Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in
JNTU World
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
JN
TU
or
ld
LABORATORY MANUAL
1
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
ld
ANDERSONS BRIDGE
Page no
or
S.No
3
7
10
13
16
21
DC CROMPTON METHOD
24
TU
29
32
10
35
11
39
METER
JN
12
42
WATTMETERS
13
14
15
16
45
52
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APPARATUS:
Equipment
Range
Ammeter
0-5A
Voltmeters 0
300V
Resistor
Choke coil
Auto transformer
Type
Quantity
AC
AC
3 Nos
or
S.No
ld
To measure the inductance and power factor of the choke coil using 3Ammeter and
3Voltmeter method.
AC
THEORY:
3 Ammeter method:
AC
AC
TU
I = I R + I L + 2 I L I R Cos L
Cos L = I I R I L / 2 I L I R
= I R R I L Cos L
JN
Since power = I R I L R (I I R I L / 2 I L I R)
= (I I R I L) R/2.
From the power calculated the inductance of the choke can be calculated.
3 Voltmeter method:
From the pharos diagram
V = V R + V L + 2 V R V L Cos , 3 Nos
3
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Cos L = V VRL VL / 2 V R V L
Power drawn by load = V L I Cos L
or
ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
JN
TU
figure: 1
figure:2
3 Voltmeter method:
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Keep the auto transformer at zero position.
4
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ld
3-Ammeter Method:
Voltage
IL
IR
COS
PL
COS
PL
25
or
TABULAR COLUMN:
50
75
100
125
TU
150
175
Cos L = I I R I L / 2 I L I R
JN
= I R R I L Cos L
Since power = I R I L R (I I R I L / 2 I L I R)
= (I I R I L) R/2.
3-Voltmeter Method :
Voltage
VR
VL
5
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25
50
75
100
ld
125
COS L = V- VR - VL / 2 VL VR
PRECAUTIONS:
or
150
JN
TU
RESULT:
6
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ANDERSONS BRIDGE
AIM:
APPARATUS:
Equipment
Andersons Bridge
Audio Oscillator
CRO
Ohmmeter
THEORY:
Type
Quantity
2V,1KHz
Range
or
S.NO
ld
TU
comparison with a capacitance. This method, using Anderson Bridge, is helpful in determining
accurately inductance values over a wide range. The bridge network as shown in fig
L is the Unknown inductance and R1 its resistance.
C is a Standard capacitor.
JN
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or
ld
The bridge is first balanced using d.c supply and head phone as detector. Resistance R2, R3 and
R4 are properly adjusted so that balance condition is obtained. and balancing of the bridge is
again obtained by adjusting resistance r
TU
R3
PROCEDURE:
JN
3. Now plug in the headphone in to the socket adjust pot r and to get minimum sound on
headphone.
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R3
L = C ------- [r (R3xR4) + (R3+R4)]R4
or
ld
CIRCUIT DIGRAM:
figure:1
JN
TU
RESULT:
9
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APPARATUS:
S.No
Equipment
Range
Type
Variac,single phase
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Wattmeter
LPF
AC
10A
AC
Quantity
AC
or
10 A
ld
AC
0-10A
AC
300 V
AC
TU
THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use due to
various
reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of error i.e. its
reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
JN
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference standard.
These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test. The current and
voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions made by the test are
recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
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Percentage Error =
(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------
X 100
kW t
ld
t = time in hours.
or
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit must be
stabilize.
TU
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the potential coil to
figure:1
JN
PROECEDURE:
11
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5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please note that the
current
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter readings for
different Voltages as per the tabular column.
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy Meter for 10
ld
S. No.
or
TABULAR COLUMN
Voltag
Current
R = No of
Time
e (V)
(I)
revolutions (t) in
reading in KWh=
of the disc
No. revolution
hours
Energy meter
(R)/meter constant
TU
(K)
JN
RESULT:
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Wattmeter
Reading in
kW t
%
Error
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JNTU World
S.No
ld
APPARATUS:
Equipment
Range
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Wattmeter, LPF,
300V
AC
10A
AC
Quantity
AC
or
10A
Type
AC
0-10A
AC
TU
300V
THEORY:
The error made by the Power factor meter can be calculated by nothing down the
JN
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X 100
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ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
or
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the Auto transformer at zero position.
4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer in clockwise
direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please note that the
current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter readings for
TU
TABULAR COLUMN:
V AC
JN
S.No.
I AC
Wattmeter
reading
Theoretical
P/VI
14
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% Error
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JNTU World
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Instruments used should be of proper range.
ld
JN
TU
or
RESULT:
15
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AIM:
Range
Type
Voltmeter,
300v AC
AC
Ammeter
0-10A,
AC
Variac,single phase,
0-230 V, 10A
AC
0 230V, 2 A
AC
Rheostat
AC
Wattmeter
AC
TU
Quantity
or
S.No
ld
AC
JN
S.No
Range
Type
Voltmeter
300V
DC
Ammeter
0-10A
DC
Power Supply
0-30V
DC
Power Supply
0-200 V
DC
Quantity
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Rheostat
DC
Wattmeter
DC
THEORY:
ld
When the current rating of a meter under test is high a test with actual loading
arrangements would involve a considerable waste of power. In order to avoid this Phantom or
Fictitious loading is done.
or
Phantom loading consists of supplying the pressure circuit from a circuit of required
normal voltage, and the current from a separate low voltage supply as the impedance of this
circuit very low. With this arrangement the total power supplied for the test is that due to the
small pressure coil current at normal voltage, plus that due to the current circuit current supplied
at low voltage. The total power, therefore, required for testing the meter with phantom loading is
TU
-------------------- ------------------------
X 100
Theoretical reading
JN
17
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or
ld
figure:1
JN
TU
figure:2
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ld
or
4. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit.
5. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, and Wattmeter meter readings for different voltages
as per the tabular column.
TU
I in
V in volts
Wattmeter Reading
Power factor
JN
AMPS
19
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% Error
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JNTU World
I in
V in volts
Wattmeter Reading
% Error
or
ld
AMPS
PRECAUTIONS:
JN
TU
RESULT:
20
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S.No
Equipment
ld
APPARATUS:
Range
Type
AC
Ammeter
0-10A
Voltmeters
300V
Rheostat
Variac,single phase,
LPF wattmeter
or
Quantity
AC
AC
AC
10A
TU
AC
THEORY:
When the current rating of a meter under test is high a test with actual loading
arrangements would involve a considerable waste of power. In order to avoid this Phantom or
Fictitious loading is done.
JN
Phantom loading consists of supplying the pressure circuit from a circuit ofrequired
normal voltage, and the current from a separate low voltage supply as the impedance of this
circuit very low. With this arrangement the total power supplied for the test is that due to the
small pressure coil current at normal voltage, plus that due to the current circuit current supplied
at low voltage. The total power, therefore, required for testing the meter with phantom loading is
comparatively very small.
Wattmeter reading = Actual reading
21
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-------------------- ------------------------
X 100
ld
JN
TU
or
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure:1
PROCEDURE:
22
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4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer in clockwise
direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please note that the
current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter readings for
ld
I in
No.
AMPS
V in volts
JN
TU
S.
or
TABULAR COLUMN:
RESULT:
23
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% Error
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JNTU World
ld
transformer by comparison with another current transformer whose error are known.
APPARATUS:
Equipment
Range
Type
Quantity
or
S.No
Standard CT
0-5A
AC
Testing CT
0-300V
AC
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Phase shifting
MI type
LPF
AC
AC
TU
transformer
THEORY:
This is a comparison type of test employing deflect ional methods. Here the ratio and
JN
phase angle of the test transformer x are determined in terms of that of a standard transformer s
having same nominal ratio.
The errors are as follows say:
Error
Ratio Error
CT
24
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RS =
s =
RX =
X =
The primaries of the two CTs are connected in series and the current through them is say
IP. The pressure coils of two wattmeters are supplied with constant voltage V from a phase
ld
shifting transformer.
The current coil of wattmeter W1 is connected to S through an ammeter. The current coil
of wattmeter W2 is connected as shown in fig and carriers a current SI.
or
Where in is the current in the current coil of W1 and Isx is the current flowing through
the burden. The phase shifting transformer is adjusted so that the wattmeter W1 reads zero.
W 1q = VpcqIss cos 90 =
Where Vpcq is the voltage from the phase shifting transformer, which is in quadrature
TU
Then the phase of the voltage from to phase shifting transformer is shifted through 90.
Therefore, now V is in phase with the current Iss.
W1p = V Iss
JN
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Ip
RX = ----------ISX
RX
ISS
V Iss
W1p
V Isx
W1p W2p
or
RS
ld
Ip
RS = ----------ISS
RX = RS (1 + W2p / W1p)
W2Q
TU
--------------------W1p - W2p
OR
X =
W2
------------- +s radius
JN
W1p - W2
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or
ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Iss
Wiq
W2q
W1p
W2p
Rx
TU
S.No
Figure:1
JN
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The burden is adjusted to have a
suitable current In. the phase angle is adjusted using the phase shifting transformer will
wattmeter W1 reads zero. Reading of the other wattmeter (W2q) is noted.
2. A phase shift of 90 is obtained by the phase sulfating transformer. The two wattmeter
readings W Ip and W 2p are then observed
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ld
PRECAUTIONS:
1. W2 is sensitive instrument. Its current coil may be defined for small values. It is normally
JN
TU
RESULT:
or
designed to carry about 0.25 A for testing CTs having a secondary current of 5 Amps
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APPARATUS:
Equipment
Range
RPS
(0-30)v
Voltmeter
(0-30)v
Standard cell
Connecting wires
Potentiometer
Quantity
1
MC
1
1
0.0186
THEORY:
Type
or
S.NO
ld
set
1
TU
2.A.C Potentiometer.
The potentiometer is extensively used for a calibration of voltmeters and ammeters and has
infect became the standard for the calibration of these instrument. The principle of operations of
all potentiometers is based on the circuit, all the resistors in a potentiometer with the exception
of slide wires are made of manganin. This is because manganin has a high stability a low
temperature coefficient and has freedom frothermo electric effect against copper.
JN
The slide wire is usually made of platinum sliver alloy and the sliding contacts are of a
copper gold sliver alloy .this combination of materials for slide wire and sliding contacts
results in a good contact, freedom from thermo electric emf and minimum wear of slide wire.
29
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or
ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
JN
TU
figure:1
figure:2
TABULAR COLUMN
S.No
Voltmeter(V) Potentiometer
output
Potentiometer
input
30
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax Errors.
JN
TU
RESULT:
or
Actual reading
ld
31
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APPARATUS:
S.NO
Equipment
Range
phase
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Wattmeter
Quantity
230V
0-300V
AC
0-10A
AC
2 A, 0-
Type
or
Variac, single
ld
Single Phase
Energy Meter
300V, 10A
TU
THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use due to
various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of error i.e. its
reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
JN
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference standard.
These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test. The current and
voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions made by the test are
recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
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Percentage Error =
(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------
X 100
kW t
ld
t = time in hours.
or
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit must be
connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the potential coil to
stabilize.
JN
TU
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
figure:1
PROCEDURE:
33
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ld
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please note that the
current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter readings for
different voltages as per the tabular column.
or
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy Meter for 10
times.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No.
Voltage
Current
R = No of
(V)
(I)
revolutions
in KWh= No.
of the disc
revolution (R)/meter
JN
TU
constant (K)
RESULT
34
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APPARATUS:
Equipment
Kelvins Double
Bridge
DC Power supply
Rheostat
Type
Quantity
AC
Range
or
S.NO
ld
To determine the value of the resistance f the given wire using Kelvins Double Bridge
Standard resistance
boxes
Galvanometer
Connecting Wires
TU
THEORY:
The KDB is a modification of the wheat stone Bridge (WB) and provides increased
JN
accuracy in the measurement of low resistances. The resistances of the lead and contact
resistance of which is a major source of error in the WB is overcome in this method.
The KDB incorporates the idea of a second set of ratio arms hence the name Double
Bridge and the use of four terminal resistor for the law resistance arms. As shown in the
figure the first of ratio arms is P & Q. The second set of ratio arms, P and V, is used to connect
the galvanometer to point D at the appropriate potential between points M and N to eliminate the
35
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effect of connecting lead of resistance R between the known resistance R and the Standard
resistance S.
The ratio P/Q is made equal to p/q. under balance conditions there is no current through
the galvanometer, which means that the voltage drop between a and b, Eab is equal to the voltage
ld
above, shows that the error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal it indicates
or
that it is desirable to keep as possible in order to minimize the errors in case there is a difference
The effect of thermo electric emfs can be eliminated by making another measurement
JN
TU
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
with the battery connections revered. The true value of R being the mean of the two readings.
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ld
Rb Regulating resistance.
G Galvanometer.
K Key switch.
or
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections as per the circuit diagram.
TU
a. get exact balance in the direct portion. Bring back the sensitivity
b.Knob of the galvanometer to the starting position.
7. Repeat steps (3) and (4) reversing the DC power supply polarity.
8. Repeat steps (3) to (5) above fo
JN
10. The unknown resistance is calculated in each case using the Formula R = P/Q.S
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TABULAR COLUMN:
Main dial
Slide wire
Multiplier
ld
S.No
PRECAUTIONS:
1. In the case of a light spot galvanometer, the sensitivity knob of the galvanometer should
or
be in the shorted position when the bridge isunbalanced. It should be brought back to
shorted position from thedirect position, immediately after obtaining balance.
2. The DC power regulating resistance (R b) should be cut in fully toStart with and adjusted
later if necessary to get larger deflection.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What the advantages of the Kelvin Double Bridge when compared to Wheatons Bridge
for measurement of small resistance?
TU
galvanometer
JN
RESULT:
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APPARATUS:
Equipment
Single Phase
1
Wattmeter
Load
THEORY:
Type
Quantity
AC
Range
or
S.NO
ld
TU
Three phase reactive power can be measured by two wattmeter method which is
universally adopted Method. The difference between higher reading wattmeter and lower
wattmeter reading yields VL ILsin. so, the total 3 reactive power is 3 V L I L sin
Reactive power in a balance 3- load can also be calculated by using single wattmeter. In
this method, the current coil of the wattmeter is connected in any on line and the pressure coils
JN
across the other two lines. Let us assume that the Current coil is connected in R phase and
pressure coil is connected across Y and B phases. Assuming phases. Assuming phase
sequence RYB and an inductive load of an angle the phasor diagram for the circuits is as
follows.
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ld
or
= 3VI cos
TU
= 3 VI sin
P1 P2
3 VI Sin
tan
P1 P2
JN
P1 + P2
3 VI Cos
----------P1 + P2
P1 P2
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Q
Phase angle tan ---P
or
ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
figure:1
PROCEDURE:
TU
3. Note down the corresponding there reading and calculate 3- reactive power.
4. Now increase the load of three phase Inductive load steps and note down the
corresponding meter readings.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Wattmeter Reading
JN
RE
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transformers.
APPARATUS:
Equipment
Wattmeter
Current
transformers
Type
300v 10A
LPF
AC
Range
THEORY:
Quantity
or
S.NO
ld
TU
This method makes of two current transformers of ratio 1:1 to add the phase currents
from two phases in the current coil of the wattmeter. The connections are shown in the figure.
The potential coil of wattmeter is connected across the some phases.
Voltage across potential coil circuit of wattmeter
JN
V13 = V1 V2 = 3 VP
Since each of the two vectors is displaced 30 in same direction from the corresponding
phase vector so that their phase difference phase is equal to the load power factor angle
Since power measured by wattmeter
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or
ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
figure:1
TU
PROCEDURE:
JN
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TABULAR COLUMN:
Voltage in
(amps)
Wattmeter reading in
WattmeterXMFWX
(watts)
MFCT(watts)
PRECAUTIONS:
or
ld
(volts)
Current in
JN
TU
RESULT:
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APPARATUS:
Equipment
Single
1
Wattmeter
Phase
Quantity
AC
inductive load
THEORY:
Type
Phase
Three
2
Range
or
S.NO
ld
Three phase reactive power can be measured by two wattmeter method which is
universally adopted Method. The difference between higher reading wattmeter and lower
TU
wattmeter reading yields VL ILsin. so, the total 3 reactive power is 3 V L I L sin
Reactive power in a balance 3- load can also be calculated by using single wattmeter. In
this method, the current coil of the wattmeter is connected in any on line and the pressure coils
across the other two lines. Let us assume that the Current coil is connected in R phase and
pressure coil is connected across Y and B phases. Assuming phases. Assuming phase
JN
sequence RYB and an inductive load of an angle the phasor diagram for the circuits is as
follows.
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The current through wattmeter P1 is I and a voltage across its pressure coil is V I leads V by an
angle (30- ).
Reading of P1 wattmeter, P = VI cos (30- ) = 3 VI cos (30- )
The current through wattmeter P2 is I and voltages across its pressure coil is V I lags V by an an
ld
angle (30 + )
Reading of P2 wattmeter, P = VI cos (30 + ) = 3 VI cos (30 + )
Sum of reading of two Wattmeters
or
3 VI Sin
TU
P1 P2
tan
3 VI Cos
P1 P2
----------P1 + P2
JN
P1 P2
Power factor Cos = cos tan3 -----------P1 + P2
Current through the current coil = I
Voltage across the pressure coil = V
Q = 3 VI sin = - 3 * reading of wattmeter
Q
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or
ld
`CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
figure:1
TU
PROCEDURE:
JN
5. Now increase the load of three phase Inductive load steps and note down the
corresponding meter readings.
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TABULAR COLUMN:
3 Phase Load
Wattmeter Reading
1A
ld
2A
3A
5A
JN
TU
RESULT:
or
4A
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APPARATUS:
Equipment
Single
1
Phase
Wattmeter
Three
Phase
inductive load
THEORY:
Type
Quantity
AC
Range
or
S.NO
ld
TU
Three phase reactive power can be measured by two wattmeter method which is
universally adopted Method. The difference between higher reading wattmeter and lower
wattmeter reading yields VLILsin. so, the total 3 reactive power is 3 V L I L sin
Reactive power in a balance 3- load can also be calculated by using single wattmeter. In
this method, the current coil of the wattmeter is connected in any on line and the pressure coils
JN
across the other two lines. Let us assume that the Current coil is connected in R phase and
pressure coil is connected across Y and B phases. Assuming phases. Assuming phase
sequence RYB and an inductive load of an angle the phasor diagram for the circuits is as
follows.
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The phase angle between VYB and IR from the phasor diagram is 90-
Wattmeter reading is VYB IR Cos (90-)
W = VYB IR Sin (90-)
ld
or
W = VL IL Sin
JN
TU
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
figure:1
PROCEDURE:
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TABULAR COLUMN:
2A
3A
4A
5A
1A
Wattmeter Reading
or
3 Phase Load
ld
JN
TU
RESULT:
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Voltmeter
Ammeter
Power Supply
Rheostat
THEORY:
Range
Type
Quantity
DC
or
Equipment
0-3A
DC
0-30 V
DC
S.No
ld
APPARATUS:
This method is very popular since the instruments require for this test are usually
TU
available in the laboratory. If readings of ammeter and voltmeter are taken then the measured
value of the resistance is given by
Voltmeter Reading
R = ------------------------- = -----I
JN
Ammeter Reading
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ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
or
figure:1
5. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter readings for different voltages as per the tabular
column.
TU
TABULAR COLUMN:
V in volts
I in AMPS
R= V/I
JN
S. No.
RESULT:
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Equipment
Schering Bridge
CRO
connecting wires
Digital Voltmeter
Probes
THEORY:
Type
Quantity
AC
Range
or
S.No
ld
APPARATUS:
TU
basic form, consists of four arms, a source of excitation and a balanced (Null detector). In an
AC bridge each of the four arms is impedance, battery and the galvanometer of the Wheatstone
JN
bridge are replaced respectively by an AC source and a detector sensitive to small alternating
potential difference.
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or
ld
figure:1
C1
C2
unknown Capacitor
standard Capacitor
TU
Let,
r1
R3 & R4
C4
Variable Capacitor
JN
r1
C1
C1
----------- x R3
and
C2
R4
------------ x C2
R3
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Two independent balance equations are obtained if C and R4 are chosen as a variable element.
Dissipation factor
D1 = C1r1
= CR4
Values of capacitor C1 and its dissipation factor are calculated from the values of bridge
element at balanced condition.
or
ld
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TU
figure:1
PROCEDURE:
JN
CS1 = 0.1fd
CS2 = 0.01fd
CS3 = 0.001fd
4.Then connect any one unknown capacitance from bank Cx1, Cx2, Cx3 Now plug in the
headphone in to the socket adjust pot R3 and R4 to get minimum sound on head phone.
5.Simultaneously connect to the multimeter terminals connect to the bridge as shown in the
fig. Null detector and select the range 2 v AC to get minimum reading
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6.Now remove the headphone and further adjust the resistance R3 and R4 till you get
minimum reading. measure resistance of R3 and R4 by using Ohm meter.
7.After null position, unknown capacitor C calculated by using standard formula which is
given below
R4
C
ld
R3
LIST OF COMPONENTS:
CS1 = 0.0011fd
CS2 = 0.01fd
CS3 = 0. 1fd
2. Helical pot R3 = 10 k
or
1.Standard Capacitor
3. Helical pot R4 = 5k
r1 = 100 Ohm
C = 0.1fd
TU
C = 0.01fd
Unknown Capacitors:
Cx1 = 0.001fd
Cx2 = 0.01fd
JN
Cx3 = 0. 1fd
RESULT:
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