- -

2009


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1
7
21
26
34
45
57
64
68

1.
1. =1 cm2, . -
, , C(z=0)=100 g/cm3
C(z=10 cm)=0 g/cm3, D =10-5 cm2/s.
. .

qz = D' A

C ( z = 10cm) - C ( z = 0cm)
C
= D' A
=
z
10 0

0 -100
= -10-5 1
= +10-4 g/s .
10
"+" , z-.
,
, .

2. , , D
a) ) ?
2
)
, .
.
x t .
, , D = x 2 / t
.

)
, ,
. x
t D = x 2 / t .
3. h= 40 cm .
h1 = 20 cm .
. 1.1.

1.1

1.
2.

t [s]
86400
345600

[cm]
3,0
6,0

:
) D ;
) .
3
a) .
= 2Dt ,

2
D=
.
2t
, 1.1,

2
2 (0,03)
D1 = 1 =
= 5,2 10-9 m 2 /s,
2t1 2 86400
2

(0,06)
22
=
= 5,2 10-9 m 2 /s.
2t2 2 345600
D =5,210-5 m2/s.
D2 =

) je L=40 cm.
4 95% , L = 4 .

4 = 4 2Dt = 40 cm,

2

t=

(0,1)
2
=
= 9,61105 s .
2D 2 5, 2 109

4. - CO2, m = 0,1 g, (t = 0) ,
r =5 cm . - CO2
C = 1 ppm x =50 cm ,

)
) .
:

= 1,23 kg/m3 ;

= 1000 kg/m3;

D= 1,7110-5 cm2/s;

D = 0,14 cm2/s.

4
)
C
= 1ppm,
a
1, 23
= 1, 23 109 g/cm3 .
6
10

C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
C=

vx = v y = vz = 0 .
, .

C C
C = const. -
=
=0.
y
z
, S = 0 .
, x -.

C
2C
=D 2 .
t
x

x 2
m
.
C=
exp
4Dt
A 4Dt
C = 1 ppm x = 50 cm
9

1, 23 10 g/cm =

(50cm)

exp
,
4(0,14cm 2 /s)t
4 (0,14cm 2 /s)t

0,1 g

( (5cm) )
2

4, 464 103
9,599 104
,
1, 23 109 =
exp

 4, 464 103
= 0,128 105 t .
exp

(1)

(1) . .
(1) y1 (t ) , (1) y2 (t ) .
t = 350 500 s (1), y1 (t )
y2 (t ) . y1 (t ) y2 (t ) .
y1 (t ) = y1 (t ) , t = 420 s . (1)
, C = 1 ppm x = 50 cm
t = 432 s.

)
C
= 1ppm,

1000
C = 6 = 1106 g/cm3 .
10
),

x 2
m
.
C=
exp
4Dt
A 4Dt
C = 1 ppm x = 50 cm
6

110 g/cm =

(50cm)

,
exp
5
2

2
5
4
1,71
10
cm
/s
t

)
4 (1,7110 cm /s)t
(

0,1g

( (5cm) )
2

3,655 107
8,69 102
,
1106 =
exp

t
3,655 107
= 0,115 104 t .
exp

(2)

 (2) . .
(2) y1 (t ) , (2) y2 (t ) .
t = 0,5 107 2 107 s (2), y1 (t )
y2 (t ) . y1 (t ) y2 (t ) .
y1 (t ) = y1 (t ) , t = 1,12 107 s . (2)
, C = 1 ppm
x = 50 cm t = 1,12 107 s .

5. . je o m = 1 kg .
, D = 0,01 m2/s.
,
. ,
h = 1 m b = 5 m .
a) ?
) , )?
) ?

5
) .
, 2 .
2 = 50 m,

2 2Dt = 50 ,
5


2
2
(50)
(50)
t=
=
= 31250 s=8,68 h .
8D
8 (0,01)

)
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
. vx = v y = vz = 0 .
, .
C C

=
= 0 .
y
z
x-.
, .
S = 0 .

C
2C
=D 2 .
t
x
, ,
x 2
m
.
C ( x, t ) =
exp
(1)
4Dt
A 4Dt
, )

(2 )2
m

C ( x = 2 , t = 31250 s ) =
exp
2

2
A 4Dt

1
exp {-2} =
(5 1 ) 4 3,14 0,01 31250

= 4,310-4 kg/m3 =0,43 g/m3 .

) (x = -50 m)
.

d
C ( x = 50 m, t ) = 0 .
dt
.
(1) , t .
t x = 50 m ,
1.1.

 1.1 x = 50 m
1, Cmax = 0,97 g/m3
t = 120 000 s.

2.
6. , a 10 cm2 ,
v1 = v2 = 20 cm/s . C1 = 9 mg/l ,
C2 = 0 mg/l . ,
. ,
C3 ? ( )

6
, 2.1,
1, 2 3, , .
C / n = 0 .
,

C
dA S .
CdV = Cv ndA + Dn

t
n

 2.1
/ t = 0 ,

C dv = 0 .
t

,
C
Dn n dA =0 .

v1 n1 = v1 n1 cos

(v1 , n1 ) = v1n1 cos180 o= v1n1 ,

(v2 , n2 ) = v2 n2 cos180 o= v2 n2 ,

v2 n2 = v2 n2 cos
v3 n3 = v3 n3 cos

(v3 , n3 ) = v3n3 cos 0 o= v3n3 .

CvndA = C v n A + C v n A C v n A .
1 1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 3 3

v1 A1C1 + v2 A2 C2 v3 A3C3 = 0 .

(1)

0 = v1 A1 + v2 A2 v3 A3

(2)

(1) (2)

v A C + v2 A2C2 0, 2 0,1 9 106 + 0, 2 0,1 0

C3 = 1 1 1
=
= 4,5 106 kg/L=4,5 mg/L .
0, 2 0,1 + 0, 2 0,1
(v1 A1 + v2 A2 )
7.
1 = 10cm 2 .

S = 5 g/s .
v1 = 10 cm/s
,
?
.

 7
, 2.2,
1 2 , .
C / n = 0 .

2.2
,

C
dA S .
CdV = Cv ndA + Dn

t
n

/ t = 0 ,

C dv = 0 .
t

,
C
Dn n dA =0.

v1 n1 = v1 n1 cos

(v1 , n1 ) = v1n1 cos180 o= v1n1 ,

v2 n2 = v2 n2 cos

(v2 , n2 ) = v2 n2 cos180 o= v2 n2 .

CvndA = C v n A C v n A .
1 1 1 1

2 2 2

v1 A1C1 v2 A2C2 + S = 0 ,
C1 = 0 ,

v2 A2 C2 + S = 0 .
(1)

0 = v1 A1 v2 A2

(2)

A1 = A2 v1 = v2 .

 (1) (2),

S
S
0,005
C2 =
=
=
= 50 kg/m 3 = 50 mg/cm 3 .
v2 A2 v1 A1 0,110 104
8. A1 = 2 = = 20 cm 2 ,
t1 =10 o C t2 = 20 o C . A3 .
, ? :
.
:
(t ) c p c p (t ) .
8

C
CdV = Cv ndA + Dn
dA S ,
t
n

C = c pT J/m3 ,
: - [kg/m3]; c p - [J/kgK];
T - [ K ].

(c pT )

c
T
V
=

c
Tv

n
A
+
d
d
D
dA S .

p
p
n

t
n

2.3

= 0 ,
C dV = 0 .

t
t
,
C
dA = 0 , 2.3.
T / n = 0 , . Dn
n

, , . S =0 .

v1 n1 = v1 n1 cos
v2 n2 = v2 n2 cos

(v1 , n1 ) = v1n1 cos180 o= v1n1 ,

(v2 , n2 ) = v2 n2 cos180 o= v2 n2 ,
10

v3 n3 = v3 n3 cos

(v3 , n3 ) = v3 n3 cos 0 o= v3 n3 .

c Tv ndA = c Tv A c Tv A + c Tv A .
p

1 1

0 = c pT1v1 A1 + c pT2v2 A2 c pT3v3 A3 .

(1)

,
Q = v1 A1 = v2 A2 .

(2)

Q = v1 A1 + v2 A2 = v3 A3 .

(3)

(1), (2) (3)

v AT + v2 A2T2 v1 A1 (T1 + T2 ) 1
T3 = 1 1 1
=
= (T1 + T2 ) = 288,15 K ,
v3 A3
2v1 A1
2
.
t3 = 15 o C .

9. , ( x = 0) . (x >
0) H S = 800 W/m 2 .
To , T / x x > 0. h=1
m, b=10 m v=1 m/s.
D = 0,1 m 2 /s . c p = 4200 J/kgK ,

= 1000 kg/m3 .
:
(t ) c p c p (t ) .
9

x
.
C = c pT

(c pT )

dA + H S xb .
c pTdV = c pTv ndA + Dn

t
n

11

(1)

= 0 ,
t

c p T dV = 0 .
t

v1 n1 = v1 n1 cos
v2 n2 = v2 n2 cos

(v1 , n1 ) = v1n1 cos180 o= v1n1 ,

(v2 , n2 ) = v2 n2 cos180 o= v2 n2 ,

c Tv ndA = c vbhT c vbhT .

T

x
n .
+, -.
C
T
T
Dn n dA = c pDbh x 2 c pDbh x 1 .

( ) H S = J/s m 2 ,
,
J/m 2
HS =
,
s
J
H S xb = .
s
(1)
T
T
+ H S xb .
0 = c p vbh (T2 T1 ) + c pDbh
(2)

x 2 x 1
T ( x)

T2 = T1 + (T / x)x ,
T
T
T
=
+ x ,
x 2 x 1 x x

T
2T
+ D 2 + H S xb .
0 = c p hxb v
x
x
xb ,
T
2T
+ D 2 + H S .
0 = c p h v
x
x

(3)

.
x
T
T
v
v
,
x
x

12

 2T
T
D
,
2
x
x 2
T x .
,

vx
.
Pe =
D
Pe >> 1 ,
T
2T
v
> D 2 , .
x
x
Pe << 1 ,
2T
T
D 2 >v
, .
x
x
x , ,
?
vx
>> 1 ,
Pe =
D
D 0,1
x >> =
= 0,1 m .
v
1
, 100 m 1 km.
x >> 1 m , . (3)
D

T
+ HS .
x

o
o
HS
T
800
C
C
=
=
= 2 104
= 0, 2
.
x c p hv 1000 4200 11
m
km
0 = c p hv

(4)

C = c pT

c pT ) + vx (c pT ) + v y (c pT ) + vz (c pT ) =
(
t
x
y
z

c pT ) + D y
c pT ) + Dz
Dx
(
(
(c pT ) S .
x
x
y
y
z
z

(5)

= f (t ) , f ( x , y , z , t ) .
v y = vz = 0 .

D = D x = D y = D z f ( x, y , z ) .
,
T T
t f ( y, z ) , .
=
=0.
y
z
H S J/s m 2 .
, h

13

 J/m 2
,
HS
s

H J/m 3
.
S= S
h s
, (5)
T
T
2T H
=D 2 + S .
c p
+v
t
x
x
h

(6)

H
d T T
T
=
+v
= S .
dt
t
x c p h
( ),
(6)
H
T
= s .
(7)
x c p h
,
H
(t ) = To + S t .
c p h
HS
.

c p h

2.4

14

10. CH 4 .
,
D = 2 106 m 2 /s .
. Q = 1 m3 /s ,
. A = 106 m 2 ,
.

, ,
. , .
1 o C 1 m . ,
CH 4 .
10

2.5

15

 , 2.5.
, ,
1-1 2-2. .
,

C
CdV = Cv ndA + Dn
dA S .

t
n

/ t = 0 , CH 4

C dv = 0 .
t

C1 = 0 , (
) C2 = const.

.
S ,
, z - ,
C
C
Dn n dA = Dz z A .

( z = 4 m ),

C ( z = 4) C ( z = 5) 0, 4 103 4 103
C
=

= 3,6 103 kg/m 2 ,

z z=4
4 (5)
4 (5)

z - .

2 - 2.


v1 n1 = v1 n1 cos

(v1 , n1 ) = v1n1 cos180 o= v1n1 ,

v2 n2 = v2 n2 cos

(v2 , n2 ) = v2 n2 cos 0 o= v2 n2 .

CvndA = C v n A C v n A
1 1 1 1

2 2 2

= C1Q C2Q .

C1 = 0 ,

CvndA = C Q .
2

C
QC2 D
A S = 0 .
z

16


C
S = QC2 D
A = 1 0, 4 103 2 106 (3,6 103 )106 = 6,8 103 kg/s=6,8 g/s .
z
11. A B ,
. , B .

.
.
:
) z = 0 z = H .
) ? ,
.

11

2.6
) A. A, 2.6 ,
C
< 0 .
z-, z = 0 z = H ,
z
C

< 0 ,
z
C
qz = DA
,
z
z = 0 z = H qz > 0 , .
z-.

17

 B. B, 2.6 ,
C
z-, z = 0
< 0 .
z
C
C
< 0 , qz = DA

,
z
z
z = 0 qz > 0 , .
z-.
C
= 0 ( B ),
z = H
z
qz = 0 .
)
2C 2C 2C
C
C
C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
=D 2 + 2 + 2 .
x
t
x
y
z
y
z

, .
vx = v y = vz = 0 .

C C
,
=
=0.
x
y

C
2C
=D 2 .
t
z

C
= 0 , . ,
t

2C
=0.
z 2
A. A

2C
=0,
z 2

C
= const. A,
z
A z- .
A .

B. z = 0 B

C
< 0 ,
z

C
= 0 ( ,
z
B ). z-
. B z- .
B .

z = H

18

12.
.
, .
.
:
) , .
(.
,
k = 0,11/dan ). .
) , :

( ) ,
C ( z = 0) = 8 mg/L .

( z = 10 m)
, .
) D = 0,1cm 2 /s
?
) 1 mg/L ,
.

12
)
2C 2C 2C
C
C
C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
=D 2 + 2 + 2 S .

t
x
y
z
y
z
x
C
=0.
t
, vx = v y = vz = 0 .

C C
=
=0.
, .
x
y

2C
0 =D 2 S .
z

S = kC ,

2C
D 2 kC = 0 .
z

k
C ( z ) = A exp
z + B exp
z .
D
D
k = 0,1 1/dan=1,157 10-6 s-1 ,
D = 0,1 cm 2 /s=10-5 m 2 /s .

19


k
1,157 106
=
= 0,34 m -1 .
105
D
) . z = 0
C = 8 mg/L
A + B = 8 103

(1)

z = 10 m
A

C
z

=0
z = -10

k
k
k
(10) k = 0 ,
B
exp
10
exp

D
D
D
D

A exp (10 (0,34)) B exp ((10) (0,34)) = 0 ,

0,033 A = 29,96 B ,
A = 908 B

(2)

(1) (2)
A = 7,99 103 ,
B = 8,8 106 .

k

C ( z ) = 7,99 103 exp

z + 8,8 106 exp
z .

D
D
) ,
, .

z = 10 m .
, 2.7,
.
C = 0,53 mg/L .

2.7

20

) 1 mg/L ,
.

3.
13. j,
. ? !
13
j,

x 2
m
,
C ( x, t ) =
exp
4Dt
A 4Dt
yz

C ( x, y , t ) =

x2
y 2

exp
,
4Dx t 4D y t
Lz 4t DxD y
m

C ( x, y , z , t ) =

x2
y2
z 3
exp

.
4Dx t 4D y t 4Dz t
DxD yDz

m
3/ 2

(4t )

.
, Cmax (t )

m
Cmax =
,
1/ 2
Ayz (4Dt )
m

Cmax =
Cmax =

Lz 4t DxD y

m
3/ 2

(4t )

DxD yDz

Cmax t 3/ 2 ,
, .
, Cmax t 1 ,
Cmax t 1/ 2 .
14. .
A z = 1 km m = 1 kg . t = 60 min
Cmax = 0,03 mg/L .
.
14
. ,
t .
, . dC / dx 0, dC / dy 0, dC / dz 0 .

21

 , vx = v y = vz = 0 .
,
. , , .
Cmax = 0,03 mg/L ,
.
,
S = 0 .

C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S ,
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z

2C 2C 2C
C
=D 2 + 2 + 2 .
x
t
y
z

C ( x = y = z = t = 0) = m ( x ) ( y ) ( z ) .
O
x 2 + y 2 + z 2
m

.
C ( x, y , z ) =
exp
3/ 2

4Dt

(4Dt )
x = y = z = 0
Cmax =

m
3/ 2

(4Dt )

,

D=

4t

(1/3 10-5 )

2/3

3/ 2

(m / Cmax )

4 3,14 3600

= 0,0229 m 2 /s .

15. L = 100 m .
10 g . x=20 m
. , b=2 m
h=3 m. 10 g/L . K je
D = 0,05 m 2 /s .

:
) ?
) ?
) ?

22

 15
)

2C 2C 2C
C
C
C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
=D 2 + 2 + 2 S .
x
t
x
y
z
y
z

x , y z
.
C C
C = const. .,
=
=0.
y
z
, S = 0 .
,
vx = v y = vz = 0 .

C
2C
=D 2 .
t
x
C ( x, t ) = m ( x ) ,

x 2
m
.
exp
C ( x, t ) =
(1)
4Dt
A 4Dt
yz

) ,

x 2
m
.
exp
C ( x = 20 m, t ) = 10 g/L =
4Dt
A 4Dt
yz

t ,
. ,

(20)
0,01

exp
C ( x = 20 m, t ) =
.
3 2 4 3,14 0,05 t
4 0,05 t
t = 0 1200 s ,
3.1.

23

 3.1 x = 20 m
3.1 C = 10 g/L
t = 1090 s .
) , .
:
.


m
Cmax (t ) =
< 10 g/L
Ayz 4Dt

2

2
m
0,01
1
=

t>

2
2
= 44232 s=12,3 h .
4D (10 106 ) Ayz
4 3,14 0,05 (10 106 ) 6

4 = 4 2Dt = 266 m ,
.
. ,

m
0,01
C= =
= 16 g/L ,
V 2 3100
V [m3 ] .
,
.

24

16. , , 1 mg , 5 cm
5 mm .
1 m 2 .
.
Dc = 105 cm 2 /s D p = 4 105 cm 2 /s .
10 g/L . , ,
, .
) (C > 10 g/L) , ?
) . ?
16
)
L = 4 = 2Dt .
, ,

Lp = 4p = 4 2Dp t ,

Lc = 4c = 4 2Dc t .

L p / Lc = D p / Dc = 2 .

(1)

) ,
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dy
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
, S = 0 .
C
C
C
vx = v y = vz = 0 , . vx
= vy
= vz
= 0 .
x
y
z
Dx = D y = Dz = D , . D f ( x, y, z ) .
, C / z = 0 .
, . ,

2C 2C
C
=D 2 + 2 .
x
t
y

25


C p ( x , y , t = 0) = m ( x ) ( y ) ,
Cc ( x, y, t = 0) = m ( x 5) ( y ) ,

x 2 + y 2
m
exp
C p ( x, y , t ) =
,
Lz 4D p t
4D p t

( x 5)2 + y 2
m

.
Cc ( x, y, t ) =
exp

Lz 4Dc t
4Dc t

, ,

Lp Lc
+ =5
(2)
2
2
(2) (1),

Lp
5
x=
=
= 3,3 cm .
2 1,5

4.

17. Q = 10 m3 /s , H = 20 m .
SO 2 .
SO 2 , C = 10 mg/m3 .
Ti = 5 min . D = 1 m 2 /s
v = 2 m/s .
: - SO 2 .
. :
) - SO 2 ;
) x = 500 m ;
) ?
) - x = 2000 m .
17
) . ,
.
.
- SO 2
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z

26

 -, .
S = 0 .
v = 2 m/s ,
v y = vz = 0 .
-

C
= 0 .
t

- D = 1 m 2 /s .
- SO 2
vx

2C 2C 2C
C
= D 2 + 2 + 2 .
x
y
z
x

- ( x = vt , y = H , z = 0) .
,
2
2

m
( x vt ) + ( y H ) + z .

exp
C ( x, y , z , t ) =

3/ 2
4Dt
(4Dt )

,
. ,
( x = vt , y = H , z = 0) .
-

2
2

( x vt )2 + ( y + H )2 + z 2
m
( x vt ) + ( y H ) + z

.
C ( x, y , z , t ) =
exp
+ exp

3/ 2

4Dt
4Dt
(4Dt )

) x = 500 m
vx 2 500
=
= 1000 >> 1 ,
D
1
x = 500 m .
Pe =

) Pe = vx / D >> 1 .

D 1
x >> = = 0,5 m .
v
2

Tv >> Ti ,
x
>> Ti ,
v
x >> 300 2 = 600 m .
x = 600 m - .
) - x = 2000 m
. -
x 2000
Tv = =
= 1000 s .
v
2

27

 -
m = CQTi = 10 106 10 5 60 = 0,03 kg .
z - , z = 0 .
-

( y H )2
( y + H )2
m

.
exp
C ( x = 2000 m, y, t = Tv ) =
+ exp

3/ 2

4Dt
4Dt
(4Dt )

( y 20)2
( y + 20)2
0,03

.
C ( x = 2000 m, y, t = Tv ) =
exp
+ exp

3/ 2

(4 11000) 4 11000
4 11000
C = C ( y ) , 4.1.

4.1 - x = 2000 m
Cmax = 3,85 102 mg/m3 y = 0 .
-
, .
-. - 64 ,
29 , .
18. m , .
Lx = Ly = 100 L , Lz = 0, 01L . L ,
.
D , ,
. t = 0 t = L2 / D , :
) ?
) ?
) t = 0 t = L2 / D ?
) .

28

 18
) i -
t = L2i / 4Di .
D
Lz = 0,01L ,

2

L2 (0,01L)
L2
= 2 105 .
t= z =
D
D
4D
) , . x -.
, ,
.
6 = 6 2Dt ( 4 = 4 2Dt ) .
L = 3 = 3 2Dt
t=

L2
.
18 D

99 L = 3 = 3 2Dt
t=

544,5 L2
.
D

) t = 0 t = L2 / D .

L2
,
D
,
C
.
=0.
z
, 545 L2 / D >> L2 / D ,
. L2 /18D < L2 / D , ,
. .
t = 2,5 105

29

) ,

2C 2C 2C
C
C
C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
=D 2 + 2 + 2 S .

t
x
y
z
y
z
x
, .
vx = v y = vz = 0 .
,
C
= 0 . , S = 0 .
z

2C 2C
C
= D 2 + 2 .
x
t
y
,

x 2 + y 2
m
.
C ( x, y , t ) =
exp

L 4Dt
4Dt
z

4.2
, , .
, 4.2. ,
. 1 , x -.
3 , y -.
2 . , .
,
. , 2
.
, ,

xL 2 + yL 2
( x L )2 + ( y + L)2
) (
)

exp (
+ exp

D
D
t
t
4
4

m
C ( x, y , t ) =
,

2
2
2
( x + L) + ( y + L)
( x + L ) + ( y L )2
Lz 4Dt

+ exp

+ exp

D
t
4Dt
4

, .

30

19. , , Q = 0,005 m3 /s , .
75 m , 2 m 10 m . ,
25 m .
D = 0,1 m 2 /s :
) .
) ?
) .
) [v, D , x, t , m ]
.
: .
19
)
Q 0,005
v= =
= 2,5 104 m/s .
A
2 10
L = 75 m
Pe =

vL 2,5 104 75
=
= 0,1875 0,19 .
D
0,1

L = 50 m
Pe =

vL 2,5 104 50
=
= 0,125 0,13 .
D
0,1

Pe < 1 ,
.
) ,

2 = 2 2Dt = 50 m ,
2

(50 m) (50 m)
t=
= 3125 s=0,86 h 1 h .
(8 D ) (8 0,1 m 2 /s)

.
) i-

tm =

L2i
.
4Di

h2
22
tmh =
=
= 10 s ,
4D 4 0,1

31

tmb =

b
102
=
= 250 s .
4D 4 0,1

)
,
.
C
,
,
n
.
.
, , .
.

( x 25)2
( x + 25)2
m

,
C ( x, t ) =
+ exp
exp

'
4D t
4D 't
Ayz 4Dt

, , ,
.
20. , 25 m .
m=1 kg . , ,
D = 0,01 m 2 /s . b = 5 m , h = 1 m .
, .
,
. :
) , 10 ?
) , ?
) Cd = 0, 2 g/m3 ,
?
20

4.3

32

 ,

2C 2C 2C
C
C
C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
=D 2 + 2 + 2 S .
x
t
x
y
z
y
z

,
vx = v y = vz = 0 .
, .
C C

=
= 0 ,
z
y
.
, . S = 0 .

C
2C
=D 2 .
t
x
,

x2
m
exp
.
A 4D t
4D t
, ,
.
x = 150 m .
C ( x, t ) =

2
exp x exp ( x + 150) ,
(1)

4Dt

4Dt
A 4D t

, ,
x = 75 m .
.

C ( x, t ) =

) , x = 50 m ,

(50 )2
(100)2
1

=
C ( x = 50 m, t = 36000 s) =
exp
exp

4 0,01 36000
4 0,01 36000
5 4 3,14 0,01 36000

3
3
3
= 0,52110 kg/m = 0,521 g/m .
) . (1) ,

(50 )2
(100)2

.
C ( x = 50 m, t ) =
exp
exp

5 4 3,14 0,01 t
4 0,01 t
4 0,01 t

t = 0 106 s
C = f (t ) , 4.4.

33

 4.4. C = f (t )
, Cmax = 0,82 g/m3 ,
t = 0,75 105 s .
) Cd = 0, 2 g/m3 ,
. , .
, Cd = 0, 2 g/m3 t 15000 s .
,
. ,

L
= 2 2Dt < 75 m ,
2
.
t=

752
752
=
< 70312,5 s .
8 D 8 0,01

t 15000 s , .

5.
21. m = 1g , , Q = 0,1 cm3 /s
A = 1 cm 2 .
, DM = 105 cm 2 /s ,
e D = 100DM .
,
x = 100 cm .
= 0,01 cm 2 /s .

34

 21

Q 0,110-6
=
= 0,001 m/s .
A
10-4

v=

4A
4 1
=
= 1,13 cm .

vd 0,110-2 1,13 10-2
Re =
=
= 11,3

0,0110-4
d=

2300 ,

.

Pe =

vL
0,1102 100 10-2
=
= 106 .
DM
10-9

Pe 1 .
L = 100 cm
t=

L
1
=
= 1000 s .
v 0,001

,
. .
95% 4 ,
4 = 4 2D t = 2 10-9 1000 = 5,65 103 m .

M .

C C
=
=0.
y
z

, ,
v y = vz = 0 .
,
S = 0 . .
,
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S ,
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
,
C
C
2C
+v
=D 2 .
t
x
x

m
2
exp ( x vt ) / 4Dt .
C ( x, t ) =
Ayz 4Dt

35

 L = 100 cm

Cmax = C ( x = L = 100 cm, t = 1000 s ) =

m
=
A 4D t

103
104

4 3.14 10
0,1 102

= 28, 2 g/cm3 .

22. 1 kg A = 10 m 2 . x = 100 m
.
v1 = 0,001 m/s, v2 = 0,1 m/s v3 = 1 m/s . D = 1 m 2 /s .
) Tv , TD , Pe .
) .
.
) ?
.
) Ti = 10 s . ?

5.1
v1 = 0,001 m/s, v2 = 0,1 m/s v3 = 1 m/s x = 100 m .
22
) ) L = 100 m D = 1 m 2 /s , Tv ,
TD Pe 5.1.

36

 5.1 Tv , TD Pe
v1 = 0,001 m/s, v2 = 0,1 m/s v3 = 1 m/s .
v [m/s]

TD =L2 /8D [s ]

Tv =L/v [s ]

Pe = vL/D [ -]

1.

0,001

1250

100000

0,1

2.

0,1

1250

1000

10

3.

1250

100

100

) Pe >> 1 ,
L Tv , . L
Tv .
, L Tv .
. Pe << 1 ,
. ,
L .
,
,
( ).
, ,
.
A = 10 m 2 . ,
1/ 2

Ly = Lz = (10)

m .

L2
10
tm = i =
= 2,5 s .
4Di
4 1
TD Tv 2,5 s ,
.
.

x 2
m
.
exp
C ( x, t ) =
4Dt
A 4Dt
yz

. .
, x = 0
m
Cmax ( x, t ) =
.
Ayz 4Dt
, , Tv
C ( x = L, t = Tv ) =

m
A 4Dt

1
10 4 3,14 1100000

= 0,089 g/m3 .

Tv L ,
5.1. t = 4000 s C =0,25 g/m3 .
Pe << 1

37

L Tv .
, L .
, , Tv
C ( x = L, t = Tv ) =

m
A 4Dt

1
10 4 3,14 1 1000

= 0,892 g/m3 .

Tv L ,
5.1.
, , Tv
Cmax ( x = L, t = Tv ) =

m
Ayz 4Dt

1
10 4 3,14 1100

= 2,82 g/m3 .

Tv L ,
5.1.
) Ti = 10 s . L = 100 m
t > 100 s , .
.
23. Q = 2 m3 /s ,
. 20 m 2 .
.
100 mg/L , .
, , 100 s . 1 km
. C = 0,5 mg/L .
:
v = 50 cm/s, Dx = 10 m 2 /s, D y = Dz = 0,1 m 2 /s

v = 2 cm/s, Dx = 1 m 2 /s, D y = Dz = 0,01 m 2 /s .

:
) ;
) ;
) ;
)
?
23
D y =Dz 20 m 2 ,

20
.
Tm =
4D y

38

 5.2 Tv , TD , Tm Pe
v1 = 50 cm/s v2 = 2 m/s .
v
[m/s]

Dy

Tm = 20/ ( 4D y )

Dx

m 2 /s

m 2 /s

m 2 /s

1.

0,5

0,1

50

10

2.

0,02

0,01

500

TD =L2 / ( 8Dx )

Tv =L/v

Pe = vL/D

12500

2000

50

125000

50000

20

m 2 /s

[s ]

[ -]

Tm << TD Tv ,
y z -
.

, 1000 m
. ,
.
,
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
, . C / y = 0
C / z = 0 .
, . v y = vz = 0 .
, . S = 0 .
Pe >> 1 , .
.
,

C
C

C
.
+ vx
= Dx
t
x x
x

( L vt )2
m

.
exp
C ( x = L, t ) =

4Dx t
A 4Dx t

m = QCt = 2 0,1 100 = 20000 g = 20 kg .

39

 5.2
) , . , ,
Cmax = 2 mg/L t 0,5 h . , ,
Cmax = 1,3 mg/L t 13 h .
, . ,
, .
) .
Pe > 1 , , .
m
Cm = C ( x = L, t = Tv ) =
A 4DxTv

20
Cmax1 =
= 1,99 g/m3 = 1,99 mg/L ,
20 4 10 2000
20
= 3,99 g/m3 = 3,99 mg/L .
20 4 10 5000
,
4 = 4 2DxTv . x = L ,
x = L
Cmax1 =

T1 =

4 4 2Dx1Tv1 4 2 10 2000
=
=
= 1600 s=26,7 min ,
v1
v1
0,5

T2 =

4 4 2Dx 2Tv 2 4 2 1 5000

=
=
= 20000 s=333,3 min .
v2
v2
0,02

) 5.3, ,
x = 1000 m , C = 0,5 mg/m3

t1 20 min t2 11,5 h .

40

 5.3 5.2
24. Q = 10 m 3 /s , H = 20 m .
SO 2 .
SO 2 , C = 10 mg/m 3 .
Ti = 5 min . D = 1 m 2 /s
v = 2 m/s .

) SO 2 .
.
) x = 500 m
.
) ?
) , x = 2000 m ,
?

41

 24
) . ,
.
.
- SO 2
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z

-, .
S = 0 .
v = 2 m/s ,
.
C
= 0 .
-, .
t
- D = 1 m 2 /s .
- SO 2
vx

2C 2C 2C
C
C
C
+ vy
+ vz
= D 2 + 2 + 2 .
x
x
x
y
z
x

( x = vt , y = H , z = 0) .

,
2
2

m
exp ( x vt ) + ( y H ) + z .
C ( x, y , z ) =

3/ 2
4Dt
(4Dt )

,
. ,
( x = vt , y = H , z = 0) .
-

2
2
2
2

2
2

m
exp ( x vt ) + ( y H ) + z + exp ( x vt ) + ( y + H ) + z .
C ( x, y , z ) =

3/ 2

4Dt
4Dt
(4Dt )

) x = 500 m
vx 2 500
=
= 1000 >> 1 ,
D
1
x = 500 m .
Pe =

) Pe = vx / D >> 1 .

D 1
x >> = = 0,5 m .
v
2

Tv >> Ti ,
x
>> Ti ,
v

42

x >> 300 2 = 600 m .

x = 600 m - .
) - x = 2000 m
. -
x 2000
Tv = =
= 1000 s .
v
2
-
m = CQTi = 10 106 10 5 60 = 0,03 kg .
z - , z = 0 .
-
2
2

m
exp ( y H ) + exp ( y + H ) .
C ( x = 2000 m, y ) =

3/ 2
4Dt
4Dt
(4Dt )

2
2

0,03
exp ( y 20) + exp ( y + 20) .
C ( x = 2000 m, y ) =

3/ 2

(4 11000) 4 11000
4 11000
C = C ( y ) , 5.4.

5.4 - x = 2000 m
Cmax = 3,85 102 mg/m3 y = 0 .
-
, .
-,
.

43

25. , , Q = 0,005 m 2 /s , .
75 m , 2 m 10 m . ,
25 m (50 m ).
D = 0,1 m 2 /s :
) .
) ?
) .
) [v, D , x, t , m ]
.
: .
25
)
Q 0,005
= 2,5 104 m/s .
v= =
A
2 10
L = 75 m
Pe =

vL 2,5 104 75
=
= 0,1875 0,19 .
0,1
D

L = 50 m
Pe =

vL 2,5 104 50
=
= 0,125 0,13 .
0,1
D

Pe < 1 ,
.
) ,

2 = 4 2Dt = 50 m ,
2

(50 m) (50 m)
t=
= 3125 s=0,86 h 1 h .
(8 D ) (8 0,1 m 2 /s)

.
) i-

tm =

L2i
.
4Di

h2
22
tmh =
=
= 10 s ,
4D 4 0,1
tmb =

b
102
=
= 250 s .
4D 4 0,1

44

)
,
.
C
,
,
n
.
.
, , .
.

2
2

m
exp ( x 25 vt ) + exp ( x + 25 vt ) ,
C ( x, t ) =

4Dt
4Dt
Ayz 4Dt

, , ,
.

6.
26. ( C6 H 6Cl6 ) ,
. ,
.
. Q pv
CL pv .
:
1: Ci1 = 50 mg/L , Qi1 = 100 cm3 /s .
2: Ci 2 = 10 g/L ,
CL 2 = 0,5 g/L .
3: Ci 3 = 8 g/L ,
CL 3 = 0,9 g/L .
26

m = Qi1Ci1 = Q2Ci 2 = Q3Ci 3 = const. ,
1 2
QC
100 106 50 103
Q2 = i1 i1 =
= 0,5 m3 /s ,
Ci2
10 106
Q3 =

Qi1Ci1 100 106 50 103

=
= 0,625 m3 /s .
Ci 3
8 106

2 3, pv
, 6-1.

45

 6-1
2 3 ,

Q pv = Q3 Q2 = 0,625 0,5 = 0,13 m3 /s .

2 3
. CL 2 = 0,5 g/L CL 3 = 0,9 g/L
.
6-1,

C
dA S .
CdV = Cv ndA + Dn

t
n

= 0 ,
CdV = 0 .
t
t

2 3, pv ,
, S = 0 .
2, 3 pv ,
C
= 0 .

n
C
dA = 0 .
Dn

Cv ndA = 0 .

2, 3 pv .
6-1, .
,
.

Q2CL 2 + Q pv CLpv Q3CL 3 = 0 .

Q C Q2CL 2
= 2, 4 g/L .
CLpv = 3 L 3
Q pv

46

27. m = 150 t/god - ,

H = 57,9 m . x = 1 km ,
-. v = 2 m/s ,
Dz = 1 m 2 /s , Dx = D y = 2 m 2 /s .

.
) CO .
) C ( z ) -
.
27
- CO .
x = 0, y = 0, z = H , H = 59,7 m .
-
C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
C
= 0 .
t
C
C
v y
= vz
= 0 ,
x
y

C
Dx
=0.

x
x
-, .
S = 0 .
-
C

C
C
,
= Dy
+ Dz
vx
x y
y z
z

- .

C
2C
2C
= Dy
+ Dz 2 .
2
x
y
z

2
m
exp vy v ( z H ) .
C ( x, y , z ) =

4Dz x
4 x D yDz
4D y x

. y = 0, z = H .
, ,

m
.
Cmax =
4 x D yDz

47

 , .
, -
. x = 0, y = 0, z = H .
-,

2
2

vy 2
vy 2
v ( z H )
v ( z + H )
m

C ( x, y , z ) =
+ exp
,
exp
4D y x
4Dz x
4Dz x
4 x D yDz
4D y x

, .
Pe = vx / Dx >> 1 ,
x >> Dx / v = 1 m .
x = 1000 m .
- , x = 1000 m . y
, y = 0 .
2

2 ( z + 59,7)2
4,75 103
2 ( z 59,7)

+
C ( x = 1000 m, y = 0, z ) =
exp
exp

4 11000
4 1 1000
4 1000 2 1

C = C ( z ) , 6.2.

6.2 -
6.2, -
Cmax = 2,67 102 mg/m3 , z = 60 m .

48

29. , C = 10 g/L .
, 5 m . ,
, 0,000595 m3 /h . .
2 m .
.
, .
500 m . 106 m/s .
109 m 2 /s . 105 m 2 /s .
106 m 2 /s .
) , .
) ,
.

29
) .
. . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
z . , z ,
C / z = 0 , . , ,
5 m 5 m . ,
( B ),
.

B = 4 y = 4(2 K y L / v )

1/ 2

= 4(2 (106 m 2 /s) (500 m) / (106 m/s)) = 126 m

L = 500 m , K y = 106 m 2 /s .
5 m<<126 m , . ,

vy 2
m/v

C ( x, y ) =
exp
Lz 4 K y ( x / v )
4 K y x
Lz = 2 m . Pe = vx / K x >> 1 , x >> 10 m ,
x = 500 m .

49

 6.3
, ( x = 500 m, y=0) .
C =

(10 g/l)(0,1 m3 / )(1 /604800 s)

(10-6 m/s)(2 m) 4 (106 m2 /s)(500 m/10-6 m/s)

= 0,11 g/l=0,011 ppt.

. , 30 ppt.
) .
.
Tv = 500 m/ (108 m/s) = 5 108 s 15 ,
C / 2 . t

t = (2 x ) / v , x
x = 2 K x L / v .

t = (2 /105 m/s) 2 (105 m 2 /s) (500 m)/(10-5 m/s) = 6,3 107 s=2 god.

6.4
, je
, .

50

6.4

30. ,
m = 10 mg/s ,. ,
, x = 20 m, 40 m, 60 m . ,
.

30

m = Ci Qi = CQ = const.
Ci Qi , C Q
,
.
6.5,
.

6.5
,
m
Q= ,
C
6.1.

51

 6.1.

..

x [m]

C g/m3

Q m3 /s

1.

20

0,075

0,13

2.

40

0,1

0,1

3.

60

0,1

0,1

. ,
, .
. , . ,
x = 20 m ,
. , Q = 0,1 m 3 /s .
. . , t = 20 min
C = 0,05 g/m3 x = 60 m .
x
60
=
= 0,05 m/s .
t 1200

Q
0,1
A= =
= 2 m2 .
v 0,05
v=

6.5, x = 60 m , 68%
. . t1 = 17 min C1 = 0, 016 g/m3
t2 = 24 min C2 = 0, 084 g/m3 .
C1 C2 = 0, 084 0, 016 = 0, 086 g/m 3 68% , 2 .

t1 = 17 min x = 60 m , 6.5,
x .

x = vt1 .
(1)

6.6
t2 = 24 min x + , 6.6,

x + = vt2 .
(2)

52

 6.7
(1)
1 = x vt1 = 60 0, 05 1020 = 9 m ,
(2)
2 = vt2 x = 0, 05 1440 60 = 12 m .
,
.


2
1 2 1 12 1 (9 m)
= =
K x1 =
= 2, 4 m 2 /min ,
2 t
2 t1 2 17 min
2
1 2 1 22 1 (12 m)
2
Kx2 =
= =
= 3 m /min .
2 t
2 t2 2 24 min

K x = K x1 + K x 2 = 5, 4 m 2 /min .


t =

2 2 K xt1
,
v
2

1 t v
2
K x =
= 5,62 m /min .

2t1 2
31. Du = 0,0213 m
( 96 % CH 4 ) p = 2, 4 105 Pa t = 20 o C .

, Ds = 0,0215 m .
h = 1 m , d = 1,81 mm ,
t = 20 h .
, .

53

 31
,
.

CH 4 = 1,31 , R = 518,3 J/kgK .

p
=
= 1,5796 kg/m3 ,
RT
p
o = o = 0,6696 kg/m3 .
RT

T = 273,15 + t = 293,15 K ,
To = 273,15 + to = 288,15 K .

6.8
B, 6.8,
p v2
po vo2
+ =
+ ,
1 2 1 o 2

p po v 2
vot = 2
+ .
1 o 2

v = 10 m/s

p
= 642057, 2 Pa=6,42 bar ,
1
v2
= 50 Pa=0,0005 bar ,
2

54

 ,

vot =

2 p po
= 147,9 m/s .
1 o

= 0,6 0,9 , = 0,75 .
Du = 0,0213 m
Ds = 0,0215 m , 6.9,
A=

( Ds Du )
4

= 6,71 104 m 2 .

6.9

Qo = 2 vot

(D

2
s

Du2 )
4

= 7, 4585 104 m3 /s .

v12m
h
= k + .
2
d
v1 = 108 m/s .
p = m

(1)

6.2
d [ mm ]

0,517

0,6

0,715

0,8

0,915

1,1

1,22

1,45

1,81

e [ ]

0,355

0,343

0,352

0,378

0,394

0,401

0,397

0,4

0,395

d = 1,81 mm 6.2 (
) e = 0,395 .

1,53
k = 4,2 = 75,68 .
e

55

 1
T + To
Tm =
= 290,65 K .
2

2 (To T )
=
= 0,034406 .
Tm
tm = 17,5 o C 6.2 (
) = 1,098 105 Pa s .
tm = 17,5 o C

m = 273

o
Tm

= 0,629 kg/m3 .

6.2
t o C

100

200

300

400

500

107 [ Pa s ]

10,4

13,3

16,1

18,5

20,8

22,7

tm = 15 o C

= 1,745 105 m 2 /s .
m

vT
v1m = 1 m = 107,35 m/s .
T

0, 45
v d
1m = 13171 .
Re =
(1 e ) e

75
15
=
+
+ 1 = 1,1364 .
Re
Re
,

h k
=
+ = 37,978 .
d

z =

1
= 0,1607 .
1+

Q = z Qo = 0,00011947 m3 /s .
10 h
V = Qt = 8,601 m 3 .

56


p = p po = 1, 4 105 Pa .

v1m =

2p

= 108, 27 ,

v1 = 108 m/s .

7.
32. D , .
x = 20 D x = 40 D .
) vksv ( y ) . .
) ?
.

32
) vrms . x = 20 D
, x = 40 D . (
) .

57

 7.1
) B ( x) x . .
, . ,
. ,
. , l y =

7.2

58

B
.
2

33.
d = 1 mm . = 1000 kg/m3 = 0,01 cm 2 /s .

) e v* .
) ), .
) s ?
) .
) ?
) y = 3 mm y = 3 cm .
.
33
) , 7-3.
. . 1,
y1 = 0,1 cm v1 = 0,54 cm/s , 2, y2 = 1 cm
v2 = 1,13 cm/s .
1 2 ,
v2 v1

0, 4 1,13 0,54
v* =
=
= 0,1 cm/s .
2,3 log10 y2 log10 y1 2,3 log10 (1/ 0,1)
)
= v*2 = 1000 (103 ) = 0,001 Pa .
2

)
5 5 0,01
s = * =
=0,5 cm .
v
0,1

59

 7.3
) 3, y3 =0,2 cm v3 = 0, 2 cm/s ,

v
v
0, 2 10-2
= = = 0,01
= 0,001 Pa ,
y
y
0, 2 102
v* .
)
0,01

yo = * =
= 0,011 cm .
9v
9 0,1
v = 0 . 7-3,
v = 0 yo = 0,015 cm .
,
.

dv* 0,1 0,1
Re =
=
=1< 5 ,

0,01
.
) y = 3 mm ,
.
y = 3 cm , .
.

60

34. . d ,
yo . :
d << s
d >> s . yo .

34
d << s
. ,
yo = / 9v* .

yo = yo = yoA .
d >> s
, .
, . .
. , yo > yo > yoA .
35. b , 1. ,
v .
. d ,
S .
Dt , y v 'l y .
) ?
) Re = 1 Re = 1000 ?
)
.

61

 35
) l y b / 2 .
b ,
.
, l y d l y S . ,
.
( S , d << b ). ,
l y S Dt , y .
) Re = vd / = 1
.
Re = vd / = 1000 I y d
.
( ),
v ' Dt , y .
) , ,
vv v .
vv' < v ' .
,
vv' Dt , y .
36. ,
1 cm . = 0,01 cm 2 /s .
) v* .
) ?
) ?
) ?

62

 36
) .

. . 1,
y1 = 0, 2 cm v1 = 0cm/s , 2, y2 = 4 cm
v2 = 15 cm/s .
1 2 ,
v2 v1

0, 4
15 0
=
= 2 cm/s .
v* =
2,3 log10 y2 log10 y1 2,3 log10 (4 / 0, 2)
)
5 5 0,01
= 0,025 cm .
s = * =
2
v
) 1 cm s = 0,025 cm ,
. .
v = 0 cm/s ,
yo = 0, 2 cm .

0,01
yo = * =
= 5,55 104 cm ,
9v
9 2
, .
)
= 30 yo = 30 0, 2 = 6 cm .
= 6 cm
.

v* 6 2
Re =
=
= 1200 .

0,01
Re = 70 100 ,
.

63

8.
37. S1 S 2 , S1 > S2 .
. , ?
:
)
) .
37
)
K X = 5,93v* h ,
:
h - ;
v* - .
(1) (2)
K X 1 5,93v1* h1 v1* h1
=
=
.
K X 2 5,93v2* h2 v2* h2

(1)

1/ 2

v* = ( ghS ) .
(1) (2)
v1* / v2* = (h1 S1 ) / (h2 S 2 ) .

(2)

(2) (1), h1 = h2 = h = const.

(1)
K X 1 v1*
S
= * = 1 >1,
K X 2 v2
S2
.
) b1 = b2 = b = const.
v1h1 = v2 h2 ,
h v
h1 / h2 = v2 / v1 .

(3)

v / v* . Ck ,

k = Ck v 2 = v*2 .
, Ck , .
v / v* .
v1 / v1* = v2 / v2* = const.

(4)

(3) (4) (1) (2)

h1 / h2 = v*2 / v*1 .

64

 (1)
(1) (2)
K x1 / K x 2 = 1 .
.
38. , .
. h1 , .
h2 , .
. ?

38
, h1 h2 , .
, ,
b2 > b1 .
, ,

K X = 5,93v* h ,
:
h - ;
v* - .
h1 h2
K X 1 = 5,93 v1*h1 ,
K X 2 = 5,93 v2*h2 .

,

K X 1 5,93v1* h1 v1* h1
=
=
.
(1)
K X 2 5,93v2* h2 v2* h2

v1b1h1 = v2b2 h2 ,

65


v1 b2 h2
=
.
v2 b1h1

(2)

Ck ,
k = Ck v 2 = v*2 .

, Ck , .
v / v* .
v1 v2
= = const.
v1* v2*
v1 v1*
= .
v2 v2*

(3)

(2) (3)
v1* b2 h2
=
.
v2* b1h1

(4)

(4) (1),
K X 1 5,93v1*h1 v1*h1 b2 h2 h1 b2
=
=
=
= .
K X 2 5,93v2*h2 v2*h2 b1h1h2 b1
b2 > b1 ,
.
39. .
z - . B , D
. t1 << B 2 / 4D t2 >> 0, 4 B 2 / D
.

39
t = 0 B .
, ,
v .

8.1

66

 Li
t=

L2i
.
4Di

, B
B2
.
4D
t1 << B 2 / 4D B ,
v . x -
, t
t=

L = 4 2Dt .

8.2 t1 << B 2 / 4D

C
C
C
C
2C
2C
2C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx 2 + D y 2 + Dz 2 S .
t
x
y
z
x
y
z

x - v = vx ,
v y = vz = 0 . ,
, S = 0 .

2C 2C 2C
C
C
+v
=D 2 + 2 + 2 .
t
x
y
z
x

( x vt )2
m
y2
z 2

exp
C ( x, y , z ) =

3/ 2
4Dt
4Dt 4Dt
(4Dt )

t2 >> 0, 4 B 2 / D .
,
,

L = 4 2K X t .

8.3 t2 >> 0, 4 B 2 / D

67


C
C
C
C
2C
2C
2C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= K x 2 + D y 2 + Dz 2 S .
t
x
y
z
x
y
z

x - v = vx ,
v y = vz = 0 . ,
, S = 0 .
y -,

2C
=0.
y 2

C
C
2C
2C
+v
= Kx 2 +D 2 .
t
x
x
z
, x -.
K X .
z - ,
( x vt )2
m
z 2

exp
C ( x, z , t ) =

4K X t
4Dt
B 4 D K X t

9.
40. H = 20 m 12 , m = 5 kg / min .
12 , , k = 0,1 dan -1 ,
COCl2 . ,
vx = 5 m/s x - .
Dz = 0,1 m 2 /s ,
Dx = D y = 1 m 2 /s . .

12 - x=10 km .
40

C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
,
C / t = 0 .
vx = 5 m/s x - ,
v y = vz = 0 . ,
.
x = 10000 m
vx 510000
Pe = =
= 50000 >> 1 .
1
D

68

 x - ,

C
= 0 . ,
Dx

x
x

C
2C
2C
vx
= D y 2 + Dz 2 S .
x
y
z
12 S = 0
,
S = kC .
12
C
2C
2C
vx
= D y 2 + Dz 2 ,
x
y
z
-
C
2C
2C
vx
= D y 2 + Dz 2 S .
x
y
z
12,

2
2

2
2
m
exp vy v ( z H ) + exp vy v ( z + H ) ,
C ( x, y , z ) =

4Dz x
4Dz x
4 D yDz x
4D y x
4D y x

, (
).
-,
2
2

2
2
m
exp vy v ( z H ) exp kx + exp vy v ( z + H ) exp kx ,
C ( x, y , z ) =

v
v
4Dz x
4Dz x
4 D yDz x
4D y x
4D y x

, (
).
( x, y, z ) = (0,0, H ) ,

( x, y, z ) = (0,0, H ) . y -
. z - z=0,
, . ,
z - , .
z - ,

2
(20 m)
H2
2 =
=
= 500 s.
8D y 8 0,1 m 2 /s
x -
x > vxT2 = 5 500 = 2500 m .
x = 10000 m z = 0 .
( x = 10000 m, y =0, z =0) .

69

 12 x = 10000 m
2

m
2exp vH =
Cmax =
4D x
4 D yDz x
z

5 (20)
83 103

6
3
3
=
exp
= 2,53 10 kg/m = 2,53 mg/m .
4 0,110000
2 3,14 1 0,1 10000
- x = 10000 m
2

m
2exp vH exp kx =
Cmax =

v
4Dz x
4 D yDz x

1,157 106 10000

5 (20)
83 103

=
exp
=
exp
4 0,110000
5

2 3,14 1 0,1 10000

= 2,53 106 0,987 2,53 106 kg/m3 = 2,53 mg/m3 .

x = 10000 m , k = 0,1 dan -1 ,
.
41. (). -
C = 0 .
D = 4, 4 109 m 2 /s . h = 2 m . -
C0 =150 mg/L ,
Cd = 5 g/L . ,
.
41

9.1 -

70


C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z

vx = v y = vz = 0 .
, .
C = const.
C C
=
=0.

x
y
, S = 0 .

C
2C
=D 2 .
t
z
.
C

= 0 .
t
2C
D 2 = 0 , .
z

2C
D = 4, 4 109 m 2 /s , . D 2 0 .
z
(t<0) C = 0 , ( t 0 )
C = CO = 150 mg/L .

z
C ( z , t ) = CO erfc
.
2 Dt
z=0,
z = 2 m .
C ( z = 2 m) = 5 g/L , - C > 5 g/L .

z 0,005
erfc
= 0,000033 .
=
2 Dt
150
..., ,
z
z
erfc
= 2,94 .
= 0,000033
2 Dt
2 Dt


2
2
1

t=

= 2,63 107 s=304,2 dana.

9

4, 4 10 2 2,94

71

42. () .
v = 10 cm/s , h = 20 cm b = 80 cm .
, CO = 10 g/L .
, .
H=0,42,
. x=2 km C = 5 g/L .
- , .
H p = 0, 42 , k p = 1,5 104 1/ s .
DH = 0,75 105 cm 2 /s DP = 1,3 105 cm 2 /s .
= 9,72 107 m 2 /s .
2 km .
42
( H >> 0,01) ,
:

kH / k p = DTH / DP ;

1/ 2

kH / k p = (DTH / DP ) .

2hb
2 20 80
=
= 32 cm .
Dh =
h+b
20 + 80

vD
0,1 0,32
= 32922 ,
Re = h =

9,72 107
.
.
k
1

kH

D 2
0,75 105 2
= 1,139 104 s -1 .
= k p TH = 1,5 104

1,3 10
D
P

C
C
C
C

C
C
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= Dx
+ Dy
+ Dz
S .
t
x
y
z x
x y
y z
z
v = vx = 10 cm/s ,
v y = vz = 0 .
- ,
C = const. ,.

C
=0.
t

72

C C
=
= 0 .
y
z

 , - -
S = kH C .
-
C
v
= kH C .
x
- Co = 10 g/L , -

k x
C ( x ) = Co exp H .
v
x=2000 m
1,139 104 2000
k x
C ( x = 2 km) = Co exp H = 10 exp
= 1,025 g/L .

v
0,1

2000 m
. C = 5 g/L C = 1,025 g/L
x=0 x=2 km.
43. h = 1 m .
. ( H L = 2, 2 105 ) ,

( H T = 0, 28)

( H N = 0, 04) .

, .
. :
Da = 105 m 2 /s ;

D = 109 m 2 /s ;

Dt = 103 m 2 /s ;

v = 100 m

a = 10 mm .

) C(z) .
z=0 ( ), z = v , z < v z > +a .
, Ca = 0 z > +a .
) .
) 5% .
) ?
43
( H T = 0, 28 >> 0, 01) .
( H L = 2, 2 105 << 0, 01) .
( H N 0, 01) .

73

) C ( z )

9.2 C ( z )
) .
) 5% .

q =D ' A

Cv
v

q =Da A

D
Cv
= v Cv
t
v h

Cv H L
a

q= A

D H
Cv
= a L Cv
t
a h

D
Cv (t ) = Co exp v t
v h

T5% =

DH
Cv (t ) = Co exp a L
a h

3v h
= 3 105 s
Dv

T5% =

Cv
(v / Dv ) + a / ( H NDa )

Cv
Cv / h
=
t
(v / Dv ) + a / ( H NDa )

3a h
= 1, 4 108 s 1
Da H L

Cv = Co exp

v
a
+
h
Dv H NDa

T5% = 3h v + a = 3,8 105 s
Dv H NDa

)
2

(1 m)
h2
TD =
=
= 250 s
(4Dt ) (4 0, 001 m 2 /s)
TD << T5% ,
.
44. h=10 m , ()
, w=1 ppb [g/l].
. =0,4. ,
.
0,05 ppb.

74

 44:
, :

C C C
=
=
= 0.
x y z
(vx=vy=vz=0).
, , . =0,4>>0,01, -

:
C
C Ca H
m
.
(1)
= Ah w = Dw A w
t
t
w
, . ,
. ,
, =0. (1) :

D
C w
= w Cw .
t
h w

(2)

k=

Dw
.
h w

(3)

Cw=Cw0, :

D
C w (t ) = C w0 exp w
h w

t = C w0 exp( kt ) .

(4)

9.3 - .
, sa=. Csw=Csa/H, Csw=0.
k=(10-5 cm2s-1)/(0,001 cm1000 cm)=10-5 s-1. Cw 0,05 ppb,
0,05 Cw0 je t=3/k=3105 s=3,4 . .
, () ,
(fluks=3,4 ). ,
,
. , , mix,
fluks
. 10

75

mix0,34 .
. , fluks=3,4
95% .
45. 100 m .
v=20 cm/s, h=50 cm, b=100 cm.
.
. ,
600 g/m3. D=10-9 m2/s.
45:
. ,
, Rh, 3000.
Rh=hb/(2h+b)=25 cm,

Re=(20 cm/s25 cm)/0,01 cm2/s=50000.
, ,
, . C/z=C/y=0. 1,
.
Kx=5,9v*h,
v*=0,1v.
L=100 m,
Pe=vL/Kx330>>1.
, , C/t=0. ,
/=S. <<Ceq,
S=kCeq,

vx

C
= kC eq
x

(1)

=0 , (=0)=0, ,

C ( x) = (kCeq v )x .

(2)

k=DmA/(Vs), s. v*=0,1v,
s=5/u*=0,025 cm.
, h=V/A,
k=DmA/(Vs)=(10-9 m2s-1)/(0,5 m2,510-4 m)=810-6 s-1.
(2), =100 m, 2,4 gm-3<<600, <<Ceq.

76

77