DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI

dari sumber URL : http://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html

Kelompok Analgetik, NSAIDS, Obat Batuk dan Pilek,
Anti Alergi dan Asma, Anestesi
Obat untuk Penghilang Rasa Sakit (Pain Killer)
Nama Obat
AAP approved?*
Kategori Risiko Kehamilan**
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Approved
B
C (1st, 2nd trim.)
Aspirin
Caution
D (3rd trim.)
Azapropazone (Rheumox)
Approved
Butalbital (Fioricet, Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne)
NR
D
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
Butorphanol (Stadol)
Approved
D (3rd trim.)
Celecoxib (Celebrex))
NR
C
Codeine (in Tylenol #3, #4)
Approved
C
Colchicine
Approved
D
Diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren)
NR
B
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Approved
B
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
Flurbiprofen (Ansaid, Froben, Ocufen)
NR
C (3rd trim.)
Hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin)
NR
B
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
NR
C
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofen)
Approved
D (3rd trim.)
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
Indomethacin (Indocin)
Approved
D (3rd trim.)
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
Ketorolac (Toradol, Acular)
Approved
D (3rd trim.)
Meperidine (Demerol)

Approved

Risiko Menyusui**
L1

Notes

L3

L2
L3

L3
L2
L3
L4
L2
L2

L2
L3
L3

4
5

L1
L3
L2
L2;
L3 early postpartum
L3

Methadone (Dolophine)
Approved
B
7
Morphine (Duramorph, Infumorph, Epimorph,
Approved
B
L3
8
MS Contin)
Nalbuphine (Nubain)
NR
B
L2
Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen,
L3;
Approved
B
9
Aleve)
L4 for chronic use
Nefopam (Acupan)
Approved
NR
Oxycodone (Tylox, Percodan,Oxycontin,
NR
B
L3
10
Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet)
Pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron)
NR
B
L2
Piroxicam (Feldene)
Approved
B
L2
Propoxyphene (Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon)
Approved
C
L2
11
Rofecoxib (Vioxx)
Withdrawn from the market
12
Secobarbital (Seconal)
Approved
D
L3
13
Tolmetin (Tolectin)
Approved
C
L3
Tramadol HCL (Ultram, Ultracet)
NR
C
L3
14
Valdecoxib (Bextra)
Withdrawn from the market
more
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers
With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories
Pregnancy Risk Categories

L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)
L3 (moderately safe)
L4 (possibly hazardous)
L5 (contraindicated)

A (controlled studies show no risk)

B (no evidence of risk in humans)
C (risk cannot be ruled out)
D (positive evidence of risk)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy)

NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Aspirin use is discouraged in children and nursing mothers due to the risk of Reyes syndrome and internal bleeding.
Fioricet (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) contains acetaminaphen or asprin, caffeine, and butalbital. Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation.
Hale suggests weakened or premature infants be observed for sedation and apnea.
Hale suggests newborns be observed for sedation, apnea, constipation.
Per Hale, use of frequent, higher dose may result in infant sedation.
Per Hale, Meperidine use during labor or early postpartum has been associated with sedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants.
Per Hale, observe infant for sedation, respiratory depression, addiction, withdrawal syndrome.
Per Hale, higher doses may result in infant sedation.
Per Hale, should be used with caution due to its long half-life and its effect on babys cardiovascular system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent
or occasional use is not necessarily incompatible with breastfeeding.
10. Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet also contain acetaminophen. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
11. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
12. Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea.
13. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
14. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) [more]
Kategori Risiko
Nama Generik
Nama Dagang
AAP approved?*
Kehamilan**
Risiko Menyusui**
Azapropazone (apazone)
Rheumox
Approved
L2
Dipyrone (banned in the US & UK)
Approved
NR
Flufenamic acid

Approved

Ibuprofen

Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofin

Approved

Indomethacin

Indocin

Approved

Ketorolac

Toradol, Acular

Approved

Mefenamic acid

Ponstan, Ponstel

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)

D (3rd trim.)
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)
-

Naproxen

Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve

Approved

Phenylbutazone
Piroxicam
Suprofen
Tolmetin
Steroid
Methylprednisolone
[ high dosage methylprednisolone]
Prednisolone
Prednisone

Butazolidine
Feldene
Profenal
Tolectin

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

B
C

Solu-Medrol, Depo-Medrol, Medrol

Approved

L2

Deltasone, Meticorten, Orasone

Approved
Approved

C
C

L2
L2

Dilor, Lufyllin, Dyphylline

Bricanyl, Brethine
Aminophylline, Quibron, Theo-Dur

Approved
Approved
Approved

C
B
C

[contents]
L3
L2
L3

Butorphanol

Stadol

Approved

Codeine
Fentanyl

Tylenol #3, #4
Sublimaze

Approved
Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)

D (3rd trim.)
C
B

Meperidine

Demerol

Approved

Methadone
Morphine
Propoxyphene

Dolophine
Morphine
Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon

Approved
Approved
Approved

B
B
C

Obat Asma
Dyphylline
Terbutaline
Theophylline

NR
L1
L3
L2
NR
L3
L4 (for chronic use)
NR
L2
NR
L3
[contents]

Analgetik Narkotik [more]

Obat Batuk
Nama Obat
Codeine

AAP approved?*
yes

Risiko Menyusui**
L3 (moderately safe)

L3
L3
L2
L2
L3 (if used early postpartum)
L3
L3
L2

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Dekongestan (Obat Pilek)
Nama Obat
Phenylephrine

not reviewed
not reviewed

L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)

AAP approved?*
not reviewed

Risiko Menyusui**
L3 (moderately safe)
L3 (moderately safe) for acute use
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, Actifed)
yes
L4 (possibly hazardous) for chronic use due to potential for decreasing milk supply
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2006 edition)
Nasal Sprays (Spray Hidung)
AAP
Nama Obat
Risiko Menyusui**
approved?*
Beclomethasone (Vanceril, Beclovent,
not reviewed
L2 (safer)
Beconase, Vancenase)
Cromlyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
not reviewed
L1 (safest)
Fluticasone (Flonase)
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Mometasone (Nasonex)
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Phenylephrine (in some forms of
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Sinex and Neo-Synephrine)
Triamcinolone Acetonide (Nasacort)
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Antihistamin (Anti Alergi)
AAP
Nama Obat
Risiko Menyusui**
approved?*
Brompheniramine
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
CTM
Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
not reviewed
L2 (safer)
Dexbrompheniramine maleate
yes
not reviewed
with d-isoephedrine
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
not reviewed
L2 (safer)
Doxylamine
not reviewed
L4 (possibly hazardous)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
yes
L3 (moderately safe)
Loratadine (Claritin)
yes
L2 (safer)
Terfenadine (Seldane)
yes
not reviewed
Triprolidine (Actidil, Actifed)
yes
L1 (safest)
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2002 edition)
Obat Anestesi
Nama Obat
Local anesthetics
Articaine (Septocaine)
Bupivacaine (Marcaine)
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Mepivacaine (Carbocaine, Polocaine)
Procaine HCL (Novocaine)
General anesthetics
Halothane (Fluothane)
Isoflurane (Forane)
Ketamine
Methohexital (Brevital)
Nitrous oxide
Sevoflurane (Ultane)
Thiopental (Pentothal)
Other medications often used during anesthesia
Sedatives

Risiko
Notes
Menyusui**

AAP approved?*

Kategori Risiko Kehamilan**

NR
NR
Approved
NR
NR

C
C
C
C

NR
L2
L2
L3
L3

more

Approved
NR
NR
Approved
NR
NR
Approved

C
B
B
C

L2
NR
NR
L3
L3
L3
L3

more
1
more

more

Diazepam (Valium)

Concern

L3; L4 for
chronic use
L3
L2
L3

Midazolam (Versed)
Concern
D
Propofol (Diprivan)
NR
B
more
Triazolam (Halcion)
NR
X
Narcotic Analgesics
Alfentanil (Alfenta)
NR
C
L2
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Approved
B
L2
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
NR
C
L3
Morphine
Approved
B
L3
Reversal Medication
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
NR
C
NR
2
Naloxone (Narcan)
NR
C
NR
3
Steroids
Decadron (Dexamethasone)
NR
C
NR
more
Stimulants
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
NR
C
L1
Anti-nausea
Promethazine (Phenergan)
NR
C
L2
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding
Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but May Be of Concern
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers
With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories
Pregnancy Risk Categories

L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)
L3 (moderately safe)
L4 (possibly hazardous)
L5 (contraindicated)

A (controlled studies show no risk)

B (no evidence of risk in humans)
C (risk cannot be ruled out)
D (positive evidence of risk)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy)

NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
1.

Isoflurane (Forane) is used for c-sections and directly in newborns. Induction of and recovery from isoflurane anesthesia are rapid, so the majority of the
medication is out of the body (and milk) very quickly. More here.
2. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is used directly in children aged 12 months and up.
3. Naloxone (Narcan) is used directly in newborns and children.
4. Many forms of Robitussin, Delsym and Benylin are considered compatible with breastfeeding. Always check the active ingredients, as there are many
versions.
Kelompok Antasida, Antibiotik, Antivirus, Antijamur, Kontrasepsi, Obat jantung & Hipertensi, Vitamin, dll
Kategori Risiko
Nama Generik
Nama Dagang
AAP approved?*
Kehamilan**
Risiko Menyusui**
Antasida
[contents]
Cimetidine (Antacid)
Tagamet
Approved
B
L2
Cisapride (GI tract stimulant)
Propulsid
Approved
C
L2
Domperidone (used for nausea & vomiting, stimulates
Motilum
Approved
L1
lactation) [more]
Antibiotika
[contents]
Amoxicillin
Larotid, Amoxil
Approved
B
L1
Aztreonam
Azactam
Approved
B
L2
Cefadroxil
Ultracef, Duricef
Approved
B
L1
Cefazolin
Ancef, Kefzol
Approved
B
L1
Cefotaxime
Claforan
Approved
B
L2
Cefoxitin
Mefoxin
Approved
B
L1
Cefprozil
Cefzil
Approved
C
L1
Ceftazidime, Fortaz,
Ceftazidime
Approved
B
L1
Taxidime
Ceftriaxone
Rocephin
Approved
B
L2

Ciprofloxacin [more]
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Fleroxacin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Moxalactam
Nitrofurantoin
Ofloxacin
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Sulbactam
Sulfisoxazole
Tetracycline
Ticarcillin
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Antikoagulan
Bishydroxycoumarin (dicumarol)
Warfarin
Antikonvulsan (Anti kejang)
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
Magnesium sulfate
Phenytoin
Valproic acid
Anti Jamur
Fluconazole [more]
Ketoconazole
Antivirus
Acyclovir [more]
Interferon-alpha [more]

Cipro
Cleocin
E-Mycin, Ery-tab, ERYC,
Ilosone
Garamycin
Kebecil, Kantrex
Moxam
Macrobid
Floxin
Streptomycin
Gantrisin, Azo-Gantrisin
Achromycin, Sumycin,
Terramycin
Ticarcillin, Ticar, Timentin
Proloprim, Trimpex

Approved
Approved

C
B

Approved

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

C
D
B
C
B
D
C

L3
L3
L1
L3 early postnatal
NR
L2
L2
NR
L2
L2
L1
L3
NR
L2

Approved

L2

Approved
Approved

B
C

Coumadin, Panwarfin

Approved
Approved

Tegretol, Epitol
Zarontin
Epsom salt
Dilantin
Depakene, Depakote

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

C
C
B
D
D

Diflucan
Nizoral Shampoo, Nizoral

Approved
Approved

C
C

Zovirax
Alferon N, Interferon
Alpha

Approved

L1
L3
[contents]
NR
L2
[contents]
L2
L4
L1
L2
L2
[contents]
L2
L2
[contents]
L2

Approved

L2

Arthritis meds (see also: pain meds)

Gold salts

[contents]
Ridaura, Myochrysine,
Solganal

Approved

L5

Approved

Approved

[contents]
L3 (may interfere with
milk production)
NR

Approved

Approved

Approved

Kontrasepsi, Hormon
Estradiol
Clogestone

Contraceptive pill with estrogen/progesterone

Levonorgestrel
Medroxyprogesterone

Estratab, Permarin,
Menest
Preven, Seasonale,
Norinyl, Norlestin, OrthoNovum, Ovral, Lunelle
injection, Ortho-Evra
patch, etc.
Norplant, Mirena, Plan B
Provera, Depo-Provera,
Cycrin

Norethynodrel
Enovid
Approved
Progesterone
Crinone, Prometrium
Approved
Obat Diabetes
Note: Insulin has not been reviewed by the AAP. Pregnancy risk category = B; Lactation risk category = L1.
Tolbutamide
Oramide, Orinase
Approved
Obat Diare
Loperamide
Imodium, Pepto Diarrhea
Approved
Control, Maalox

X
-

D
B

L3 (may interfere with

milk production)
L2
L1
L4 (if used first 3 days
postpartum)
L2
L3
[contents]
L3
[contents]
L2

Antidiarrheal Caplets,
Kaopectate II Caplets,
Immodium Advanced
** Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in both) are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the
association of salicylates with Reyes syndrome in children. [more]
Diuretik (Peluruh Kencing)
[contents]
Acetazolamide
Dazamide, Diamox
Approved
C
L2
Bendroflumethiazide
Naturetin
Approved
D
L4 (may inhibit lactation)
Chlorothiazide
Hydrodiuril
Approved
D
L3
Chlorthalidone
Hygroton
Approved
D
L3
Hydrodiuril, Esidrix,
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)
Approved
D
L2
Oretic
Spironolactone
Aldactone
Approved
D
L2
Anti Muntah [more]
[contents]
Domperidone
Motilum
Approved
L1
Anti Hipertensi, Obat Jantung
[contents]
Anti aritmia
Disopyramide
Norpace, Napamide
Approved
C
L2
Flecainide
Tambocor
Approved
C
L3
Mexiletine
Mexitil
Approved
B
L2
Procainamide
Pronestyl, Procan
Approved
C
L3
Quinidine
Quinaglute, Quinidex
Approved
C
L2
Anti Hipertensi
L3 (if used after 30
Captopril
Capoten
Approved
D
days)
Cardizem Sr, Dilacor-XR,
Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL
Approved
C
L3
Diltiazem, Cardizem CD
C (1st trim.)
Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate
Vasotec
Approved
L2
D (2nd, 3rd trim.)
Hydralazine
Apresoline
Approved
C
L2
Labetalol
Trandate, Normodyne
Approved
C
L2
Methyldopa
Aldomet
Approved
C
L2
Metoprolol
Toprol XL, Lopressor
Approved
B
L3
Loniten, Minodyl,
L2 (topically)
Minoxidil
Approved
C
Rogaine
L3 (orally)
Nadolol
Corgard, Nadolol
Approved
C
L4
Nifedipine
Adalat, Procardia
Approved
C
L2
Apsolox, Slow-Trasicor,
Oxprenolol
Approved
NR
Trasicor
Propranolol
Inderol
Approved
C
L2
Sotalol
Betapace
Approved
B
L3
Timolol
Blocadren
Approved
C
L2
Calan, Isoptin, CoveraVerapamil
Approved
C
L2
HS
Cardiac stimulants
Digoxin
Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps
Approved
C
L2
Laksan (Pelancar BAB) [more]
[contents]
Cascara/Cascara Sagrada
Approved
C
L3
Danthron
Approved
NR
Magnesium sulfate
Epsom salt
Approved
B
L1
Senna
Approved
L3
Obat malaria
[contents]
Chloroquine
Aralen, Novo-chloroquine
Approved
C
L3
Hydroxychloroquine
Plaquenil
Approved
C
L2
Pyrimethamine
Daraprim
Approved
C
L4
Quinine
Quinamm
Approved
D
L2
Medical Testing [more]
[contents]
Diatrizoate
Approved
NR

Fluorescein
Gadopentetic (Gadolinium)
Iohexol
Iopanoic acid
Metrizamide
Metrizoate
Obat Migren [more]
Sumatriptan
Obat Sedativ [more]
Chloral hydrate
Methyprylon (withdrawn from use in US & Canada)
Bromide
Secobarbital
Obat Tidur
Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate
Obat Anti Tiroid [more]
Carbimazole
Methimazole (active metabolite of carbimazole)
Propylthiouracil
Thiouracil

Omnipaque
Telepaque
Amipaque
Isopaque

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

C
C
B
D
B
B

Imitrex

Approved

Aquachloral, Noctec
Seconal

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

C
D
D

Ambien

Approved

Tapazole
PTU
Synthroid, Levothroid,
Thyroid, Levo-T, Levoxyl

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

D
D
D
-

L3
L2
L2
L2
L2
L2
[contents]
L3
[contents]
L3
NR
L5
L3
[contents]
L3
[contents]
L3
L3
L2
NR

Approved

L1

Seromycin
Ethambutol, Myambutol
INH, Laniazid
Rifadin, Rimactane

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

C
B
C
C

Approved
Approved

B-6 (pyridoxine)

Approved

D, vitamin

Calciferol, Delta-d

Approved

Folic acid

Approved

K-1, vitamin (Phytonadione)

Riboflavin/B2
Lain-lain
Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis)
Alcohol/Ethanol [more]
Allopurinol
Antimony
Atropine (Anticholinergic, drying agent)
Azapropazone/apazone (Antirheumatic)
Baclofen (muscle relaxant)
Barbiturate
Caffeine [more]
Carbetocin (Antihemorrhagic)
Chloroform
Cisplatin (Anti-cancer)
Dapsone (Antileprosy)
Hydroxychloroquine (Antirheumatic, lupus)
Iodides
Iodine
Iodine (povidone-iodine, eg, in a vaginal douche)
Ivermectin (Antiparasitic)

Approved
Approved

A
A (1st, 2nd trim.)
C (3rd trim.)
C
A

Soriatane
Zyloprim, Lopurin
Belladonna, Atropine
Rheumox
Lioresal, Atrofen
Vivarin, NoDoz, Coffee
Duratocin
Platinol
Avlosulfon, DDS
Plaquenil
Mectizan

Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved

D
C
C
C
B
D
C
C
C

Levothyroxine
Obat TBC
Cycloserine
Ethambutol
Isoniazid
Rifampin
VITAMIN [more]
B-1 (thiamin)
B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)

[contents]
L3
L2
L3
L2
[contents]
NR
L1
L2; L4 in high doses
(may inhibit lactation)
L3 (do not overdose)
L1
L1
L1
[contents]
NR
L3
L2
NR
L3
L2
L2
NR
L2
NR
NR
L4
L4
L2
NR
NR
NR
L3

Nalidixic acid (Urinary Anti-infective)

NegGram
Approved
B
L4
Norsteroids
Approved
NR
Pyridostigmine (Muscle stimulant)
Mestinon, Regonol
Approved
C
L2
Scopolamine (Motion sickness)
Transderm Scope
Approved
C
L3
Sulfapyridine
Dagenan
Approved
NR
Timolol (glaucoma med)
Blocadren
Approved
D
L3
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With
Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories
Pregnancy Risk Categories

L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)
L3 (moderately safe)
L4 (possibly hazardous)
L5 (contraindicated)

A (controlled studies show no risk)

B (no evidence of risk in humans)
C (risk cannot be ruled out)
D (positive evidence of risk)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy)

NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale
Pembagian kategori tingkat keamanan obat (termasuk antibiotik) untuk kehamilan
Pembagian kategori tingkat keamanan obat (termasuk antibiotik) untuk kehamilan
Sebelumnya, perlu saya kemukakan pembagian kategori keamanan suatu obat untuk penggunaan pada ibu hamil :
Kategori
A
:
Obat-obat yang menurut studi terkontrol tidak menimbulkan resiko pada janin
Kategori
B
:
Untuk obat-obat yang berdasarkan studi pada binatang dan manusia tidak menunjukkan resiko yang bermakna. Termasuk disini adalah :
1. Dari studi pada binatang tidak menunjukkan resiko, tetapi belum ada studi pada manusia mengenai hal tersebut
2. Dari studi pada binatang menunjukkan adanya resiko, tetapi dari hasil studi yang terkontrol baik pada manusia menunjukkan tidak adanya resiko.
Kategori
C
:
Untuk obat-obat yang belum didukung studi adekuat, baik pada binatang maupun pada manusia atau obat-obat yang menunjukkan efek yang merugikan pada studi
binatang tetapi belum ada studi pada manusia
Kategori
D
:
Untuk
obat-obat
yang
ada
bukti
resikonya
pada
janin
tetapi
manfaatnya
jauh
lebih
besar
Kategori
X
Untuk obat-obat yang terbukti mempunyai resiko terhadap janin dan resiko itu lebih berat daripada manfaatnya
Antibiotik tidak ada yang termasuk kategori X. Umumnya masuk kategori B, kecuali beberapa yang masuk kategori C atau D.