34

34.1
de Broglie ,

, .
34.2
1924, Louis de Broglie ( ),
, ( )
( ),
.
, ,

h
p

(34.1)

h Planck p .
,
:

E h E

p k ,

(34.2,,,)

= 2, = h/2 k = 2/.

. .
, .
U ,
. eU = 100 eV,

h
h
h
12,25
12,25

10 8 cm
1 .
p
2me Ek
2meeU
U
U

(34.3)

, ,
100 eV 1 .
1 . ,
,
,
100 -1000 eV ( 1- 0,3 ).

 :
( 2). ,
,
.
, 1.
,
, ,
200 .
, ,
eV.
, , , , ,
. ,
, ,
.
34.3

.
1,
, ,
.
.
34.3.1.
. 34.1 , .

34.1.
, ,
. . . 34.1,
, , , d, 2d, 3d, 4d ...
.
, : d d2.
34.3.2.

, , ,
( 1).

 . ,
, ,
, ,
... (.34.2), , ,
, ( ).
d. :

()

()

34.2 Bragg.

1. 2 .
2. () () ,
0. . 34.2
--, - - .
( ) 2dsin.
Bragg:

2d sin n0 ,

(34.4)

n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .
34.3.3. . Debye-Scherrer
,
.
, (),
:
1. + (. )
2. + (. )
3. + (. ),
Debye-Scherer.

( 1 cm3) ,
, ,
.
3

 , Debye Scherer
1916.

. Debye-Scherrer
,
, .
,
. 34.3. ,
,
(. 34.3). ,
, ,
, . 34.3.
,
, , (. 34.),
Bragg,
d, n L
.
L
, , , n = 1. d
Bragg,
, 2 !
, , d :

n0
2 sin

Rn
.
L

(34.10,)

Rn

()

tan 2

( )

()
Debye-Scherrer

34.3. Debye-Scherrer ()

d,
. Debye Scherrer, ,
, eV.
. ,
, ,

 (~0,01%),
.
34.4. .

.
34.4.1.
(. 34.4) :
)
) , 200 ,

) (ZnS)
.
1 ,
100 eV.
200 ( ). ,

500 eV. 2-4
keV.

~6,3 V

Venelt

Ni

s
4

BaO

05 kV

~220 V

+5 kV

34.4.

34.4.2.

, ,
(. 34.4).
,
, ZnS, .
ZnS.
.
, .
, BaO,
1100 0. To ,
, .
6,3 V. H ,
.
:
1.
2. Venelt
3. ,
4. (),
5. , , , ,
, (200 ) .

Venelt. , , ,
, 20-50 V ( )
.
(200 ) Venelt.
2000 4000 V. ,
,
Venelt. ,
Venelt .
.
34.4.3.
, -
, .
, eV, , -
,
. , ,
.
200 0. , 200 ,
500 eV. , 2000-4000 eV,

.
. ,
2.
34.4.4.
,
. , ,
, .

 .

, , , . ,

( , ...).

, . ,
,
, . ,
, ,
.
34.4.3.
34.4.3.1.
.
, ,
,
.
,
(.
) .

. ,


,
.
,

( ) d, , , ,
, C.D. ...
. 34.5,
, d1, d2 d3, ,
.
,
, .
, , .
,
. 34.5,
.

( ); :
.
( ) ,
.
, , (.34.5), () d3,
7 ,
49 . , ,
( ) , .

d3

d2

d1 = 2,13
d2 = 1,23
d3 = 0,81

d1

34.5.
34.6
. 1,23 ,
2,13 .
.

d1
d1 = 2,13

d2 = 1,23

34.6. ( )

34.4.4.
, ,
, . ,
.
.
1.
.
2.

.
3. (n = 1),
d1 d2 (. 34.5, . 34.6).
. ,
,
, n = 2, 3 ...
. , , 200 .
,
... ,
, . ,
, , ,
Bragg n = 1!
34.5.
Bragg :
2d sin nU

12,25
,
U

n = 1 U .

6,125
d Ui ,
sin

(34.11)

.
(.
) , s R0 (.
. 34.4), :

s 8 R0 8

D0
,
2

(34.12)

D0 (135 2 mm) . ( )

s
(rad)
4D0

(34.13)

, de Broglie
yi (yi = 6,125/sini), xi (xi =Ui), d.

d, .

1.
2.
3.
4.

Berkeley, 4, , , 1978, . 198.

D. Halliday and Reshnik, , , . . , 1976, . 48.
3. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1957.
Serway, Moses and Moyer, Modern Physics, Saunders College Publ.

34.6.
! 5000 , .

. ,
.
, .

.
.
. ,
( 50 kHz)
( )
3 mA. , ,
10 nF. ,
( ). ,
,
, (.. ,
...), , .
1. . 2-3
.
2. (
0), Ui, s1 s2
. 2000 V, , 4100 V,
300 V. .
3. 2, ,
4100 V.
4. si Ui.
34.7.
1. Ui, 1,
i .
2. , 2 si, i,
6,125/sin i Ui.

10

3. , ,
6,125/sin i = dUi ( x , x = 0).
4. ,
.
5. , d1 d2,
. .
1

Ui

Ui

2
s1

si

s2

6,125
sin i

Ui

8
8

1
1.
,
, , .
. 34.7 .
40-60 kV (
). . W
(), V,

Pb
Cu

34.7.

11

 2500 0. .
, ()
450 40-60 keV.
, . ,
Angstrom,
(),
. , ,
, , .
, , ,
. ,
,
, (. 34.7).
, ,
.
1.1.

,
.
y
y

x
.

34.8.

.
,
, (.
34.8).
,
, .
,
:

d1 cos m1
d 2 cos m2

cos2 cos2 cos2 1

(34.11)

m1 m2 : 1, 2, 3, 4,, d1 d2

12

d3

34.9

 , .
,
. , . 4.9.

d3. 1, 2, 3,
, , d3 d3cos, , m3,
(34.11) :

d1 cos m1
d 2 cos m2
d3 (1 cos ) m3

cos2 cos2 cos2 1

(34.12)

m1, m2, m3 .
(34.12)
.
, (34.12) , , , :

m12 2 m22 2 (d 3 m3 ) 2
2
1
d12
d2
d 32

(34.13)

, (34.13).
1.2.
,
(34.13). ,
. , .
: d1,
d2 d3 ; .
1.3. ( )
d1, d2 d3 ,

min

min

0
()

()

34.10. () , ().

13

() , .34.10. ,
d1, d2 d3, m1, m2, m3, ,
(34.12) (34.13). ,
,
.
1.4.
. 34.10 (
) ,
0.
, .
;
(34.12) (34.13) , .
(34.12) (34.13). ,
900 , 900
00 ( ). 0, 0 0,
(34.12) :

d1 (cos cos 0 ) m1
d 2 (cos cos 0 ) m2

d 3 (cos cos 0 ) m3

(34.14)

cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 1

, , 0, 0
0. :
.
,
, 0, 0 0
, , ( , , ),
( ) . ,
, .

2
2.
2.1.
, , ,
.
, ,
, . .
primary and secondary electrons secondary electron emission.
, ,
, .
:

i2
i1

(34.15)

14

 i1 i2
. ,
, . 90 0 (
), ,
34.11, .
, , 1000 eV, 2 > i1 !
= f(V) ,
10 . ,
(Photomultipliers).
, ,
, , (max = 0,4).
2.2.

.
.34.12. ,
.

e1
2,0
1,5

e2

e2

1,0
0,5
0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000 eV

34.11.
.
1. (). 75 %.

,
, .
, 50 eV.
2. (). 20 %. ,
50 eV
,
. ,
.
3. (). 5 %.
,
, .
, ,
. .
15

dN
dE
()
~75%

()
~5%
()
~20%

50

100

150

200 eV

34.12.
200 eV.
.
,
() (). () .
(), () (),
.
2.3. - Low Energy Electron Diffraction

,
, . .
40, ,
,
. ,
: 50, 300 eV. ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, , ...
Low Energy Electron Diffraction .
. 34.13 , ,
. , ,
, .
, .

. ,
. , .
: - ,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
.

16

,
electron gun

,
screen

Field free
drift region
3000 V

,
sample

2 1

34.13.

.
.
,
3-5 kV. ,
3-5 kV, .
.
,
,
. ,
...

17