Chapter & ' The Second Law af Trumedynamics Main tepra Bl Statements of the Second Laur 5:2 Heat Engines 5.3 Thermodynamic Temperature Seales 5:4 Enpopy a6 Enbopy change ef an ideal gs 56 Mathematical Statement af Sema Law 5-4 Enpopy Balana’ fr Open systems 5.3 Calculabion af ldoal Work 54 ust Work Sto Merd law af = Thermodynamics 5A e from murscopic View point’ (ner in ‘ aay ne 7 sy\tabus) Thermodynamics — ranstormatens ap errs. ; Ft las - oly teuls that ergy is conserved ~ coesryt place any veschen on the clive chon ag process Buk from enpenence — Aifferent Types of omangies have qualitahve differences eg Wok - canbe tmnvertrd to PE qrechcal ergy eAhdenry —ploo% (if fichion removed) conbnuomaly Heat — camot be aconvedied te wome, Oschior ak 3 ebthviones ~~ YOY. wok ebiiacray. 2 ip) Miao: = rom experience: heat Etows fom hot body | te cold body my (met in Vveverse Aivech'on) Statements of Secend Cate st. - No Opparadws can Operate in such a wag | that \te om epee Cin sgpiem ain Sumoundings) | is to convert Weal Absobed by systeme | ly 4 ve by system | HA - No press 1S possible which wruasts solely. | in tye treamafer of heat bom ome fempombore vel to a highn me thon an ideal ges expands mach veversi'bly © csothevmally. in a dlesed sigtem AVE = Qt*W Q=-w Heat absvbed by system | Bur — sytem eset nas also changed CPT yy Avt=0 Csolwamal) | ual to wont done St Va) ~ Te vs impossible by a Cyclic process to convert fhe haat abscibed by tne syptern inte Ware done by, te sqstem Second lau — places a limit ™ now much heak can be convetiad te work dene by a CYydic prowess: : almost 3 \npli cao — very important sine , Ut Commercial Power is produced Parhad convenron of Neat to Wole C eeephing ave - wind , water) | Yeak Engine —~ A dea that producer wo fom Reak \n a cydic — pyorers ! ecg. Gleam power Plant tn cohich wowing beusd Csteam, HO) venveddically revrns to Ws Mg nal Srte - The smpkrt Cycle hao the Following 4 Steps D) liquid water Geom condenser) Is pumped intr a borler a hugh Fressuve Y Heat bem Fast ( Fossil, nucle, ee) is enslered ™ the baler te water — convening it te igh temp. steam at boiler preasure 3) Energy is PamokemedA ao Shalt work fem Stem te surmumdings — by a device such as Steam Moine whe steam expands fo Veduced temp. & pressure 4) Exhaust steam fom tnbine is condensed by transter ob heat tp. Surmndings reducing \quid water (Ror vetunn te boiler’)a Ree WY? loo, when (Q@c| 30 by system = Abseyph'on af heat a ugh temp — — Produchon of worl. > Rejechyon Af heat te Surroundings at lower temp, Net wore. (an) - 1@ ¢ Thermal = lw = (QW =\QJ _ \- Bel ea lau} JO > Abs. values — to make 2suakon inclopendent of Stan covemnon > What is the Upper Wit for 1° ~ Max 7 when prowes crperatea veel -— Tris heat ungine called Cannot engine 4 Steps fr Carnot omgine yer step) >» witial temp Higher Temp adaleahc TH Step 2 - At Ty emp, woh heat is absorkeed cont “Zihermallisotewmally # veversibly) fom hoe YS lower temp Steps — ree adiabate = Te Step4 - Ae Comtt Te _ YO. Qe heat reectia Jemnp Ysothemak,Carnot Weovem — - for ww ven haat reservoirs — no engine Cam have a Hunmal Ap een, hehe than Wak aoa Carno® ongine Gallary — Tre thermal eterna, of a Cannot ensyne depends mly om the tempurabure levels and not up the — voorling eae of Ane maine ea si Lena lin Bt% - Th) oly, yn o3 Theamo dyna me — fA temp. scale that Is indepenclemt af makemal — Propenhes — usi an ideal geo 2 wenting pul in Cannot enginestep Procons a2b Adiabat'e Compvern'on 7 Temp rises fom T eT, bse kothermal Expansion [Qui neat absorbed Cad Adiabate expansion Temp veduces Gem Ty t? Te d+ oa — lSothermal Compveaion \Qc] haat rejected Finally show 5 Was & Absolute Temp Carnot IQel T Ga Kelun) [Qa 4 “Equations a \- Whe ie Te (Qn) Ty Example 21 Plant ating = 800,000 mw =| Ww) Steam gen. ‘Temp = BSS K = Heat vejec. Temp = 25 Ww treme = 40% of Alias what is |Qe] =?Vmay > “Leamg 7 1 = = WE coh asa TH 585 ea) = O34F (wl |wl = (Qu) ~ ee |@e} «|W 2288 v REEL HEEL er ENG ee a a + at 28 &@|= 4 -! lade 4 \ {Gel = ae 1) Cw) = @& -1) C3 xio ww) =@-88-1xW 0349 = 1505 Sco KW e-almost buice i tre work || = [6055 MW : For a gmall aver > Can ema! sem vise of Severed deg | ye thie vejedad Meek erangy Is enurrnmentak =3 How To vee! dso a big concern fom perspech've tISy entropy. fe camot erdne., Rul = 1Qd Tr Te Conniclenng the Worlling fluid ao Systim Qa *ve 5 Ae ts Ve Qu 2 - ae Th Te ox nH 4+ & =0 Tu Mes Fr unnplete cycle of Carnot Engine, the | a Q gums to er, met change a En — {ne State properties also veurn | 4o Wiha value, net change 220 | > Twp reve RISES property — whose | Quant ek > By a cycle b Q change may be Gpven 40 Ate 6 Procers is Yertoible | > a Sum over a | a ade Ca tes popey EmPePy symbol © Ast = A Grew | ee gt — Twlal entropy S> Molan enhepy stunts 7 _ tase S uit 2 ZT = AQwy = as mol K | %Koy paints abot entropy ‘) Enbopy AN\sep ouk ah seumd laur (in same wary an inkrnal erangy, ayseo fem VW lau) 2) Enrpy - is an intysic poyely of a system Gam chenally rehtid to Measurable corrdinates Charackemeng Tae System | i) ines yovernble Prertas As* = {oo T y) For Wwrewermble prree7s_ bebweun tw equilibrium stare, ASt can be evaluated wring an Aarbinary reyenible pres Gvng The same charyelo 5) Wren pron is rvernbe < aduabathe A®@w =O , then Ast =O, or SE = conatt Thus embopy ys comsit. Gung veer adiabake prec amd — proce \s called = IS@nbopic 6) The embropy change op a Neat Yeoeavinr is alas pren bg Qa Ce Meat temstened te coy fom” TG repay renew) whether heat amo Is reversible ov ivrevemible 3) MWe enbopy change ee ee i only fom froma. Af Mant <8 ve calculated by S$ 4e whether | T ig vewersible oy Not Ast leg * §a8 | where reese 8) But embopy change veoathing from other aww Berean - Suda as preosuve — then we ned to have a Mech. vee — process bo Cabculote the changeee Lundagping wech: ver preaas in eee AD = dn, + AW eUH “ad Gey — PAV aloo Ha UtP¥Y & AH aw = AQwy = aH — Gr ideal gar AH = Cp dT AQvw = Celt = dU+ Pav + VAP atv - PAV + Pad +VAP VaP » Y= RE = - RTaP 5 ee ee ee T T P as = cp’ aT _ RAP 7 P as = Ce at _ ae R ROT ie \ntecpeating from nial state Te , Po to Anal state T,P dan & Po2 [oe = Adnz feeee a Jev]ep twohove een + a 1 : Lop>, = leet stalet eee LW it ~ PoE) Mean Heat Capacity for Eupropy calculatn Example 53 — fey an (deal going c prow y and nowy et py, shew T. = Po) > TN Pi 7 [senbopic 2 45 * pew, adiabare (eal 93) —> c he As. (@° at - In f& =O Ro, RT Pi id out show a Ces dn t, - An Py Senax Bn (Tt )* = dn fe qT Pi or (m)*™ - Pe af P, a1 oe ele Lt som te = G) ee So even though preceos |S vex. _actiabahe ve lsembpople > clutaten 15 time consuming as. § aT - ant K Te R T Py Here Pe= 2 bar P= \ bar AS <0 To= SSOK T= 2 anknewn Need fe selve 3 non-linear Te » ASrme 7 O when Te > Te AS pi 7 © Mothemabcal Statement of 24 law — affirms that every process proweds in such « direcho that he tested embopy chor e Ansociated with re (s posikve , the limiting value YP er is Attarned my by. yeverable prrees, No pweess is posmble where the tote entropy Change is regehve NExample sy iy AO ky Steak casting Cp = OS ar | quenched in 150 ty op ale Cope 2s MT) at ase, fe no heat (oss, what ave the — enbropy caer op a) castkng b) ail ‘) Boh Together Knak temp TF ol es | Q=0 SH=Q ) at Usve ts | | > Neda And he AH canhng + AH oy =O wo | Me Cre so a ™,Po (1-25)=0 T= 4Gsrc oy BS Lng = meat coswming Cp consit | = ar dn Te m dT Lom Nae | oo | ; (ho) (0-5 ) dn (4éses2s0 “= “1628 uy Mr Usot 2B | & Hk (decrease) © y AS a = mr. | = Mops Lm Te Gps An Te | = (Ise) (18) (Aneses j= Lois ke LAS AUS t ee mK , ¢ 7 ee ‘a cal aig 7 J Astyyy = zee ~ teen = Gao s \ sty, Stem PST Enbopy Balance for Oben Systems - = Enopy [5 neh conserved => Tord Envopy change is positive Total embopy — includes oth system & sumourding > me <9" op entroPy valores 1S; AGmegr AOI a , d Swe = Sq Zo ae dk Net vate 4 ‘thas sacks i te “poe mange in + ) of change (++) change 4 = vate 4 20 einopy ot a ey ot my | dentopy in oMn in Sut Pouring streams ue Wn Surnoy apenscabery ‘ | ee pee 5 a whem 4 pemaer Surfs fhe. 5 Gi > Neat rate for 4 Ts,4 : jin surtee Te, > Temp of ge | Surrounding Surfe 46), | eee Sq 70 3 73 ‘ Br 24 =0., te prous has bo be Completely vevensible , Imply ing, ) Te procs is Intanally revernble within empol volume Heat wansfer pedweem conbro! volume y and sumoundings is also vevenble Control volume a < Carnot engined are 4 Stymunding wnvelved in Oe cusroundings skemps ave Same13 For steady fow prews , where dfs =0 oe (and mass & enbopy ave const in Conbrot volume) AB ),, 7 ] & 4 6) > kr only ne omit & one embun ce wrth m same fer poh Streams AS - 3 Si = Sq FO Tc vohere 64-34 Q\> Qi | ase m Examples - a5 - steady How process | Rirldeak gas Cp=dR const with temp | a& Y surmundings a | "st Book ou Ag) mal/s Ih Cowre\ >. anak Ty = OOK iia To 4ovk APE, Are =0 oo Pe \atm cout Ne = 2mel | = 450K Delemine 7 AY Rake of Haak ansher 5 a ; Rate f “enropy gpnarodion , Sq »Ned ennrgy balance te gee @ ie Steady flow Eqn with A Matead af AQA Coe eg Q 4 - | Be Nous our Ana Neto | A ae = cp(T -Te) | 7m Na oa n) eee cee n(t- TA) + TC T-Te)] > 2x83 [1 (4o0-¢o0) + 2( 4-450) | | | ‘ | | 2 eee az met LS = = gaa F s En on | : ee system & surmwndings into Ye | ~ . : 3 ence! ee d T5,j (ge aa) & be] Ag Sour SA) + Ng (Sa Sp) “ Te ‘ 1 - BF24-4 rq Coem(T + rig aE) - cere) x 300 " = WEXB3 x In HOO + 2xTxBSIY xD (12) 4 BF a G00 z Wo So uw nee — iF - -18C4 +241 = Ho 4es TL9 Example 56 = taventer claims fp haw Peaieetiiies prwsx {Ret Regepvoir ae satd “etean, | (et H = 2674.05 L Liquid 0% % Water S = 13554 Hy=0 vg k S20 Te=0 1S* law, gy Balann Tale Basis= 9 steam SEP ee eee error rere AW = Qrws © AW = @ + &s AH 7072676 = (2000) + (@s) > Age -£96 %t Ar law cnech for errmopy generation ASs- @ Qi 28q CG rs) To,j (@ - 7.3554) = fee 4 2bte 1 Rovrx G43 OrZtd “asses 4 22 +Rure = 7 O6S ET vg & Not possible |)How much t's acheally possible ? Limp is Sa = 9% AH = Q’ + ac cs Q’=-26 76 — ar Sq: AS 7 2Qs, = 0 To, J (0 - T3suy) - [ @676- 85) + Be 44s ae -7:35W4 + 2676 + Qe -@c =0 uas ues 2B “qasuy 4 $6895 — SUBBSKIU Qe =O =-10 95-6 ko ar % Ql=z -|9804 wT we 40 ee supplier is 1580 © thorefeve ROK possible pot 2000 WT claimed.2 5.% Calculation \deal Work Rr steady Aow Proa@rs veguiring, Werke — the abs. a min which mut be doe . is when prvecas 1s Completely reversi ble > in Ws Case , enbopy gerwreben ear 3, = ate, - Za =o d 75,5 > if surroundings ave single Unifivm temp del AbrmM)y. - “ =O oc or Qe ‘ee AGM) ¢5 > Te wot is found bom ast Law Ale + xor+ 92) J, = TaAbrmys + Were alao called Widend = Wrev \s a. > Neguckng 2E FE : 4 S er ae AWM Je, - 1 AE Wes > when ani single seam Wideat 2 m (AH — Tes) |Actrak Wore work Cone by system ve Whon system doing Wak ve Ne Ws = ee Wrdeal. is —ve Ww. Ss Ss Wold Prduced < Wy. Wreqd > _W ideal. 22 When walk done om system Ws * Wied ue We ts 4ve Example 2 — Re dong, example S-G Mo walk, ng. | Resume Steam ‘5 Wed be Yun a Cannot vet gerettor Ywak can Ayvanshou hook te lugher Aemp = 473K TH A Carnot Ref. 2 1-T Steam 2 i-Te Wquid_ wate 1 Ty ‘hn ow : ee |WI 2 t-te =SUIsK Qa Ta Fur steam : de o- 216 As= 0- 713884 NA ee eae aoe i = Li aese - Gays) 6b tie ; “ - -6660% = 666-4 a Qy = ear ryected +o Th Qy (wl = — 6664 i- 243 “W438 ete S --61ie S OS Kg nor]x) 5.4 Los} Welk care wak done on S\s}emn Why = We > Wideat Wee — Wbased on acheal Q Wraey - Paved Q,cdeulated fom Sq=e W.. = 7, 46%)5, — & lost . . te eet Ts 9G The greater the inrewernbility of Prrcees > whe oyreaker wwe fatal ae APT £ thes greater Ye amount af — lost work, : _ Me 42 -Q W host = es Sq = mas- @ Tr Per unit mass = Ts48- Wost anes Q So = AS te Te24 Sin Third Law of Thermodynamics =e absolute enbopy gzevo for all perfect Cyst ive substana: ak absolute em temperature At T=O0K%, S=O Br perfeck crystals (solid )