72 Andesite 15,68, 101 Anhedeal crystal 18 Ankaramite 66, 87.93 Anorthosite 69, 100 Amtiperthtic texture $0.52 Aphanitc texture 9 Aphyric texture 9 Aplite 47,114 Ashfall wit 7 Asielow tuff 7 Automorphicerysal 18 Axiolites St Banded textures 68.9 Basalt 5, 10, 17, 18,19, 21.22.30, 32,37, 38,40, 71, 72,87-93 Basanite 128 16 Basic rock 78, 87-100 Benmorete 87 Bladed crystal 20 Blairmorite 121 Bleblke intergrowths 50,52 Boninite 102 Branching erytals 24-5 Camptonite 134 Carbonatite 139 Cavity textures 7 Chadacryst 33 Chondrite 140 Coarse grained rock 12 Columnar erytal 20 ‘Comb layering 44 Comb texture 44 Comendite 113 Conseral texture 45-6 Corona texture 59 Crescumulate layering 44 Crinanite 96 Cryptocrystaline texture 9 Crystallinity — 48 Coystalite 9 Crystal shapes 18-27 Crystal zoning 61-8 continuous 61 feonvolute 65 ‘iscontinuous 61 een 63 Trourglass 66 multiple 63 normal 61 oscillatory 63 reverse 61 sector 66 Curved crystal 24 Dacite 107 Dendritic erystal 20-21 Dendritic overgrowth 58 Diorite 43.59, 103 Directed texture 41-5 Ditroie 122 Dolerite 24.35. 36,38, 34.40.43, 30,38, 57,63. 98 Dolertie texture 34 Druse, drwy cavity 71.73 Dunite 09,79 Embayed crystal 20,21 Equanterysial 19 Equidimensional crystal 19 Equigranular textures 14.279 Essential mineral 78 Essexite 67,68, 95.97 Euhedal rystal 18 Butanite texture 8 Exsolution texture 3.50 Feldspathic peridotite 80 Felsic rock 78 Febite 9 Febitictexture 9 Felt texture 41 Fergusite 131,122Fine-graned rock 12 Fitzoyite 136 Flow texture 41 Fluxion texture 41 Fourchite 25, 134 Foyaite 122 Fragmental texture 7 Gabbeo 12,13 39, 93.46, 52 Garnet peridotite 82 Giassy globules 7 Giassy texture 4, 5-8 Glomerocryst 32 Gilomerophyric texture 32 Glomeroporphyriic texture 32 6 6 insize 12 te 4,9, 10, 29,47, 49,51, 00 70,73, 118-16 Granodiorite 46, 108 Granophyre 114 Granophyric texture 46-8 Gramularity 9417 Granule 19 Graphic texture 46-8 Marrisite 23 Harzburgite 80 Hawaiite 32,87 Hiatal texture 14 Hollow spherulite 54 Holocrystaline texture 4 Holobyaline texture 4 Hormblendite 28,86 Hyaline texture 4,5 Hyalophitic texture 37 Hyalopiliic texture 41 Hypautomorphic erysal 18 Hypermelanic rock 78 Hypidiomorphic crystal 18 Hypocrystaline texture 4,5 Hypohyaline texture 4 Iiomorphic erysal 18 Iaimbrite 7 Hlite 16,126 Inequidimensional erystal 19 Incguigranular texture 14, 30-41 Intergranular texture 37 Intergrowth texture 45-54 Intermediate rock 78, 101-11 Intersertal texture 37 Interstitial texture 37 Inirafasculate texture 50 Jacupirangite 126 Katungite 135 Kelyphitc texture 59 Kentallenie 105 Kersantite 133 Kimberlite 81 Komatite 26,84 Lamellar & bleblke intergrowths 30-2 Lamelarerysal 20 Lamproite 136 Lamprophyre 133, 134 Lawvikite 110 Lathshaped feldspar 20 Layering 68 Lucite basanite 128 Lucite phonolite 118 Lewcitetephrite 129 Lewcitte 131 Leucitophyee 118 Levcoeratic 78 Lherzoite 29,80 Light-coloured rock 78 Liquid immiscibilty 7a Lithophysa 54,71 Lunar low-ti basalt 90 Lunar hight basalt 91 Madupite 138 Matic rock 78 Mafurite 135 Matignite 123, Medium grained rock 12 Melanephelinte 125 Melanocraticrock 78 Meliitite 31, 130 Meliite basalt 130 Molteigite 126 Mesocratc rock 78 Meteorite 140, 141 Meymechite 85 Miarolite texture 71,73 Microcrystalline texture 9 Microgabbro 12, Microgranite 48,78 Micrographic texture 46-8 Microlite 9 Micropegmatitic texture 46 Minette 133 Monchinsiie 7134 Monzonite 106 Mugearite 87 Mutual relations oferystals 27-73, Myrmekitic texture 49 Nepheline syenite SI, 122 Nephelinite 125 Norite 9 Noseanleucite-phonolite 119 Obsidian 112 Ocelir texture 71,73 Oikocryst 33 Olivine basi 87 Olivine euctte 131 Otivine meliitite 130 Olvine nepheinite 125 Olivine tephrite 129, Olivine tschenite 96 Olivine theraite 128 Olivine tholeite 87 Ophimotted texture 34,37 Ophitic texture 4-7 Orbicular granite 70 Orbicular texture 69,70 Oriented textures 41 Overgrowth texture 59-68 Pantellte 113 Paralle-growth texture 22,23 Paramorph 26 Pele'shair 6 Peridotite 15,23, 33, 34,80 Petlic cracks 5S Perthitic texture 50. Phanerocrystlline texture 9 Phenoeryst 4 Phlogopiteleutite 137 wIndex Phonolite Sieve texture 23,24 Trachybasalt 87 Picrte 80 Skeletal cryst Trachyte 42,72, 109 Pic basal 2 Sodalitesyenite Trachytic texture 41,42 Pilotaiic texture 41 Sovite 139 Trachytoid texture 4,43 Pitchstone —$,6, 12, 58,112 Spesarite 133 Troctolte 28, 80 Platy crystal 20 Spherultic texture $4.6 Tut 7.8 Poikilitic texture 38,4 Spite 94 Poiilopitic texture 34,36 Stone-all Upindite 13 Porphyriic texture 14-16, 31 Subutkaline basalt § Ultrabasc rock 78, 79-86 Pseudoleacite phonolite 120 Subhedralerystal 18 Uttramatic rock 78 26-7 Subophitc texture 3446 Untie 126 Pyrocastie rock Syenite 110,11 Pyroxenite 83 Syenogabheo $7.95 Variolite texture panera Vermiculartexture 53 Quartz diorite 103,108 Syoneusistexture Vesicular texture 71.72 Qua gabbro 78 Vitrsous text Quartz monzonite 114 Tabulareryual 2 Vitrophyric texture M4 Tephrite 69,128,129 Vogeste 133 Radiateinergrowth 5 Teschenite 95,96 Radiate textures $4.7 Texture (Definition) 3 Websterie 83 Rapakiviteture 59,60 Therlite 129 Welded tit 7.8 Reaction corona 39 Tholeite 87 Wehnite Reaction rim $9 Thoeitic basalt 87 Willowlake layering 44 Rhyotte 10,42, 55, 56.1 Thole picrte 87 Wyomingie 137 Thole pcrite basalt 87 Seriatetexture 14,30 Tinguaite 122 Xenomorphic crystal 18 Shonkinite 111 Tonalite 52,10 Shoshonite 87 Trachyandeste 106 Zoning see Crystal zonin