The lecture was about

criminal trials, particularly,

about the memory. She
established a point of view
that memory can be
unrealistic from the facts
that if we show them a video
of crime to a person, and tell
them to retell the situation,
they will put the things
which were not there. As a
result, all this things make
the problem entangled.

All about Pearson Test Of

English
Saturday, 30 July 2016

PTE Essays

1. Do you think consumers should avoid over packaged

products or is it the responsibility of producers?
Over packaging of products has become a trend in today's competitive world.
Producers are trying to attract consumers with attractive packaging of their
products, not bothered about its negative impact not only on our environment
but the users as well. It should be the responsibility of the producers to limit the
wastage of the resources in the form of un-necessary packaging.
There are reasonable arguments in favor of over packaging from manufacturer.
They try to make products as lucrative looking as possible. Consumers have
number of alternative options in the market but some of them concern style or
looks of packaging while deciding to buy a product. Attractive packaging could
be significant factor for selling more. The cost of over packaging is actually
added to the product sold. In fact, at times it is seen the packing cost and
durability is more than the product itself. The type of packaging found in
pharmaceutical industries can be taken as an example here. Pills and tablets are
found to be packed in much bigger and colorful strips than needed. Does this
increase the sale of medicine? No. Such packaging is of no concern to the
consumers. But, the cost of medicine would have definitely been lesser if sold in
a simple outlook.
Further, the material used is mostly non-disposable which adds to the
environmental pollution to a great extent. Snacks and other food items
packaged in eye-catchy shimmering colored packets are consumed in a large
scale by everybody. These packets are really difficult to dispose as they emit
poisonous gas. Producers should realize the importance of using materials like
paper and stick to simple packaging.

In my opinion, packaging as seen increases the cost of the product and also
makes our environment unhealthy. So, this packaging boom should be
checked on a serious note by the producers. Moreover, the producers should
be restricted with predefined rules and parameters set by the government. It
is also recommended that an awareness among the users that quality of the
product is important rather than the attractive packaging.

2. Many people think that regions affect successful person.

What is your opinion about native region and
accomplished persons influence on the region he belongs
to?

Success in any area of life never happens in a complete vacuum. Often it is

just as much dependent on an individuals will-power and intelligence as it is
on their environment and outside circumstances.
Native environment plays a detrimental role in inculcating traits such as
leadership, social skills etc. These qualities an individual acquires over a
period of time. The behavior of people in neighborhood, school friends and
college friends significantly affects behavior and skills of a person. Even the
strongest and brightest of minds will find it difficult to achieve their goals if
they are in a completely wrong environment for them. For example,
surrounding yourself with friends who are more self-disciplined can also help
you become more self disciplined. And if you hang around with people who
are lazy and dont study for class, its likely youll end up with similar grades
as them too.
On the contrary, it is not only native environment that is responsible for
development of an individual and his success. After an individual moves out
from his native place to some other place for work he tends to learn new
things that he was not aware about at his home place. Moving to other
places introduces an individual to new ideas and new ways of doing things. It
allows a person to think in a broad perspective and this open minded
thinking plays a vital role in a persons success. For example, Dhirubhai
Ambani a famous Indian businessman achieved all his success only after
leaving his home town.
Conclusively, every aspect of your external life has some influence over your
internal thoughts and behaviors. At the same time, it is not exaggerate to
say that there are a lot of other factors that take an individual towards
success.

3. Some people think law changes our behaviour. Discuss.

OR
Some people believe law changes human behaviour. Do
you agree/disagree?

Everyone knows that laws are the rules laid by the government on the
citizens of their respective country. It helps in smooth functioning of the
nation by governing the behavior of people. It is disagreed that laws can
change behavior of a person. It can only assist in creating a disciplined
environment for the society and controlling the crime to some extent but not
eliminating it.
Firstly, imposing laws has created a sense of fear among people of getting
punished. For instance, damaging the historical monuments, books,
paintings, sculptures or other form of art is considered a crime and is
punishable under vandalism law. This example shows that a person with
moral responsibility will take care of others assets but a person who is not
worried about the consequences will deface them. Thus, we can say that
humans action can be regulated by laws but cannot be changed completely.
In addition, in our day to day life, we follow rules without even realizing
them. Traffic law is an example of this. Today, most of us follow the traffic

signals out of habit. We stop at a red light, start an indicator before a turn
and wear seat belt when we are on road. Thus, we can say that laws embed
some changes in human behavior to some extent. However, we are still
facing road-accidents which clearly show that rules and regulations have
controlled the behavior of mankind without altering them completely.
In my opinion, laws are meant for restraining peoples illegal behavior that
might be harmful to the society. Although laws cannot reform human nature,
they can influence peoples deepest thoughts. Thus, I partially agree with the
issue statement.

4. Roles of governments, companies and individuals to

combat climate change.

Nowadays, climate change and global warming issues have become very
popular and widely discussed issues. Many people discuss about the
evidence of climate change and propose solution on how to solve a lot of
problems from the climate change effect. I firmly believe that steps should
be taken to reduce the damage that we are causing to the planet.
To begin with, the main reason of the environmental pollution is increasing
trend of transportation and industries. The smokes from the vehicles are the
main reason of the environmental pollution in major cities like Kathmandu.
These old vehicles emit harmful chemicals and gases like nitrogen oxide and
carbon monoxide, which are harmful to living beings and also destroys the
earth protecting ozone layer. In addition, the chemicals are being highly used
in the industries; as a result those harmful chemicals are left into the rivers
and land, which is being the major cause of water pollution.
Government and private companies could certainly make more efforts to
reduce air pollution. They could introduce laws to limit emissions from
factories or to force factories to use renewable energy from solar, wind or
water power. The government must organize awareness programs for public.
The government should take action immediately to stop deforestation by
strict law and monitoring.
Individuals should also take responsibility for the impact they have on the
environment. They can take public transport rather than driving, choose
products with less packaging, and recycle as much as possible. Most
supermarkets now provide reusable bags for shoppers as well as banks for
recycling glass. By reusing and recycling, we can help to reduce waste. We
can make a big difference by making small changes in our daily routine, for
example - using energy efficient appliances in daily cores, taking a walk or
cycling for short distances.
In conclusion, I would maintain that only a combination of agreement,
national policies, and changes in individual behavior will succeed in
preventing further damage to the environment.

5. You are given climate as the field of study. Which area will
you prefer? Explain why you picked up the particular area
for your study?

All over the world today, it can be observed that the issue of climate study
has gain importance over the past few decades. Imagining a situation where
the writer would be given a chance to take up climate as the field of study, I
would choose the area of preventive measures and adaptive measures for
climate change.
To begin with, climate change in our modern world is very complex. The
impact had impacted many people around the world, such as extreme
weather and water pollution. The area that I would be interested to study is
preventive measures; action that will delay further damages to our climate.
For example, urging industries to stop using fossil fuel and convert them into
using clean energy such as wind and sunlight. Another example is to produce
fresh water by reducing water pollution and funding research into water
desalination. By looking at these examples, it becomes evident that
preventive measures would be able to stabilize current trend in
environmental pollution.
In addition, adaptive measures in climate study are also important area as
we need to be prepared in facing current climate changes. The steps can be
formulated as requesting government to form a special task force for
coordinating team during natural disaster, forming a special insurance fund
account that would help citizen during time of crisis, and educating rural
residents to be mentally and physically prepared should the natural disaster
happen.
In the end, after analyzing these points into consideration, from a personal
perspective, I conclude that picking up preventive and adaptive measures in
climate study are important and should be promoted to the general public.

6. The environment we live in is in danger due to various

problems. What are the underlying causes? Who is
responsible to combat this? What measures?
The damage to the environment is increasing at an alarming rate. It has
become a major concern over the last couple of decades, resulting in several
debates on who should be responsible for ensuring its sustenance for our
future generations.
Over population is one of the pivotal reasons that have detrimental effects
on the environment. Increase in population demand more food resources,
living space and others basic amenities of life. For instance, for the sake of
accommodation many natural parks and forests have been wiped out to fulfill
the need of living space. An essential problem of the 21st century is world
pollution. Lately, many presentations, conferences and international summits
are held to deal with waste treatment, recycling, and soil and water
contamination. For instance, governments should offer support to companies
and organizations, involved in manufacturing, industry or agriculture in order
to find environment-friendly approaches. To support further, individuals can

make a conscious effort to change their lifestyle, by cutting down the use of
private cars and use public transport. In other words, serious attempt could
be made by individuals to travel to work regularly by buses and trains, which
are cheap and abundant. Individuals efforts could be taken into account
opting for eco friendly substitutes. For example, people can use paper and
cloth bags instead of plastic in supermarkets.
It is certainly true that the environmental problems cannot be solved without
the help of governments. To begin, governments have more power than
individuals in coping the environmental problems. They can, for instance, set
up laws that ban the emission of wastes from factory directly into the air and
water courses. As a consequence, less air pollution and water pollution
guarantee the good health of citizens. By doing this, citizens will be healthier
and they can now live in a pollution-free country.
In conclusion, it seems to me that environmental problem is the worrying
concern and individuals have a crucial role in joining hands with the
government in reducing the harm caused to the environment. Lack of
individual participation could mean that addressing environmental issue is
beyond reach. I believe that the environmental problems will be solved one
day and our country will continue to prosper and flourish in the years to
come.

7. Nowadays, the mass media including TV, radio and

newspaper have become the essential part of our lives.
They influence our society and shape our opinions and
characters. What is your opinion?
OR
Information revolution has changed the way of mass
communications and had some negative and positive
effects on individual lives as well as on society. To what
extent do you agree or disagree? OR
Communication has changed significantly in the last 10
years. Discuss pros and cons impacts.
People react according to the perspective they hold in any situation" is a
well-known and accepted fact around the world. Of course, perspective is
highly influenced by the information people receive through communication
channels like TV, radio and newspapers. I personally support that the mass
media have strong effect in forming peoples thinking for some reasons.
Now a days, media plays a vital role in forming our perspectives towards our
country's current politics, sports and other issues as it is an important part of
our everyday life. Almost all of us use some sort of media to get updated
about the world. In fact for many of us, a day starts with a
newspaper. Furthermore, the development of technology creates a new trend
of enjoying the mass media by internet. The ease of access, cheap cost, and
mobility increase the amount of people who obtain information from the

mass media. Media also shapes our minds to understand each other's
cultural values and perspectives. Media brings us views of different people
over same issues, and based on the circumstances we react, oppose and
even embrace these different views. So, the vital impact of media cannot be
disregarded. For example: in multi-cultural cities like Toronto, media plays a
prominent role in unifying people from multi nations and pumps in
nationality.
On the other side, human brain works every second absorbing information
consciously and unconsciously. In many cases, human keeps unconsciously
absorbed information for a long time rather than consciously absorbed one.
By repetition of the same information, the mass media unintentionally
shapes peoples ideas. The clearest fact today shows that with much news
about crime published almost every day through TV, radio, and newspaper,
people start to accept that crime is an ordinary matter in their life. It results
in the increasing of crime rate.
To recapitulate, mass media have become epidemic all around the world. The
influence of it is undeniable; hence, it is equally important to ensure the
freedom of media and publication of unbiased news.

8. Television has many useful functions to play in everyone's

life, for some its relaxation, for some it is companion.
Discuss your viewpoint and support your answer with
examples and discussion point.

With the popularization of high-end television being introduced to people, the

functions of it have significantly influenced the public regardless of the
extent. Some people think it is an effective as well as entertaining device to
educate, while others dispute that it has been abused and cannot play a key
role in teaching.
Nowadays, television contains twenty four hour news channels which update
current happenings around the world and helps to gain profound knowledge.
Advertisement about new and existing products and their discounts helps
people to awareness about the latest product in the markets. It provides
various entertainment programs which relaxes mind from the hectic pace of
daily activities. Discussion and debate program in the television alleviates to
acquire knowledge about various topics. Moreover updated weather forecast
helps to be alert on storms and cyclones. Additionally, programs on channels
like National geographic and Discovery are quite exhaustive and provide vital
information to viewers. For example, the program on analysis of aircraft
disasters can actually teach viewers/students the right approach to be
followed in carrying out failure investigations and performing root cause
analysis.
However, peoples reactions have been affected dramatically due to the
contents shown by television. For the teenagers, the impact can last for a
very long time, sometimes even forever. Nowadays, the coverage about
juvenile delinquencies has been noticed frequently and parts of it are caused
by the violent contents or extreme thoughts shown on TV whose original

purposes should be entertaining and educating. Also, not only have young
people been affected, some adults also became victims of television. Some
shows are extremely long and they oblige the audiences to keep watching.
As a result of it, audiences forget their works and get idler, sitting on the
coach and staring at the meaningless TV shows regardless of the length of
them. Furthermore, for increasing the profits, different companies put
exaggerated commercials on TV and encourage consumers to try their
products. Although some of them may really satisfy customers need, others
only want to promote their products to public.
In the end, I would like to put my pen down stating that people being
dismissive of the role of television in education is not entirely correct. To a
large extent its importance as a learning aid will lie with the user and the
way it is utilized. Television can certainly be an efficient tool to aid learning
and enhance the overall quality of education if the right approach is adopted.

9. It is as important for school children to study music, art

and sport as it is for them to become literate and
numerate.' How far do you agree with this statement?
Support your point of view with reasons and or examples
from your own experience.
OR
Subjects such as Art, Sport and Music are being dropped
from the school curriculum for subjects such as
Information Technology. To what extent would you support
or reject the idea of moving these subjects from school
curriculum?
Subjects like art, sport and music nurture the talents and creativity of
students in school. Removing such subjects from the curriculum would
definitely have a negative impact on the physical and psychological
development of children of that age group. Hence, I would completely object
to the idea of removing these subjects, even if it is to fit in important
subjects like Information Technology.
I support that stand that the purpose of education is not only to develop the
academic ability of students but also to nurture their creative talents and
sporting abilities, leading to the comprehensive growth of the personality of
an individual. If the above disciplines are removed from school syllabus in
order to accommodate new subjects, the real purpose of education would be
defeated and it would be limited to academic pursuits alone. For example, if
schools do not give opportunity to children who are gifted in music, dance
and sports to develop their skills, it would certainly stunt the inborn talents.
Apart from school hours, they hardly get a chance to engage in such
activities. Hence, school authorities should ensure that sufficient time is
given to sport, arts and related activities, in spite of the pressure from new
subjects.

Secondly, if school hours are completed packed with academic subjects

children would hardly get time to refresh their mind. This would mean
that creative and recreational activities like music and sports would give
them time to unload their pressures of academic studies and
examinations. Furthermore, the opportunity to engage in activities of their
interest would make education an enjoyable experience for children. The
study of academic subjects hardly gives any room for
developing socialization skills, team work and leadership qualities.
Therefore, my point is that we should retain these traditional subjects in line
with modern subject in the school curriculum to fulfill the children's
potentiality to the fullest.

10. Companys top level authorities should get their

employees in decision making process. Discuss.

It is a true fact to consider that today's world has become a global village. Due
to that reason, business has to face huge competition to catch-up the highly
competitive market. Considering this, there are some analysts who hold an
opinion that in the company top management should consider employees
suggestions or ideas before making the decisions or innovation while others
consider that they should take decision on their own.
Higher authorities should consider employees suggestions or ideas before taking
important decisions for the company. First and foremost, job experience could be
a significant factor. It is generally seen that majority of the people working in the
particular area have become experienced professionals with many practical
knowledge that the management could use in their favor for decision making.
The fact could be demonstrate by in the food processing industry: food process
has been divide in various sectors such as, harvesting, separating, filling,
packaging and labeling etc. and to take decision appropriate employees should
be engaged in decision making. The engagement of employees in decision
making creates a very positive impression and inspires them to work better. The
employees start feeling as part of the company and their output significantly
increases.
There are some groups who are in favor of the idea that management should not
consider employees suggestions or ideas when they make decisions. There are
companies in which they believe that higher management are responsible to
come up with best decision and innovation for better future, because they
believe employees add ideas or suggestions for their personal interests.
In closing, undoubtedly, company managements have higher responsibility to
take plausibility of implementation for the healthier future; however, as far as I
am concerned, lower level worked force has immense experienced of their
profession. Therefore, without any reasonable concern employees cannot be
neglected and their decision and feedback should always be included while
taking any decision for the company.

11. In under developed countries, tourism has

disadvantages and can be said the opposite as well.

Due to the advancement in technology, the world has become a smaller

place. People can easily travel anywhere across the world as good
transportation facilities are available. This is one of the important reasons
why tourism has developed as an industry. It is a valuable source of foreign
exchange for the governments of countries like Switzerland, Mauritius. It also
helps to flourish many other industries like food, hotel, handicraft, etc.
Tourism provides us an opportunity to visit the places of historical value or
places with scenic beauty, which was only a dream in the past. We get a
chance to see people, culture and traditions of other parts of the country as
well as world. Government has benefited a lot through this industry, so it
tries to boost it by organizing fairs, exhibitions, cultural events and so on.
On the flip side, this industry gives rise to a lot of problems too. Tourist spots
become overcrowded. They are also getting commercialized. This destroys
the beauty of that very place. Visitors and tourist litter the place with
wrappers, fruit skins, cold drinks cans, etc., which spoils the environment.
There are problems with traffic, which ultimately leads to pollution. It causes
harm to the greenery of the place. Sometimes even the antisocial activities
like smuggling and drug trafficking are promoted. The culture is also affected
to a certain extent. For example, when foreigners come to visit a certain
place, the local people are influenced by them, especially the youngsters.
Sometimes they develop an inferior view for their own culture and try to
copy them.
I completely agree with the given statement. Government must try to
maintain the tourist spots properly and preserve the natural beauty. Strict
rules and regulations should be implemented against any kind of illegal
activity.

12. "Value added by travel is Education. Is travel a

necessary component of education or not? Will scholar
sitting at home have more knowledge than one who
travels? "

The development of society is going towards a globalised world where

education is an essential foundation for personal, social and economic
success. Travelling as the real sense indicates to learn more and more. It has
thus, an educative view.
The world is very wide place in which different cultures, manners and
customs. A man living comfortably at home can have no idea of these. But,
natural heart-hunger moves out of a sphere he lives in. This will contribute in
creating individuals with a broader understanding of issues concerning
todays society rather than limiting them in a scope of home education
system. For example, universities have a large community of students both
from the local area and all around the globe. The diverse academic
community enhances the quality of learning by providing wider spectrum of
opinions and expertise. Nevertheless, our narrowness and angularities may
wear away and we may be liberal in everything, but by travelling, we are
inclined to know and appreciate others. This gives us an opportunity to

relieve of prejudices that we usually have about others whom we do not

intimately know. Importantly, book knowledge is often theoretical in nature.
Knowledge acquired through travel is practical. It supplements book
knowledge and can make man a complete whole.
The communication difficulties of the ancient times do no longer exist. So
travelling now-a-days has become easier and less expensive. The present
day world has become smaller for communication facilities and people all
over the world are eager to know each other and become closer. One who
lags behind will assuredly be denied a share in the universal brotherhood.
Thus, undertaking travels during and after education is imperative for all of
us. Our yearning spirit should ever desire to follow knowledge like a sinking
star beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

13. Travel to study is overrated. We have brilliant scholars

who studied locally. Is travel really required for higher
studies?

The development of society is going towards a globalised world where

education is an essential foundation for personal, social and economic
success. International studies are becoming a new trend for young people as
a way to expand their education beyond their traditional education style. It is
agreed that adding a foreign qualification has become an integral part of
higher studies. This argument is proven by looking at how it widens peoples
perspective and helps them with better career opportunities.
Studying abroad helps people increase their awareness about different
cultures of the world. This will contribute in creating individuals with a
broader understanding of issues concerning todays society rather than
limiting them in a scope of home education system. For example, universities
have a large community of students both from the local area and all around
the globe. The diverse academic community enhances the quality of learning
by providing wider spectrum of opinions and expertise. This example clearly
shows that international education enhances outlook and sharpens selfawareness. Therefore, we can say that traveling is an important element of
education.
Moreover, acquiring a globally recognized qualification or degree opens the
doors for international job market. The students gain more knowledge and
expertise when abroad and apply them to situations requiring international
interactions. Also, employers look for the graduates with international
experience either by studying or working abroad. Thus, we can say that
international studies add value to a students education.
In summary, it can be said that travelling to foreign countries for higher
studies is a key to succeed in this globalised planet.

14. The space travel is fantastic these day and astronauts

are very fascinate towards it. But there are many
environmental problems in our planet. We should resolve
the problems or travel space and spend a lot of money?

Nations after nations, every day, every year, celebrates its achievements in
space exploration. There is an argument that exploring space is a waste of
money and that there are more urgent needs to be addressed on earth, such
as reducing poverty and preventing environmental destruction.
First, until all urgent and important matters of the globe have been solved,
money bumped on space exploration is meaningless. It is not a common
sense at all to invest millions of dollars researching and producing foods for
astronauts, while every day thousands of people are starving. Furthermore,
the discovery of outer space only serves a minor group of people if the
majorities are even not well-educated.
Turning the coin, some may argue that the purpose of space
exploration are to discover new lands, new energy resources or to deter
potential threat to globe. Nevertheless, is it effective to do so while other
alternatives are available? Lands on earth are no yet effectively used. New
energy resources have not yet been widely-used. Threats of plagues have
not yet been deterred. many of the technologies we take for granted today
were originated thanks to space research. Take satellite technology, for
example, which we depend on for broadcasting and weather forecasting.
Without satellites, we would not be able to follow global events as they
happen, nor give populations any warning of approaching storms. Gradually,
we are learning how humans can survive for long periods in space and even
travel to other planets in the future. If space exploration is halted, this
valuable knowledge will never be acquired.
In a nutshell, people should only invest in space exploration provided that
urgent and important matters mentioned earlier in this essay have been
solved. Also, purposes of space exploration campaigns should be studied
carefully and other alternatives should be considered before the money is
wasted.

15. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. Your

opinion? Good or bad?

In the current modern era, commercialization has grown rapidly. The

shopping facilities have attracted people more and metro cities are flooded
with numerous shopping complexes. Hence, it has affected the small markets
to a great extent.
Looking at the positive side of shopping malls, there are countable things
which are mentioned below. Firstly, big shopping malls are pulling the
customers through attractive displays. People generally have tendency to go
on looks first. They portray the products in a very stylish and beautiful
manner. Secondly, the infrastructure of these malls is very spacious and
provides other recreational activities like multiplexes, food-courts and fun
games for children. Thirdly, the quality of products is assured and chances of
cheating become less. They provide credit card purchases which lets people
to not carry cash in hand.
Big shopping malls also provide flexible schemes on specific days. To
substantiate it with an example, the Big-Bazaar mall of my city offers 50%

discount on glossary and garment on Wednesday. It draws peoples demand

to do shopping more and more.
However, with the wake of increased demand of shopping malls, the
existence of small markets is still not negligible. The shopkeepers and
vendors in small markets are very flexible on price. They give special
attention to customers who visits them frequently. Needless to mention,
economic conditions of people affects their purchase behavior and that is
why group of people choose to shop from small markets. There are scopes
for bargaining die to the intention of selling stocks rapidly.
To summarize, it is a balanced opinion to the statement. Big shopping mall
serves everything under the same roof with pretty good choices. Still I think
small markets have a place in peoples heart as it is a traditional way of
shopping.

16. Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the

extent that they hardly have time for their personal life.
Discuss.

In the contemporary society, more and more people are drowning in office's
hustle and bustle, pursuing their shimmering and sometimes illusion goals,
unable to withdraw themselves from the predicament that less and less time
is spent together with their families and friends.
Long working hours are the norm these days and that is hardly surprising. In
this competitive job scenario people are forced to work harder and harder.
When people spend more hours working, they get less time for themselves.
This is not necessarily a positive development because it can lead to health
problems as well as the disruption of families and personal relationships.
Some people work overtime voluntarily while some are compelled by
external forces such as senior staffs and mandatory sales target.
Nonetheless, behind the both cases, there is one common account which is
people's hot pursuit of material possession, which is to a large extent
proportional to prestige and social status. Human's society is saturated with
competition, as the total resource is limited and the allocation of these
resources to individuals largely depends on how hard you try, and how many
opportunities you are able to seize. Consequentially, more people choose to
give up their leisure time, striving in the illuminated office with a cup of
coffee.
However, by sacrificing their personal time, they have scrambled to the
pinnacle of their career, sitting on the hill of gold and trophies, only to find no
one is willing to share the moment with them - they are all alone. Their
family is teetering on the brink of being broken and their friends are no
longer sincere and hearty; instead of being fruitful as anticipated, their life
ends up being mired. This situation also jeopardizes the whole society by
enlarging the gap between individuals and compelling the society into a
vicious.
Life is not all about achieving and accomplishing. I assert that, it's probably
the time for some people to take a pause. A proper work-life balance is

absolutely essential to lead a contented life. It is hoped that companies

arrange their working hours in such a way that employees also get some
time for themselves.

17. It is usually foolish to get married before completing

your studies and getting established in a good job? Do you
agree or disagree".
No one can deny that the age of getting married is different from one
country to another and from one culture to another. Some prefer early
marriages while others prefer late marriages. In both cases, there is need to
understand the workings of the marriage institution before plunging into it.
Looking at one side, early marriage is advantageous because it offers
permanent family support to the couple from an early age. This helps the
couple to enjoy mutual development in life. When one enjoins to another
person in marriage, he/she is determined to support it towards achieving
their goals. Progress becomes crucial for both of the partners since they have
shared needs and experiences. Moreover, those who get into marriage at an
early age are able to get children at a young age and therefore take care of
them during their employment time as they grow. This enables them to
support their children in their major stages in life, for example, in education,
marriage, and even settlement.
On the other hand, getting married at a young age has many disadvantages
too an early age is considered that they are from 14 years old to 20 years
old. The main disadvantage is they miss out on the fun of teenage life. It will
deprive them of their youth. So, they can't live their life as a normal child as
others who are at the same age. One other disadvantage is that bringing up
children may be difficult for their young parents, because their knowledge of
child care and attention to children may not be enough. So, they will not be
able to provide the appropriate care for their child. Moreover, a disadvantage
is that early marriage can affect the mother's health. Young mothers are
exposed to severe health problems. Early pregnancy and childbirth can have
a negative impact on mother's health at young age. Additionally, getting
married early distracts people from studying. Once they spend time on their
daily lives, they don't have time to cover their studies. Without studying,
rarely do they make progress in their career. Thus, it makes people difficult in
bringing up their children well. Finally, people who marry early are more
likely to get divorced.
In conclusion, there are both positive and negative impacts on young
couples. In my opinion, I believe that the most suitable married gap age is
between 22 to 25 years old because at that stage people can obtain more
advantages than the drawbacks from their marriage.

18. In education system, assessment through formal

written examination still valid?

Our education system is constantly changing, there is no denying that.

However, as our education system changes, some people argued that formal

written examination is no longer valid. This claim will be analyzed by looking

at technology usage and skill assessment aspect.
To begin with, the tools used during written examination are limited to paper
and pen. In the current modern age, people no longer have a good
handwriting skill. This would lead people in producing a poor handwritten
paper, hence teachers should consider in using computer-based test. The
computer is able to give a faster turnaround time for score result and being
more objective for essay scoring. While for human examiner, they need to
spend a longer time in reading the written answer and worry of being
subjective in essay scoring.
On top of everything, teachers are unable to appreciate students full
potential ability by using written examination. For example, students
creativity and communication skills could not be included into a written test.
Based on this, we know that using written examination is no longer valid
especially in this 21st century; we need learning skills such as critical
thinking, creative thinking, communicating and collaborating in order to
success in school and beyond.
To recapitulate, assessment through formal written examination is deemed
invalid and outdated in the current modern age. As mentioned in above
points, taking and scoring a handwritten paper is time-consuming for both
students and teachers, also it does not provide a holistic view of students
full potential. It is hoped that teachers would adopt the technology and using
different methods in preparing students to success in this 21st century.

19. The only thing that interferes with my leaning is my

education- Einstein. What does he mean by that? And do
you think he is correct?

Education is the acquiring of knowledge, skills, habits, values and beliefs

from our teachers and seniors. In our traditional or conventional education
system the content of the education is limited to already established
customs and practices. We only learn the knowledge, which has been
discovered or invented earlier. The format of the education limits the
learning of the students.
Firstly, when Einstein gave this statement he experienced that students learn
through a formally designed education pattern restricting their thought
process. In fact, formal education limits the doors of imagination and
creativity. There is little chance for exploring things, because the best way to
learn something is to experience it. Thus, students are not encouraged to
think out of the box and search for solution themselves.
However on the contrary, if we started allowing kids to say, they do not need
school they would probably learn nothing, as most of the average student
does not have the motivation or interest to master something on their own.
Einstein was exceptional. As we cannot expect that all students would be as

capable as Einstein, so it is really necessary to impart the basic education,

knowledge & skills to children, like reading and writing in order to survive in
this world.
Lastly, the education systems have undergone a lot of changes, recently, in
order to enhance the cognitive abilities of the students. For example in Stanford
University, usually a mentor is assigned to few students, who would not interfere
in the learning process of the students. This helps the students to develop
creative skills and think out of the box. The mentors are only there to be their
guide and help them if they are approached and they share their experiences
with the students. This way the students would be completing their studies in
their own way and style.
In the end, we can conclude that the present education system has evolved
from its traditional approach to be more students friendly which encourages
them to bring out the best of the talents and abilities to the world.

20. The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who
cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn,
unlearn, and relearn. Agree or Disagree?
It was stated by "Alvin Toffler". How effective is the education we receive? As
one of the world's wealthy countries, we could reasonably expect that our
education system would rate as one of the world's best. Around the world,
education systems are struggling to remain relevant in a changing world.
Schools and Colleges play a vital role in teaching us. These institutions often tend
to force their students to learn more and more, without mastering the
fundamentals. Students who love their subjects and enjoy their books are
becoming hard to find day by day. Industries view degree holders as abstracted
and tuned resources for their need. So, learning has not been given the due
respect by all the players: students, educational institutions and industries.
Unlearning and relearning are tightly coupled and usually happens together.
Unlearning and relearning do not mean that one should forget the things he had
learnt and learn it again at some point of time in his life. This is a very common
misinterpretation I find among the people. But in reality, unlearning happens
when you are open to new prospective to the things you already know.
Relearning happens when you accept a new perspective and appreciate your
knowledge from that perspective. When we learn something for the first time, we
will be focusing to get a bigger and abstracted view of it. We ignore small and
important features. After learning something, a small discussion with friends or
teaching someone or trying to summarize your learning will make you realize the
minute details that you have missed when you learnt it. Unlearning and
relearning applies not only for education; but also to any form of knowledge or
skill that we acquire. Our knowledge and skill need to be improved day by day.
In conclusion, Education is about molding the future of our nation and of each
individual. Be open to thoughts. Keep learning, unlearning and relearning.

21. In a war of ideas, it is people who get killed. Does a

common man suffer from a groups ideology? Express your

opinion, and support the same with reasons and

examples.
In todays world of freedom, an idea represents thinking of an individual.
Undoubtedly, since ages human beings have been fighting due to the
conflicts of the ideas they have. Nevertheless, it is also true that these
clashes of opinions beget to such perilous decisions of particular groups
which are the threats for mankind. As far as, it is concerned to me, I opine
that with this statement due the various reasons. There is a profound impact
of the ideology amidst the general army of individuals.
To commence with, world is full of diverse cultural folks and every person has
its own thought. Masses vary in religion, caste, surroundings and so on. It
leads to different perceptions towards various things. The thinking which is
embedded in every persons mind that he is right as well as not to listen
other's ideas leads to conflict. In such kind of conflict, common man becomes
the sufferer. This can be best explained by an example of terrorism which is a
cause of different thinking's.
Another reason can be due to politician. It is certainly true that the main
work of politicians is to serve the nation. However, to show an edge over the
other politicians, sometimes they take undue advantage of their power. They
follow all the means to fulfill their desires. Consequently, it leads to riots. It
includes killing of various innocent people who become the prey of violence.
To epitome, a group of countries namely US, UK and China united and
attacked Japan with explosive atomic bombs destroying the cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing more than one lacks civilians. This is a clear
example of the decision laid by a few countries against Japan to surrender to
its Allies. Though, these countries achieved victory in their mission but
Japanese people are still suffering from the radioactive radiation effect which
resulted in blindness and mental disorders.
To it is common man who is suffering from the social, economical and
political interests of a few people. It is hoped that in future, the major
decisions concerning every citizen or the civilians of another country, would
be taken considering its consequences. A subtle manifestation is required to
prosper the society as well whole country.

22. Is it true that conformity almost always leads to a

deadening of individual creativity and energy? Is nonconformity almost always to be welcomed?

Conformity is an essential element that helps to maintain standards of work

ethics. It has a different role in every aspect of professionalism and its strong
implementation depends upon the nature of job. It will be false to say that, it
always leads to deadening of individual creativity and energy.
Let us throw some light on the various aspects where conformity is strongly
implemented and where non-conformity to be welcomed. Creativity must not

have any boundaries. If one works only in accordance with the specified rules
and satisfies only common beliefs, then output is bound to be mediocre and
non-creative. Creativity comes from imagination and thinking out of the box.
But if an individual is forced to work in conformity with something or
someone, then there is no space left for the personal creativity and energy.
The energy that the potential individual holds goes in vain. Mostly the
organizations such as educational institutes like schools and colleges and
work places like companies guides individuals to work only in the
conventional way.
On other side, non-conformity can be welcomed where there is some form of
invention and experiments involved. For new inventions, one needs a free
space physically and mentally. If he is under the influence of strict rules,
chances to produce something unique will be very less. For example,
scientists, artists, architects and many more. There is no denying the fact
that non conformity may leads to detrimental effects, but in close
supervision these can be easily wiped out.
In a nutshell, if we keep a healthy and free environment for an individual
where he can put his entire talent and energy to complete the assigned task
in a required manner, the results will be incremental and fruitful. We must
pave a way to the notion of non-conformity.

23. Is it true that greatness of an individual can be decided

only by those who live after him or her and not by their
contemporaries? Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.

We live our life and try to utilize our given span to do something good for our
kith and kin, so that they will remember us as with good memories. But in
my opinion it not necessary that everyone who live after us decide our
greatness, even contemporaries can decide it.
Family members will decide if we have made them financially independent
with insurance policies, real estate, bank balance etc. Many decide with the
marvelous human qualities or superb career, victories, successes. These are
the personal life angles. Professionally also people remember us if we have
done miraculous jobs. Our work, money, adventurous compels people to
decide us as a great personality. The ideal people have done the hard work
throughout their lives and had given the fruitful results to the future
generations. The example for this is Mahatma Gandhi in India. During the
year 1947, he has done the excellent work in collectively organizing the
meetings, spreading the awareness of freedom in the society. This has
benefited the Indian society to achieve the freedom.
There are also cases, where the greatness of those people has been revealed
by their contemporaries. For example, Nelson Mandela in Africa has started
the revolution in which, many of the notorious persons have joined and
supported the cause. However, people have hard hearts to appreciate
anyone's arduous and great works in any fields. People are capricious as
well. Unless and until we burn our midnight oils and prove ourselves, no one

will decide our high position, especially in the contemporary era when things
are detrimental. Very few persons are lucky enough to get pearls and
diamonds of appreciations from contemporaries. Hammering the last nail,
both the side greatness will be decided, after our death and contemporaries.
But when we alive and we are decided great will be something called as
cherry on cake.
In the end, I opine that not only by materialistic achievements but our
compassionate activities for all people for the world, great karma and inner
spiritual qualities makes us great.

24. Talk about pros/cons of this era as it is full of daily

inventions.
OR
What are the greatest inventions of the 20th century
among medicine, aeroplane and computers, why?
OR
Any recent invention that you think proved beneficial or
detrimental to society. OR
In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions
such as antibiotics, airplanes and computers. What do
you think is the most important of them? Why?

20th century has been the century of inventions and innovations. Fields like
transport, telecom, medical, education etc. all have seen the phenomenal
developments but one of the significant revolutions in the technology is internet.
The internet has changed the landscape of human life to an unimaginable level.
The computer has made this planet just like a global village and created millions
on employment opportunities.
Firstly, the computer has transformed this planet into one family. Everyone who
wants information regarding anything can access through the internet in just a
matter of seconds regardless of his place and location. You can view of
information, lifestyle, population and other geographical information of any
country in the world. For instance, if I want to compare the top universities of
the world it would hardly take a minute which would otherwise be not possible
without this blessing. It is evident that internet has shrunken this world like one
home in which everyone is a family member.
Secondly, the internet has created job opportunities for millions of people. Work
options have been created in the form of web designing, web hosting, online
product sales, software development and hundreds more which cannot be listed
here. For example, the biggest company in the world which has the most
expensive share in New York Stock exchange is none other than Google. This
supports the logic that internet has been one of significant cause of job creation.
However, there are some drawbacks also of this technology. Cybercrimes and
fake business have entered in this world of internet. To illustrate that, many
hackers have hacked the important and national security websites of not only
third world countries but also leading nations like United States. These
cybercrimes are playing the havoc with the intelligence agencies of the world.

Thus, it can be seen that these crimes are depicting the negative pictures of this
technology.
To summarize, internet has truly changed the face of the world making it a very
small one and giving the opportunities of millions of people to earn their
livelihood. The internet has truly been the greatest development of 20th century.
It is recommended that states should make tight laws to curb the illegal activity
going on internet.
Daily Inventions/Future Inventions
In 21th century this process is very quicker than last decades and centuries and
everything has changed from agriculture to medicine by technologies. From my
every day experience and observation I think many wonderful inventions will be
registered in future.
In the healthcare, diseases cure section and producing new medicines certainly
technology has changed many things. Many medicine & drugs for treatment will
be generated and these current items are going to be better and more efficient
than now, such as cancer cure, measles, diarrhea, heart attack, eyes and lung
diseases and etc.
In transportation, cars will be driven in the air, their fuel will be generated from
air and faster trains, buses and subways will be introduced so trips and voyages
are more convenient and faster, ways is shorter and distance is
fewer. Agriculture will very surely change, in smaller land farmer will be
producing more food items and crops. Technology will come to aid human and
will bring more efficiency to husbandry.
For the last word, undoubtedly the 21st century will bring many modifications
with itself and due to this rapid change nobody surely knows what will happen in
future. May human beings will be in conflict with the robots and machines as
many scientists warn us.

25. "Marketing strategy for big companies should be placed

on offer and discounts, and in what ways this can impact
on their reputation.
OR
The pros and cons of offering discounts in a business.
Various marketing strategies have to be utilized in order to increase the
profits of a business. These marketing strategies depend largely on the
customer base and the goods and services sold. Many businesses consider
offering discounts a good way to increase sales. However, this can be a twoedged sword.
A business usually decides to offer discounts to customers for a particular
reason. The old stock is sold at discounts due to the arrival of new stocks or
if a business is going out of business. Whatever the reason, the business
offers customers a reduction in price. Discounts can be categorized as cash
and trade discounts. Cash discounts are the concessions provided by the
seller to the buyer. This encourages the buyer to purchase quickly and allows

the seller to get the payment soon. Trade discounts are a reduction the
supplier gives to the business owner. This will happen only if the quantity of
the product is over a specific figure. Advertising discounts on various
products or all products will definitely draw in the customers. A business will
see more customers during this period than any other. The increase in traffic
will automatically increase sales, which is the bottom line for sales.
There are a few downsides. For example, although there will be sales, the
profit margin in the store will decline as the goods are sold at reduced prices.
Sometimes, these prices may even be below market value. Individual
discounts to customers may encourage them to ask for discounts all the
time. In addition, a shop that offers discounts always provides the reputation
that the business is not doing so well. Many customers may be put off by this
reputation and stop visiting the store.
Considering the above arguments, it is not an easy task deciding if offering
discounts in a business is good choice or a bad one. However, a business
needs to consider these factors closely in order to run it successfully and
profitably.

26. Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for

children. Is it more positive for their future aspect or have
some adverse effects. Agree or disagree?
It has become a popular trend that children are forced to learn a foreign
language at younger ages. Some experts advocate that learning a second
language at younger brings more benefits than at later times, which constitutes
a source of constant debate among parents.
In terms of merits of learning a foreign language at early age, it is worth
mentioning that it is easier for a child to get the hang of a second language in
his or her earlier years. Pupils do not have heavy school tasks to deal with and
they can spare more time on language learning, which boost their efficiency of
grasping a foreign language, while after a certain time, students are burdened
with numerous disciplines, such as physics and biology, so they tend to distract
their attentions form language study. Also, it is common language that children
at primary school are not deeply affected by their mother language and culture,
since they just have a little knowledge of this world and their surroundings. In
addition, children are known for acquiring excellent language ability at this
stage in their lives. Thus, it is the best time to shape their outlooks and develop
their language ability.

On the negative side, some juveniles may get confused by learning both native
language and foreign language. They may not sure whether some words are
used properly in native language or second language and they may mix both
two languages in their formal speaking and writing, which may result in criticism
from other people. Consequently, they often cannot learn both languages well.
Furthermore, learning a foreign language at such a small age may, to some
extent, reduce their culture identity which is often related to language study.
According to the above analyses, the advantages of learning a second language
at younger age outweigh its negative sides. Children are gifted with outstanding

language ability in their early years, so they should make optimal use of their
talents at the primary schools. Although, sometimes they may be confronted
with confusions or difficulties in the process of learning, if guided well from
teachers and parents, they can avoid adverse effects on themselves.

27. Pros and Cons of extreme/adventurous sports.

OR
Dangerous activities like extreme skiing, bungee jumping
etc. should be banned. Whether u support them or not.
We live in a world where health and safety is far more superior. The
popularity of extreme sports has continued to grow over the last decade. It is
agreed that no amount of words are adequate to convey the thrill of skiing,
deep sea diving, bungee jumping, water rafting or any other adventure sport.
While I understand that argument, my view is that people should be free to
do whatever sports they want.
The risk-taking sports help in development of self confidence and
independence. For instance, by successfully facing up the challenge of
adventurous sports like rock-climbing, young people overcome their fears
and apprehensions along the way and develop a feeling of unusual
accomplishment. This makes it clear that climbing mountain, instead of an
indoor game, helps in developing the balance, using more muscle groups,
and taking on a journey in an uncontrolled environment that stimulates brain
with countless variables. Recognizing the thrill of beating storm and making
it back home safely result in enhancement of overall personality of an
adventurous person. Moreover, many people are reluctant to try new things
like mountain biking, scuba diving, white river rafting, para-gliding etc.,
thinking that they do not possess the skills or have an ability to enjoy it. The
opposite argument is that people should be free to do whatever risk they
want. So, if someone wants to jump out of a plane, then they should be
allowed to and the government cannot say what they should do.
Turning the coin, extreme sports can be very dangerous and can sometimes
kill people. More than that, it is not just the sports people who are in danger,
but spectators too can be badly injured. If, for example, a Formula 1 car
crashes, the driver may be hurt and it is possible that people in the crowd
will be too. Because of this danger, it is understandable why people want the
government to ban these sports.
Pondering on both the views, I think that the government should regulate
dangerous sports, but it should not ban them. Looking at the above
arguments, we can say that adventure sports have many impressive benefits
but it is recommended that these sports should be tried under proper
guidance and supervision of a guard.

28. Imitating celebrities in sports and movies good or bad?

Mass media enabled inviting fame to those who have commanding presence
and dominant influence, best of whom are celebrities. The whole nation
becomes anxious and curious just to get their glimpse or an autograph. Few
people believe that people are popular due to their glamour and rich life-

style. They claim that youngsters should not follow their footprint because
they may lead them astray and I dont agree fully with this proclamation.
Famous people such as movie or sport stars can be a role model for the
young people of a society. Idealize and treating them as their idol can help
them to achieve their required goal in life. Following their footprints can
result in exploring their own talent which can further showcase marvels and
brilliance. Their creativity, innovation and display of their skills and abilities
inspire adolescents to bring change in their life for good. For instance,
legendary Amir Khan, famous Bollywood celebrity is known for his
inspirational and creative movies than due to his wealth or attractive
personality. Adolescents copying his qualities and attributes have promoted
strong moral and ethical values in a society.
On negative part, admiring film and sports personalities is nothing unusual but
unfortunately it isnt always good. A large number of our celebrities dont set
good examples. Many of them are known for their extravagant and wasteful
lifestyles. They dont mind spending millions of dollars on shopping. They wear
expensive designer garments and drive super luxury cars. They earn millions of
dollars every year so it doesnt really matter to them. Unfortunately, they inspire
middle class people, who can hardly afford this, to adopt the same life style.
Wafer thin models promote unhealthy eating habits. Anorexia has become a
major health issue these days. Models and film stars who look nearly perfect
because of Photoshop effects have given rise to a generation obsessed with
looking perfect. Even extramarital relationships are now considered perfectly
acceptable because several celebrities have multiple partners.
In conclusion, I think that in my country, there are more discerning younger
people than unwise ones. So they are not easily affected by just the celebrities'
beautiful aura and wealth. They know which one to be emulated and that is the
figure's good qualities.

29. Do you think English will remain to be a global language

despite globalization?
The founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg had amazed people around the
world when he spoke fluently in Mandarin during a press conference. The
question of whether English still remain as the global language rather
Mandarin has become a much-debated issue. There are, therefore, people on
both sides of the view that have an argument either for or against.
To begin with, a variety of reason can be offered to explain why English will
remain as the global language. For example, from how we code to how we
type, much of the worlds biggest advancement were developed with the
English-speaking market in mind. Standard QWERTY keyboard are designed
for the Roman alphabet and cannot accommodate more than two thousand
Chinese characters considered necessary to achieve even basic literacy in
Mandarin. By looking at these examples, we can see clearly that English will
still prevail as the global language.

In addition, it is worth pointing out that it is widely held that Englishs

importance in the early development of modern technology has cemented its
global importance today. Fifty-six percent of all online content in the world is
in English. Accessing this content and drawing revenue from it requires
English skills, which business and consumers alike are eager to acquire. The
necessity of speaking English in a workplace has therefore also increased the
number of individuals looking to showcase their English skills for potential
employers. These points have debunked the possibility of another language
to replace English as the main worldwide language.
Taking these points into consideration, from a personal perspective, without
a shadow of a doubt, I am inclined to believe that English will remain as the
global communication language.

30. Some people think placing advertisements in schools is

a great resource for public schools that need additional
funding, but others think it exploits children by treating
them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors.
Choose which position you most agree with and discuss
why you chose that position. Support your point of view
with details from your own experiences, observations or
reading.
It is believed that advertisement is a prime source of a business which
contributes to generate a large amount of fund for any organization or
corporation like schools. However, some argue that schools are not an
appropriate place to place advertisement in the name of extra fund collection. I
will be in favor of the last notion.
To begin with, placing advertisements in schools will distract juveniles who do
not have controlling power on themselves as psychological aspect of children
needs to be considered before placing an advertisement in school. School
children might less concentrate on their studies and more focus on colorful
advertisements because of which their future will be uncertain as they will not
be able to pass their course easily. For example, a child who is in the habit of
involving in various advertising campaigns since childhood, lacks behind on his
or her studies .In the same way, young pupils will be obsessed with money and
if there is a shortage of money in any stage of their life while growing, they
might indulge in an illegal act to achieve money.
On the other side of the fence, there are positive aspects as well, as children
may get a good opportunity for future and they can shape their life by following
only positive outcomes of advertisement.
To conclude, the latter notion outweighs the first one as students should focus
on their studies at this age rather than highlighting in other aspect like
advertisement. Therefore, Advertisements should be banned from the schools
.we should ensure a good and quiet place for kids to study.

31. "Tobacco, mainly in the form of cigarettes is one of the

most widely used drugs in the world. Over a billion adults
legally smoke tobacco every day. The long term health
costs are high- for the smokers themselves and for the
wider community in terms of health care costs and lost
productivity.
OR
Do Governments have a legitimate role to protect citizens
from the harmful effects of their own decisions to smoke,
or are such decisions up to an individual?
Tobacco is one of the most widely-used drugs of the world. Over a billion adults
legally smoke tobacco every day. Tobacco is slowing taking a billion people in
the world towards doom. The long term health costs are high for smokers, who
suffer from various heart and lung diseases, reduced concentration and
continually diminishing immunity.
Non-smokers, accompanying smokers or those who are in their close vicinity,
also become Passive smokers and bear the toll of various inevitable diseases
as they inhale the smoke which has an ill-effect on their respiratory systems.
Thus, the health costs are high-for smokers themselves, and for wider
community in terms of health care costs and lost productivity. There has been
awareness among people from many years, about the ill-effects of smoking and
various campaigns run by the government, NGOs and local bodies to encourage
people to quit smoking but the result have not been impressive. The solution is
to nip the problem in the bud. School authorities and parents should keep a
close eye so that children dont start to smoke because they think it is cool.
They should be made aware about the harmful effects of smoking.
Government could play a vital role too. Smoking should not be high-hand in
advertisements and movie commercials which have a huge impact on people. It
could levy high taxes on tobacco products to keep people away from its reach.
Rules for checking children buying such products should be made stringent.
The onus to protect from such products also lies on individuals as will-power
always does the trick. The knowledge of importance of being healthy has to be
realized from within. It goes a long way to check the problem. Thus, the solution
requires both legitimate action of Government and strong individual decisions to
eliminate the problem.

32. Parents should be held legally responsible for their

childrens acts. What is your opinion? Support it with
personal examples.
As violence by juveniles has increased in recent years, the debate about
parents legal responsibility for childrens behavior has escalated in many
social research and public circles as well as within institutions.
Parents bear many responsibilities, among them providing for their childs
basic needs, ensuring the child is educated, and protecting the child from
harm. In addition, parents are responsible for instilling moral values and

social norms. By teaching lessons about right and wrong, the parent prepares
the child to embody normative behaviors in a society whose law and order
depends upon the individual exercise of good judgment, reason, and insight.
When children are young, parents are able to exert a considerable amount of
influence in compelling them to conform to the values and norms they have
been taught. Parents reinforce positive behavior, and punish those actions
that do not conform to expectations.
In most countries in the world, there are rules of state law that force parents
take responsibilities for their children's misbehaviors. Some parents only
know give the birth to their children and they do not care to teaching
knowledge for their kids. Children will not know how to do right things and
have misbehaviors. Thus, these rules are created to make parents more
responsible for their kids. For example, in Vietnam, there are rules that force
parents taking responsibilities for teaching as well as feeding until their
children are 18 year old. Finally, if the parent observes a violent behavior and
fails to intervene, then he or she is accountable according to the law.
Reasonable care is thus seen to be more clear-cut.
Most parents exercise reasonable care and want their children to do good,
not harm. When children, armed with values and knowledge, choose to harm
others, then the responsibility for their actions rests squarely upon them.

Violence portrayed on TV and in the movies leads to an

increase in crime in our society. People who watch violent
movies are more likely to become criminals. Do you agree
or disagree?

33.

It is commonly accepted that, television has a great impact on our lives.

Some people hold the opinion that, governments has to impose some
restrictions on TV programs as well as the films shown in it, while others are
against of this idea and deem this rule to be the violation of viewers rights.
The last few years have seen an increase in violence in movies. Action movies
seem to get more 'exciting' than the previous movies each year and therefore,
more violence is shown. Many people complain that violence is influencing our
country and its youths which causes many youths to fascinate about violence,
eventually experience the fascination of violence for themselves and go crazy go on a killing spree or something similar. Violence in movies does in some way
affect youths and people in society. It affects people's views of themselves,
other people, the world and people's thoughts on certain things. Beliefs or
values and attitudes may be affected by violence in movies. In addition, the vast
majority of adults are less likely to access internet, or to follow daily
newspapers. For example, after hard working days people are most likely to kick
back in front of TVs which lets them enjoy entertaining programs shown on TVs
as well.
Nevertheless, television has its bad impacts on individual, especially on
childrens psychology. For instance, children have a strong tendency on learning

bad habits, to break rules which create limitations for them. Additionally, we
have to take into account that parents do not always have time for spending on
their children. As an example, within the time when parents are at work or when
they are busy with other stuff, adult films as well as other kind of programs will
appeal children which can result in undesirable consequences.
In conclusion, I would like to reiterate that, governments should restrict some
content of movies and TV programs. However, everything is accessible on the
internet today, it is lack of social and emotional knowledge to increase crime
among youth.

34. In the 18th century due to industrialization a lot of

people migrated to develop countries. This affected
lifestyle and increased major problems in develop
countries.
Before the advent of industrialization, people used to spend their entire lives in
one place. In fact, there was hardly any reason to move about. Agriculture was
the backbone of the economy and farmers cultivated the land close to the place
where they lived. Most of them also reared livestock. Because of these reasons
they had to stay in the same place throughout the year.
The situation is quite different now. Plenty of jobs are available in the cities and
this has encouraged rural people to leave their homes and migrate to urban
areas. While agriculture still sustains many economies, more jobs are available
in other sectors.
Fewer means of transportation existed one or two centuries ago. This also
limited peoples ability to move about. But now we can travel by land, air and
water. Trains and aeroplanes have made long distance travel quite easy and
affordable. The ease of traveling also encourages people to move to different
places. Villagers migrate to cities in search of jobs and a better standard of
living. People also travel for pleasure.
This is definitely a positive trend because it makes our lives more interesting.
When we live in different places we get to interact with people of different
cultures. We get to learn from them. This will broaden the horizons of our
thinking and also make us more tolerant. People who live in the same place tend
to have a limited understanding of the world around them. On the other hand,
those who have lived in different places are more knowledgeable.
To conclude, industrialization and improved means of transportation are the
factors that encourage people to move about. This is definitely a positive trend
because it fosters cultural mingling. It is also good for the economy.

35. In recent years, some countries have experienced very

rapid economic development. This has resulted in much
higher standard of living in urban areas, but not in the
countryside. This situation may bring some problems for

the country as a whole. What are these problems? How

might they be resolved?
Recently, there have been many radical changes in the economies of developing
countries and enormous growth has been accompanied with it, especially in the
city areas. Very few positive modifications are implemented in rural areas. This
irrational distribution of funds has aggravated many issues which need proper
attention.
First of all, as the standard of living has increased in most urban areas, people
are more willing to migrate to those areas. The growth of industrialization has
also engulfed this trend in which many village living people are moving towards
cities for employment opportunities. This mass migration has resulted in many
serious issues in developed regions. For example, as more and more people
migrate to cosmopolitan areas, this areas become congested and scarce of basic
resources. This, additionally, burdens the whole system to provide basic facilities
like good food, shelter, transportation and medical facilities. Moreover, pollution
can also be indirectly attributed to such conditions.
Rural areas, on the other hand, are left behind and they cannot take active
participation in the country's development as a whole. Agriculture is the
backbone of some under-developed countries and they play an indispensable
role in boosting economy of a country. If these parts of the country are ignored,
then it will hamper the expected growth.
However, the central authority can take certain steps to tackle such uneven
distribution. First, local government along with central government should form
special policies for encouraging agrarian activities. Further, better facilities, like
education and infrastructure should be developed. Therefore, construction of
roads and bridges are elementary under such circumstances.
Overall, growth of a country does not mean the growth of metro cities only. It
means the progress of each and every corner of the nation.

36. In some countries around the world, voting is

compulsory. Do you agree with the notion of compulsory
voting? If voting is compulsory in a democratic society,
what are some conclusions we can draw about the nature
of democracy?
In a democratic country, making voting compulsory will break the rules of
democracy. Some people believe compulsory voting takes away the freedom of
people whether they should or not. However, it is argued that voting is one of
the civic duties, just like paying taxes.

First and foremost, voting could tell a person view about a leader whether the
candidate is fully competent to go as a nation leader or not. In my opinion, that
is what democracy means. If no one is putting their ideas at front, then what is
the point of conducting elections and competitions? When voting is made
unavoidable, inevitably people tend to pay more attention to political issues,
which is happening in the country. On the other hand, if voting is optional,
people pay less attention towards the problems in the country. In addition,
compulsory voting makes people more responsible and helps them to work
towards the welfare of the country.
Furthermore, compulsory registration and voting enhances the critical
evaluation of the representatives. If people fail to vote, there could be chances
for the candidates to win with much fewer votes than a majority of eligible
votes. Also, partiality among the public would be reduced. It means everyone
can choose their favorite leader. Secondly, compulsory voting is further step in
the way of development of any nation. To be more precise, good leaders are
very essential for a country and it is only possible if public will give their opinion.
To put it in a nutshell, a voter is compelled to vote not for the benefits for others,
but for his own welfare. Compulsory voting is a positive development and it
should be mandatory in every nation, because it can assist a nation in the way
of democracy.
Vocab for Graphs
Movement (Verbs): Up
Rose
Went up
Increased
Grew
Shot up
Surged
Rocketed

Movement (Verbs): Down

Fell
Declined
Dropped
Decreased
Sank
Went down
Plunged
Sluggish

Adverbs and intensifiers

slightly
a little
a lot
sharply
suddenly
steeply
gradually
gently
steadily

No Movement: (Verbs with Adjectives, Verbs)

remained steady
were unchanged
did not change
remained constant
remained stable
stabilized

 stead-fast
stagnant

Tops and Bottoms

reached a peak
peaked
reached their highest level
fell to a low
sank to a trough

reached a bottom

Saturday, 30 July 2016

Cracking re-tell lecture

Format:

An audio will be played as long as 1.5 to 2.00 mins

Preparation time : 10 seconds

Recording time : 40 seconds

Re-tell lecture is trickiest part for many test-takers, as the audio is played for more than a
minute, hence it becomes arduous to remember every spoken detail. Moreover many the
preparation time isnt adequate for many. Read on this article

Basic Rules

Inevitably you need to understand the words spoken by the lecturer. If you are
comfortable recognizing words, you are half done for good, and if you cannot, master this skill
by watching online English podcasts, check the link below
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGqLRl0qnQQvrILkrm2VwLQ”
( it will simply make you a good listener, & if youre already one you can move on to next text)

The most important criteria are : Fluency and Pronunciation

(Plz avoid fluency breakages like ummm,hmmm,ahh, must be discarded and its must)

Record your own voice in audio recorder and assess barriers in fluency, its equally

important to Pronounce each and every word correctly. For improving pronunciation, pay
attention to the details of every word, if possible break words in to 2-3 parts
:

Speak words like Moreover, furthermore, contrary, however etc for smooth transitioning
from one sentence to another, it maintains fluency too.

Heres the example (its written, imagine in speaking)

Lecture:

Preparation techniques :
List out main subject and 2-3 key points:
1.

SUBJECT: Problems in Primary teaching

2.

KeyPoint 1 : They are expected to take all subjects

3.

KeyPoint 2 : This affects students

4.

KeyPoint 3 : Teachers should teach what they are passionate for.

Strategy 1:
One you are done with KeyPoints, assemble it to the given format:

(Note : you can use your own format)

The lecture focuses on the issue/topic of _____________________
It is noted at first that __________________________________
Moreover the consequences/motive behind that/explanation can be
justified___________________________________________ ( depending on what lecturer
said)
lastly, it would be beneficial/worthy__________________________________
Now you can club the key points and templates and focus on speaking with fluency
Strategy 2:
1.

Subject + your own assumptions

2.

KeyPoint 1 + your own assumptions

3.

KeyPoint 2 + assumptions/even ur own opinion ( has to be relevant)

4.

KeyPoint 3 + concluding details

Focus on framing 4 sentences, In first : speak what all the lecture is about, Second sentence :
speak on the problem/issues/concerns/additional details, In third sentence, give your own
opinion or go with the flow and Fourth sentence: Speak concluding details

For Example:
The lecture is on the issues of primary teaching, as no teacher can master all subjects.Ideally
this approach is impractical. Resulting into negative impacts on students,as student-teacher
relationship is very important. Hence teachers should teach only those subjects in which they
are passionate about,this will keep them interested.
(The sentences in Italic are an example to the assumptions.)

At Glance:
Use very simple language
Focus on Pronunciation and Fluency
Discard words like Hmmm, Ummm

Speak as if you are an expert to it ( and if you cant , least is pretend)

Record your own voice and eventually you will recognise your flaws and route for correction.

Improve Your Pronunciation

Listen to yourself
Its often difficult to hear pronunciation errors in your own speech because you are concentrating
actually communicating rather than the sound you are making. If you cant hear your pronunciation
problems, its tough to correct them. Try recording your speech with your smartphone or PC and
making a note of specific areas you need to improve on

Slow down!
Many English learners think that speaking fluently means they need to speak fast. This is wrong.
Speaking too fast reinforces bad habits and makes the speaker sound nervous and indecisive.
Speaking slowly will give you time to breathe properly and think about what you want to say next.
Because it gives you time to think while you are speaking, youll feel more relaxed and be able to
concentrate on making your English sound fantastic.

Picture it
Close your eyes and think about how to make a sound before saying it. Visualize the positioning of
your mouth and face. If you have studied with the phonemic chart, think about the sound you are
making and how it relates to other English phonemes. If you have used diagrams of the mouth and
tongue, think about the shape you need to make inside your mouth if you want to make the sound
correctly.

Watch yourself
Stand in front of a mirror to see the placement of your tongue, lips, and shape of your mouth when
you make certain sounds. Compare what you see with a video of a native-speaker saying the same
thing.

Copy the experts

Theres no replacement for learning pronunciation from the experts native-speakers. So listen!
Listen to English radio programs and watch television and movies in English. Imitate what youre
hearing even if youre not sure what theyre saying yet

Practice English alone

Pronunciation problems persist because were afraid to make mistakes. Create scenarios meeting
someone for the first time, ordering at a restaurant, asking for directions then act out the dialogue
by yourself. Dont be shy.

1.

Pay attention to intonation and stress

Good pronunciation is more than just mastering individual sounds. Its also understanding
intonation (the rise and fall of the voice) and stress (some sounds in words and some words in
sentences are louder or clearer than others). Read poems, speeches and songs aloud,
concentrating on the word stress and intonation.

2.

Sing a song!
Learn the words to popular English songs and sing along. Singing helps you relax and just get
those words out, as well as helping your rhythm and intonation. Because you dont need to
concentrate on constructing sentences for yourself, you can concentrate on making your
pronunciation sound great!

PTE @ Glance

Speaking
( 70-90 mins
Including
Writing)

Read aloud :

Preparation time: 35 seconds

Task: To read the given text clearly & aloud
Strategy: Take appropriate pauses and stress important words. Learn Intonations.
Total 6-8 questions
Repeat sentence:

A sentence comprised of 8-10 words (approx.) has to be spoken precisely and

accurately.
Strategy: Focus on the phrasing and check intonations. Speak precisely.
Total 10-12 questions

Describe Image: Represent the given

image analytically. The image can vary
(Bar, Table, Pie-chart, Diagram, map)
Strategy: Use required vocab . Give clear
Interpretation and focus on extreme
Values.Maintain Fluency
Prep. Time : 25 seconds, Recording time:
40 seconds.
Total 6-8 questions

Re-tell lecture:
A lecture will be played , ranging 90 seconds & recording time will be 40 seconds.
The lecture has to be spoken in
own words.

Strategy : Concentrate on the crucial vocabs where the lecture revolves and also
emphasize the Fluency on the given topic.
Make notes if necessary
Total 2-4 questions

Answer short question:

A question is being asked and the answer is to be given in a word or two often
three.
Probably the easiest, simply understand the question and interpret correct ans.
Total 10-12 questions.

Writing
Summarize written text: Summarize the given text which would be maximum of 300
words.
Note: Only one sentence should be there. i.e. only one fullstop. Its recommended to
write 20-40 words for decent length.
The writing should be based on your own understanding containing factual
information.
Time: 10 Mins
Total: 2-3 questions

Write essay:
Elaborate the given topic. Represent the
Brain-stormed points coherently.
Support an opinion with details
Write as per topic
Correct Grammar, Spelling and mechanics are required.
Relevant examples can also be added.

Note: Length has to be atleast 200-300 words, scoring will be affected if the length
is lesser or higher than specified range.

Essays are debate oriented particularly

Agree or Disagree.

Allotted time: 20Mins.

Reading
(30-40 mins)
Multiple choice, choose single answer:
Total questions: 2-3
Note: Read the passage and check the important key words given in the question.

Choose any one option which is most likely to be considered and eliminate the least
likeable options

Multiple choice, choose multiple answers

Total questions : 2-3
Note: Read the passage and check the important key words given in the question.
Choose any one option which is most likely to be considered and eliminate the least
likeable options

( This is the only part where points get deducted , For Ex: 1 for correct and -1 for
incorrect and maximum score can be 0, no negative marking)

Re-order paragraphs:
Total questions : 2-3
Identify the main idea and then the theme.
Understand difference between connotation
& denotation
Categorize information in logical sequence
Note important details and find connectives

Fill in the blanks

Total questions: 5-6
Understand the given text. If the sentence signifies positive meaning, find positive
word and if its negative , vice-versa
Also note: it should sense grammatically correct. Find subject in the sentence.

Fill in the blanks-2

Total questions: 5-6
Understand the given text. If the sentence
signifies positive meaning, find positive
word and if its negative, vice-versa
Also note: it should sense grammatically correct.
Find subject in the sentence.
Eliminate the given options which are least
possible. Skim overall text once to get brief idea.

Listening
(45-60 mins)
Summarize spoken text:
Total questions: 2-3
Time allotted : 20-30 mins.(10 mins each)
Approach: After listening the audio which can be focused on any subject, the
summary has to be written for the same within 50-70 words. The words should not
be higher or lesser than specified limit.
Strategy: Listen acutely and note key-words. And, check for spelling as well as
grammar errors
Multiple choice, choose multiple answers:
Total questions: 2-3
Approach: Understand the general flow by speaker and try to anticipate the answer
form the given option.
( For every correct 1 point and incorrect -1, and least would be 0)
Fill in the blanks:
Total questions:2-3
Approach: The transcription and audio will have the same content. Here the
candidate is required to fill the missing words , narrated in audio. This part should
requires accuracy
Highlight correct summary:
Total question: 2-3
Approach: Listen the audio precisely and out of the given summary, select the
relevant one. Moreover prior skimming is also required which can ensure correct
answer
Multiple choice, choose single answer:
Total questions : 2-3
Approach: Listen to the audio and stay concentrated on every detail which can help
to find the correct answer from the given options.

Select missing word:

Total question: 2-3
Approach: Here the question will end with a beep and the examinee has to find the
correct answer from the given options. Its all about anticipating the answer. The
context has to be understood primarily
Highlight incorrect words:
Total question: 2-3
Approach: The transcript will contain few incorrect words and the same should be
highlighted by listening the given audio. The easiest of all and requires minute
attention
Write from dictation:
Total questions: 3-4
Approach: Type the answer which is narrated in the audio. The recording lasts for 35 seconds

Speech Neutralizing

(Ignore if you are one )

Stand up straight. Even if you're nervous, good posture will help to give the impression
of confidence. Good posture also helps to keep your airways open, so your breath can
be stronger.
Sit comfortably so that you can also sit up straight. Tuck in your stomach when sitting
and push your spine upwards.

Avoid nervousness. People who speak fast do it because they are not confident, or they
are nervous. Pretend not to be nervous and this will make you speak at normal speed

Don't be afraid to say the wrong thing. You might; everyone does. Just correct yourself or
move on. It is a skill and some people are extremely gifted at it. If you need to practice,
realize it is a skill that you aren't particularly strong in but is something you can learn.

Practicing improving your clarity:

Listen. Listen to others who are good at speaking, such as radio and television announcers.
Notice how they pronounce words, at what speed they talk, and so on.

Practice. Talk into a tape recorder or use your computer with a microphone. Then, listen
to your recordings. Do take the opportunity to notice what is unintelligible, where your
sentences trail off, and so on.

Practice pronouncing words by reading things out loud and pronouncing every word
correctly and slowly. If you mumble, go back and repeat the sentence.

Practice some vowel sounds with a wide mouth.

Practice reading out loud 2-3 minutes a day.
Record some sentences. Use tests such as tongue twisters. Play it back and check your
pronunciation and enunciation problems. Try to remedy the errors you note with more
practice.

Speaking clearly:
Open your mouth wider as you talk: Try to stretch long words and stress to
spell the words, take time as you speak.
Slow down. Talking too fast is a common symptom of nervousness, but it won't help your
words be understood.

Speak up. Aim to speak at least a little bit louder. You will automatically use more breath,
and you will probably slow down and articulate better in the process.

Speak with inflection. Questions should go up in pitch at the end. Statements should go
down. Notice, also, what syllables and words get emphasis. Try exaggerating your inflection,
the way you would if you were reading to a small child and hamming it up a little bit.

Support from your diaphragm. Use the muscles in your stomach to support your breath
as you speak. Even if you speak no more loudly, you will speak more clearly this way. Place
a hand over your stomach, just below your ribs. You should feel the muscles there move as
you speak.

Sing. You don't have to sing while anybody is listening, but try singing alone in your shower
or in your car. You'll exercise your voice and get used to using it. You'll also learn about
using air, articulation, breath, and phrasing.

Shout. Don't squeak or scream or raise the pitch of your voice. Bellow. Keep your voice
at about its normal pitch and see how loud you can go. Cheering at a sporting event or
talking over loud music is an opportunity to practice, or you could just close the door.
Notice how you control your air when you shout.

Writing Templates
Introduction
1) XXXX has become a popular leisure activity in many countries in the developed world
but it has hidden risks. This essay will suggest that it is indeed dangerous and that it is
likely to make consumers more self-centered/selfish and less disciplined with their
money.
2) All over the world today/In many Western countries today, it can be observed that the
issue of XXX has grown in importance over the past few decades/years.
3) All over the world today/ In many Western countries today, it can be observed that
the issue of XXX has fallen in importance over the past few decades/years.
4) AIDS/Income equality/ XXX is one of the most serious issues/ dangerous problems
facing lesser developed nations today/ many developed countries today/ many povertystricken nations today/ many underprivileged nations today/ many industrialized
countries today.
5) It is undeniable that XXX is one of the most challenging issues in the Western world
today.
6) Newspapers XXX, in one form or another, have been in existence for centuries, their
purpose being to spread news.
7) The growing level of XXX has proven to be one of the major obstacles for humanity in
the 21st century.

8) Global obesity XXX rates have been swelling over the past few decades now. This is
a trend that is having a devastating effect on populations everywhere.
9) Over recent years, level of XXX unemployment has been increasing at an alarming
rate.
10) XXX is certainly something which is often discussed in todays world. Hardly a day
goes by without the subject of XXX being raised in most peoples lives.
1) Some people maintain that it has a beneficial influence on our lives.
2) This essay will express full agreement with this view and will offer reasons for this
position.
3) This essay will express complete disagreement with this view and will justify this
viewpoint.
First Paragraph
1)
To begin with, a variety of reasons can be offered to explain why I am /not in
favour of XXX.
2)
Foremost among these is that, although it seems reasonable to suggest that
XXXX, it should not be forgotten that / It is foreseeable that
3)

My view, however, is that this would lead to serious damage to the environment and
alternative options need to be found.

4) XXX is one of the key reasons why ..

5) Linked to this is the fact that
6) What is more, another point to be taken into consideration is that
7) An instance illustrating this in action is the fact that .
8) Were something to grow, then the level of XXX would move intandem (present) /
would have moved in tandem (past).
9) Had more been done to xxx then the result would be
10) Should such thing be permitted, it is argued that XXX would
Second Paragraph
1) In addition, it is worth pointing out that it is widely held that
2) The fact that XXX can be considered as a classic example of this occurring.

3) What is more, another point in favour of/ a further common criticism of XXX
4) A relevant example I would like to draw on here would be
5) Bans on commonly used drugs like alcohol in the past have shown they do nothing to
curtail users, but just drive people underground, increasing criminal activity and creating
more strain on police agencies.
6) As the above-mentioned points make it clear, it can hardly be denied that/ it can be
clearly seen that
Conclusion
1) Taking these points into consideration, from a personalperspective, without a shadow
of a doubt (there is not a shadow of a doubt that ), I conclude that/ I am inclined to
believe that

REORDER Practice questions

RE ORDER 1
1 He thought, It would be such a waste if nobody wants to buy the wool.
2 Then an old woman came over. She also wanted a bag full of wool.
3 A short while later, a little boy arrived.
4 One day, the black sheep noticed that he had some more wool left.
5 He also wanted one bag full of wool. That afternoon, an old man came over to his wooden shed to
see him.
6 He wanted one bag full of the black sheeps wool.

RE ORDER 2
1 One silly goat was on one side.
2 There was a narrow bridge over a river in the village.
3 There lived two silly goats in a village.
4 The other one was on the other side.
5 One day, the goats wanted to cross the bridge.
6 Let us enjoy reading this story of Two Silly Goats.

RE ORDER 3

1 So the mother goat left her dear children and went into the forest.
2 He often disguises himself.
3 The little goats replied, Dear mother, we will be very careful and obey your words.
4 But you can make him out by his rough voice and his black feet.
5 If he comes here he will eat you all up.
6 The little goats locked their house carefully from inside and shut the windows tightly.
7 You may go away without any fear.
\
My answers:
1) 413562
2) 635214
3) 1642573

RE ORDER PRACTICE 4
1 He thought, It would be such a waste if nobody wants to buy the wool.
2 Then an old woman came over. She also wanted a bag full of wool.
3 A short while later, a little boy arrived.
4 One day, the black sheep noticed that he had some more wool left.
5 He also wanted one bag full of wool. That afternoon, an old man came over to his wooden shed to
see him.
6 He wanted one bag full of the black sheeps wool.

RE ORDER PRACTICE 5
1 One silly goat was on one side.
2 There was a narrow bridge over a river in the village.
3 There lived two silly goats in a village.
4 The other one was on the other side.
5 One day, the goats wanted to cross the bridge.
6 Let us enjoy reading this story of Two Silly Goats.

RE ORDER PRACTICE 6
1 So the mother goat left her dear children and went into the forest.
2 He often disguises himself.
3 The little goats replied, Dear mother, we will be very careful and obey your words.
4 But you can make him out by his rough voice and his black feet.
5 If he comes here he will eat you all up.
6 The little goats locked their house carefully from inside and shut the windows tightly.
7 You may go away without any fear.

READING RE ORDER 7
1. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very
remarkable.
2.However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species,
but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
3.I have over and over again introduced ants from one of my nests into another nest of the same
species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
4.The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even up to 500, 000 individuals.
5.And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging to
the same community.

READING RE ORDER 8
1. Established companies that prosper are those that dont allow their success to lull them to sleep.
2.Nothing has changed the fundamental economics of business.
3.Its still good to be big.
4.Its still good to have a lot of capital.

5.The problem is when you let your bigness make you slow, or when you let your experience lead
you to believe your way is the best way.

READING RE ORDER 9
1. A perfect voice speaks so directly to the soul of the hearer that all appearance of artfully prepared
effect is absent.
2.Every tone sung by a consummate vocal artist seems to be poured forth freely and spontaneously.
3.There is no evidence of calculation, of carefully directed effort, of attention to the workings of the
voice, in the tones of a perfect singer.
4.Yet if the accepted idea of Voice Culture is correct, this semblance of spontaneity in the use of the
voice can result only from careful and incessant attention to mechanical rules.
5.In no other form of expression do art and nature seem so closely identified as in the art of singing.

READING RE ORDER 10
1. Some people think that in this cooperative endeavour, the intelligent students stand to lose since
they cannot make the best of their talents, but this seems to be a vague fear.
2. It is only when a child works within a group that his qualities of leadership will manifest
themselves.
3.His character will only be shaped by coming into contact with others and by working with them.
4.An important feature of modern education is that it encourages cooperation rather than
competition.
5.In fact, personality development can only take place by working in co-operation with others and not
in isolation.

Please find answers below

7) 4,2,3,1,5
8) 2,4,3,1,5
9) 4,5,1,2,3
10) 1,5,3,2,4

11.
1.A perfect voice speaks so directly to the soul of the hearer that all appearance of artfully prepared
effect is absent.
2. Every tone sung by a consummate vocal artist seems to be poured forth freely and
spontaneously.
3. There is no evidence of calculation, of carefully directed effort, of attention to the workings of the
voice, in the tones of a perfect singer.
4. Yet if the accepted idea of Voice Culture is correct, this semblance of spontaneity in the use of the
voice can result only from careful and incessant attention to mechanical rules.
5. In no other form of expression do art and nature seem so closely identified as in the art of singing.

12
1. Some people think that in this cooperative endeavour, the intelligent students stand to lose since
they cannot make the best of their talents, but this seems to be a vague fear.
2. It is only when a child works within a group that his qualities of leadership will manifest
themselves.
3. His character will only be shaped by coming into contact with others and by working with them.
4. An important feature of modern education is that it encourages cooperation rather than
competition.
5. In fact, personality development can only take place by working in co-operation with others and
not in isolation.

13

1. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very
remarkable.
2. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species,
but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
3. I have over and over again introduced ants from one of my nests into another nest of the same
species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
4. The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even up to 500, 000 individuals.
5. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging to
the same community.
14
1. Established companies that prosper are those that dont allow their success to lull them to sleep.
2. Nothing has changed the fundamental economics of business.
3. Its still good to be big.
4. Its still good to have a lot of capital.
5. The problem is when you let your bigness make you slow, or when you let your experience lead
you to believe your way is the best way.

1. 11)1,2,3,4
12). 4,1,5,2,3
13) 4,5,2,3,1
14) 2,4,3,5,1

15
1. The Great Chain of Being did not correspond with sense experience.
2. Here the work of Galileo is centrally important.
3. His observations of the skies with a telescope led him to conclude that the heavens could not be
the perfectly ordered realm of the divine, for there were irregularities and imperfections (like comets,
sun spots, and the irregular surface of the moon).
4. The really decisive challenge came from those who, in defence of Copernicuss suggestion,

insisted that the very nature of science must change, that it must work from a different purpose and
by different methods.
16
1. Bill Gates, Akio Morita, Sam Walton, and others brought this ability to the enterprises they
founded.
2. Without it, their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.
3. A senior executive`s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the
single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies, product and service offerings,
communication programmes, indeed, all elements of a company`s strategic posture.
4. Every successful business is built on superior sensesof timing, opportunity, responsibility, and,
not infrequently, humour.
5. None, however, is more critical than the ability to sense the market.

17
1. Four of the species ate plants, and four others, called theropods, preyed on the plant eaters and
other creatures.
2. All eight date to the Cretaceous period which lasted from 145 million to 60 million years ago.
3. No one has yet excavated a complete dinosaur skeleton from this site near Colville River or
anywhere else in Alaska.
4. Most come from just the period lasting from 75 million to 70 million years ago, some five million
years before the famous mass demise of the planet`s dinosaurs.
5. Nevertheless, paleontologists have been able to identify from partial skeletons, isolated bones,
teeth and fossil footprints, eight types of dinosaurs that lived as contemporaries in the far north
18
1. Never stop thinking of ways to make your products better, but dont get stuck trying to achieve
perfection.
2. Release the product and, at the same time, continue to refine it.
3. Im not suggesting that it is ever acceptable to deliver shoddy products.
4. The longer you hold out for perfection, the less likely you are to achieve it, and youll lose
whatever competitive edge you may have.
5. The product that beats the competition is seldom the best, and its never perfect.

15. 4,5,2,3,1
16 4,5,3,1,2

17. 3,5,2,4,1
18. 5,4,3,1,2

19
A. A farmers pride is his horse; his cow may be thin but his horse must be fat, went a Slovak
saying.
B. Fine horses bespoke the nobility the party was supposed to despise.
C. Communist leaders, when they visited villages, preferred to see cows and pigs.
D. Although a working horse was just about tolerable, the communists were right to be wary.
E. Peasants from Poland to the Hungarian Pustza preferred their horses to party dogma.
F. Horses and communism were, on the whole, a poor match.
20.
A. At times, the intended humour may simply not come off.
B. Making people laugh while trying to sell them something is a tougher challenge, since the
commercial can fall flat on two grounds.
C. There are indications that in substituting the hard sell for a more entertaining approach, some
agencies have rather thrown out the baby with the bath water.
D. There are many advertisements which do amuse but do not even begin to set the cash tills
ringing.
E. Making people laugh is tricky.
F. Again, it is rarely sufficient for an advertiser simply to amuse the target audience in order to reap
the sales benefit.
21
A. Picture a termite colony, occupying a tall mud hump on an African plain.
B. Hungry predators often invade the colony and unsettle the balance.
C. The colony flourishes only if the proportion of soldiers to workers remains roughly the same, so
that the queen and workers can be protected by the soldiers, and the queen and soldiers can be
serviced by the workers.
D. But its fortunes are presently restored, because the immobile queen, walled in well below ground
level, lays eggs not only in large enough numbers, but also in the varying proportions required.
E. The hump is alive with worker termites and soldier termites going about their distinct kinds of

business.
F. How can we account for her mysterious ability to respond like this to events on the distant
surface?

22
A. Her comprehension of language is therefore very high.
B. According to recent research, the critical period for developing language skills is between the
ages of three and five and a half years.
C. The read-to child already has a large vocabulary and a sense of grammar and sentence structure.
D. Children who are read to in these years have a far better chance of reading well in school,
indeed, of doing well in all their subjects.
E. And the reason is actually quite simple.
F. This correlation is far and away the highest yet found between home influences and school
success.
5.
A. With these, hunters could approach Belugas within hunting range and profit from its inner skin
and blubber.
B. Belugas seem to have used their well-known sensitivity to noise to evolve an avoidance strategy
to outsmart hunters and their powerful technologies.
C. To escape an approaching motor, Belugas have learned to dive to the ocean bottom and stay
there for up to 20 minutes, by which time the confused predator has left.
D. Today, however, even with much more powerful engines, it is difficult to come close, because the
whales seem to disappear suddenly just when you thought you had them in your sights.
E. High-powered outboard motors were considered to be one of the major threats to the survival of
the Beluga whales.
F. When the first outboard engines arrived in the early 1930s, one came across 4 and 8 HP motors.
23
A. Because they aim quickly to acquaint the student with what the contemporary scientific
community thinks it knows, textbooks treat the various experiments, concepts, laws and theories of
the current normal science as separately and as nearly seriatim as possible.
B. Those misconstructions render revolutions invisible; the arrangement of the still visible material in
science texts implies a process that, if it existed, would deny revolutions a function.
C. The reconstruction of history by post-revolutionary science texts involves more than a
multiplication of historical misconstructions.
D. Science has reached its present state by a series of individual discoveries and inventions that,
when gathered together, constitute the modern body of technical knowledge.

E. But when combined with the generally unhistorical air of science writing and with the occasional
systematic misconstruction, one impression is likely to follow.
F. As pedagogy this technique of presentation is unexceptionable.

24
A. A farmers pride is his horse; his cow may be thin but his horse must be fat, went a Slovak
saying.
B. Fine horses bespoke the nobility the party was supposed to despise.
C. Communist leaders, when they visited villages, preferred to see cows and pigs.
D. Although a working horse was just about tolerable, the communists were right to be wary.
E. Peasants from Poland to the Hungarian Pustza preferred their horses to party dogma.
F. Horses and communism were, on the whole, a poor match.
25.
A. At times, the intended humour may simply not come off.
B. Making people laugh while trying to sell them something is a tougher challenge, since the
commercial can fall flat on two grounds.
C. There are indications that in substituting the hard sell for a more entertaining approach, some
agencies have rather thrown out the baby with the bath water.
D. There are many advertisements which do amuse but do not even begin to set the cash tills
ringing.
E. Making people laugh is tricky.
F. Again, it is rarely sufficient for an advertiser simply to amuse the target audience in order to reap
the sales benefit.
26
A. Picture a termite colony, occupying a tall mud hump on an African plain.
B. Hungry predators often invade the colony and unsettle the balance.
C. The colony flourishes only if the proportion of soldiers to workers remains roughly the same, so
that the queen and workers can be protected by the soldiers, and the queen and soldiers can be
serviced by the workers.
D. But its fortunes are presently restored, because the immobile queen, walled in well below ground
level, lays eggs not only in large enough numbers, but also in the varying proportions required.
E. The hump is alive with worker termites and soldier termites going about their distinct kinds of
business.

F. How can we account for her mysterious ability to respond like this to events on the distant
surface?

27
A. Her comprehension of language is therefore very high.
B. According to recent research, the critical period for developing language skills is between the
ages of three and five and a half years.
C. The read-to child already has a large vocabulary and a sense of grammar and sentence structure.
D. Children who are read to in these years have a far better chance of reading well in school,
indeed, of doing well in all their subjects.
E. And the reason is actually quite simple.
F. This correlation is far and away the highest yet found between home influences and school
success
28
A. With these, hunters could approach Belugas within hunting range and profit from its inner skin
and blubber.
B. Belugas seem to have used their well-known sensitivity to noise to evolve an avoidance strategy
to outsmart hunters and their powerful technologies.
C. To escape an approaching motor, Belugas have learned to dive to the ocean bottom and stay
there for up to 20 minutes, by which time the confused predator has left.
D. Today, however, even with much more powerful engines, it is difficult to come close, because the
whales seem to disappear suddenly just when you thought you had them in your sights.
E. High-powered outboard motors were considered to be one of the major threats to the survival of
the Beluga whales.
F. When the first outboard engines arrived in the early 1930s, one came across 4 and 8 HP motors.
29
A. Because they aim quickly to acquaint the student with what the contemporary scientific
community thinks it knows, textbooks treat the various experiments, concepts, laws and theories of
the current normal science as separately and as nearly seriatim as possible.
B. Those misconstructions render revolutions invisible; the arrangement of the still visible material in
science texts implies a process that, if it existed, would deny revolutions a function.
C. The reconstruction of history by post-revolutionary science texts involves more than a
multiplication of historical misconstructions.
D. Science has reached its present state by a series of individual discoveries and inventions that,
when gathered together, constitute the modern body of technical knowledge.

E. But when combined with the generally unhistorical air of science writing and with the occasional
systematic misconstruction, one impression is likely to follow.
F. As pedagogy this technique of presentation is unexceptionable.

CHECK ANSWERS BLOW..

ANSWER:1 24 FBCDEA25 EBAFDC
26 AECBDF
27 BDFECA
28 EFADCB
29 CBAFED

30
A. To be culturally literate is to possess the basic information needed to thrive in the modern world.
B. Nor is it confined to one social class; quite the contrary.
C. It is by no means confined to culture narrowly understood as an acquaintance with the arts.
D. Cultural literacy constitutes the only sure avenue of opportunity for disadvantaged children, the
only reliable way of combating the social determinism that now condemns them.
E. The breadth of that information is great, extending over the major domains of human activity from
sports to science.

31
A. Both parties use capital and labour in the struggle to secure property rights.
B. The thief spends time and money in his attempt to steal (he buys wire cutters) and the legitimate
property owner expends resources to prevent the theft (he buys locks).
C. A social cost of theft is that both the thief and the potential victim use resources to gain or
maintain control over property.
D. These costs may escalate as a type of technological arms race unfolds.
E. A bank may purchase more and more complicated and sophisticated safes, forcing safecrackers
to invest further in safecracking equipment.

32.
A. The likelihood of an accident is determined by how carefully the motorist drives and how carefully
the pedestrian crosses the street.
B. An accident involving a motorist and a pedestrian is such a case.
C. Each must decide how much care to exercise without knowing how careful the other is.
D. The simplest strategic problem arises when two individuals interact with each other, and each
must decide what to do without knowing what the other is doing.

33
A. In rejecting the functionalism in positivist organization theory, either wholly or partially, there is
often a move towards a political model of organization theory.
B. Thus the analysis would shift to the power resources possessed by different groups in the
organization and the way they use these resources in actual power plays to shape the organizational
structure.
C. At the extreme, in one set of writings, the growth of administrators in the organization is held to be
completely unrelated to the work to be done and to be caused totally by the political pursuit of selfinterest.
D. The political model holds that individual interests are pursued in organizational life through the
exercise of power and influence.

34
A. Group decision making, however, does not necessarily fully guard against arbitrariness and
anarchy, for individual capriciousness can get substituted by collusion of group members.
B. Nature itself is an intricate system of checks and balances, meant to preserve the delicate
balance between various environmental factors that affect our ecology.
C. In institutions also, there is a need to have in place a system of checks and balances which
inhibits the concentration of power in only some individuals.
D. When human interventions alter this delicate balance, the outcomes have been seen to be
disastrous.

ANSWER:30 AECBD

31 ABDE

32 DBAC
33 ADBC
34 BDCA3

35
A. Michael Hofman, a poet and translator, accepts this sorry fact without approval or complaint.
B. But thanklessness and impossibility do not daunt him.
C. He acknowledges tooin fact he returns to the point oftenthat best translators of poetry always
fail at some level.
D. Hofman feels passionately about his work, and this is clear from his writings.
E. In terms of the gap between worth and rewards, translators come somewhere near nurses and
street-cleaners
36
A. Passivity is not, of course, universal.
B. In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all men go armed, the
attitude of the peasantry may well be different.
C. So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.
D. However, for most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to be normally passive
or active, but when to pass from one state to another.
E. This depends on an assessment of the political situation.
37
A. The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends to be clearly defined
at least in theory, as in the proverbial Irishmans question: Is this a private fight or can anyone join
in?
B. So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, is calculable.
C. Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superiors to social inferiors
and even here there are probably some rules.
D. However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engaged in mutual massacre
will be genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystander or outsider is killed.
38
A. If caught in the act, they were punished, not for the crime, but for allowing themselves to be
caught another lash of the whip.
B. The bellicose Spartans sacrificed all the finer things in life for military expertise.

C. Those fortunate enough to survive babyhood were taken away from their mothers at the age of
seven to undergo rigorous military training.
D. This consisted mainly of beatings and deprivations of all kinds like going around barefoot in
winter, and worse, starvation so that they would be forced to steal food to survive.
E. Male children were examined at birth by the city council and those deemed too weak to become
soldiers were left to die of exposure.
39
A. This very insatiability of the photographing eye changes the terms of confinement in the cave, our
world.
B. Humankind lingers unregenerately in Platos cave, still revelling, its age-old habit, in mere images
of truth.
C. But being educated by photographs is not like being educated by older images drawn by hand; for
one thing, there are a great many more images around, claiming our attention.
D. The inventory started in 1939 and since then just about everything has been photographed, or so
it seems.
E. In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notions of what is worth
looking at and what we have a right to observe.
ANSWERS:35. EACBD
36. ABCDE
37. DABC
38 BECDA
39. BCDAE

40
A. Michael Hofman, a poet and translator, accepts this sorry fact without approval or complaint.
B. But thanklessness and impossibility do not daunt him.
C. He acknowledges tooin fact he returns to the point oftenthat best translators of poetry always
fail at some level.
D. Hofman feels passionately about his work, and this is clear from his writings.
E. In terms of the gap between worth and rewards, translators come somewhere near nurses and
street-cleaners
41
A. Passivity is not, of course, universal.

B. In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all men go armed, the
attitude of the peasantry may well be different.
C. So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.
D. However, for most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to be normally passive
or active, but when to pass from one state to another.
E. This depends on an assessment of the political situation.
42
A. The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends to be clearly defined
at least in theory, as in the proverbial Irishmans question: Is this a private fight or can anyone join
in?
B. So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, is calculable.
C. Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superiors to social inferiors
and even here there are probably some rules.
D. However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engaged in mutual massacre
will be genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystander or outsider is killed.

43
A. If caught in the act, they were punished, not for the crime, but for allowing themselves to be
caught another lash of the whip.
B. The bellicose Spartans sacrificed all the finer things in life for military expertise.
C. Those fortunate enough to survive babyhood were taken away from their mothers at the age of
seven to undergo rigorous military training.
D. This consisted mainly of beatings and deprivations of all kinds like going around barefoot in
winter, and worse, starvation so that they would be forced to steal food to survive.
E. Male children were examined at birth by the city council and those deemed too weak to become
soldiers were left to die of exposure.
44
A. This very insatiability of the photographing eye changes the terms of confinement in the cave, our
world.
B. Humankind lingers unregenerately in Platos cave, still revelling, its age-old habit, in mere images
of truth.
C. But being educated by photographs is not like being educated by older images drawn by hand; for
one thing, there are a great many more images around, claiming our attention.
D. The inventory started in 1939 and since then just about everything has been photographed, or so

it seems.
E. In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notions of what is worth
looking at and what we have a right to observe.

ANSWERS:40 EACBD
41 ABCDE
42. DABC
43. BECDA
44. BCDAE

45
A. As officials, their vision of a country shouldnt run too far beyond that of the local people with
whom they have to deal.
B. Ambassadors have to choose their words.
C. To say what they feel they have to say, they appear to be denying or ignoring part of what they
know.
D. So, with ambassadors as with other expatriates in black Africa, there appears at a first meeting a
kind of ambivalence.
E. They do a specialized job and it is necessary for them to live ceremonial lives.

46
A. This face off will continue for several months given the strong convictions on either side, says a
senior functionary of the high-powered task force on drought.
B. During the past week-and-half, the Central Government has sought to deny some of the earlier
apprehensions over the impact of drought.
C. The recent revival of the rains had led to the emergence of a line of divide between the two.
D. The state governments, on the other hand, allege that the Centre is downplaying the crisis only to
evade its full responsibility of financial assistance that is required to alleviate the damage.
E. Shrill alarm about the economic impact of an inadequate monsoon had been sounded by the
Centre as well as most of the states, in late July and early August.

47

A. This fact was established in the 1730s by French survey expeditions to Ecuador near the Equator
and Lapland in the Arctic, which found that around the middle of the earth the arc was about a
kilometer shorter.
B. One of the unsettled scientific questions in the late 18th century was the exact nature of the
shape of the earth.
C. The length of one-degree arc would be less near the equatorial latitudes than at the poles.
D. One way of doing that is to determine the length of the arc along a chosen longitude or meridian
at one-degree latitude separation.
E. While it was generally known that the earth was not a sphere but an oblate spheroid, more
curved at the equator and flatter at the poles, the question of how much more was yet to be
established.

48
A. Although there are large regional variations, it is not infrequent to find a large number of people
sitting here and there and doing nothing.
B. Once in office, they receive friends and relatives who feel free to call any time without prior
appointment.
C. While working, one is struck by the slow and clumsy actions and reactions, indifferent attitudes,
procedure rather than outcome orientation, and the lack of consideration for others.
D. Even those who are employed often come late to the office and leave early unless they are forced
to be punctual.
E. Work is not intrinsically valued in India.
F. Quite often people visit ailing friends and relatives or go out of their way to help them in their
personal matters even during office hours.

49
A. But in the industrial era, if you need to destroy the enemys productive capacity means bombing
the factories which are located in the cities.
B. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemys productive capacity, what you want to
do is burn his fields, or if youre really vicious, salt them.
C. Now in the information era, destroying the enemys productive capacity means destroying the
information infrastructure.
D. How do you battle with your enemy?
E. The idea is to destroy the enemys productive capacity, and depending upon the economic
foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case.

F. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do
battle with its enemy.

ANSWER:45 BEADC
46 ECBDA
47 BEDCA
48 EADBFC
49 FDEBAC

50
A. I am much more intolerant of a human beings shortcomings than I am of an animals, but in this
respect I have been lucky, for most of the people I have come across have been charming.
B. Then you come across the unpleasant human animalthe District Officer who drawled, We
chaps are here to help you chaps, and then proceeded to be as obstructive as possible.
C. In these cases of course, the fact that you are an animal collector helps; people always seem
delighted to meet someone with such an unusual occupation and go out of their way to assist you.
D. Fortunately, these types are rare, and the pleasant ones I have met more than compensated for
thembut even so, I think I will stick to animals.
E. When you travel round the world collecting animals you also, of necessity, collect human beings.
51
A. Surrendered, or captured, combatants cannot be incarcerated in razor wire cages; this war has a
dubious legality.
B. How can then one characterize a conflict to be waged against a phenomenon as war?
C. The phrase war against terror, which has passed into the common lexicon, is a huge misnomer.
D. Besides, war has a juridical meaning in international law, which has codified the laws of war,
imbuing them with a humanitarian content.
E. Terror is a phenomenon, not an entityeither State or non-State.
52
A. To avoid this, the QWERTY layout put the keys most likely to be hit in rapid succession on
opposite sides. This made the keyboard slow, the story goes, but that was the idea.
B. A different layout, which had been patented by August Dvorak in 1936, was shown to be much
faster.

C. The QWERTY design (patented by Christopher Sholes in 1868 and sold to Remington in 1873)
aimed to solve a mechanical problem of early typewriters.
D. Yet the Dvorak layout has never been widely adopted, even though (with electric typewriters and
then PCs) the anti-jamming rationale for QWERTY has been defunct for years.
E. When certain combinations of keys were struck quickly, the type bars often jammed.
53
A. Branded disposable diapers are available at many supermarkets and drug stores.
B. If one supermarket sets a higher price for a diaper, customers may buy that brand elsewhere.
C. By contrast, the demand for private-label products may be less price sensitive since it is available
only at a corresponding supermarket chain.
D. So, the demand for branded diapers at any particular store may be quite price sensitive.
E. For instance, only SavOn Drugs stores sell SavOn Drugs diapers.
F. Then, stores should set a higher incremental margin percentage for private-label diapers.
54
A. Having a strategy is a matter of discipline.
B. It involves the configuration of a tailored value chain that enables a company to offer unique
value.
C. It requires a strong focus on profitability and a willingness to make tough tradeoffs in choosing
what not to do.
D. Strategy goes far beyond the pursuit of best practices.
E. A company must stay the course even during times of upheaval, while constantly improving and
extending its distinctive positioning.
F. When a companys activities fit together as a self-reinforcing system, any competitor wishing to
imitate a strategy must replicate the whole system.
ANSWERS
50 EACBD
51 CEBDA
52 CEABD
53 ADBCEF
54 ACEDBF

Writing Tips @ Glance

PTE Writing

Total words : 200-300 , but write up to 250

Paragraphs : 4-5 ( Not even 3 or 6)

Format:
Introduction: ( Understand the subject and write on current on relevant
scenario)

Body paragraph 1: Agree/Disagree write on any one opinion, do not

confuse by adding two different ideas, Connect one sentence to another

Body paragraph 2: Agree/Disagree. Choose the same opinion as

chosen in body paragraph 1
Give suitable examples (do not give personal examples ). Generalize the
statements

Conclusion : It requires a well-balanced opinion mentioned in both the

paragraphs.

General Note:

Add writing connectives i.e., however, therefore, moreover, adding further

etc

Generalize the statements like: some people, many people rather than all ,
us , you, we, I.

Make sure all the sentences are well connected

Use appropriate punctuations i.e., (comma, hyphen, full stop)

For score till 55 points: Simple sentences will suffice, brush up Simple
tenses
For Scoring 60 & above: Use simple, complex and compound sentences
and use relevant vocabulary as per subject .
For example: Subject: Zoos : Caged, Natural habitat, Carnivorous &
Herbivorous animals, species, reptiles, mammals, wild life etc. to name
some of few

Write coherently, stick to one opinion and mention One point in a

paragraph & try giving logical explanation.
Posted by Rishabh@pte at 22:59:00 No comments:
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Answer one word- Speaking

Questions

Answers

What do we call a period of 10 years ?

Decade

What do we call a period of 100 years ?

Century

What do we call a period of 1000 years ?

Millennium

A specialist who repairs leaking water pipes is called as ?

Plumber

What is a painting of person head usually called ?

Portrait

Where would you find an urban area: in a city or in the

countryside ?

a city

What do we call it when the Moon completely blocks out

the light from the Sun ?

A Solar Eclipse

What point of compass is directly opposite to East ?

West

Where do you pay for your purchases at a supermarket ?

Till or checkout

1
0

What do you call an apartment that is below ground

level: a basement apartment or a penthouse

11

What feature do pianos and computers have in common

?

Keyboard

1
2

If you are feeling fed up, is it a positive or negative

feeling ?

Negative feeling

1
3

What emergency service is usually called when someone

is in trouble at sea : ambulance or coastguard ?

Coastguard

1
4

Name a month that falls between April and June ?

May

1
5

What word describes moving a program or other

material from a website to your computer ?

Downloading

1
6

What do we call a picture that a doctor takes to see

inside your body ?

X-ray

1
7

A famous canal links the Mediteranean sea with the

Indian Ocean. Is it the Corindth or the Suez Canal ?

Suez Canal

1
8

What crime has someone stealing items from a shop

commited: shopfitting or shoplifting ?

Shop Lifting

1
9

If someone is feeling a little ill, they may say they are

feeling under the
what ?

Weather

2
0

Who is the person in charge of a footbal match ?

Referee

2
1

What do we call the last game in a sporting competition,

which decide the champion ?

Finals

2
2

What is the general term of paintaings of the countryside

or natural views ?

Landscape

2
3

Which of these would probably be found in an office : a

printer, a blanket or a nail brush ?

a printer

2
4

Where would you store meat you wish to keep frozen at

home ?

Freezer

2
5

What is the most important document you would have to

show if you wanted to hire a car ?

Drivers Licence

2
6

Where would you go to work out on a treadmill ?

Gym

2
7

What piece of equipment would you use to go diving in

the sea, an aqualung or an aquaplane ?

aqualung

2
8

What piece of equipment would you use for floating on

the sea ?

Aquaplane

Where would you most likely go to buy some flour; a

A Supermarket

bakery, a florist or a supermarket ?

3
0

Which hospital deparment would you go to for an x-ray :

radiology or cardiology ?

3
1

Where would you go to see an exhibition of sculpure ?

3
2

Would you measure the volume of bottle water in liters

or Kilos ?

Litres

3
3

Whats the joint called where your hand is connected to

your arm ?

Wrist

3
4

What do you call a system of government in which

people vote for the people who will represent them ?

Democracy

3
5

What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have

bought the item ?

Receipt

3
6

What do you call the document that gives details about

your qualifications and work experience ?

qualification

3
7

How would you describe an economy based largely on

farming ?

3
8

What is the study of stars and planets called ?

Astronomy

3
9

In business and advertising what does PR stand for ?

Public Relations

4
0

Which section of a Newspapers gives the editors

opinion ?

editorial

4
1

What instrument would you use to examine very small

objects or life forms ?

Microscope

4
2

What is a destructive program that spreads from

computer to computer ?

Virus

Radiology

4
3

What term is used for animals such as humans that

ususally give birth to live young : mammals or reptiles ?

Mammals

4
4

What is the quickest way of traveling from Hongkong to

Paris ?

by plane

4
5

What is the name for the huge natural body that orbits
the sun ?

A planet

4
6

What can be added to the drink to cool it down on hot

day ?

Ice

4
7

What special document do most people travelling from

one country to another carry ?

Passport

4
8

What kind of equipment is used to protect motorbike

riders brain from injury ?

a Helmet

4
9

What is the last thing to do when baking a cake ?

cook it in the oven

5
0

Would you go to the pharmacy or surgery to get a

prescription filled after visiting a doctor ?

a pharmacy

5
1

There are two main way to pay in shop, one by cash

and other by ?

Credit Card

5
2

How many days are in a leap year ?

366

5
3

To improve their health and fitness, most people either

try to improve their diet or ?

do more physical
exercise

5
4

Would it be better to use kilometres or kilograms to

measure the distance between two cities ?

Kilometres

5
5

The large island just off the coast of mainland Europe

is home to which country ?

The United
Kingdom

5
6

Would it be better to go jogging at noon, or in early

morning, if you wanted to avoid hottest part of the day

early morning

?
5
7

In which century did the automobile manufacture in

large scale ?

20th Century

5
8

Name the country located in North america ?

United States

5
9

Some calender begin the week on Sunday. What is the

other day which commonly start as week ?

Monday

6
0

Where would you see the exhibits of dinasours ?

A Museum

6
1

Which country is in the southern hemisphere, Canada

or Australia ?

Australia

6
2

In which season people will be least likely to go skiing

?

In summer

6
3

Which of these was last to be explored, Himalayas, the

moon or Australia ?

the moon

6
4

Would letter or email would be the fastest way to get a

message to your professor ?

Email

6
5

Jane and Peter have 3 children. They are 4, 13 & 15

years old. They only have one son, who is their
youngest

13 years old

child. How old is their middle child ?

6
6

Which would be better to report the population of a

major global city hundred, millions or billions

Millions

6
7

This work is due for submission, one month from 15th

June, on what date it be submitted ?

15th July

6
8

Who would you consult to treat a fear of crowded

places, a philosoper or psychologist ?

a pscyhologist

6
9

How would most people travel to work each day, in big

cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo and New York ?

by public
transportation

7
0

Would a supermarket, a cafe or book store probably

have the widest range of products available ?

a supermarket

7
1

In which room of their home would would someone

usually wash their clothes ?

in the bathroom

7
2

Despite all the advances in equality between the sexes,

would more men or women play professional football ?

more men

7
3

Which major branch of science deals with classification

of human beings ?

biology

7
4

In most university courses there are two ways of being

assessed, one is orally, the other is through

written assignments

7
5

Name the month that falls between September and

November ?

October

7
6

Would a town, city or village probably cover the largest

area ?

a city

7
7

Which of these would probably be found in most

homes around the world, a computer, a bed or a tv ?

a bed

7
8

What does the main difference between the wrist watch

and a clock relate to ?

their relative sizes

7
9

Which section of the train timetable will tell you, what

time the train leaves ?

Departures

8
0

What do we call the list of steps, which tell you to put

something together ?

Instructions

8
1

What do we call the meeting, where an employer ask

potential employee questions about their work
experience ?

Interview

8
2

What desk you go to when you first arrive to the

hotel ?

Reception or Check
in desk

8
3

What is the job title, someone who designs building

Architect

8
4

What term is used for the amount you pay to landlord,

for living in his house or appartment ?

Rent

8
5

What do we call a first meal of the day ?

Breakfast

8
6

What word is used for someone who watches the sport

event ?

Spectator

8
7

What object will you use to climb up to the roof of the

house ?

Ladder

8
8

If you dont feel like eating, what do we say you dont

have ?

apetite

8
9

What do we call the organ in our chest, we need to

breath ?

Lungs

9
0

If someone lives in the urban areas, where do they live

?

in city

91

What does the king or queen wear on their head on

official ceremonies ?

Crown

92

What do we call the book with list of words, with their

meanings ?

Dictionary

93

What is the source of solar energy ?

Sun

94

When the writer of the book is unknown, what word

we use for the writer ?

anonymous

95

What do we called a company or organisation that

gives money to sports event in exchange of
advertising

Sponsorship

96

What do we called a study of living things ?

biology

97

What a winter, spring, summer and autumn ?

Season

98

What is the collective terms for cows and bulls,

specially on the farm ?

Cattle

99

Is something is not expensive, what do we say it is ?

Cheap

10
0

What a people wear, if they cant see very well ?

Glassess or Lens

10
1

If something such as fabric or medicine is artificially

made, what do we say it is ?

Synthetic

10
2

What type of food is an apple ?

Fruit

10
3

How many months are in a year ?

twelve

10
4

What is the oppset of East ?

West

10
5

When ice is in the room temprature, what does it

become ?

Water or liquid

10
6

Which sweet food is produced by bees ?

Honey

10
7

Where can people go to borrow books ?

Library

10
8

Who serve food in a restaurant ?

Waiter or Waitress

10
9

What is the word in geometry, for shape has three

sides ?

Triangle

110

What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the

book, that tells you where to find specific information
?

Index

111

What is the word for the place, where rivers start ?

Source

112

Who is the main journalist responsible for producing

newspaper or magazine ?

Editor

113

A business does not want to make a loss ? What does

it want to make ?

Profit

114

What is the economic sector that deals with the

farming ?

Agricultural sector

115

What do you call a very long essay, that student have

to write for doctor degree ?

Thesis or
disertation

116

What is the word for period of 100 years ?

Century

117

At what ceremony, the students receive their degree

or diploma at end of their study ?

Graduation

118

What do we call the date, the piece of work must be

finish by ?

Deadline or Due
date

119

If telescope is used for far distant object, what

instrument is employed for miniscule objects ?

Microscope

12
0

A list of events placed in time order, is usually

describe as what ?

a chronology / a
timeline

12
1

A manufacturing process releases noxious gases.

What is the most important safety measures for
workers at this

ensuring good
ventilation

plant ensuring good ventilation or appropriate

footwear ?
12
2

What kind of punishment is less severe, an

imprisonment or community service ?

community service

12
3

In a figure of hexagonal, how many sides does it

have ?

six

12
4

What key minerals makes sea water different from

fress water ?

salt

12

Which is a longest, a decade, a millenium or a

Millenium

century?

12
6

How many sides are there in a bilateral agreement ?

two

12
7

What organs do cardiologist specialist in ?

Heart

12
8

In the animal kingdom, the purpose of camouflage to

attract a mate, to find food or to hide ?

to hide

12
9

How do we weight butterfly ?

I think it is grams

13
0

What Dermatology specialized in ?

Skin Baldness &

Hair

13
2

What is Hematology relates to ?

blood test

13
3

What is Orthopaedic relates to ?

Joints, Knee, bones

13
4

What is term Neuro-Psych ?

brain injury or
mental health

13
5

What is term Immunology ?

Immune related,
HIV/AIDS

13
6

What is term Otolaryngology ?

ENT, Ear Nose &

Throat

13
7

What are senses

13
8

What is recession ? Downfall in economy,

nation wealth etc

13
9

Increase in iron, good or bad for health ?

Downfall in economy

14
0

What is Ophthalmologist specialist in ?

perform eye operations

GRAPHS

The line graph highlights the rate of smoking in Someland by both men and women over 40
years from 1960 to 2000. Male smokers were the highest in 1960 at 600 thousand and it
gradually decline to a low of 300 thousand in 2000. On the other hand, the number of women
smokers was the lowest in 1960 at 100 thousand and it gradually increase, peaking at 300
thousand in 1975 and eventually decreased to 200 thousand in 2000. Overall, although men
were traditionally heavier smokers than women in 1960, both are smoking at almost the same
rate at 250 to 300 thousand in 2000.

This graph depicts Revenues & Gross Margin since Apple IPhone launch, Revenue went up
unsteady over the period of Q3 2007 to Q4 2012,In Q1 2012 it reached to level of 45 million
revenue compare from 2008 to 20010, After that revenue fluctuate for subsequent two
quarters and in Q4 2012 it grew up & reached to the highest peak of 55 mill Despite of all up &
downs in revenue gross margin consistently in range from 30 % to 40 %through out the
period.

The diagram compares the Revenues of two financial years from various geographies.The
top contributor is Far East in both FY11 and FY12 with slight decrease in FY12 from 36% to
27%. South East and India stood at 2nd and 3rd positions respectively in both the years with
former increasing from 20% to 21% and latter from 15% to 18%. Africa stood as one of the
least contributors in both the years

This bar graph illustrates the comparison between the students age and the reason for the
studies, It is clearly seen that 80% of the students who are under 26 studies due to their
career, and it started decreasing and reached less than 20% with age over 49.
As of for Interest it is seen that under 26 had started with 10% and ended with 70% with over
49, Overall its clear that when the students grow on age, the reason is changing from Career
to Interest.

The given bar illustration depicts the revenue and line shows revenue growth rate in
particular 6 countries in 2014.It is crystal clear that Greater degree of revenue comes from
America, accounted for 16%, following by Europe with almost half of Americas revenue.
Moreover other remaining countries revenue was below 3%.
As for as revenue growth rate is considered Greater china had highest growth rate with 18%
and Rest of Asia Pacific was reckoned with lowest revenue and revenue growth rate in
financial year.

The line chart displays the purchased from ITunes , comparing the number of weeks to the
songs purchased in millions.
It had a steady growth from first week to week 90 reaching 200 million purchases,but from
that point onwards it has taken a huge climb and reached one thousand million purchases
before reaching 150 weeks,

The pie illustrates overall job satisfaction.It is immediately apparent that somewhat satisfied
and very satisfied had taken significant majority claiming 47 % each , secondly somewhat
dissatisfied and indifferent claiming 6 % each.while very dissatisfied has taken a insignificant
percentage of 2 %.

The pie illustrates overall job satisfaction.It is immediately apparent that somewhat satisfied
and very satisfied had taken significant majority claiming 47 % each , secondly somewhat
dissatisfied and indifferent claiming 6 % each.while very dissatisfied has taken a insignificant
percentage of 2 %.

The bar graph illustrates the levels of sugars in seven various types of foods. It is
immediately apparent that the chocolate bar contains maximum levels of sugars, while
ketchup accounted for the least
To begin, just over one third of sugar is present in chocolate bar, closely followed by
chocolate cake and soda at just over and just under a third respectively. Approximately one
fifth sugar is present in ice cream, while crackers contain only approximately one out of ten.
Finally, the sugar levels in ketchup and butter accounts for in the range of nearly 9%

The above stated line graph illustrates the relationship of sales which is in US dollars with
ten years period of different European countries over the spending on books. To begin,
steady growth is observed in France, Italy and Austria during 1995 till 2005. However, in the
initial period Germany dipped but later on Germany is the country who spends significant
money on the books year by year. Overall, Germany is leading the spending as compare with
rest of the countries.

The line graph illustrates the consumption of three types of fast food by Australian
teenagers. Although the consumption of fish and chips were the highest in 1975, there was
significant drop to 38 times in the year 2000. In contrast, consumption of hamburgers grew
by almost 90 times during this period. Finally, pizza was the lowest consumed fast food but
after the year 1991 , it is the second highest consumed fast food standing at 83 times year
during the past 10 years.
Please comment and share for more information and PTE Academic practice material

The depict line graph illustrates the relationship of Number of students which is in 100s with
different years (from 1982 to 2000) of prominent Asian countries who visit for the purpose of
education. To begin, dramatic increase is noticed on the Indian visitors while significant drop
is noticed from the visitors of Singapore however Hong Kong and Malaysia are levelled off.
Overall, Indian visitor showed substantial growth and Singapore dropped off drastically.

The line graph illustrates the relationship of different age groups which is in percentage with
the years during 1990 to 2010 of the attendees in the UK cinema. To begin, age between 14 to
34 rose sharply between the period of 2000 and 2010. However, dramatic increase is noticed
between the age of 34 to 54 during the years 2000-05 and then levelled off. All in all, one can
conclude that a substantial growth between 2000 and 2005 of different age groups

The given three pictures shows the considerable amount of development from 1962 to
present day in Fontan and Meadowside village. As learnt, technology and globalization had
played a vital role to connect either of them to other distant cities and also transformed them
to business and urban estates comprising of Business park , leisure complex with hotel and
station.

The bar chart illustrates the number of men and women employed in six positions in
Australia in 2003. It is immediately evident that generally more number of males than females
were employed, and that trade persons stood the highest for males and clerical for males
over this time frame. To begin with males, around 900 worked in trade persons and clerical
positions with approximately 600 worked in managers and professions. Finally, semi
professionals, production and labourers positions stood in the range of between 400-500.
Moving on to females the situation was totally different. 900 females worked in clerical
positions, this figure was dropped to at least a half in professionals category, which was
much more ahead of men. Next, semi professionals, labourers and managers positions for

females were in the range of 200-300, but lesser than males. Finally, only one in ten women
worked in trade persons and production.

The pie chart illustrates the main reasons that people migrated and emigrated to the UK in
2007. We can clearly see from the pie chart that the definite job and searching for work
accounted for the largest proportion of emigration and migration
To begin nearly one third of people went and left the UK for definite job, while one fifth of
people emigrated for job search, only just over one in ten people immigrated for this
purpose.Next just over a quarter of people immigrated to the UK for formal study, but this
figure was only 4% for emigration.

The chart shows the enrolment comparison of 400 research students with equal number of
males and females. All the students opted for Natural Sciences. Psychology and Mathematics
were opted by all male students with comparatively lesser female enrolments, similarly
Engineering and Programming received around 75%,of male enrolments and less than 50%
female enrolments. Linguistics opted by a bit more than 100 female students and near about
85 male students.

The given bar graph illustrates number of male and female users with certain age using
internet browsers ie IE and Firefox.
The top horizontal bar shows that out of 45 Firefox users and 54 IE users, female users are 22
years old and male users are 25 years old.
The 2nd bar from top shows out of 35 firefox users and 44 IE users, male users are 20 years
old and female users are 23 years old.
The 3rd bar from top indicates that out of 25 firefox users and 34 IE users, male and female
users belong to same age group ie 17 years and 18 years respectively.
The bottom horizontal bar shows that males and females of age 22 years and 13 years
respectively belong to the group of 18 firefox and 24 IE users.

The Line graphs compares different countries in terms of amount of wheat they exported
from the year 1985 to 1990. It is lucid that Canada exported approx 19 million tonnes of wheat
in the year 1985 and reaches its zenith value 25 million tonnes in the year 1988. On the other
hand Australia lags behind in exporting wheat .Australia started with 15 million tonnes in
1985 and ended with 11 million tonnes in the year 1990 , whereas European community wheat
export remained steady around 15 million from year 1985 to 1988 but rose sharply to 21
million in 1990.

 The above image is one of the city which is located near river. There are 2 ships which I guess

used by inhabitants of that city for enjoyment and take a wonderful view of entire city. Next to
the river there are plenty of trees with a main road connecting to the other side of the town.
Finally there are some buildings which I feel that it is used for commercial purposes.

The given image shows a part of a port city . Though the background of the picture is not clear

but it can be easily guessed that the background is covered with multi-storey buildings which
are very congested. It denotes that the city is densely populated. In the foreground picture,
the roads are beautifully constructed along the sea shore. The trees which are planted on
either sides of the road enhance the beauty of the city. It looks as if there are few small ships
and engine boats are kept for public amusement .

 Its an aerial view of a developed city. In the foreground there is a river and there are some

boats and a cruise so its a pertinent place from tourist point view, and road is circumference
with lot of greenery. Furthermore, in the background there are skyscrapers. All in all, city
having a significant place in the growth of economy.

The line graph illustrates the share prices of Franklin in dollars for a period of 12 months in
2000. It is immediately evident that in January the share price was nearly $90 and reached a
peak of around $150 in March. However, thereafter the share prices consistently plummeted
and by December the share prices were at negative level. To conclude, generally the Franklin
stock values showed a decreasing trend over a 1 year time frame.

The three pie chart shows the most popular social media channel between 2011 and 2013.It is
immediately apparent that Facebook was the most favourite social media channel, but its
popularity declined over the time frame. On the other hand twitter and LinkedIn showed a
similar increasing trend and stood between 15 and 25 percent. Finally a small proportion of
Google plus and p interest was viewed. To conclude Google was the most favourite, while
Pinterest was least browsed.

This graph shows the growth of the population in Canada from 1978 to 2009. It is taken from
the website about Statistics in Canada.
There are three graphs in the chart. The green graph shows the total growth of the
population, the black one deals with the migrated people in Canada and the blue graph
shows the natural increase of the population. In 1988/89 there was an enormous growth. In
the following years the total growth went down to about 250,000 in 1998/99. From that time on
the Canadian population has been gradually growing again although the natural increase
slows down. So we can say that the growth of the population in Canada is based on
migration.

The flow chart illustrates the process on how a person could become a doctor. First a person
will have to complete a 4 year bachelors degree followed by 4 years in medical school. After
which they will have to take part in an intern ship program for a period of 3-7 year. After a
completing the intern ship program if a person doesnt want to specialize they could direct sit
for the licensing exam but if they want to specialize they will have to complete a fellowship
for 1-3 years and then take the licensing exams. The final step is to receive the medical
license.

The line graph represents the average energy consumption per household in the UK. It can
clearly be seen that during first 4 hours Britain consumed less amount of electricity in
summer and winter. On the other hand, as time passed the electricity consumption rose
gradually in both the seasons until during night they used less electricity. To sum up,the
average consumption per household was the highest in summer and used less amount in
winter.

1.The graph explains the trend of UK visitors outbound and inbound to UK from 1979 to
1999.As we see , the UK residents visit to abroad was increased drastically from just over 10
million to around 50 million in these 20 years . And, at the same time , the number of visitors
to UK has a study increase from 10 million to 30 million. In 1999 , more than 10 million UK
residents visited France , which is highest when compared with other countries in the graph.

2.The line graph elucidates the number of visitors come in England and English people
travelled other countries. It is clearly seen that English people travel more than overseas
resident. In 1979 more than 10 million English people travelled abroad and swelled
significantly year by year and ended up more than 50 millions in 1999. On the other side,

overseas people started with 10 million and increased gradually and reached to 28 millions in
1999. Moving on, vertical bar graphs depicts the favourite countries visited by English
people. It is clearly observed that first place France more than 10 millions travelled and than
Spain and least travel countries were Turkey and Greece less than 5 millions. Therefore, we
can say that France is the favourite country for UK residents among other countries

1.The graph depicts the comparison of lowest, highest and average scores for each
questions and its relevant time spent of them. It is quite apparent that there was no lowest
score recorded for any question and all the average score for each question has same taken
the same amount of time, i.e., around 5 sec , however for highest score the time spent on
each question is not more than 10 sec.
2.This graph shows the comparison of time spend for lowest,average and highest score for 4
different questions. It can be clearly seen that, none of the students scored lowest score for
any of the questions and the second question is the most time consuming question among
all questions. However, question no 1 and no 3 were not took more than 6 seconds to
complete where as highest score students took around 8 seconds to complete question 1.
Average score students consumed around 10 secs to complete question 4. In conclusion, it
said that question 2 and question 4 are much harder than other two questions.

The graph shows the earning in utopia with respect to the number of poeple.. we can see that most
men and women which is around half a million each earn somewhere around 39 to 44000 USD.
Surprisingly, a huge number of people which is around 325,000 men and women earn around 0-4000
which shows the staggering unemployment and low income rate. On the other hand, around 300,000
men and women earn over 60000 and this number of people starts to decrease with the increase of
salary and reaches somewhere equals or less than 100,000 with respect to the salary 85000. In the
higher salary group women consist of a slightly higher number than men.

Reading- Fill in the blanks

1.Its funny how Theory of Machines seems to be all over the place, yet the music itself ..
very homogeneous and the artistic direction is as . as can be. On this album, it sounds like

Ben Frost is drawing from tons of influences, which means that each listener will hear in it different
things related to their own musical . The title track opens in post-rock style, down to the
impending climax six minutes in. Yet, Theory of Machines is not a post-rock album. You might also
hear death metal threads laced throughout the five cuts, and ambient stylings, Sonic Youth-esque
guitar textures, a Bjrk-like fragility in the arrangements, an occasional surge of rhythm akin to latevintage King Crimson, a level of intensity . of Swans, and so on. Frost does make an
explicit reference to Swans Michael Gira in the track title We Love You Michael Gira, but the tribute
is more subtle than what you might expect. The music in this track (as everywhere else on the
album) is not that close to Swans output, but it does share a .. spirit, a certain understanding
of the power of music.

precise instruments remains soon experience common reminiscent natural

2.While Darwins Theory of Evolution is a .. young archetype, the evolutionary worldview

itself is as old as antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the
development of life from non-life and the . descent of man from animal. Charles
Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy a plausible mechanism called
natural selection. Natural selection acts to preserve and . minor advantageous genetic
mutations. Suppose a member of a species developed a functional advantage (it grew wings and
learned to fly). Its . would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The
inferior (disadvantaged) members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only the
superior (advantaged) members of the species. Natural selection is the preservation of a functional
advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Natural selection is the naturalistic
equivalent to domestic . Over the centuries, human breeders have produced dramatic
changes in domestic animal populations by selecting individuals to breed. Breeders eliminate
traits gradually over time. Similarly, natural selection eliminates inferior species
gradually over time.

offspring undesirable relatively accumulate grow evolutionary breeding

3.The Natural Law, as applied to the case of human beings, requires greater . because of
the fact that we have .. and free will. It is the our nature humans to act freely (i.e. to be
provident for ourselves and others) by being inclined toward our proper acts and end. That is, we
human must exercise our natural reason to discover what is best for us in order to

achieve the end to which their nature inclines. Further more, we must our freedom, by
choosing what reason determines to naturally suited to us, i.e. what is best for our nature. The
natural inclination of humans to . their proper end through reason and free will is the
natural law. Formally defined, the Natural Law is humans participation in the Eternal Law, through
reason and will. Humans actively .. in the eternal law of God (the governance of the world) by
using reason in conformity with the Natural Law to discern what is good and evil.

precision participate beings caused exercise acheive reason get human

1 remains , precise, experience, reminiscent, common
2 relatively, evolutionary, accumulate, offspring, breeding,undesirable
3 precision,reason,beings,exercise,achieve,participate

4..Geelongs Gordon Institute will undergo a $10 million upgrade, to ..building of a

new technical school.
Training and Skills Minister Steve Herbert on Friday the State Government would
contribute $5 million and the Gordon $5 million for work which would signal a new era for the
institution.
Work will include presenting a new facade to Latrobe Terrace, as well as of
laboratories and equipment.
The institutes library will shift to the new tech school.
This major redevelopment for the Gordon means students of all ages will have access to cuttingedge and equipment, giving them the skills they need for the jobs they want, Mr
Herbert said.
Proceed , announced ,accompany, bringing ,updating, facilities, technology
5.REIQ Gold Coast zone chairman John Newlands said some southern suburbs were shaking off a
poor reputation and .gentrification as wealthier residents moved in and displaced
people from lower-income groups.
I think suburbs such as Miami have become with people who previously would not
have gone there, he said.
They have come into their own with new restaurants and markets, which has also
made them more attractive.

Developers have .on to the trend as well, with Sunland launching a $62 million
development, Magnoli Residences, in Palm Beach.
,avail, experiencing , popular ,famous, closing , opening , cottoned ,launched

6.It was nice while it lasted, but the balmy June is about to be washed away by a
wintry long weekend, with rain tipped for Saturday and Monday.
After three days of glorious sunshine day time maximums of 21C or above, an
approaching cold front and another one on Sunday is set to remind people in the south of the
state that it really is winter.
The southern half of the state had an early taste of it last month with ..cold fronts which
lashed the state, bringing winds up to 111km/h and rainfall in excess of 100mm
to parts of the South West.
And in the north of the state a trough and subsequent rain band will bring showers to western parts
of the Pilbara from Friday onwards.
raining ,Sunshine, produced ,demanded , successive ,daily , destructive,strong
4.accompany,announced ,updating ,facilities
5. experiencing ,popular ,opening ,cottoned
6. sunshine ,produced ,successive ,destructive

7.If the words home brew traditionally filled drinkers of a certain age with trepidation, then Sydneys
craft beer . has turned that on its head.
Forget the stereotype of vinegary pale ales and exploding bottles. Thanks to an unofficial
..network that has sprung up around the burgeoning numbers of microbreweries, todays
skilled home brewers are getting the chance to test their wares on an appreciative
public and in some cases become tomorrows professionals.
Given the chance to shine by regular home-brew. and festivals, increasing
numbers are taking the opportunity to fly solo, rather than wait for a job at an established brewery.

From Willie the Boatman in Tempe to the Badlands Brewery out at Orange, much of the
apprenticeships involved were served concocting beers in sheds and basements.
Empire ,revolution ,partner, support, increasingly, competitions, established, accomplished

8.A NEW Scitech is likely to be ..in the Perth Cultural Centre in Northbridge,
according to Premier Colin Barnett.
The Premier confirmed the State Government was .at a new site for Scitech in the Perth
Cultural Centre during budget estimate hearings on Tuesday.
Mr Barnett said the science and centre would likely be built near the new state
museum sometime in the early 2020s.
Scitechs current lease at its West Perth location will expire in 2021.
In the lead up to the 2013 state election, the Liberal Party ..plans to relocate
Scitech to Burswood to be the part of a new entertainment precinct alongside the Perth
Stadium.hose plans were scrapped in 2014.
Made, Build, grabbing , looking , technology , announced ,voted

9.THE budget for Queenslands bikie gang fighters has been ..by a third as the State
Government refuses to guarantee more resources.
Opposition Leader Tim Nicholls last night said the .to Taskforce Maxima and the
planned watering down of the VLAD laws meant Labor was sending officers on the street with their
hands tied behind their backs.
The Bulletin had been told Maxima staff were concerned about transfers from the Coast and figures
from the Opposition ..their fears. Maximas fulltime equivalent staff count dropped from
104 in 2014-15 to 95 in 2015-16.
Police Minister Bill Byrne would only say the FTE count for 2016-17 and 2017-18 would be subject to
operational requirements and the ..assessment of the threats, risk and harm posed
by bikies.
Slashed ,reduced, cutbacks ,dismantle, confirmed , constant ,remained

7 revolution ,support, increasingly ,competitions ,

8. build , looking ,technology ,announced
9.reduced,cutbacks ,confirmed ,constant

10.A blueprint for a city park in Penriths CBD has gone on .for public comment. The plan
seeks to rezone land bound by Station Street, Henry Street, Allen Place and Woodriff Street so
Penrith City Council can .a city park precinct. The rezoning will allow greater flexibility
regarding use of the site and design, a statement from the council said.A city park has been part of
councils planning since it was included in the Penrith City Centre in 2006, and
was identified as one of Penrith Progressions first priorities.
Throughout extensive community engagement for Penrith Progression, a wide range of
stakeholders .a centrally located city heart, Penrith mayor Karen McKeown
said.
A city park will transform our city centre. A contemporary public space, surrounded by a mix of
housing and specialist retail.., will in turn foster redevelopment of private land in the
area.
Raise , display ,make , develop ,policy , strategy , supported, business , opportunities

11.THE humble brick home, the cornerstone of Australian dwellings since the early 1800s, has been
through many ..in the past 200 years.
From pre-Victorian homes, to post-war homes all the way to the new Australian dream: a threebedroom brick home on a fair chunk of land. Here are three houses from around the region that
exemplify the .of the brick home.
to the 1850s, 270 Latrobe Tce, Newtown doesnt look much like it did when it
was first built, with white paint covering the facade, giving it a Hamptons feel.
Inside, the four-bedroom home is full of period charm, with ..wood trimmings, a
wrought iron balcony at the rear of the home, and an exposed beam ceiling in the upstairs bedroom.
Set on one of Newtowns most affluent streets, the kitchen is with high-end appliances
and looks out over the backyard and entertaining area. The lifestyle doesnt come cheap though,
with the expected price range of $745,000 to $815,000.
Timed , evolution , Dated , polished , stunning ,Incarnations ,beautiful

12.Avoiding exercise could be bad for our mental health too, pushing us into the pit of depression
and causing at work. Management experts have discovered that employees
who..in physical activity are less likely to experience a . of their mental
health, including of burnout and depression.
symptoms,expertise,Impulse,burnout,boost,result,engage,deterioration

10.dispaly ,develop , strategy ,supported , opportunities

11. Incarnations, evolution , Dated , polished , stunning
12 BURNOUT , ENGAGE , DETERIORATION ,SYMPTOMS

13.West Point researchers found that using a laptop or tablet in the classroom had an
overall drop of roughly one-fifth of a standard deviation.
Students who were allowed use of their laptops or tablets performed with an 18 per
cent reduction, while those with a modified tablet access saw a 17 per cent drop.This a
1.7 point drop on the 100 point scale.The negative effects were seen most heavily in male students,
and those who came into the class with a high GPA.The researchers say that both unrestricted and
modified use may affect students in a number of ways.It could lead to.., in which
students are checking social media or even doing homework for another class, and it may reduce
students abilities to effectively take notes.
The researchers say professors may even change their own, interacting differently with
the class in response to students using devices.
Caused , create,consider,unrestricted , equates, distractions, behaviour

PTE ACADEMIC READING FILLING BLANKS PRACTICE

14.Individuals suffering from chronic fatigue tend to be more.., distressed and are also more
likely to suppress these emotions than people who do not have this, says a study. In

addition, when under stress, chronic fatigue .patients show greater activation of the
biological fight or flight mechanism, which may add to their fatigue, the study said.
Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome often tell us that worsens their symptoms, but
this study demonstrates a possible biological mechanism underlying this effect, said lead study
author Katharine Rimes from Kings College London. The findings appeared in the journal Health
Psychology.
The research that involved .160 people in Britain relied on self and observer reports, as
well as physiological responses that were collected before, during or after the participants watched a
distressing film clip.
Worried ,Anxious , condition ,tension , syndrome , stress , examining

15.California on Wednesday suspended its mandatory state wide 25 percent reduction in urban
water use, telling local .to set their own conservation standards after a relatively wet
winter and a year of .savings in urban water use.
The new rules are a sharp change in policy for a state to manage one of the worst
droughts in its history. They came after a winter in which El Nio storms fell short of what
meteorologists projected particularly in the southern part of the state but still partly filled
..reservoirs in Northern California and, more critically, partly replenished the mountain
snow packs that provide water into the spring and summer.
Area , communities , parched ,enormous , huge , struggling
13.Caused , ,unrestricted , equates, distractions, behaviour
14 Anxious , condition , syndrome , stress , examining
15 .communities ,enormous , struggling , parched

16
Some of the first clashes of the war . British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On
67 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun.
On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting

. for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in German East Africa, led by Colonel Paul
von Lettow-Vorbeck, fought a guerilla warfare campaign during World War I and only two weeks after
the armistice took in Europe.
involve involved continued surrendered attacked defer effect
17
His son was in a distant place and he returned home for vacation. The rich man wanted to
show off to his son how rich his father was and how he made him very proud. But his son wasnt
ever fond of any luxurious . However, the rich man wanted to make his son realize that his
lifestyle was extremely rich and how the poor people did suffer. He planned for a day visit to the
entire town to show him off the life of the poor people. The father and the son took a chariot and
the entire town. They returned home after two days. The father was happy that his son was very
quiet . seeing the poor people honouring the rich man and after seeing the sufferings of the poor
ones due to lack of .
playing studying after visited lifestyle car facilities study
18
In the Eastern Front, on 22 June, the great Soviet offensive, codenamed Operation Bagration,
almost the German Army Group Centre. Soon the Germans were forced to defend
Ukraine and Poland . Arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings . German government in Eastern
European countries, but all of those failed to succeed unless helped by the Soviets. Then another
Soviet offensive . Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies. Communist Serbs partisans under
Josip Broz Tito Belgrade with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the
Soviets . many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Hungary.
Finland switched to the side of the Soviets and Allies.
forced, attacked, destroyed, retook, against, took
19
Love decided to ask Vanity who was also passing by in a beautiful vessel. Vanity, please help me!
I cant help you, Love. You are all wet and might . my boat, Vanity answered. Sadness was
close by so Love asked, Sadness, let me go with you. Oh . Love, I am so sad that I need to be by
myself! Happiness . by Love, too, but she was so happy that she did not even hear when
Love called her. Suddenly, there was a voice, Come, Love, I will . you. It was an elder.So
blessed and overjoyed, Love even . to ask the elder where they were going. When they .. at
dry land, the elder went his own way. Realizing how much was owed the elder, Love asked
Knowledge, another elder, Who Helped me?

take damage crack forgot arrived passed took

16. involved, attacked, continued, surrendered, effect

17. studying, lifestyle, visited, after, facilities
18destroyed against forced retook attacked
19 damage, passed , take, forgot, arrived

20
Not all New York City love stories have to be romantic. NYC is in this endlessly re-watchable
weepie about the tumultuous friendship between CC Bloom (Bette Midler) and Hillary Whitney
(Barbara Hershey). After one .. summer at the board walk in Atlantic City, the girls form an
unbreakable .. that eventually leads them to live together in a nightmare down town apartment.
The girls both experience success in NYCCC becomes a big Broadway star and Hilary becomes a
lawyerand their rapport is temporarily disrupted by a man (of course). While they .. find
each other again on the left coast, their New York City roots permeate the film.
1 quality, featured, characteristic, phenomenon
2 critical, important, fateful, fate
3 relationship, bond, promise, association
4 even, finally, eventually, sometime21
Sales fell faster in greater China, which includes Hong Kong and Taiwan, than in any other .,
down 26 percent compared with the previous year. .. in mainland China, Apples second-largest
market after the United States, fell 11 percent as the country struggled with a slowing economy.
Apples prospects there remain since the government recently shut down Apples e-book
and digital movie services without ..Apples forecast for the current quarter did not make Wall
Street more confident. The company projected revenue of $41 billion to $43 billion. That is much
worse than Wall Street had been
1 zone, location, region, country
2 vending, sales, bought, transaction
3 debatable, ambivalent, uncertain, doubtful
4 explanation, clarification, explain, account
5 conjecture, picture, painting, predicting22

The players the Cincinnati Reds trotted out on Wednesday . a prime opportunity for Harvey to
regain his form. But against the first batter of the game, Zack Cozart, Harvey gave up a home run.
Next up, Ivan De Jesus Jr. lined a single off Harveys backside.Harvey escaped the first inning
without further by striking out the next three batters, setting the cadence for his night.
Like a ship wading through rough waters, Harvey encountered his share of whitecaps, but he
finished in good .., striking out seven in six innings while allowing two runs and seven hits, as
the Mets defeated the Reds, 5-2, at Citi Field.This is the best I think hes thrown all year, Manager
Terry Collins said. I think hes making . .Neil Walker drove in two runs to support Harvey, with
one of the R.B.I. coming in the third on his ninth home run, which tied him for the franchise record for
April. Last . with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Walker did not hit his ninth homer until July 26.
1 present, furnish, propose, prefer, presented
2 destruction, damage, injurious, wounding
3 condition, time, state, express
4 stalk, strides, ride, step
5 season, time, moment
23
In one of Spike Lees most complex films to date, the .. of Jungle Fever is dedicated to exploring
the consequences of the illicit affair between successful Black architect Flipper Purify (Wesley
Snipes) and his Italian-American secretary, Angie Tucci (Annabella Sciorra). Set to a smoldering
. by Stevie Wonder, the film follows the smitten pair as they ditch their partners after being
discovered in order to move in together. Audiences are treated to . views of Harlem and
Bensonhurst through Lees powerful lens as Flipper and Angies romance proves too to
survive the scrutiny and violent objections from their families and ..
1 main-part, majority, most, earth-slip
2 music, soundtrack, movie-album
3 haunting, moving, atmospheric, haunt
4 strong, week, puny, poor
5 communities, colony, area, circle

20 featured, fateful,bond, eventually

21 region, Sales, uncertain, explanation, predicting
22 presented, damage, condition, strides, season
23 majority, soundtrack, haunting, weak, communities

24
Humans of New York, the photographic of the amazing people .. around the streets of
the Big Apple, was started by Brandon Stanton in the summer of 2010. What began as a journey for
a young photographer, .. into a visual story, twisting its way through the tourist-filled streets,
traffic-packed asphalt and winding subway tunnels of this manic city that millions of and
beautiful individuals call home. Here are the 25 most romantic photos and stories throughout the
history of HONY.
unique archive seeing exploded roaming
25
Nearly half of the smartphones in the United States are iPhones, and Apple may be reaching
the . point among potential customers in other developed countries. Rival smartphone makers
using Googles Android operating system .. to challenge the company with powerful, less
devices.
saturation sold extend continue sale expensive costly exorbitant

26
Apples disappointing quarter is the latest in a . of bad reports from the biggest technology
companies. While the . vary including the long slump in personal computer sales and slipping
for online ads a common theme has been that as these companies have grown into giants, it
has become harder and harder to keep up the . .
rate reasons impulse prices momentum string difference27
With the exception of our good friend Martin Scorsese, no filmmaker captures the .. of the New
York City as well as Woody Allen. This classic film follows Allens neurotic alter ego Alvy Singer as he
.. his failed relationships, especially his dalliance with the enticing, scatterbrained and totally
adorable Annie Hall, a role made iconic in both and style by Diane Keaton. From their first
meeting at the Wall Street Racquet Club (now gone, of course) to their romantic . around
the Upper West Side to their ironic takes on New Yorkers at the Central Park Zoo, Alvy and Annie
may not have been .. to stay together, but its sure fun to watch their NYC romance fizzle.
wanderings nature essence reuse character personality destined rehashes

24 archive, roming, exploded, unique

25 sold, saturation, continue, expensive
26 string, reasons, prices, momentum
27 essence, rehashes, character, wanderings, destined

28
Since the dawn of human civilization, human beings have consistently been 1 their dream
faculty. In the Aryan society too, the dreams 2. the human beings. The coming of Christianity
itself was a great event in the history of mankind. The crucifixion of Jesus was seen in the dreams of
the chosen and 3. who had fathomless faith in Jesus, they had been informed in the dream that
there would be resurrection of Jesus and his sacrifice for the sins of humanity would not go 4.
BLANKS :- MISGUIDED
,MYSTIFIED,REMEMBERING,BLESSED,INTERPRETING,BELIEVED,WASTED,IGNORE

29
Its no secret that battlefield trauma can leave 1. with deep emotional scars that 2.. their
ability to function in civilian life. But new research led by Washington University in St. Louis suggests
that military service, even without 3, has a subtle 4 effect on a mans personality, making it
potentially more difficult for veterans to get along with friends, family and co-workers.
BLANKS
:-COMBAT,AMATEURS,SOOTHE,VETERANS,INTERMITTENT,ACCORD,LINGERING,IMPACT
30
Human history is 1. with instances of how diffusion of general purpose technologies transformed
2. and society. Take the US where electricity 3. the way factories were organized in the
19th century, while assembly lines transformed manufacturing. In communications and logistics, the
telegraph enabled 4.. conveyance of goods in stock and instructions to employees.
BLANKS :METAMORPHOSED,RAPID,REPLETE,ARISTOCRACY,MOROSE,STAGNATED,LANGUISHING,C
OMMONALITY
31

Brain concussion is a brain 1.. which does not have any macroscopic structural damage but is
caused by mechanical force. Post traumatic amnesia was a condition to 2 the brain concussion.
Patients with brains concussion have always amnesia with normal 3 status. One form of 4..
left intact in patients is the ability to learn skills called procedural memory.
BLANKS :- MELODY,NEUROLOGICAL,FILTER,DYSFUNCTION,SKILL,MEMORY,BIOLO

Please find below correct answers

28. 1) interpreting 2) mystified 3) blessed 4) wasted
29 1) replete 2) commonality 3) metamorphosed 4) rapid
30. 1) veterans 2) impact 3) combat 4) lingering
31. 1) dysfunction 2) diagnose 3) neurological 4) memory

Improving Contentration

1
Make a tally of every time your mind wanders on a 3x5 card. Divide the card up into three
sections: morning, afternoon and night. Every time you catch your mind wandering, make a little
checkmark in the appropriate box.[1] After only a little while, you'll find that your mind won't
wander as often, simply by keeping a tally!

Being aware of the issue is the first step, and this method helps you stay very aware of
each time you lose your concentration. Your awareness of what you're doing will eventually help
you improve your concentration, without any added effort.
With this method, you'll eventually be able to pinpoint your most vulnerable times. Say
you find a lot of tallies during the morning, when you're still tired and your mind is likely to drift.
That's a sign that you should be improving your concentration by getting more sleep, or eating a
healthy breakfast.

2
Set aside specific times during the day in order to let your mind wander or your
concentration drift. If you have a set time during the day say your "drift off" time is at 5:30
every day, when you get back from school or work you may be less likely to sanction drifting
off during 11 a.m. or 3 p.m. If you catch yourself drifting off during any of the unsanctioned

times, tell yourself that you have a designated drift off time and try to keep your brain
concentrated on whatever task is at hand.

3
Help improve the flow of oxygen to the brain. Blood is the main vehicle of oxygen in our
bodies. But blood gets pooled in the lower half of our bodies as a result of gravity, and doesn't

push as much oxygen to the brain, where it helps improve concentration. In order to help
oxygenate the brain, get up and take a walk every so often to get the blood pumping.

If you're stuck at work and you can't really carve out the time for exercise, try
doingexercises at work. These can include any number of things, including isometric or aerobic
exercises.

Remember to give your brain a quick break at least every hour, at most every 30
minutes. If your brain has to concentrate consistently for hours at a time, it loses processing
power and your concentration levels slip.[2] Better to space your project out and take breaks or
power naps in between in order to reboot your concentration and keep it humming at closer to
100%.

5
Practice doing one thing at a time, and doing it to completion.[3] If you jump all over the
place and start a new project before you've finished the last one, you're telling your brain that it's
okay to switch from one subject to another. If you really want to improve your concentration,
you'll start trying to convince your brain to finish one taskbefore you move onto the next one.

Apply this philosophy to as many different tasks in your life as possible. You may think
that finishing one book before starting the other has nothing to do with finishing work on one car
before starting work on another, but they're surprisingly alike if you think about. Even the
smallest tasks have reverberations in other parts of your life.

6
Be aware of the spider technique.[4] What happens when you hold a vibrating tuning fork next
to a web with a spider in it? The spider comes to investigate where the noise is coming from
because it pays to be curious. But what happens if you repeatedly hold a vibrating tuning fork
next to the spider's lair? After a while, the spider won't stop to investigate the tuning fork
anymore. It knows what to expect, so it ignores it.

The spider technique is behaving just like the spider. Expect for distractions to come and
try to throw you off your concentration. A door slams. A bird whistles. A flash mob erupts.
Whatever the distraction is, continue focusing on your task at hand. Be like the spider and turn a
blind eye to distractions that you know can throw you off your
concentration.

7
Do work at a desk, not your bed. Your bed is where you sleep; your desk is where you work
and concentrate. Your mind makes these sorts or associations subconsciously, which means
that you're sending a "sleep" signal to your mind if you're trying to work on your bed. This is

counterproductive because you're actually asking your brain to do two things at once
(concentrate and sleep). Instead, ask you brain to either concentrate or sleep by choosing your
workstation carefully.

8
Try the five-more rule. The five-more rule is simple. Whenever you feel like quitting or losing
concentration, tell yourself to do five more of whatever you were doing. If it's math problems, do
five more problems. If it's reading, do five more pages. If it's concentrating, do five more
minutes. Find the energy deep within to do five more of whatever you were you doing.

Stay Calm-Grab these easy tips

1.Get familiar with all aspects of the exam

Before taking an exam, get your hands on as many past exam papers as possible. Do
them. Visit the room youll be taking the exam in and if you can, simulate a mock exam
in that room.

By doing this, you will decrease your chances of any nasty surprises occurring on the
day of the exam. Less nasty surprises = less stress.
2. Visualise the Exam Process
A week or so before your exam, spend 30 seconds to one minute each day visualising
yourself going through the exam process. Imagine yourself waiting outside the exam
room and focusing on your breathing, walking into the exam room with good posture
feeling confident and calm, flipping through the paper during reading time and taking
note of the questions you will start with.
Why do this?
Sports psychology tells us that the act of mentally rehearsing the process of doing
anything will mean you will feel calmer and more confident when it comes time to
actually do the task or execute the move.
3. Keep away from the Meh-heads
You know the people Im talking about. The students who brag about the fact they have
hardly studied and will probably fail. I dont care if I fail they say with a smile, but you
can bet your bottom dollar that they do care.
There is no point having their words occupy your precious mental space and drain your
energy. You need to remain calm and focused for the exam, so do yourself a favour
avoid the meh heads.

4. Breathe deeply 3 Sighs

Often when we get stressed or nervous our breathing becomes shallower and faster.
You can decrease your stress levels by consciously slowing down your breathing and
using the 3 sigh breathing technique.
This strategy requires you to take a deep breath in (filling up your chest), then hold and
let out a big sigh. Repeat this twice. Letting out a big sigh is the fastest way to relax your
body. This strategy takes only 10 seconds to do and can be repeated as many times as
you like throughout the day.
5. Focus on what you know
My first lecturer at university told me that on the morning of an exam I had to forget
about the things I hadnt had a chance to study and simply focus on the things I knew.
He told us to tell ourselves statements such as I know a lot more than I did before and
Ill be able to answer a lot of questions in the exam.
He strongly urged us not to bother studying new content on the morning of our exams.
Advertisement Essay

**Some people think placing advertisements in schools is a great resource for public
schools that need additional funding, but others think it exploits children by treating
them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors. Choose which position you most
agree with and discuss why you chose that position. Support your point of view with
details from your own experiences, observations or reading.

Placing advertisement in schools can be a great resource for public schools that
needs additional funding, however, there are some arguments regarding
exploitation of children by treating them as captive audience for corporate
sponsors.
Public schools are in bad conditions when it comes to its structure, area, utilities and
access to new equipments. Placing advertisements could aid them with financial
support needed for improvement of schools infrastructure and access to new
equipments. The money raised from such advertisements can be used to give
students better nourished food, clean playgrounds and classrooms, new computers
and access to internet, all sports accessories and equipment, renovation of old
areas of school and building new structure.
However, we must also focus on the adverse effects of advertisements in school, as
it is the only place after home, which gives your child the basic education and
knowledge required to survive in this world. Public schools are usually in bad
condition and advertising in school could put oil in fire as students would be
constantly subjected to distraction, weather in the form of posters, bill boards, or
other such advertising materials. Students would not be able to focus on studies
and get distracted by thinking and discussing about the advertisement they daily
come across. They can be targeted as potential consumers by corporate companies.
Advertising about attractive clothes, food, toys, mobiles, could lead children to urge
for these items and putting hurdles in their studies.

Every coin has two sides. To solve this problem, public schools should only authorise
advertisements which could serve educational purpose and then reinforce activities
in school to mould students to focus on educational benefits. For example,
approving advertisement of fast speed internet and then giving knowledge to
students of how to use internet for educational purpose by actively encouraging
them through computer activites.

Some people think placing advertisements in schools is a

great resource for public schools that need additional funding,
but others think it exploits children by treating them as a
captive audience for corporate sponsors.
Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you chose that position.
Support your point of view with details from your own experiences, observations or reading.

You should write at least 250 words.

Model Essay:
It is a true fact to consider that in the present day society, the advertisement has become most popular media
resource in the competitive market. Considering this, there are some analysts who hold an opinion that the
public schools are better places to advertise to increase the funds for the schools, while others consider that it
will cause to children to be exploited it will make them as captive audiences. That essay will assertion both side
of the contentions before deducing a reasonable conclusion.
There are many people who speak not to place advertisements to increase funds in public schools. First and
foremost, distracted juveniles could be a significant factor. It is generally seen that when companies place the
huge colourful advertisement in school, children would more focus in advertisement and they would put less
concentrate on studies. For instance, the majority of the businesses are placing advertisements in schools to
focus more students attraction for their products. Therefore, if pupils do not have enough money to fulfil their
requirements, they might get involved in some sort of criminals activities. It is natural that if a billboard
advertisement focuses on presenting luxury items, poor students whose parents cannot afford them would feel
deprived.

There are some groups who are in favour of placing advertisements to increase fund in public schools in spite
of views discussed above regarding not to placing advertisements in public school. An increasing number of
facilities could be a substantial reason behind the opponent's viewpoint. Nowadays, businesses spent
thousands of dollars for reaching their competitive market. Therefore, if they can place advertisements in the
right place they would spend more than usual, for example, sponsoring for new buildings and equipment.

In last, undoubtedly, whether placing advertisements in public school or not is always a matter of discussion;
however, as far as I am concerned, advertisements should be banned in the school environment and we should
make better and serene environment for kids in schools.

[ Written by - Shanika ]

Essay topics: Some people think placing advertisements in schools is

a great resource for public schools that need additionally funding, but
others think it exploits children by treating them as a captive audience
for corporate sponsors.

Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you chose
that position. Support your point of view with details from your own
experiences, observations or reading.

Submitted by bwosti on Fri, 01/30/2015 - 06:56

It is believed that advertisement is a prime source of a

business which contributes to generate a large amount of
fund for any organisation or corporation like schools.
However, some argue that schools are not an appropriate
place to place advertisement in the name of extra fund
collection. I will be in favour of the last notion.
To begin with, placing advertisements in schools will distract
juveniles who do not have controlling power on themselves
as psychological aspect of children needs to be considered
before placing an advertisement in school. School children
might less concentrate on their studies and more focus on
colourful advertisements because of which their future will be
uncertain as they will not be able to pass their course easily.
For example, a child who is in the habit of involving in various
advertising campaigns since childhood, lacks behind on his or
her studies .In the same way, young pupils will be obsessed
with money and if there is a shortage of money in any stage
of their life while growing , they might indulge in an illegal act
to achieve money.

On the other side of the fence, there are positive aspect as

well, as children may get a good opportunity for future and
they can shape their life by following only positive outcomes
of advertisement.
To conclude, the latter notion outweighs the first one as
students should focus on their studies at this age rather than
highlighting in other aspect like advertisement. Therefore,
Advertisements should be banned from the schools .we
should ensure a good and quiet place for kids to study.

Causes and Solution Essay on Personal Stress

Personal stress is now a major problem in many countries around the world and it causes
untold damage to many millions of people daily.
What are some of the factors in modern society that cause this stress, and how can we
reduce it?

Vocabulary Bank

Contemporary

Detrimental
Respond

Eustress: Stress experienced in good situation.

Emotional

Stressor : A stressing situation

Manage

Taxing demands
Tension

Breaking Point
Mental strain

Anxious
Techno stress: Stress caused by technology

Comfort food
Peer pressure: the feeling of needing to do the same thing as all your friends.

Incorporate
Acclimatise : adapt

Depression

In this contemporary world, countless people worldwide are increasingly suffering from
the detrimental effects of stress and much of this can be laid at the feet of our
consumerist lifestyle. Various elements could be considered responsible for the
growing stress in our society. There are, however, practical measures that can be
implemented to mitigate its worrying impacts.
It is quite obvious that the world we live in today gives us many stressful and
intensifying situations to deal with which becomes the reason for growing
stress. Firstly, we now live in a world of crass consumerism, where for many, the
greatest needs have moved from survival requirements of food and shelter, to the
desires for material possessions that others have. The worlds rapidly increasing
population is now being much better fed, with a shift in need going from the most
basic, to the next level of satisfaction being the acquisition of perceived wealth. People
are becoming acclimatised to the glorification of middle class affluence and nothing
demonstrates this prosperity more than the accumulation of more and more, requiring
more and more money, harder work, greater emotional pressure, less time with family
and greater drive to show off and be shown off. All of these are major causes of stress.
Fortunately, a person can act in several ways to reduce stress. One method is better
time management. Spending some time every morning to plan the day and to set
realistic targets accompanied with better division of work can alleviate stress. Knowing
the health risks associated with stress, a person should selfishly decide to undertake a
range of de-stressing activities such as meditation, yoga, reading, taking special time
out to relax. Paradoxically, managing time for breaks and relaxation may seem difficult
when one is increasingly stressed. However, relaxation breaks will assist in controlling
ones life and reducing ones stress as well.
In brief, it is true fact to consider that stress from our lives could not be eradicated
completely, however the by adopting above said proposals there are the chances to
reduce the level.

PTE Academic Essays

Roles of governments, companies and individuals to combat climate change

The environment we live in is in danger due to various problems. What are the underlying
causes? Who is responsible to combat thRoles of governments, companies and individuals
to combat climate change
The environment we live in is in danger due to various problems. What are the underlying
causes? Who is responsible to combat this? What measures?
Climate change is the single greatest threat facing our planet. The debate is over, and the scientific
jury is in: global climate change is real, it is caused mainly by emissions released from burning fossil
fuels and it poses a catastrophic threat to the long-term longevity of our planet. If we do nothing, the
planet will heat up five to ten degrees Fahrenheit by the end of this century. That would cause
enough sea level rise from melting glaciers to put coastal along with more frequent asthma attacks,
higher food prices, insufficient drinking water and more infectious diseases.
This is every kind of issue all at once: the financial cost of climate change makes it an economic
issue, its effect on clean air and water quality make it a public health problem, its role in exacerbating
global conflict and terrorism makes it a national security challenge and its disproportionate impacts
on vulnerable communities and on our children and grandchildren make acting on climate change a
moral obligation.
Government should introduce legislation to cut carbon pollution by putting a tax on carbon pollution,
repealing fossil fuel subsidies and making massive investments in energy efficiency and clean,
sustainable energy such as wind and solar power. The carbon tax will make polluting activities more
expensive and green solutions more affordable, allowing energy-efficient businesses and households
to save money. There should be international agreement among all countries for a long-term goal of
phasing out fossil fuels entirely and moving to an economy powered entirely by clean energy sources
like wind, solar and geothermal.
corporate environmental management are many. In the view of management, it can fulfill supplychain requirements, ensure continual environmental improvement, help to reduce legislative noncompliance, promote staff environmental awareness and increase financial savings resulting from
resource saving and cost reduction.
At an individual level - the choices we make in our day-to-day life how we get around, what we
eat, how we live play a major role in slowing climate change. Even Simple everyday changes like
using public transport or carpooling, waste segregation , saving electricity, using environment friendly
products, using energy efficient equipments will help in reducing greenhouse gases.
Global warming is the challenge of our times. It is important not as an isolated, ambiguous theory or
political wedge issue but how the reality of global warming impacts nearly every aspect of humanity
and life on Earth. Whether it be the economy, sustainable development, politics or realizing our place
in the web of life that sustains us, understanding global warming is central in meeting the challenge

and opportunities of the 21st century. We need a global commitment to reduce carbon pollution
emissions.

Significance of formal written assessments in today's world to evaluate children's

performance.
Education system that assesses the student's learning by written exam is correct? Discuss
your view?
Education has an important role to play in the preparation of students for professional
Work life. However, formal education prepares students for much more than the formal aspects of
work. Indeed, relatively few of the activities of work and life can be characterised by the degree of
systematisation and formality found within educational institutions.
There are two main purposes of assessment. The first is to provide certification of achievement. This
enables students to graduate with a validated record of their performance in the program in which
they have participated. Certification is used by employers and by educational institutions, typically to
make judgements about acceptability for employment and further study. The second purpose of
assessment is to facilitate learning. Through the provision of information about responses to various
kinds of test or assignment, students are enabled to more effectively judge their own achievements
and what they need to do to learn more effectively within the program.
However the current assessment practices in higher education do not equip students well for a
lifetime of learning and the assessment challenges they would face in the future. We need to have
student involvement in the generation of feedback, and a more open and collaborative approach to
assignment. Courses should include supervised periods of work experience, problem-based learning
approaches and informal and periodic assessment.
Assessment activities should not only address the immediate needs of certification or feedback to
students on their current learning, but also contribute in some way to their prospective learning.
Hence assessment could be sustainable only if it meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of students to meet their own future learning needs
Both high school education and university education are viewed as means to an end: the job after
school.
The primary problem is rooted in standardization, one-size-fits-all prescribed curriculum, where all
students are expected to learn the same thing, pass the same test that says they've learned it and
move on. This pays little regard to individual talents, curiosities and interests and leads students to

think their value is in answering questions and taking tests. Students are just force-fed information,
and are not taught to think for themselves. There is no attention given to imparting life skills and
principles to students that will drive them regardless of the discipline they choose? Areas like
A) Building self-confidence
B) Being socially assertive as well as harmonious
C) Establishing good mental habits and preventing bad ones
D) Learning to question the status quo and create progress for the future
The other problem is the assessment system. Teachers teach for an exam, not for a student's
intuition. Students learn that "this is the answer to this" without learning "why this is the answer to
this". This makes students feel the need to memorize facts, not understand them. The "why", or the
understanding, is paramount, and i have noticed that so many people do not strive to understand nor
to question material, but rather strive to memorize and spew it onto another piece of paper (the
exam).
This has a detrimental effect on students as they progress through school and eventually leave
school and enter the real world. Looking around, one can clearly see the effects of a population
that's been educated in this manner, devoid of ability and inclination for solving complex problems
and favoring quick fixes and easily consumable content. This test-based standardized system of
education is counterproductive.
Talk about the pros/cons of this era as is full of daily invention. Any recent invention that you
think proved beneficial or detrimental to society
Technology and human life cannot be separated; society has a cyclical co-dependence on
technology. We use technology; depend on technology in our daily life and our needs and demands
for technology keep on rising.
We use technology to travel, to communicate, to learn, to do business and to live in comfort.
Technology has mechanized agriculture : Modern agricultural technology allows a small number of
people to grow vast quantities of food in a short period of time with less input which results into high
yields and RIO return on investment. Technology has helped in advancing transportation thus
providing greater mobility for people and goods. It has improved education and learning process:
Education is the backbone of every economy. People need well and organized educational
infrastructures so that they can learn how to interpret information. Many schools have started in their
schools with a great aim of improving the way students learn. Integrating educational technologies
like smart whiteboards, computers, mobile phones, ipads , projectors and internet has enabled
greater learning. Virtual education has brought education to previously inaccessible regions.
It has also improved communication: electronic medias like radios, televisions, internet , social
medias have improved the way we exchange ideas which can develop our societies. In many

countries, radios and televisions are used to voice the concerns of the society; online communities
and forums provide platforms for people to voice their concerns and call for action from the
government.
With the proliferation of technologies that are able to overcome the obstacles of time and space and
one would think that these tools would be used to gain an understanding of other cultures, meet
people all over the world, maintain and strengthen familial relationships, communicate effectively with
others, and help people to become more socially adept. However, some technological advances
cause people to be distracted, overly stressed, and increasingly isolated.
The more demand for new technologies and advancement of current technologies, the more
pressure we put on earths natural resources. Pollution affects the land we grow crops on , the water
we drink and the air we breath. The increased demand for new technologies and advancement of
technologies has resulted into many manufacturing and processing factories. As they work so hard to
create the best technologies for both society and business, they release harmful chemicals and
gasses which have polluted our environment and this has resulted into climate changes (global
warming). So the more technology we enjoy, the more we harm our environment.
It is apparent that technology has the potential to harm or enhance our life. This calls for proper use
of technology. The key is to strike a balance to use the right amount of technology.
In the past 100 years, there are many inventions such as antibiotics, airplanes and computer.
What do you think is the most important invention for the past 100 years? Why?
The Internet is such a powerful invention that we've probably only begun to see the effects it will
have on the world. The ability to diffuse and recombine information with such efficiency could
accelerate the rate at which further world-changing inventions are created. Information technologies
have wrought fundamental change throughout society, driving it forward from the industrial age to the
networked era. The Internet has changed business, education, government, healthcare, and even
the ways in which we interact with our loved onesit has become one of the key drivers of social
evolution.
The Internet frees us from geographic fetters and brings us together in topic-based communities that
are not tied down to any specific place. Ours is a networked, globalized society connected by new
technologies. The Internet makes it possible for an unlimited number of people to communicate with
one another freely and easily, in an unrestricted way.
It has helped to create a politically themed platform to encourage debate and provide a home for
social and political causes. The better informed a citizen is, the more likely they will step into the
polling booth, and the better they will express their political liberties. The Internet has proved to be a
decisive communication tool in the latest election campaigns. It is thanks to the Internet that causes
in the social, welfare, ideological, and political arenas have been spoken up for and have won the

support of other citizens sharing those valuesin many cases, with a real impact on government
decision making.
The Internet has clearly impacted all levels of education by providing unbounded possibilities for
learning. The network of networks is an inexhaustible source of information. People can use the
Internet to create and share knowledge and develop new ways of teaching and learning that
captivate and stimulate students imagination at any time, anywhere, using any device. By
connecting and empowering students and educators, we can speed up economic growth and
enhance the well-being of society throughout the world.
The rise of the Internet has sparked a debate about how online communication affects social
relationships. The Internet is the tool we use to interact with one another, and accordingly poses new
challenges to privacy and security. As we have seen, the Internet revolution is not just technological;
it also operates at a personal level, and throughout the structure of society.
The future will be shaped by innovation converging with the impact of mobility. This applies not just to
social media but to the Internet in general, particularly in the social communications field. The future
is brimming with opportunities, and the future of the Internet has only just begun.
Effect of social media
Social media
Out of all the plethora of communication opportunities that the Internet has opened up, I would
highlight the emergence of social media and the way they have intricately melded into our daily lives.
Social media have changed our personal space, altering the way we interact with our loved ones, our
friends, and our sexual partners; they have forced us to rethink even basic daily processes like
studying and shopping; they have affected the economy by nurturing the business startup culture
and electronic commerce; they have even given us new ways to form broad-based political
movements.
The real value of social media is that you can stay in touch from moment to moment with the people
who really matter to you. Social media let you share experiences and information; they get people
and ideas in touch instantly, without frontiers. Camaraderie, friendship, and solidaritysocial
phenomena that have been around for as long as humanity itselfhave been freed from the
conventional restrictions of space and time and can now thrive in a rich variety of ways.
The use of social networking sites has both positive and negative consequences. People have been
fired from their jobs or put under pressure because they use these sites at work or because
something is posted on a site that undermined the persons professional standing. Narcissism
excessive interest in ones appearance and in oneselfis sometimes manifested on social
networking sites. These Web sites have been found to be an avenue for people to display their
narcissistic traits online.

The rise of the Internet has sparked a debate about how online communication affects social
relationships. The Internet is the tool we use to interact with one another, and accordingly poses new
challenges to privacy and security. As we have seen, the Internet revolution is not just technological;
it also operates at a personal level, and throughout the structure of society.
Privacy has risen near the top of the agenda in step with an increasing awareness of the implications
of using social media. Much of the time, people started to use social media with no real idea of the
dangers, and have wised up only through trial and errorsheer accident, snafus, and mistakes.
Lately, inappropriate use of social media seems to hit the headlines every day. Celebrities posting
inappropriate comments to their profiles, private pictures and tapes leaked to the Internet at large,
companies displaying arrogance toward users, and even criminal activities involving private-data
trafficking or social media exploitation.
All this shows thatcontrary to what many people seem to have assumedonline security and
privacy are critical, and, I believe, will become even more important going forward. And, although
every user needs privacy, the issue is particularly sensitive for minorsdespite attempts to raise
their awareness, children still behave recklessly online.
It is apparent that technology has the potential to harm or enhance your social skills and social life.
The key is to analyze how technology affects you socially. Do technologies help you build positive,
meaningful relationships, or do technologies hinder this process? Are you better able to
communicate, listen, and share because of the technologies in your life? Do you use technologies to
improve your relationships and build new ones? Are you letting a few choice people know who you
are and what you contribute to this world, or are you merely distracting yourself with shallow
pursuits? Does technology increase or decrease your concern for others, your compassion for
others, and your desire to serve them?
Nowadays TV has become an essential part of life. Medium to spread news & awareness and
for some it acts like a companion. What is your opinion about this?
Television has many useful functions to play in everyones life, for some its relaxation, for
some it is companion. Discuss your viewpoint and support your answer with examples and
discussion point
Television is a central dimension of our everyday lives. It brings entertainment in the form of travel,
food, sports, music shows. Great television programmes create communities around them. TV
shows, live events and news make animated conversation for friends, family and colleagues. They
bind people together and trigger reactions on social networks.
Television is a fantastic educational tool. It broadens knowledge of different cultures, promotes
tolerance and global understanding of international issues. Through current affairs, discovery,
lifestyle, cooking shows and childrens programmes, television encourages scientific and cultural
curiosity.

Thanks to its unrivalled reach and emotional power, television enables effective calls for action
during humanitarian crises, natural disasters and social emergencies. It reaches out to society
through programmes and communication campaigns on environment, healthy eating, physical
activity, responsible sexual attitudes and responsible alcohol consumption, and many others.
Television serves as a powerful means for molding and influencing public opinion
Television contributes to the downfall of social values in this country. It does seem that many people
spend less time with others in their community than they do with the people they watch daily on
television. Television tends to be a passive medium, which requires little skill and thought on our part
. Therefore, television provides little opportunity for meaningful interaction while watching. Watchers
simply sit there and ingest what is presented to them without having to respond or react to another
person. Obviously this can have serious effects on peoples social skills because viewers are not
practicing how to relate to and deal with other people.
Exposure to what is viewed on television can have some other serious effects on peoples social
lives. For example, exposure to television shows with sexual content may increase the chance of
teen pregnancy. Furthermore, when some people see violence, sex, and all manner of
lasciviousness on television, they may be prone to mimic the behavior and think that it is acceptable.
Were everyone to copy the social behaviors portrayed on television, our society would lack morals,
and many levels of individuals lives would be destroyed.
Extreme sports like skiing, water rafting etc etc are dangerous and should these be banned?
Although not set in stone, an extreme sport is some sort of physical activity that often produces an
adrenaline rush. The reason for this higher level of adrenaline pumping into the brain is because
extreme sports like bungee jumping, sky diving or kayaking, are usually moderately to extremely
dangerous.
Extreme sports, like all physical activities can help improve the health and wellness of the person.
Getting daily physical exercise is important for your health. There are many mental benefits to
extreme activities as well. When a person does an activity well they gain confidence as well as life
experience. This makes for a rewarding life with fewer regrets. Many of these sports are very difficult
to perform well. It takes practice and time. Reaching top levels of any type of sport especially in
these activities will always require tremendous discipline and hours of practicing.
While traditional sports elevated the values of commitment and fair play, these new sports offer
individuals a more personal kind of challenge.
Extreme sports can also enable you to confront fears. Some free runners are scared of heights, yet
will perform complicated leaps between high buildings. They still their minds before the jump,
overcome the part of them that wants to balk. This isnt about taking risks for the sake of it: instead,
its the calculated judgement of the sportsman.

Many extreme sports are dangerous if not performed with an expert or guide. Sports like sky diving,
base jumping, cliff jumping or even bungee jumping can have deadly consequences if even the
smallest thing goes wrong. Other extreme sports like surfing, snowboarding, or skateboarding
increase your likelihood of breaking bones, loss of limbs, or even paralysis.
Of course, some people look to these new sports for easy thrills. They want the appearance of doing
something craaa-zy like skydiving or bungee jumping, while relying on the instructor to ensure that
nothing goes wrong.

Thrill seekers are sometimes romanticized and idolized by in American

Culture, many who dream of being able to be more daring and take risks will relate to famous people
like Tony Hawk and Evel Knieval. When someone does an extreme activity endorphins are released
resulting in an adrenaline rush. This feel good emotion is why many adventure junkies become
addicted to the activity. Also, extreme sports can be costly. A sky diving trip can be anywhere from
$200-$300.
Much of the hype about extreme sports comes not from the participants, but from the industry that
surrounds it. Extreme sport goods - including TV programmes, graffiti art, design, drinks, and
clothing - are a bigger business than the sports themselves. This industry makes the idea of living
on the edge into a consumer product. Deep down, we all feel that we should be pushing ourselves a
bit more; the extreme sports industry sells the image of aspiration. Wear a Just do it cap; drink a
can of Live life to the max Pepsi; talk on an X-Games mobile phone. This is about the appearance
of living on the edge, posing at taking risks while actually doing nothing at all.
Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. Is it more positive for their
future aspect or have some adverse effects. Agree or disagree?
learning a new language at any age is an enormously rewarding experience in many ways. While
language learning is an enriching experience for all ages, children have the most to gain from this
wonderful adventure. Quite simply, starting early offers the widest possible set of benefits and
opportunities.
Young children are uniquely suited to learning a second language. The developing brain is hardwired to acquire language. Young language learners can acquire native-like fluency as easily as they
learned to walk, in contrast to an adult language learner. Where adult learners have to work through
an established first-language system, studying explicit grammar rules and practicing rote drills, the
young learner learns naturally, absorbing the sounds, structures, intonation patterns and rules of a
second language intuitively, as they did their mother tongue. The young brain is inherently flexible,
uniquely hard-wired to acquire language naturally.
it has been shown to enhance children's cognitive development. Studies have shown repeatedly that
foreign language learning increases critical thinking skills, creativity, and flexibility of mind in young
children. Students who are learning a foreign language out-score their non-foreign language learning
peers in the verbal and, surprisingly to some, the math sections of standardized tests.

Children who learn a foreign language at a young age also exhibit better problem-solving skills,
enhanced spatial relations, and heightened creativity. Learning a second language early on
encourages flexible thinking and communication skills, helping children consider issues from more
than one perspective.
Additionally, research shows that multilinguals have enhanced memory, planning, and multi-tasking
skills. When learning multiple languages young, the brain is trained to attend to salient information
and to disregard non-pertinent information, a skill that later supports better focus, memory, planning
and multitasking abilities.

Organisations involve employees in decision making process of their products and services.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both.
The solid foundation of any successful company is its people. Employees represent a source of
knowledge and ideas, but oftentimes that resource remains untapped. Involving employees in the
decision-making process not only empowers them to contribute to the success of an organization,
but also saves the company time and money, in increased productivity and reduced outsourcing.
When employees are involved in making decisions, they gain a professional and personal stake in
the organization and its overall success. This commitment leads to increased productivity as
employees are actively participating in various aspects of the company and wish to see their efforts
succeed overall. This is not only beneficial to company growth, but is also on-the-job training for
workers. The increase in responsibility expands employee skill sets, preparing them for additional
responsibility in the future
Actively engaging workers in the decision-making process increases overall company morale. Many
companies have a distinct separation of power between management and workers; however, active
employee involvement lowers that gap, opening the lines of communication between supervisors and
employees. As a functioning participant in the decision-making process, employees understand their
ideas are an important contribution to the company, and gives them the power to influence the
outcome of their work, leading to increased job satisfaction and a positive attitude, not only toward
their position but also to the company itself.
Using employees in the decision-making process, rather than outsourcing, saves money, time, and
offers the company long-term reliable assistance from those who know the corporation well. Hiring
an outside consulting firm is expensive and can take up valuable resources in fees and the time
spent updating outside consultants in various aspects of the company. However, employees are
already aware of these processes, offer insightful knowledge of the company needs, and understand
the policies of the company overall.

Participation in the decision-making process gives each employee the opportunity to voice their
opinions, and to share their knowledge with others. While this improves the relationship between
manager and employee, it also encourages a strong sense of teamwork among workers. The
expression of viewpoints opens dialogue between co-workers, with each worker bringing their
individual strengths to a project. It is also a good way to gather information about the employees as
to how they work in a team environment, and where training may be necessary, all of which leads to
an increase in effectiveness, and ultimately an increase in good teamwork and performance.
17. "In some countries around the world, voting is compulsory. Do you agree with the notion
of compulsory voting?
18. If Voting is compulsory in democratic society, what conclusions can we draw about
Nature of democracy?
Democracys cliched definition is government of the people, by the people and for the people. Each
preposition is equally important so as to form a coherent democratic structure. As one would have
observed, the definition begins with a crucial aspectof, which means that any democracy is
formed by a set of people who decide their own elected representatives.
Just as ones right to freedom of religion also includes the freedom to practice no religion, the right to
vote, includes the right not to vote. Voting is a right in a democracy and should not be made
compulsory. Mandatory voting violates the freedom of choice. If voting were to be mandatory, the
main problem would be that it means that we are no longer in a free and democratic society. This
would be one of the first steps on a long slippery slope towards a dictatorship.
People exercise their right to vote by choosing the candidate they feel is the best for the job. If they
choose not to vote then that IS their choice. Even if it is implemented , it will lead to random voting
and may lead to political instability.
The consequences for democracy and economic equality are dire. Politics becomes tilted in favour of
high-turnout groups, usually older and wealthier voters, reinforcing a cycle of disaffection and
disengagement among the politically marginalized and aiding the one per cent in the process
Currently, political campaigns spend a lot of money targeting likely voters and getting them to the
polls. Mandatory voting would eliminate the need for spending on get-out-the-vote efforts, but it
would make targeting voters even more essential. Political parties would have a need and an
incentive to spend millionsperhaps even billionsmore on campaigns since they would need to
reach millions of additional, low-information voters.
Compulsory voting doesnt change political ignorance Just as you can force a horse to water but
cant make him drink, you can force a voter to the polls but cant make him think. Many people
choose not to vote because they are disengaged from or apathetic about politics. There is no
evidence that requiring people to vote provides sufficient incentive for them to gain the information
necessary to cast an informed ballot. The decision not to vote is therefore a rational one for those

who have not put in the time or effort to discern which electoral choice is best for them or their
country.
Voter registration and attendance at a polling booth has been compulsory in counties like Australia
since the 1920s. This is why Australia has one of the highest voter turnouts in the world. South
American countries like Brazil, Bolivia and Venezuela also have made sections of the voting
procedure compulsory. But the plan has simply backfired. Venezuela does not have an impressive
voting percentage to boast of; nor does the Netherlands, Mexico or even Greece. Merely making
something compulsory doesnt solve the problem. Its better to have a 60 per cent turnout when we
know that the people who voted did so voluntarily, out of their own free will and choice, than a 99 per
cent turnout when we know that more than half of that astronomical figure voted out of compulsion
and reluctance rather than willingness and choice.
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion about this? Discuss
with appropriate examples.
Retailing presently contributes about 10 per cent of Indias gross domestic product (GDP) and 6-7
per cent of employment. With some 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail density in the
world.
A mall typically has a large real estate infrastructure spread over many thousand sq ft where a
number of specialty retail chains and a supermarket coexist. Organised corporate retailing is poised
to become the business of the decade in India. An organised retail sector, they suggest, will ensure
better quality, prices and service quality to the consumer. It will encourage investment in the supply
chain, link local suppliers to large global markets and improve the quality of employment.
However if the number of malls and retail chains multiply, the sales impact on small shops is likely to
be intensified and earnings will keep falling. With the opening of retail trade space in India, the
traditional retail ecology is bound to be disturbed and the ill effects are going to set in. The traditional
retailer will face a survival challenge from resourceful mega retail chains, which are not just capable
of investment of money, but are also capable to control the market economics and fundaments.
People engaged with micro, small and medium enterprises, especially the cottage industries and
other

smaller manufacturing units are at the

risk of job

loss and closure of business.

Supermarkets will establish their monopoly in the Indian market. Because of supermarkets fine
tuning, they will get goods on low price and they will sell it on low price than small retailers, it will
decrease the sell of small retailers.
The wage employment generated in unorganised retail is informal employment. Informal
employment, by its very definition, implies the absence of formal contracts, rights and bargaining
power. Hence, deteriorating business conditions here will increase petty exploitation and worsen the
lot of the wage earners. The informal proletariat is also the most vulnerable; it is composed of
unskilled, fresh immigrants from rural areas and is least mobile of the workforce.

21. Do you think consumer should avoid over packed products or it is responsibility of
producer to avoid extra packaging of products? Give your views or any relevant example with
your own experience.
Environmental sustainability and business dont always go hand in hand, especially when it comes to
product packaging. From individually wrapped prunes to over-packaged USB drives, excess
packaging has become a momentous problem. Required for safety, preservation, and marketing,
packaging can be valuable, however excess packaging waste is a growing environmental and
societal concern.
Pulitzer prize winning author Russell Baker once wrote, "The American dream is to turn goods into
trash as fast as possible." This could not be truer than in the case of packaging. Emphasis on selling
more and cheaper goods has been the ultimate goal of most companies through attractive
packaging. Packaging design has been known for ignoring efficiency to create more advertising
space or using more materials than necessary to create the illusion that the consumer is getting
more for their money . Extra packaging is used unnecessarily in order to brand as many surfaces as
possible or to promote convenience over environmental responsibility. Problems arising from waste
landfill leachate and methane emissions, destructive materials sourcing, production, and
transportation, and marine debrishas taken a toll on our environment.
While packaging is sometimes necessary, it is important to consider that with a little innovation and
planning, excess waste can be eliminated or greatly reduced. This culture of excess waste, of
choosing convenience over environmental responsibility, is adversely affecting our natural world.
Consumer education can go a long way toward increasing the potential for recycling. One option is to
use sustainable packing materials, rather than the traditional styrofoam. It seems like packaging
needs to be put back on the map, because it's not just about litter and landfills, it's also about
deforestation, air quality, and global warming.
Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they hardly have time for
their personal life. Discuss.
What is this life if, full of care, we have no time to stand and stare. wrote William Henry Davies, a
Welsh poet.
Though these lines were written more than half a century before but their meaning holds good even
today. The law of the jungle prevails; it is the survival of the fittest. To survive in this mad rat race
everyone is working hard. So hard that they dont even have time for themselves. There is cut throat
competition in every walk of life, each one of us is plagued by the thought that no one else should
move ahead of us. We get so bogged down with this idea that we do not notice nature and all its
glorious, pristine creations. There is pressure on everyone, and under these circumstances we
cannot expect to have the desire for silence, prayer or contemplation.

Now days we are gaining knowledge and wealth of money but loosing our wealth of relationship,
sharing and bonding with people. Relationships are more important than functions, people more than
projects, being more than doing, contemplation more than activity, time with people more than time
for people.
Contemplation is a human need. We need to have time for our selves, to be quiet, to be alone, to
unwind, to receive as well as to give. This problem, which is plaguing the society, is not a new one.
An anonymous writer in the 19 century rural Russia wrote, The trouble is that we live far from
th

ourselves and have but little wish to get any nearer to ourselves. Indeed we are running away all the
time to avoid coming face to face with our, real selves and we barter the truth for trifles.
Some people think placing advertisements in schools is a great resource for public schools
that need additionally funding, but others think it exploits children by treating them as a
captive audience for corporate sponsors
With the expansion of communication, we are continually influenced by the diversity of messages
and images that seduce us and intoxicate us through the most varied forms Of media. Among them
is advertising, with its strategic maneuvers, addressing to our emotions its educative appeal of
sale. Since we possess critical judgment, we have the possibility of selecting those that best
correspond to our real needs. However, the same does not occur with children, who are more
vulnerable to persuasive messages because they are still developing. It is known that until about 12
years of age they have not developed critical thinking. And therefore, are more susceptible to the
appeal of commercials
The constant bombardment to children, of the adult voice of advertising dictates at every moment
how one should be, what one should have and who one should look like to be socially accepted.
In this way, little by little, children begin to define themselves by what they have and no longer by
who they are, immersing themselves in compulsive consumerism. This creates a void inside, that a
child attempts to fill with products and services, generally
superfluous.
Violence derived from the desire for expensive products introduced to so many children who barely
have food; childhood obesity, stimulated by the excessive offering of unhealthy products to children;
depression and frustration derived from association of the concept of happiness to the act of
consuming, are some of the consequences that weigh on the future of our children.
A happy and calm childhood is the preface of a better world. We will create healthier and more
critical adults the better the childhood is respected and protected.
"Value added by travel in Education Is travel a necessary component of education or not?
Will scholar sitting at home have more knowledge than one who travels? "

Travel to study is over rated, we have brilliant scholars who studied locally. Is travel really
required for higher studies?
Study abroad is the optimal way to learn a language. There is no better and more effective way to
learn a language than to be immersed in a culture that speaks the language you are learning. You're
surrounded by the language on a daily basis and are seeing and hearing it in the proper cultural
context. Language learning happens most quickly under these circumstances.
Study abroad allows you get to know another culture first-hand. Cultural differences are more than
just differences in language, food, appearances, and personal habits. A person's culture reflects very
deep perceptions, beliefs, and values that influence his or her way of life and the way that s/he views
the world. Students who experience cultural differences personally can come to truly understand
where other cultures are coming from.
Study abroad will help you develop skills and give you experiences a classroom setting will never
provide. Being immersed in an entirely new cultural setting is scary at first, but it's also exciting. It's
an opportunity to discover new strengths and abilities, conquer new challenges, and solve new
problems. You will encounter situations that are wholly unfamiliar to you and will learn to adapt and
respond in effective ways.
Study abroad helps you to learn about yourself. Students who study abroad return home with new
ideas and perspectives about themselves and their own culture. The experience abroad often
challenges them to reconsider their own beliefs and values. The experience may perhaps strengthen
those values or it may cause students to alter or abandon them and embrace new concepts and
perceptions. The encounter with other cultures enables students to see their own culture through
new eyes.
Students who study abroad return home with an informed and much less biased perspective toward
other cultures and peoples.
Yet, the world continues to become more globalized, American countries are increasingly investing
dollars abroad, and companies from countries around the world continue to invest in the international
market. Through an employer's seyes, a student who has studied abroad is self-motivated,
independent, willing to embrace challenges, and able to cope with diverse problems and situations.
Your experience living and studying in a foreign country, negotiating another culture, and acquiring
another language will all set you apart from the majority of other job applicants.
The space travel is fantastic these day and they are very fascinate towards its but there are
many environmental problems in our planet we should resolve the problems or travel space
and spend a lot of money
It has been hotly debated that whether governments should spend a great amount of money in
space missions. Some argue that the government should put more emphasis on domestic affairs
instead of investigating something far away from our basic needs of life. While others argue that

without the investment of outer space, we might fall behind in the international race of space
exploration and the next generation could be hopeless since the resources on earth is limited.
In my point of view, I believe exploring outer space is necessary for the development of human race
provided that the country is economically stable.
Not only does space exploration give us a look to see what's it like outside of our world, and to
educate ourselves on the importance of space and the universe, it also has been proven to be the
cause of many very important and revolutionary technologies from satellites measuring drought
conditions to new imaging techniques in hospitals to global communication that are extremely
helpful and beneficial to people all around the world like. The highly efficient engineering approaches
that are required in the developing world robust solutions that do not require a lot of maintenance,
resupply or training are the same approaches we need to employ to develop scalable, energyefficient resource for people that dont have refrigeration, including remote medical centers and
underdeveloped areas. Electricity is essential for storage of vaccines and medicine. This technology
can greatly reduce the cost and increase the availability of vaccines delivered to the most
impoverished regions of the world.
Exploration has been a trademark of humanity ever since he first opened his eyes. We have an
innate sense of curiosity, and to deny the need to explore, to go further, and to explore a bit more, is
crazy, and self destructive. Space is something that we are not only a part of, but that encompasses
and affects all of us. Learning about the grandest scales of our lives about the things that are
larger than us and will go on relatively unaffected by whatever we do that has value! And the
knowledge, beauty, and understanding that we get from it is something that one person, group, or
nation doesnt get to keep to itself; what we learn about the Universe can be, should be, and if we do
our jobs right, will be equally available to everyone, everywhere.
First, the question of why spend money there when we have problems here is a false dichotomy. We
have enough money to work on problems here and in space! We just dont seem to choose to, which
is maddening. $12 million an hour is spent in Iraq; the US government chose to do that instead of fix
many problems that could have been solved with that money. NASA is less than 1% of the US
budget, so its best to pick your fights wisely here.
We should NOT spend indiscriminately in space. Reaching for new heights often creates new
solutions, new opportunity and elevated hope back on the ground.
In a war of ideas, it is people who get killed. Does a common man suffer from a groups ideology?
Express your opinion, and support the same with reasons and examples.

The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who
cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn. Agree or Disagree?

Around the world, education systems are struggling to remain relevant in a changing world. Far too
often they are failing to prepare students for life in the 'new economies'.
education suited for the new millennium is not the same as in previous decades. The new economy,
brought about by the huge changes of the communications revolution, means that the skills which
will be valued are far more wide-ranging than the 'three Rs' of the past. Literacy and number skills
are still vital, but the successful person in the future will be the person with wide-ranging abilities the person 'able to navigate change and diversity, learn-as-they-go, solve problems, collaborate and
be flexible and creative.'
To succeed today you must be in a constant state of adaptation continually unlearning old rules
and relearning new ones. That requires continually questioning assumptions about how things work,
challenging old paradigms, and relearning what is now relevant in your job, your industry, your
career and your life.
Learning agility is the name of the game. Where the rules are changing fast, your ability to be agile in
letting go of old rules and learning new ones is increasingly important. Learning agility is the key to
unlocking your change proficiency and succeeding in an uncertain, unpredictable and constantly
evolving environment, both personally and professionally.
Unlearning is about moving away from somethingletting gorather than acquiring. Its like
stripping old paint. It lays the foundation for the new layer of fresh learning to be acquired and to
stick.
Some people think law changes our behaviour. Discuss
Especially laws that have associated penalties, which are enforced.

All men have innate desires. Like the desire to live and be happy. How these are achieved, is
dependent on their training from birth. Each person's implementation of the knowledge acquired from
this training is what we call behavior.

What you call wrong or right is based on point of view. What you call fairness, is simply a realization
that, if I am going to expect this for myself, I should respect others having the same expectations or
they will hinder my own chances if I hinder theirs. So, it is a higher intellectual prowess that make
humans more civilized than monkeys, and monkeys more than lions.

However, not all have this sense at the same level. So, if we must live civilized, we must make laws
that govern all. Set standards.

People obey laws for one or more of these reasons

1.
2.

Fear of the powers of the enforcer

Agreement with the standards of the law based on personal acquired standards
So, a person's behavior, that isn't in line with the law, will end up being trained to adjust to the path of
the law based on #1 above, over time. Just as every other of his behavior was formed by training.
This is of cause is highly dependent on other factors of the individual, like

the perceived weight of the penalty

the value they place on life and happiness especially when the disobedience is deemed an
integral part of their happiness
Laws are about distributing our resources---things like wealth, political power, social 'justice', access
to food and water and shelter and medical help. Laws are themselves a form of human behavior, and
one of the many interdependent systems of sanction, social control, and exercising power towards
special interests and ingroup benefits. They can only shape human behavior insofar as they are an
extension of that behavior and one of the tools people can use to get things they want by force
Law does change people and their actions.
Let me share my experience, there are no strict laws on Indian roads so we never used to bother
looking for vehicles while crossing roads let alone waiting for signal. But after being in NZ and
following the pedestrian signal, my behavior to road signals have improved a lot and has become
more of a habit. Now even if I go back to India I will follow the traffic rules whether others do or not.
Since my behavior towards road code is different now.
Strict laws alter us and following them for a long run unknowingly brings a change within.
The law isn't going to stop anyone dead set on murder, but it definitely diminishes the number of
people who act violently. Many people, myself included, have violent urges that they suppress out of
self-preservation, and self-preservation alone.

But laws still only work if they're agreed upon en masse; prohibition didn't work for this reason. Laws
won't trump addiction, revenge, or true justice.
is? What measures?