FARAH INESA 2014392431 AP2244C

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV

PETRONAS TWIN TOWER

Official Name
Other Names
Structure Type
Country
City
Street Address
Postal Code
Building Function
Construction Cost
Construction Start
Completion
Height

Floors
Elevators
GFA

Developer
Architect

Structural Engineer

MEP Engineer

Project Manager
Main Contractor

Other Consultant

Petronas Twin Tower

Tower 1, Petronas Twin Tower Kuala
Lumpur City Centre
Building
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Jalan Ampang
50088
Office
$1,600,000,000.00
1992
1998
To Tip: 451.9m
Architectural: 451.9m
Occupied: 375m
Above Ground: 88
Below Ground: 5
40 each tower (Speed: 7m/s)
Tower: 395,000m

KLCC Property Holdings Berhad

Design: Cesar Pelli & Associates
Architect of Record: Adamson
Associates
Design: Thornton Tomasetti
Engineer of Record: Ranhill Bersekutu
Bhd
Design: WSP Flack + Kurtz
Engineer of Record: KTA Tenaga Sdn
Bhd
Hazama Corporation; Ho Hup
Construction Sdn. Bhd.; J.A. Jones
Construction Co.; Mitsubishi
Corporation; MMC Engineering &
Construction Co.
Fire: Rolf Jensen & Associates
Wind: RW DI

TAIPEI 101

Taipei 101

Building
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Taipei
No. 7 Xin Yi Road, District Xin Yi
110
Office
$1,800,000,000.00
1999
2004
To Tip: 508m
Architectural: 508m
Occupied: 438m
Observatory: 391.8m
Above Ground: 101
Below Ground: 5
61 (Speed: 16.83m/s)
Tower: 198,347m
Development: 357,719m
Companies Involved
Taipei Financial Centre Corporation
Design: C. Y. Lee & Partners Architects/
Planners
Design: Evergreen Consulting
Engineering; Thornton Tomasetti
Design: Continental Engineering
Consultants, Inc.
Peer Review: Lehr Engineering
Turner International LLC
Kumagai Gumi; RSEA Engineering;
Samsung C&T Corporation; Ta-You-Wei
Construction; Taiwan Kumagai

Acoustics: Shen Milsom Wilke, Inc.

Building Monitoring: Kinemetrics Inc.
Faade: ALT Limited
Landscape: Genius Loci
Lighting: Theo Kondos
Vertical Transportation: Lerch Bates
Wind: RW DI

BURJ KHALIFA

Burj Khalifa
Burj Dubai
Building
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
1 Emaar Boulevard
Office/ Residential/ Hotel
$1,500,000,000.00
2004
2010
To Tip: 829.8m
Architectural: 828m
Occupied: 584.5m
Observatory: 555.7m
Above Ground: 163
Below Ground: 1
58 (Speed: 10m/s)
Tower: 309,473m

Emaar Properties
Design: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
LLP
Architect of Record: Hyder Consulting
Design: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
LLP
Engineer of Record: Hyder Consulting
Design: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
LLP
Turner International LLC
Samsung C&T Corporation; Arabtec;
Besix

Building Monitoring: Kinemetrics Inc.

Civil: Hyder Consulting
Faade: Far East Global Group; ALT
Limited
Faade Maintenance: Lerch Bates
Fire: Rolf Jensen & Associates
Geotechnical: Hyder Consulting

FARAH INESA 2014392431 AP2244C

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV

Material Supplier

Construction Hoist: Alimak Hek

Elevator: Otis Elevator Company
Sealants: Dow Corning Corporation
Steel: Arbed

Global Ranking
Regional Ranking
National Ranking
City Ranking
Preceded by
Surpassed by
Notable Dates

#9 Tallest in the World

#6 Tallest in Asia
#1 Tallest in Malaysia
#1 Tallest in Kuala Lumpur
Sears Tower
Taipei 101
March 1993: Excavation work begins
March 1994: Excavation and foundation
for Tower One complete; construction
begins
April 1994: Excavation and foundation
for Tower Two complete; construction
begins
May 1995: Pre-assembled Skybridge
arrives from South Korea
August 1995: Skybridge is lifted into
place
February 1996: Topping-out of both
towers is completed
March 1996: Installation of pinnacles for
both towers
April 1996: Petronas Twin Towers
officially declared the worlds tallest
buildings

Structural Material

Composite
Reinforced concrete: 160,000m
Steel: 36,910 tonnes

Excavation

Foundation/Piling

Involved digging 98 feet below

ground surface
Volume was about 500 truck
loaded with excavated earth
Contract for the foundation works
was awarded to a consortium of
French and local companies,
Dragages-Bachy-First Nationwide
Sdn Bhd
Friction piles (structures narrower
than piers), reinforced by grout (a
sand and cement mixture), were
used
Rectangular or barrette piles were
used (bigger than circular piles)
Drilling mud/ bentonite was used
to clean and keep the bored hole
intact
104 concrete bored piles varying
from 60 to 115 metres in length
for each tower
Concrete was continuously

Cladding: Permasteelisa Group

Construction Hoist: Alimak Hek
Elevator: Toshiba Elevator and Building
Systems Corporation (TELC)
Faade Maintenance Equipment:
CoxGomyl
Fire Proofing: Grace Construction
Products
Flooring: CS Group Construction
Specialties Company
HVAC: Carried; York
Sealants: Dow Corning Corporation
Steel: China Steel Corporation; Nippon
Steel & Sumimoto Metal Corporation
Rankings
#6 Tallest in the World
#3 Tallest in Asia
#1 Tallest in Republic of China (Taiwan)
#1 Tallest in Taipei
Petronas Twin Tower
Burj Khalifa
January 1999: Groundbreaking ceremony
June 2000: First tower erected
April 2001: Design change to 509.2m
height approved by Taipei City
government
June 2001: Taipei 101 Mall topped out
August 2001: Construction licence
awarded for 101 stories
March 2002: Partially constructed
building survives 6.8 magnitude
earthquake undamaged
July 2003: Tower roof completed
October 2003: Pinnacle placed
November 2003? Taipei 101 Mall opens
April 2004: Council on Tall Buildings
and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) certifies
Taipei 101 as worlds tallest building
November 2004: Obtains occupancy
permit
December 2004: Opens to the public
CONSTRUCTION
Composite
Concrete: 10,000 psi
Steel: 60 ksi

700,00 tons of earth were

removed from the site

The foundation is reinforced by

380 piles driven 80m into the
ground, 30m into the bedrock
Each pile is 1.50m in diameter
and can bear a load of 1,000
1,320 tonnes.
22,937m concrete slab was
poured, connecting all the piles

Interiors: Hirsch Bedner Associates

Landscape: SW A Group
Lighting: Fisher Marantz Stone
Parking: Walker Parking Consultants
Vertical Transportation: Lerch Bates
Wind: RW DI
Cladding: JORDAHL; HALFEN; Al
Ghurair
Elevator: Otis Elevator Company
Faade Maintenance Equipment:
CoxGomyl
Fire Proofing: Hilti AG
Sealants: Dow Corning Corporation
Steel: ArcelorMittal

#1 Tallest in the World

#1 Tallest in Middle East
#1 Tallest in United Arab Emirates
#1 Tallest in Dubai
Taipei 101
January 2004: Excavation started
February 2004: Piling started
March 2005: Superstructure started
June 2006: Level 50 reached
January 2007: Level 100 reached
March 2007: Level 110 reached,
May 2007: Exterior cladding started
April 2007: Level 120 reached
May 2007: Level 130 reached
July 2007: Level 141 reached worlds
tallest building
September 2007: Level 150 worlds
tallest building
April 2008: Level 160 worlds tallest
building
January 2009: Completion of spire: Burj
Khalifa tops out
September 2009: Exterior cladding
completed
January 2010: Official launch ceremony
Composite
Concrete: 330,000m
Steel rebar: 39,000 tonnes
System: Buttressed core

Consists of a pile supported raft

Solid reinforced concrete raft is
3.7 meters thick and was poured
utilizing C50 (cube strength) self
consolidating concrete
Friction piles were used
194 bored cast-in-place 1.5meter
diameter piles buried more than
50m deep (design capacity of
3,000 tonnes each)
Concrete and steel foundation
(45,000m concrete)

FARAH INESA 2014392431 AP2244C

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV

Superstructure

poured into the hole for more than

52 hours
4.60m thick concrete raft
foundation containing 13,200m
Grade 60/80 reinforced concrete,
weighing approximately 32,550
tonnes under each tower
160,000m concrete of various
strengths (up to Grade 80)
36,910 tonnes of steel beams,
steel trusses and steel
reinforcement

Exterior Cladding

83,500m stainless steel

extrusions
55,000m laminated glass panels

Made pf double tube structure,

one steel and one concrete
Used high performance steel
construction and 36 columns,
including eight mega-columns
packed with 10,000 psi (69 MPa)
concrete
Raised up with 36 steel tubes
filled with concrete for their
regidity
Faade system of glass and
aluminium panels
Blue-green glass curtain walls are
double paned and glazed

Aluminium and glass faade

Total weight of aluminium is
equivalent to that of five A380
aircraft
Total length of stainless steel bull
nose fins is 293 times the height
of Eiffel Tower, Paris
Initial installation rate: 20-30
panels per day
Achieved as many as 175 panels
per day