1.

1I RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS

Rectification is the process of converting an alternating (ac) voltage in to
one that is limited to one polarity.

The diode is useful for this function because of its non linear
characteristics, that is, current exists for one voltage polarity, but is essentially
zero for the positive polarity. Rectifiers are classified depending upon the period

of conduction as Half - Wave rectifier and full - wave recifier.

ll3;1 ,,,

'

Electtonic Circuits'I

'

1.11,1Ha|f - Wave Rectifier: (HWR)

ol)

:.&

Pulsating
DC Output
Voltage

Basic structure of a Half - Wave rectiJier

Vm
0

_V

vo
Vm
0

Inpat and oatput wavelorms

Operation (working):
Half - Wave rectifier converts an ac voltage into apulsating d.c voltage using
only one half of the applied ac voltage. The recti&ing diode conducts during one
half of the ac cycle only.

Here V1 be the voltage to the primary of the transformer and given by the
equation as,

Vt =

V-

Sin rot

Vm

>>V..

Where V, = Cut in voltage of the diode.

Powey Supplies and Biasing of Discrete of BJT and MOSFET

E.5A

During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the anode ofthe dibde becombs
more positive with respect to the cathode and hence, Diode D conducts.

During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the anode of the diode

becomes negative with respect to the cathode and hence, diode D does not
conduct.

1.

Average DC Load current (Ia"):

It is obtaind by Integration, and it is given

as

iL=I-Sinrot;0<rot<r

il =0 ; n<rrlt<2n
2n
ro" =

2n

*zTc 'o
[iI- art =]
,n [r, si, cot drot
6

2n = No output}

{.'.

zr

t*

J*ft*

rd.

=f [."'n-coso]=*

rrdc _21^_
218

Io"=h
7E

sir,rt dot

Im
TE

t-c* r,li
[-r-r]

l:1
2.

Averlge DC Load Voltage

(eo)'

Electronic Circuits-l

r:

It is given as
Ed. = Ipc Rr.'

"'

IPc =

Ed.=*.*r"'Im=*ffi,
E- E*:@

E'''Rl

R1

,\1'isnegligibre

Rms value of Load current (Inr.as):

RMS rneans squaring, Finding mean and then finding sqtiarerooti"

=@
=,-m=,,J*(+ry);
* (;-,)

=,,# =+

'

ffilies
Eprrrer
lf,b given

and

Bi'asing of Discrete of BJT and

MOSFET

outPut (Po"):
as

tbC = EoC IoC = I2ocRl

.'.

Epc = Ioc Rl

bc=5*t
It

...

Ioc

lc powcr Input (Pn.):

... rrrms -Im
-

h is given bY

PAc = I2rms

(R;+Rp+Rs)

r2

=T

(Rr-+Br+Rs)

1l

Rectifier EfficiencY

(r4) :

Ratio of Dc output power to Ac input power'

tt
to ^

o./_

Dc output power Po.

_
- Ac Input power= Pn.

Yort=+;ffi
%o\ =
rr2

Rl
Rr*Rs

o/o

= 0.406

Negligible.
L

Yo\=40.6%

Ti6l6f

7.

,,

tElectroniccircuits-|

Ripple factor: (7)

The output of Half Wave rectifier is not pure DC but a pulsating DC. The
output contains pulsating components called Ripples. The measure of such ripples
present in the output is with the help of a factor called Ripple factor, y.

RMS Value of ac Component

Ripple factor,

=:

DC Value of

,=rm
8.

Vr,n.

Component
.\I

"

vrms

Va.

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV):

PIV defined

as the

maximum reverse voltage that

diode can with stand without

destroying the Junction. The peak inverse voltage across a diode is the peak of the
negative half cycle. For, half - wave rectifier, PIV is

V..

g.

Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUf'):

TUF is the ratio of dc power delivered to the load to the ac rating of the
transformer secondary.
TLJF =

dc Power delivered tothe load

ac rating

of thehansformer

secondary

TUF=EP, ?J,
TEo Iil Rr_
TUF = 0.287

10.

Disadvantages:

l; . Very high Ripple factor ie) l.2l

2. . Lqw efficiency i.e) 40.6%
3. Low Transformer utilisation factor.

and Biasing of Disuete of BJT and MOSFET

-Uave Rectifier: (FWR)

converts an ac voltage into pulsating d.c voltage using both half cycles

ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one halfthe other diode conducts during the other half-cycle of the applied ac

+
a

VS

.+
VS

Center Tapped
Transformer

D2

-v.
vo
V

'1t2x
Full-ll/ave Rectifter

0peration (working):
During positive half cycle of the input signal, anodt: of the diode D1 becomes
positive and the same time the anode of diode D2 becomes negative. Hence diode
D1 conducts and diode D2 does not conduct. The 11 flows through diode D1 and
the vo]tage drop abross,Rl

will be equal to the input voltage.

s Dlectronic Circuits-l

of diode D1 becorribs
cycle of the input, the anode
During the negative half
of diode D2 becomes positive ':":"':t:::*::il::
negative and the anode
the voltage
flows through diode D2 and
conducts. The

I;

:":Jfr.]u|"u."o,
will

drop across Rg

1.

be equal'to the input voltage'

(Io):
Average Ps Load current
It is given

ass

IL=I.Sinrot
I; = -I. Sin cot
rDC =

03rotSn

r < at 32n

*T:*r= |[l*t"*a't

*]

drot
rIDC=C
- I- isinart dcot - Tt" ort
L
T

=*[,- t""'); - (- cosrot I

"".
Costl
cos ru + cos o + cos 2r -

=*[-

=b^* [-1-t;+t+1-(-r)]
=I*

14

-lDc=;2l*

2n

I- ,. Sin cot dtot

0

Pnwq Supplt", ord Bierirg of Dir"rrt, of BJT or,t MOSFET

2.

(eo"):

Average DC Load voltage

It is given

as

EDc=IocRr

=+RL=ffi
"L RL

EDC =

Er.

"sm

.'. [m

lt

-_-...._lil_

.'. Im

Rg

+R, +R1

RflR, ..1
R1

RMS Load cur-rent (I**r):

It is given as
Irms =

l;, t

(1, sin cot)2 dcot =

do,t=,,,mlryl

t-pos2ort
_r
/t? --''ti"l
2

=Im

1[l-ol:'J -o
rE

12

& 1 sir, ort2 dort

=Im

DC power output (Po"):

It is given as

,2
PDC = EOC IOC = IDC RL =

[4-l' *,

L7r_l

PDC =

11"^
TEo

*,

.'.

Inc

=2I^
It

ll.S.-El

f:]
I t.oi,
5.

Ac power InPut (Pnc)

It is given

Electronic Circuits-I

as

Prc = I3r. (Rr+ R5+R1)

6.

Rectilier EfficiencY (4):

Ratio

of

DC output povier to the ac input power'

.,qfl':il:--T-.m
[Rr.
Rr+Rs
RL

%\'frL= +

Neslisible

=0.812

%n = 8l'2%

7.

Transfo'rmer'.utilisation factor(TUF):
The average TUF

in a full - wave rectifying circuit is determined

considering the primary and secondary windings separately and it gives

of 0.693.

8.

Advantages:

l.

Less Ripple Factor

2.

Higf EfficiencY

3.

Twice DC Load current and Load voltage value.

by

value

Power Supplies and Biasing of Disqete of BJT and MOSFET

1.11.3 Filters
The rectifier output consists of pulsating DC components. Filters are used to

minimise the undesirable ac. ie) to convent pulsating DC to pure DC.

Types of filters:

l.
2.
3.
4.

Capacitor filter or C filter

Inductor filter or L filter or choke filter

LC or

T.

- section filter and

CLC or n - Type filter.

1.11.3.1Capacitor filter : [C Filtert:

Capacitor Filter

2n

Input and output voltages

Electronic Circutits-.I t'"

If a capacitor is added in parallel with the load resistor of a Half - Wavoqlifier

to form a simple filter circuit.

During positive half cycle the capacitor charges up to the peak value of the
transformer secondary voltage, V- and desire to maintain this value as the Half Wave input drops

to zero. The capacitor will

discharge through

Rr

slowly up to

the transformer secondary voltage again increases to a value greater than the capacitor

voltage.

The diode conducts for a period which depends on the capacitor voltage.

will conduct when the transformer secondary voltage becomes greater

than the ' cut - in'voltage of the diode. The diode stops conducting when the
The diode

transformer voltage becomes less than the diode voltage. This is called cut out voltage.
Ripple factors is given as

F-Vr-r-

^ va.

Va.

vd"4JrFCRL +.6 rcn,

I
:
- ---F413 FCRr.

For Full - Wave recitifier

:
2. f : -F-12'13 CFRL

For Half - wave rectifier.

F_
r

1.11.3.2lnductor Filter : (L Filter)

The figure shows Inductor filter. When the output of the Full - Wave

rectifier output passes through an Inductor, it blocks the ac component and

allows only the d.c components to reach the load.

Vo*1l !"pfl,rt or! 4,qt

Full -Wave
rectifier Input

Inductor Filter

Input and output voltages

The ripple factor is given by

.r-

Rt-

3Jiroy

The ripple factor is the ratio of rms value of the ripple to the dc value.

Ir=Ir*.=4
- Id" Id. .l^l-z n - a;3
,ff

r-

.T

"
4

V,

Cos 2rot

3,tlnlq;i?*

rrms

Im

J'

F.d

'

21R,

f:

:....................._:L

3J2

.'. Id" =

Electronic Circuits-I

.I*--4io2 t]
na "

2YmlnRt

3J, zroL 3Jiay

RL

(.'. Neglect Cos 2 rot)

{.11.3.3 LC Filter:

Full - Wave
rectifier Input

LC Filter

LC Fittei

filter.If the value of the inductarlde is increised, it will

increase the time of contluction. At some critical value of Inductaiice, one diode,
either D1 or D2 in fu$/wave rectifier, will alwaysbe conducting.
The figure shows LC

From fourier series, the output voltage (V0) can be expressed as

vo=

2Y^

v,,
3n

cos 2rot

Po*er Supplies and Biasirg of

,Ditrrrt,

of BJT and MOSFET t

The d.c output voltage,

2Y^

rr
Ydc -

TE

Therefore,
f_
rrms

4V.
. vd.
- 3nJi X1 =J'
Xp
3

and

Ir-.

Vrms =

XC =

*uo"'

Xc
X1

The Ripple factor,

r- Vrr, -J' Xg
Vd" 3 Xl

.'.

T-

I.

J'1
3

at

a'Lc

a a2

tsJ,

ll

' 6r' L" Ji

1.11.3.4 CLG

6.,2 LC

J,

filter ot a - section filter:

Full - Wave
rectifier Input

CLC Filter

X.,=
v

z(4

.'.X1 =2@L

,. .

T,1667-}

r.:..:t
rrllFir

a Electronic Circuits-I

basically eonsists of a
The figure shows the cLC filter or 7r - type filter which
givens a smooth output and is
capacitor filter followed by an LC section. CLC filter
poor regulation'
characterised by a highly peaked diode currents and

The riPPle factor is given bY

t;
L =!z

xcl xc2
Rr xt

rL -\'
--62ac'

2rtc,

2rop.R1

f=

Jz
8 <o3C1c2

L RL