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ENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
SANGHATAN
STUDY MATERIAL
OF
CLASS X
2014 2015
INDEX
PART OF THE STUDY MATERIAL :A)
B)
C)
CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGY
PHYSICS
BASE
CLASS X - SCIENCE
Chief Patron
Shri. AvinashDikshit
Commissioner
KVS New Delhi
Patron
Shri. SomitShrivastav
Deputy Commissioner
KVS, Silchar Region
Advisor
Subject Contributors
Syllabus
Unit
No
Name
II
III
IV
VI
Life Processes
VII
Contrl& Coordination
VIII
IX
XI
XII
Electricity
XIII
XIV
Sources Of Energy
XV
Our Enviroment
XVI
Two types
1. Word Representation
Example: Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium Oxide
2. Symbol Representation
Example: Mg +O MgO
A Chemical Equation contains
Reactants written on left side
Products written on right side
Arrow which separate the both
Mg +O MgO
Reactants Products
Symbols for physical state of reactants and products.
Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g)
Aqueous Solution (aq)
Gas Equation ()
Precipitate formula ()
Direction of reaction ()
Chemical Reaction developed on Law of conservation of Mass Means mass of
reactantsconsumed equal to the mass of the products formed
Balanced chemical equation
Number of atom of Reactants = Number of atom of products
Unbalanced chemical equation
Number of atom of reactant Number of atom of products
The following steps are involved the Balancing chemical equation.
1. Determining the reactants and products in a reaction.
2. Counting the number of atoms of each on both sides.
3. Selecting the elements that occur for the least number of the times in the equation.
4. Changing the coefficient of the molecules of reactant or product as required.
Eg: Iron +Steam Magnetic Oxide of Iron +Hydrogen
1. Fe +HO FeO +H
Element
No. of atoms on L.H.S
No. of atoms on R.H.S
Fe
1
3
H
2
2
O
1
4
Select elements with highest No. of atoms
Fe +4 HO FeO +H
Start balancing with different elements
3Fe +4 HO FeO +H
3Fe +4 HO FeO +4H
Balancing equation
3Fe +4 HO FeO +4H
2. KClO KCl +O
2KClO 2KCl +3O
(Unbalanced equation)
(balanced equation)
product.
Example: C + O CO
CaO + HO Ca(OH)
2. Decomposition reaction: A substance splits into two or more substances it is further three types.
a. Thermal Decomposition: takes place by absorption of heat.
Example: CaCO (s) CaO (s) +CO (g)
b. Electrolytic Decomposition: Take place when electric current is passedthrough the compound in
molten or aqueous solution.
Example: 2 HO 2H (g) + O (g)
c. Photo decomposition: By absorption of light
Example: 2AgBr 2Ag+ Br
3. Displacement Reaction: the reaction in which one element displaces another element in a
compound.
Example: Mg +CuCl MgCl +Cu
4. Double Displacement Reaction: Exchange of ions between the reactants.
Example: MgO +CaS MgS +CaO
5.Precipitation Reaction: Two clear solutions combine to form an insoluble salts.
6. Oxidation and Reduction:
Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen.
Corrosion: Eating up of metals due to attack of atmosphere gases or the surface of metals is called
corrosion.
Causes damage to car bodies, brides, railing etc.
Corrosion of iron called rusting
Protection:
Oiling and Greasing the metal articles
Paint
Galvanization.
Rancidity: Oxidation of fat and oil.
Prevention:
Using Antioxidants.
Packing food in nitrogen gas.
HOTS
Q.1 What Chemical compounds is used in white wash of walls? What happens when we mix it with water?
What reaction takes place on the walls after thewhite wash?
Ans. Quicklime (CaO), is used for white wash of walls.
CaO + HO Ca(OH)
On wall Ca(OH) + CO CaCO +HO
Q.2When Lead Nitrate combines with Potassium Iodide a yellow precipitate forms
a) Name the precipitate
b) Show the Chemical Reaction?
c) Name the type of Reaction?
Ans. a) Lead Iodide.
b) Pb(NO) (aq) + KI(aq)
PbI (s) + KNO (s)
7
(b) A chemical equation has to be balanced to meet the requirement of the law of conservation of mass.
According to the law, the total mass of reacting species taking part in the reaction is the same as that of the
products formed since there is a direct relationship between the mass of the different Species and their
number, it is always essential to balance a chemical equation.
(c) No, rusting of iron cannot take place in distilled water because it neither contains dissolved oxygen
nor carbon dioxide. Both are essential for the rusting of iron
(d) It gives bad smell and it taste also changes.
Ans .No, it does not support combustion .Because it is highly combustible in nature.
OR
Substance which gives hydroxide ionswhen dissolved in water. Example:NaOH, KOH.
Acid-Base Indicators
These are of two types:
Show change in color .Example: Litmus solution, methyl orange.
Show change in odor. Example:Onion,vanilla essence.
Indicator
Litmus
Methyl orange
Phenolphthalein
Color in acidicsolution
red
red
colorless
USES:
In laundry, removing hardness, manufacture of soap, paper etc.
PLASTER OF PARIS (CaSO4.1/2H2O)
Chemical Name: Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrates
Preparation- CaSO4.2H2O --heatCaSO4.1/2H2O+ 3/2 H2O
USES:
Setting fractured bones, in making toys, in making surface smooth.
HOTS
Q.1 Why we should not keep curd in cooper or brass vessel .What treatment should be given to these
vessels before use.
Ans .Curd is acidic in nature .it reacts with Cu & brass to form toxic compound and make food toxic for
consumption .so for protection these vessels have to be coated with a thin layer.
Q.2 Glucose, alcohol contains hydrogen yet their solutions do not turn blue litmus red. Why.
Ans. They do not produce H+ ion in solution.
Q.3 Name two metals which react with sodium hydroxide solution to produce hydrogen gas .give the
reaction.
Ans .Zinc and Aluminum
2NaOH+2Al2NaAlO2+3H2
2NaOH+ZnNa2ZnO2+H2
Q.4 Rain water and tap water conduct electricity but distilled water does not .Explain why.
Ans. Distilled water does not contain any acid, base or salt. Whereas tap or rain contain gases of air like
CO2,SO2,and NO2etc. When dissolve in water form acid .ex.CO2+H20H2CO3
Q.5. Which is more acidic &why.
a)A solution with pH value of 6.0.
b) A solution with pH 5.0
Ans.[ H+] in solution with pH= 5.0 is 10-5M.
[H+] in solution with pH = 6.0 is 10-6M.
As 10-5>10-6, hence solution with pH = 5 is more acidic than the solution with pH = 6.0.
Q.6 How is Plaster of Paris is prepared .What reaction take place when it sets to hard.
Ans .Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating Gypsum to a temperature of 1000C.
CaSO4.2H2O --heatCaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2H2O
On mixing with water, it reactsand become a hard mass due to formation of Gypsum again .the reverse
reaction take place.
Q.7What is difference between a base and a alkali .explain with suitable example.
1
3
Ans. Base is the substance which reacts with acid to form salt and water. These are metallic oxide or
hydroxide including NH4OH. Example: CaO, MgO, and NaOH etc.
The bases which is soluble in water and give OH- ions, called alkali .Thus CuO is a base but not an alkali.
Q.8 What is Acid rain? What is its pH? How does it affect the aquatic life?
Ans. When it rains, gases like CO2,SO2,etc. of the atmosphere dissolve into it &hence its pH<7 .When pH
of rain below 5.6 ,it is called acid rain .When this acid rain flow into the river,the pH of river water falls
and the survival of aquatic life become difficult.
b) H2SO4
c) H3PO4
d) HNO3
e) CH3COOH
Reaction with
Chlorine
Reaction with
Hydrogen
Minerals
Ores
1
7
HOTS
Q.1 GIVE REASONS:
1
8
ROASTING
It is carried out in presence of excess of air.
Metal Oxide+ Carbon Metal + CO2
c) Amalgam
d) Ore
ans. a) Metal Refining:-The conversion of crude metal into pure metal.
b) Alloy: - The homogenous mixture of more than one metal or even metal and non-metal.
c) Amalgam: -It is an alloy in which mercury is one of the components.
LONG ANSWER QUESTION
Q.1Corrosion of metal is not always harmful. Illustrate.
Ans. Corrosion is a very harmful process resulting in slow eating up of a metal. But corrosion of aluminum
is useful .A layer of aluminum oxide formed as a result of chemical reaction gets deposited on the surface of
metal .It forms a protective coating on the surface and prevents the attack of water ,air and acids.
Q.2 Why are positively charged ions called cations while negatively charged called anions.
Ans. When electric current is passed through the molten or aqueous solution of an electrolyte, the positively
charged ions migrate towards the negative electrode or cathode. They are therefore, called cations. The
negatively charged ions migrate towards the positive electrode or anode. They are therefore, called anion.
Q.3 Explain, why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but in the molten state or in the
aqueous solution, it is a good conductor of electricity.
Ans .In solid state the movement of ions is not possible due to strong inter-ionic attraction while in molten
state the ion of sodium chloride are free to move and conduct electricity.
Q.4 Why do atoms combine.
Ans. Atoms combine to form compounds so as to acquire the stable electronic configuration of the nearest
noble gas, for example,the electronic configuration of Na is 2,8,1 and Cl is 2,8,7 .The Na has one electron
more than neon gas configuration and Cl has one electron less than argon gas configuration so in order to
get noble gas configuration Na loses one electron and Cl accept the electron.
Q.5 Why is sodium chloride soluble in water but not in kerosene or oil.
Ans. Water ispolar in nature so NaCl dissociate in their ions and dissolve, while kerosene is a non- polar
solvent so NaCl doesnt dissociate and dissolve.
Q.6a) Why metals conducts electricity.
b) Name three common compound forms in which metals occur in nature.
ans. a) Because the attraction of the nucleus on the valence electron is minimum. Hence, electron is free to
move.
b) Three common compound forms in which metal occur in nature are:
I.
II.
III.
Q.7 Oxides of the metals which are high in the activity series are not reduced by carbon. How will you
account for it?
2
1
Ans .Metals which lie high in the activity series is reactive in nature the oxides of these metals are
extremely stable. Moreover, the metals present in these oxides are very strong reducing agents
themselves .They cannot loseoxygentocarbonwhich is a weaker reducing agent .As a result, these oxides
cannot be reduced to the metallic form by heating with carbon.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1 Metals at the top of the activity series do not occur in the Free State. Explain.
Ans. Metals at the top of the activity series are highly reactive in nature and are very strong reducing
agent .They therefore, occur as oxides, sulphides and carbonates etc. and do not occur in the Free State.
Q.2What is the difference between the normal and Lewis symbol of an element.
Ans. in the normal symbol, the valence electrons are not shown while in the Lewis symbol, these are shown
either by dots or by crosses. For example, ordinary symbol of sodium is Na while its Lewis symbols Na..
Q.3What is a Thermite reaction.
Ans. It is the reduction of certain metal oxides such as MnO2, Cr2O3, Fe2O3etc by aluminum metal upon
strong heating .It is highly exothermic in nature. For example:
Fe 2O 3 +2Al Al 2O3+2Fe +Heat
Q.4Name the alloy of
1. Aluminum
2. Lead
3. Copper
ans .1. Duralumin
2. Solder
3. Brass
Q.5Why is non-metals gases at room temperature.
Ans. In the molecular form, non-metals exist as a single molecules e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide etc. The attractive forces in these molecules are quits weak. Therefore exits as gases at room
temperature.
Q.6 Metals at the top of the activity series do not occur in the free state. Explain.
Ans .Metals at the top of the activity series are highly reactive in nature and are very strong reducing
agents. They therefore, occur as oxides, sulphides and carbonates etc .and do not occur in the free state.
Q.7 Name two neutral oxides.
Ans. Carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides
Q.8What is the chemical formula of rust.
Ans. Fe2O3.xH2O.
Q.9 Name the process used for the enrichment of the sulphide ore.
Ans. Froth Floatation Process.
Q.10 Arrange the following in decreasing order of reactivity. Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Ag
2
2
Ans. Ca>Mg>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ag
Q.11 Name two metals which exits in the Free State.
Ans. Gold and Platinum
Q.12 which metal is the best conductor of electricity.
Ans. Silver
Q.13 Name two non- metal which exist in solid state and onenon-metals which exist in liquid state.
Ans. Solid state:-Sulphur and Phosphorus
Liquid state: -Bromine.
Q.14 Which metal is used in amalgams.
Ans. Mercury
Q.15 What is the name of the bond formed when a metal atom combines with the atom of non-metal.
Ans. Ionic and electrovalent bond.
ALKANES
Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
alkenes(CnH2n)
alkynes. (CnH2n+2)
Sr no
Hydro carbons
Definitions
Examples
Straight chain
Butane
Branched Chain
Isobutane.
3.
Cyclohexane.
Ring or cycle
hydro carbon
Saturated
Unsaturated
Benzene.
Isomerism: The phenomenon of existence of compounds in two or more forms with same
formula but different structure.
molecular
Functional group: An atom or groups of atoms which makes a carbon compounds reactive and decide its
properties.
Sr.no.
Hetero
atoms
Functional
groups
Formula of
functional
group
example
1.
Cl/Br
Halo-
-Cl,-Br
Chloromethane(CH3Cl)
2
4
chloro/bromo
2.
oxygen
1.Alochol
-OH
Ethanol
C2H5OH
2.Aldehyde
-CHO
Methanal
HCHO
3.Ketone
>C=O
Propanone
CH3COCH3
4.Carboxylic
acid
-COOH
Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES:A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitute for
hydrogen in a carbon chain, such that successive compounds differ by CH2 groups e.g CH4,C2H6,C3H8 etc.
NOMENCLATURE OF CARBON COMPOUNDS:
Prefix word root+suffix+Functional group.
CARBON COMPOUNDS:
ETHANOL: C2H5OH common name is ethyl alcohol
ETHANOIC ACID: CH3COOH.Common name is acetic acid.
ESTERIFICATION REACTION:The reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of
conc. Suphuric acid to form a sweet smelling substance ester. .e.g
Conc H2SO4
CH3COOH+C2H5OH -----------
CH3COOC2H5+H2O
Saponficationreaction :
CH3COOC2H5+NaOH
---heatCH3COONa+C2H5OH
Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates: reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates or bi
carbonate evolves carbon di oxide gas.
2CH3COOH+Na2CO3
2CH3COONa+CO2+H2O
SOAP AND DETERGENT: Soap is sodium and potassium salt of long chain of carboxylic acid. They
foam lather with soft water only. Detergent are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acid
.they even remain effective in hard water and foam lather.
HOTS
Q.1 Give reason for the following
(a). The element carbon forms a large no. of compounds
Ans. (a). Catenation: Carbon has the unique property of self-linking which is known catenation.
In fact, any number of carbon atoms can be linked to one another by covalent bonds. This is on account if
2
5
the stability of C-C bonds since the size of the carbon atom is quite small.
Linking of carbon with
other atoms carbon is tetravalent in nature and can readily form bond with atoms like hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulphur etc. by electron sharing.
Q.2 what are enzymes? Name the enzymes required for the fermentation of sugarcane to
Ethanol?
Ans. Enzymes are the biocatalysts which catalyze the reactions in the living being. In the process of
fermentation of sugar into ethanol, two enzymes are used, they are invertase and zymase..
CHO + HO CHO + CHO
CHO 2CHOH + 2CO
Q.3 A to F are the structural formula of organic compounds?
A.
B. HCCH
C.H
\
HC CH
E.
HHHH
CC
F.
D.
HCCCH
H H
HCBr
HCCH
HH
H H
(ii)
HCCBr
H HHH
HCCCCCCH
H HHHHH
2
6
an alkali
2. Sodium carbonate
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
2-Methyl pentane
3.
CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
2,3 Dimethyl butane
4.
CH3 CH3
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
2,2 Dimethyl butane
Q.3 Both carbon and Silicon belong to group 14 of the periodic table. But the tendency to exibhitcations in
the carbon is much more than in the silicon. Explain?
Ans. The size of carbon atom is small as compared to the of silicon. This is quite expected also as the
atomic size increases atom a group. Therefore C-C bond is smaller and stronger than Si-Si bond .As a
result, any of carbon atoms can be linked to each other resulting in a long number if carbon compounds.
However, this is not possible in silicon and only a few atoms can be linked by covalent bond.
Q.4 A compound X has the molecular formula C3H6O with structural formula CH3CH2. Give its IUPAC
names can another compound have the same molecular formula? Give the structural and IUPAC names of
that compound also?
Ans. The IUPAC names of X is proposal another compound Y can also have the same molecular formula
but different structural formula.
It is
2
8
Q.5 Give one example each of the compound having the following functional groups. Also give their
Names?
(i) Aldehyde group
(ii)Alcoholic group
(iii)Carboxyl group
Ans.
Functional
Group
Example
IUPAC Name
CHO
HCHO
Methanal
OH
CH3OH
Methanol
COOH
HCOOH
Methanoic acid
COOR
CH3COOCH3
Methyl ethanoate
Q.6 What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?
Ans. Ethanol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding poisonous substances like
Methanol, pyridine etc.
Need: To supply cheaper alcohol to industries and to refrain people from drinking, alcohol is Denatured by
adding poisonous substance such as methanol, pyridine etc.
Q.7. What is substitution reaction? Illustrate with example?
Ans.A reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of an organic compound is/are replaced by other.
Atom or group without any change in the react of the molecule is called substitution reaction.
CH4 + Cl CH3Cl + HCl
Q.8 Write the molecular formula of
(i) an alkane (ii) an alkene (iii) an alkyne containing six carbon atoms
Ans. (i) Alkane: Put n=6 is the general formula CnH2n+2, we have C6H14
(ii) Alkene: Put n=6 is the general formula CnH2n, we have C6H12
(iii)Alkyne: Put n=6 in the general formula CnH2n-2, we have C6H10
Q.9 Give an example of each of the following
(a) A carbon containing two double bonds
(b) A molecule in which central atom is linked to three other atoms
(c) An organic compound which a soluble in water.
Ans. (a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Ammonia
: C :
HNH
2
9
H
(c) CH3CH2OH
Q.10 (a) Name the B fatty acids whose sodium or potassium salts are present in soaps?
(b) What is scum? How is it formed?
(c) Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic part in the following?
Ans. (a) Palm tic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid
(b) The Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water react with soap to form white precipitate. The White
precipitate called sucm.
2C17H35CoNa + Ca2+ (C17H35Co)2Ca + 2Na+
(c) CH3(CH2)10CH2
OSO3-Na+
Ans. It is due to presence of sunburn carbon particles. When light fall on them, they scatter yellow color.
Q.9 An unknown compound has the smell of vinegar .Identify it.
Ans.The compound is acetic acid.
Q.10 Why is high temperature not favorable for alcoholic fermentation?
Ans. The high temperature destroys the enzymes which are needed to carry fermentation.
He arranged the elements with similar properties in a group of three known as triad in such a manner
that the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the average of the other two elements
LIMITATIONS:
Only three triads were identified from the element known at that time .hence this classification was not
useful.
NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES:
He arranged the element in the order of increasing atomic masses starting with hydrogen(least atomic
mass) and ended with thorium having atomic mass 56 . According to him, the properties of every eighth
element are similar to the firstelement. It was compared to music notation sa,re ,ga ,ma, pa ,dha ,ni
,sa,and thus the name Newlands law of octaves(notes of music ).
LIMITATIONS:
1. It was applicable only for lighter element having atomic mass upto 40 amu.i.e.upto calcium .
2. He believed that only 56 elements existed in nature but later on more elements were discovered
whose properties did not fit into Newland law of octaves.
3. Some elements having different properties were grouped together like cobalt and nickel have been
placed withhalogens.
Due to above limitations, Newland law of octave was rejected
MANDELEEVS PERIODIC TABLE:
He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic masses, similarity in physical and chemical
properties of element. Properties of hydrides and oxides of different element were studied and elements
with similar properties were grouped together.
He classified the elements in table consisted of vertical columns called groups and horizontal rows
called periods .there were 7 groups in table and group is subdivided into subgroups A and B except
group 7 which has three sets of elements in 4th , 5th , 6th period.
3.
Some element having higher atomic mass is placed before the elements with lower atomic mass.
Mosely modified the Mandelleves periodic table by taking atomic number as the fundamental property
instead of atomic mass.
3
2
Modern periodic table consists of 18 vertical columns known as group, and 7 horizontal rows known as
periods .
GROUPS:
Elements in group one is called alkali metals.
Elements in group 2 are called alkaline earth metals.
Elements in group 17 are called halogens.
Group 18 element is called inert gasses or noble gases.
Significance of group in the periodic table is that an element in a group has same number of valance
electron, valency and thus identical chemical properties.
PERIODS
The number of shell present in the element indicates the period to which it belongs.
VALENCY:
It is defined as the combing capacity of an atom of an element to acquire noble gas configuration. It is
equal to the number of electron lost, gained or shared during the formation of chemical compound.
ATOMIC SIZE / ATOMIC RADII:
It is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outer most cell of atom .it is generally
expressed in pico meter ( pm) .
3
3
Oxides and its nature. Metal reacts with oxygen to form oxides by loss of electrons. These oxides on
dissolution in water from bases.
REACTIVITY OF ELEMENTS.
Down the group reactivity of metal increases as the tendency to lose electron increases due to the
increased atomic size.
Reactivity of non-metals decreases down the group because of the increased atomic size and the
tendency to gain electron decreases.
On moving across the period the reactivity first increases due to the decreased in the metallic character
and increase in nonmetallic character.
HOTS
Q.1 Why do think the noble gas are placed in a separate group?
Ans. They are present in low concentration in our atmosphere rand have stable outer configuration.
Q.2 Explain the following:
a. Hydrogen is regarded as rogue element in the periodic table.
b. Alkali metals do not form dipositive ions.
Ans.A ). Because Hydrogen resemble alkali metals in some properties and Halogen in some other
properties. Therefore it can be placed either along with alkali metals of group 1 and halogen of group 17
b. Alkali has one electron in the valence shell. By losing the electron, they acquires the stable electron
configuration if the unipositive ions. Once, they achieve the noble gas configuration, these unipositive ions
have no tendency to lose another electron to form dipositive ion. Since the energy required is so large.
Q.3 Write the electronic configuration of the following ion Cl , O, Ca, As.
Ans. The electronic configuration of element and their ions are:
Cl =2,8,7
Cl- = 2,8,8
O=2,6
O2- =2,8
Ca=2,8,8,2
Ca2+ =2,8,8
Al=2,8,3
Al3+ =2,8
Q.4 Atomic number is considered to be a more appropriate parameter than atomic mass for classification of
element in a periodic table. Why?
Ans. The properties of an elements upon its outer electronics configuration which in turn, depends upon the
number of electrons i.e atomic number .Therefore, atomic number is a more appropriate parameter than
atomic mass.
Q.5 An atom has electronic configuration 2,8,7
a. What is the atomic number of these element.
3
4
b.To which of the following elements would it be chemically similar N(7), F(9), P(15), Ar(18).
Ans.a. The electronic configuration of the element is 2,8,7 therefore atomic number of element
2+8+7 =17
b. Since the element has 7 electron in the valence shell .It belong to the halogen family of group 17.So it is
similar to F.
Q.6 Nitrogen (At. No = 7) and Phosphorus (At. No = 15) belong to group 15 of the periodic table .Write the
electronic configuration of these 2 elements, which of these will be more electro negative .Why?
Ans.At. No
N
P
electronic configuration
17
2,5
15
2,8,5
Both these element have 5 electron in their respective valance shells and then have a high tendency to
gain 3 more electrons to form negative ion by completing their respective orbitals. Thus both these element
are electro negative. Further since atomic size increase down a group. Therefore Nhas smaller size than P
and hence is more electronegative than P.
Q.7 The position of these element A,B,C in the periodic table are shown below
Period
group16
group17
2
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ans. a. Element of group 17 have 7 electron in their respective valance shells and these have a tendency to
complete their respective octet. Thus C which is an element of group 17 is a non-metal.
b. As we move down a group ,the atomic size increases .Therefore the force of attraction of the
nucleus for the incoming electron decreases and hence the reactivity decreases down the group. Since
element C has larger atomic size than element A , therefore C is less reactive than the element A.
c. Element B and C belong to the same period i.e 5th period . As we move from left to right in a period the
nuclear charge increases but the number of shells remains to be the same .Therefore the size decreases from
left to right then the atomic size of C is smaller than that of B.
d. Since element C has 7 electrons in the valence shell ,therefore it has a high tendency to gain one electron
to complete its octet. Thus element C forms an atom i.e
C + e- = CQ.8 A metal M forms an oxide having the formula M2O3 .It belong to 3rd period in the modern periodic table
.Write the atomic number and valency of the metal.
3
5
Ans. The formula M2O3 indicates that the valency of M is 3. It has 3 valence electron and belong to group
15 , since it present in 3rd period , the element is Aluminum (Al). The formula of oxide is Al2O3 .
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1 Explain why the number of elements in the period is 8?
Ans .According to 2n2 rule, the maximum number of e- in the third period = 232=18.But the last shell
cannot accommodate more than 8 e- .Therefore; the number in the third period is 8.
Q.2 Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have been put in the same group on the basis of their similar chemical
properties:
a) What are those similar properties?
b) What is the usual name of this group or family?
Ans. a) Similar chemical properties of the elements, lithium, sodium and potassium are:-All these elements are metals.
-All of these have a valency of one .i.e., they are monovalent .
-All these elements react with water to form alkalis with the evolution of H2 gas.
b) These elements are collectively called alkali metals because they react with water to form alkali.
Q.3 a) An unknown element is given the given the name eka- phosphorus? What does it mean?
b) Why does not element present in a period show similar characteristics?
Ans. a) It means that the element belongs to the same group as phosphorus (Group-15) and is placed after
phosphorus .Moreover, its properties are also similar to those of phosphorus.
b) The properties of the elements are related to their electronic configuration. The element with similar
valence shell electronic configuration show similar properties. Since it changes along a period therefore, the
elements in a period differ in their characteristic.
Q.4 Calcium is an element with atomic number 20.
a) Is it a metal or non-metal?
b)Will its size be more or smaller than that of potassium?
c)Write the formula of its chloride?
Ans. The E.Configuration of Ca :-2,8,8,2
a) Since it has only two valence e-,it is present in group 2.It is a metal.
b) Both potassium and Ca are present in 4th period .Since atomic size decreases along a period
,Calcium is smaller in size.
c) The valency of Ca is 2.The formula of its chloride is CaCl2.
Q.5Which physical and chemical properties of the elements were used by Mendeleev in creating his
periodic table ?List two observation which posed to Mendeleevs periodic law?
Ans. The creation of Mendeleev periodic table was based upon certain physical and chemical properties:
3
6
Physical properties: The atomic masses of the elements were taken into account and the element was
arranged in order of increasing atomic masses. The influence some of their physical properties such as
M.P,B.P, Density etc.
Chemical properties: The distribution of the elements into different group was linked with formation of
hydrides by combining with oxygen .This is linked with the valency of the elements.
The two main observations which posed challenge to Mendeleev periodic table are as follows:
a) Position of isotope: Since the isotope of an element differs in their atomic masses, they must be
assigned separate slots or position in the periodic table.
b) Anomalous position of some elements: In the Mendeleev period table, certain element with higher
atomic masses precede or placed before the elements with lower atomic masses .For ex. Ar. Is
placed before the element K.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1 Why are the member of Group1 known as alkali metals?
Ans. Because they react with water to form soluble hydroxide that are called alkali.
Q.2 on which side of the periodic table are the metal located?
Ans .Left and also in the centre of the periodic table.
Q.3Which of the following species is isoelectronic in nature?
i.
Ca2+
ii.
K
iii.
Mg2+
iv. S2v. ClAns.Ca2+,S-,Cl- these have 18 e-.
Q.4 Name three elements which behave as metalloid?
Ans .Arsenic, Antimony, germanium.
Q.5 Two element A and B belong to the same period .What is common in them?
Ans .They have the same number of shells.
Q.6 What is the name given to the elements present in group 17? Why are they so named?
Ans. Elements belonging to group 17 are called Halogens .The word Halogen stands for sea-salt
forming .Since most of the salts present in the sea water are chlorides, bromides, and iodide, that is why the
elements are called Halogens.
Q.7 On the basis of the periodic classification , identify each set belonging to either to group or a period:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Na, Mg ,Al
Na ,K ,Rb
B,C,N
He, Ne ,Ar
Ans. Period
Group
Period
Group
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7
Q.8 What are the definite gaps of the atomic numbers in a group?
Ans.8, 8,18, 18,32
Q.9 What was the criteria used by Mendeleev in creating his periodic table?
Ans. Atomic masses of the elements
Q.10 Name the inert gas which has 2 electrons in the valence shell?
Ans, Helium
Life processes The processes that are necessary for an organism to stay alive. Eg. Nutrition, respiration, etc.
Criteria of life- (i) Growth (ii) Movement
Nutrition- The process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy, for growth, repair and
maintenance, etc. and excretes the waste materials from the body.
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8
1.
Types of nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition(Auto =self: trophos = nourishment) E.g. Plants, Algae, blue green bacteria.
Environmental Factors- (i) Carbon dioxide (ii) Water(iii) Light (iv) Temperature
Source of raw materialsa) Carbon dioxide Land plants- Air, Aquatic plants- Water
b) Water & Minerals - Soil
2. Heterotrophic nutrition (Hetero = others: trophos = nourishment) Eg. Animals, some plants and fungi.
Parasitic nutrition: Organisms obtain food from the body of other living organisms (host)
Holozoic nutrition: Organism (mostly animals) takes in whole food and then digests it into
smaller particles with enzyme.
Steps in Holozoic nutrition
a) Ingestion: taking in of food.
b) Digestion: breaking down of complex food into simpler, absorbable form.
c) Assimilation: Utilization of digested food from the body.
d) Egestion: Removing undigested food from the body
Nutrition in human beings
Alimentary canal-
Rectum Anus
Organ
Gland
Enzyme/Juice
Function
Mouth
Salivary glands
Salivary Amylase
Stomach
Gastric glands
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Small intestine
1) Liver
(ii) Pepsin
Digests proteins
(iii) Mucus
2) Pancreas
(ii) Pancreatic
Juice
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Peristaltic movements- Rhythmic contraction of muscles of the lining of Alimentary canal to push the
food forward.
Sphincter muscle- Helps in the exit of food from the stomach.
Villi and microvilli- Small finger like projections on the walls ofa) Small intestine- To increase the surface area for the absorption of food.
b) Large intestine- For absorption of water.
Respiration
The process by which digested food is broken down with the help of Oxygen to release energy.
Types ofrespiration- (i) Aerobic respiration (ii) Anaerobic respiration
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1
Mind Map
Process Diffusion
Direction of diffusion depends oni.
ii.
Environmental conditions
Requirement of the plant.
Day time- Carbon dioxide given out during respiration is used for photosynthesis. Therefore only
Oxygen is released, which is a major activity during the day.
Night time Only respiration takes place. Therefore only Carbon dioxide is released, which is a
major activity during the night.
Gaseous exchange in animals Terrestrial animals- take Oxygen from the atmosphere.
Aquatic animals- take Oxygen dissolved in water. (Oxygen content is low in water, therefore they
breathe faster.
Human Respiratory systemExternal
nostrils Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the trachea (air passage) does not collapse when
there is less air in it.
Lungs
i.
ii.
iii.
Respiration occurs in two phases(i) External Respiration- Breathing, which is a mechanical process.
Internal Respiration - Cellular respiration
Mechanism of breathing It includes : (i)Inhalation (ii) Exhalation
4
3
(ii)
Transportation
Veins
1. Thick walled.
1. Thin walled.
2. Deep seated.
2. Superficial.
5. Valves absent.
5. Valves present
4
4
Heart- (i) It is a muscular organ, which works as a pump in the circulatory system.
(ii) It has two sides, which are separated by a partition so that the oxygenated and
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5
(ii) Walls are one cell thick only for easy exchange of blood.
Platelets- Plug the leaks of arteries and veins by clotting the blood.
Lymph- Extracellular fluid similar to plasma but colourless with lesser protein.
Function of lymph- (i) Transportation of digested & absorbed fats from
the small intestine.
(ii) Drains excess fluid from the intercellular spaces
back in the blood.
Higher animals- E.g., birds, mammals.
Oxygenated blood & Deoxygenated blood are completely separate for efficient Oxygen supply.
This is to fulfil higher energy needs and to maintain body temperature (warm blooded animals).
Amphibians & reptiles- have 3 chambered heat where little mixing of Oxygenated blood & Deoxygenated
blood takes place. Therefore their body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment. (cold
blooded animals)
Transportation in plants Plants need less energy because they do not move and therefore have a slow transport system
Transport of water Takes place by xylem tissue present in roots, stem, and leaves and is therefore interconnected.
Root cells take up ions from the soil, which creates a concentration difference between root and soil. Column
of water therefore rises upwards.
In very tall plants- transpiration creates a suction pressure, which pulls the water upwards.
Importance of transpiration
Helps in upward movement of water in plants.
Excretion
The biological process of removal of nitrogenous metabolic wastes in living organisms.
Excretion in human beings Organs of excretory system(i) Kidneys
(iii) Urinary bladder
(ii) Ureters
(iv) Urethra
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6
Kidneys
Two in number
Bean shaped
Other wastes- (i) Stored in cellular vacuoles or in leaves, which fall off or as
gums, resins, etc. in old xylem.
Ans. The inner surface of small intestine has millions of tiny, finger like projections called Villi. The presence of villi
gives the inner walls of the small intestine a very large surface area. The large inner surface area of small intestine
helps in the rapid absorption of the digested food.
LIFE PROCESSES
ORAL QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
What regulate the exit of food from the stomach into small intestine?
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Which part of the plant excretes some waste substances into the soil?
9.
10.
The process by which evaporation of water from the plants mainly through the stomata.
SOLVED QUESTIONS
(1) Due to availability of less water, how does the plant cope up with lack of
water in desert conditions?
(2) After a vigorous exercise, you may experience cramps in your leg
muscles. Why does this happen?
(3) What will happen if carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin?
(4) Food moves down the gut by peristalsis. Which region of brain controls
peristalsis?
(5) Name the pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy.
(6) Name the respiratory organs of (i) fish (ii) mosquito (iii) earthworm
(7) Which of the four chambers of the human heart has the thickest muscular
walls?
(8) What will be the outcome if a farmer floods his field everyday?
(9) Which part of visible spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments?
(10) How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?
(11) Name the cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the entry of
4
8
fishes in the sea for carrying out respiration. If there were no algae, no oxygen would
have been produced. Thus, fishes might have died.
Ans-28)
1. Bile: It is secreted by the gall bladder and it emulsifies the fats into the
smaller droplets for their easy digestion.
2. It provides alkaline medium in the duodenum which is needed for the action of
pancreatic enzymes of different food components for their digestion.
3. Pancreatic amylase enzyme digests starch and changes it into maltose.
Ans-29) The process of diffusion for carrying O 2 to all parts of the body is not
sufficient for larger multicellular organisms like human beings. Hence, respiratory
pigment haemoglobin takes up oxygen from the air and carry it to all the parts of our
body through blood.
Ans-30) Textbook Page No. 99, Figure 6.6
Ans-31) Figure 6.13 Page 110 NCERT
PUZZLES
1.
Across
2. Aerial part which eliminates waste from the plant body
4. Unicellular plant that carryout fermentation.
Down
1. Transports oxygen in the body.
3. Carry impure blood.
4
2.
Across
1. Help in respiration in water.
3. Removed through urine.
Down
2. Help to breath in air
3. The process by nitrogenous waste is removed.
4. Organism that takes in food with the help of pseudopodia.
1
5
1
10
11
ACROSS
DOWN
5
4
Across
Down
Coordination-The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper manner to
produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination.
Stimulus- The changes in the environment to which an organism responds and reacts is called Stimulus
Control & coordination in animals- takes place by (i) Nervous system & (ii) Endocrine system
Nervous system
Stimulus Receptor organ Sensory nerve Brain/Spinal cord
Endocrine system
Stimulus Endocrine organ Secrete hormone Hormone in blood
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5
Reflex action- Spontaneous, involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus to protect us from harmful
situations. Eg. On touching a hot object unknowingly we instantly withdraw our hand.
Reflex arc - The pathway of the reflex action is called Reflex arc.
Stimulus Receptor organ Sensory nerve Spinal cord Effector organ Response
1. Which are the systems involved in the control and co-ordination in animals?
Important Questions
The systems involved in the control and co-ordination in animals are the Nervous system, Muscular system and
Endocrine system.
2. Name the receptors of taste and smell.
The receptor of taste is Gustatory receptor and that of smell is Olfactory receptor.
3. What is a nerve impulse?
The information passing through a neuron in the form of electrical and chemical signals is known as a Nerve Impulse.
E.g.:
i. withdrawing our hand from a hot object.
ii. Closing the eye when a moving object approaches the eye on a collision-course.
iii. Blinking the eyelids when a moving object approaches the eye
iv. Knee-jerk reflex.
8. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Reflex action is an involuntary action whereas walking is a voluntary action.
9. Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its functions.
Neurons are specialized for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to the other.
There are three types of neurons:
Sensory neurons: Conducts nerve impulses from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord.
Motor neurons: Conducts impulses from brain and spinal cord to the effectors, i.e. muscles and glands.
Relay neurons: Between the sensory neurons and motor neurons.
10. Draw the neuro-muscular junction and label its parts.
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7
12. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
Cerebellum maintains posture and equilibrium of the body.
13. Write the functions of the following parts:
i. Fore-brain
ii. Cerebellum
iii. Medulla
i. Fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain. It has regions which receive sensory impulses from various
receptors. Separate areas of the fore-brain are specialized for hearing, smell, sight and so on. There are association
areas where sensory information is interpreted by putting it together with the information from other receptors as well
as with the information already stored in the memory of the brain. There are centers for motor areas for all muscles.
Information about how to respond to the stimuli is passed on to these motor areas.
ii. Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining posture and balance of the body.
iii. Medulla controls the involuntary actions including salivation, vomiting, blood pressure, etc.
15. Draw a labelled diagram of a Reflex arc.
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8
Fore brain
(i) Cerebrum
Mid brain
(ii) Thalamus
(iii) Hypothallamus
Hind brain
(i) Cerebellum
(ii) Pons
(iii) Medulla oblongata
Fore brainCerebrum- (i) Main thinking and largest part of the brain.
(ii) It has 3 main areasa. Sensory area- to receive impulses from sense organs via Receptors
b. Motor area- control voluntary movements.
c. Association areas- Reasoning, learning & intelligence.
Thalamus It relays sensory information to the Cerebrum
Hypothallamus- It forms the link between Nervous system & Endocrine system
Mid brain- It connects fore brain and Hind brain. Controls reflex of eyes & ears
Hind brain-Cerebellum Controls & coordinates muscular movements, maintaining body posture and
equilibrium.
Pons- Acts as a bridge between brain & spinal cord
Medulla oblongata- Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, etc.
20. What protects the brain and spinal cord?
(i) Bony outer covering: skull for the brain & vertebral column for the spinal cord.
5
9
Action caused shorter form of muscles Change shape & arrangement of cell
(iii) Do not take part in the reaction & are destroyed immediately.
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
1.
Ducts absent
Ducts present
2.
Secrete hormones
Secrete enzymes
3.
Secreted in blood
4.
Gland
Endocrine function
Exocrine function
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
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Endocrine System of
Human
Important Endocrine glands, the hormone they secrete & their function
Endocrine gland
Pituitary gland
Hormone
Growth hormone
Function
Body growth, development of bones & muscles
(If excess- Gigantism)
(If less- Dwarfism)
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine
Adrenal Gland
Glucocorticoids
&Aldosteron,Adrenalin&
Noradrenalin
Pancreas
Testes in males
Produces hormone
Testosterone
Ovaries in
females
Produces hormone
Oestrogen
EFFECT OF AUXIN ON
PLANT CELL
THIGMONASTY
6
2
6
3
Coordination in plants
b) Insulin
d) Oestrogen
ORAL QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name a gland of human body which secretes both enzymes and hormone.
9.
10.
Q.1) On touching a hot plate, you suddenly withdraw your hand. Which category of
neurons became active first and which one next?
Q.2) Give one example of plant part.
a. Which is positively hydrotropic as well as positively geotropic.
b. Which is positively phototropic but negatively geotropic.
Q.3) What name is given to the microscopic gap between two adjacent neurons?
Q.4) If we step on something sharp accidently we move our foot away at once .what is
this type of response known as?
Q.5) A part of the hind brain makes possible activities like walking, skating, riding a
bicycle and picking up a pencil.name this part of the hind brain.
Q.6) The neck of a person appears to be swollen.
a. Name the disease this person suffering from.
b. Name the mineral whose deficiency in the diet causes this disease.
Q.7) Name the plant hormone:
(a) which inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves.
(b) which promotes cell division.
Q.8) Taking the example of heart beat, justify the antagonistic action of the
sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves.
Q.9) Why is abscisic acid known as stress hormone in plants?
Q.10) Name the part of neuron
(a) where information is acquired.
(b) through which information travels as an electrical impulse.
Q.11) How does the plant shoot bends, when the plant is placed in a room having only
one open window?
Q.12) Who transmits nerve impulse across the synapse?
Q.13) Give a reason to explain why
(a) adrenaline helps in dealing emergency situations?
(b) secretions of growth hormone should be specific in the human body?
Q.14) Why do leaves drop off seasonally?
Q.15) Give reason why endocrine glands release their secretions into the blood?
ANSWERS
Ans.1) On touching a hot plate, first the sensory neurons are activated, which take the
information to the brain or the spinal cord. Next, the motor neurons become active
and bring the impulses from the brain to the muscles. In receiving these impulses, the
muscles contract, and the hand is immediately removed from the hot plate.
Ans.2) a. roots
b. stem
Ans.3) Synapse
Ans.4) Reflex action
6
5
Ans.5) Cerebellum
Ans.6) a. Goitre
b. Iodine
Ans.7) a. Abscisic acid.
b. Cytokinins.
Ans.8) Sympathetic system increases contraction and rhythm and parasympathetic
system decreases contraction and rhythm with respect to heart beat.
Ans.9) Abscisic acid in a plant hormone which inhibits growth. Its effects include
wilting of leaves.
Ans.10) a. Dendrite
b. Axon
Ans.11) When the plant is placed in such a room that has only one open window, the
shoot of the plant bends towards the direction of light. Plant hormone auxin is formed
that diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot and stimulates the cells to live longer
on the side of the shoot which is away from light. In this way the shoot bends towards
the light.
Ans.12) Neurotransmitters.
Ans.13) a. Adrenaline increases the heart beat and breathing rate which results in the
supply of more oxygen to muscles. It reduces the blood to the digestive system and
skin, as a result the blood is further diverted to skeletal muscles. All these responses
together prepare the body to deal with the emergency situations.
b. If growth hormones is secreted in excess during childhood then it leads to
gigantism while the less secretion of this hormone during childhood causes dwarfism.
Ans.14) The leaves drop off seasonally as they stop producing auxins, which normally
prevents the formation of abscission zone that cuts off nutrients and water supply to
leaves.
Ans.15) Endocrine glands are ductless glands and their products have to act at a
distant site.
Therefore, they release their secretions into the blood.
QUIZ
1.
Which system of our body is made of organised network for conducting information in the body?
2.
3.
What is the name of the neuron which remains between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron?
Where is it located?
4.
Which part of the brain helps us to do activities like riding a cycle and walking in a straight line?
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name a female sex organ which produces gametes as well as female hormone.
6
6
Clues
ACROSS
1. Composed of the brain and spinal cord (3 words).
8. Contains photoreceptors; on the inner posterior portion of eye.
9. "Inside the mouth"
11. Electrical brain activity recorded with scalp or brain electrodes
(abbreviation).
13. Necessary for hearin
17. Neurotransmitter in brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system
(abbreviation).
18. Outermost layer of meninges.
19. Neurotransmitter lacking in patients with Parkinson's disease.
21. Supportive cells of the nervous system; "glue".
22. Nerve cell.
23. Photoreceptor that is not used for color vision.
24. Photoreceptor that is used for color vision.
26. The sense of hearing.
29. Opposite of "Yes"
30. Junction between two neurons.
DOWN
1. In the brain, it is the outermost layer of the gray matter.
2. The fifth cranial nerve.
6
7
6
8
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT I
TIME: 3-31/2 HOURS
M.M: 80
General Instructions:
General Instructions:
1. The question paper comprises of two sections, A and B you are to attempt both the
sections.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in all the three
questions of five marks category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.
4. All questions to section A and all questions of section B are to be attempted separately.
5. Question numbers 1 to 3 in section A are mark questions. These are to be answered in
one word or one sentence.
6. Question numbers 4 to 7 are two marks questions, to be answered in about 30 words.
7. Question number 8 to 19 is three mark questions, to be answered in about 50 words.
8. Question number 20 to 24 are five mark questions, to be answered in about 70 words.
9. Question numbers 25 to 42 in section B are multiple choice questions based on practical
skills. Each question is a one mark question. You are choosing one most appropriate
response out of the four provided to you.
10. An addition 15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper only.
Questions:
[Marks:
1]
2] What is the minimum resistance which can be made using five resistors each of
1/5 ?
[Marks:
1]
[Marks:
2]
6
9
[Marks:
2]
[Marks:
2]
6] Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark
and the other in continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.
[Marks:
2]
[Marks:
3]
[Marks:
3]
[Marks:
3]
[Marks:
3]
[Marks:
3]
(b)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives
sodium chloride and liberates carbon dioxide.
13 A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) a base in two separate
] beakers. She forgot to label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the [Marks:
laboratory. Since both the solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish
3]
between the two?
15 (a)
How much current will an electric bulb draw a 220V source if the bulb
] filament is 1200 ?
(b)
How much current will an electric heater draw from a 220V source if the
resistance of the heater is 100 ?
[Marks:
3]
[Marks:
3]
[Marks:
3]
17 What does the direction of thumb indicate in the right-hand thumb rule? In what [Marks:
7
1
18 What is biomass? Explain the principle and working of a biogas plant using a
] labeled schematic diagram.
3]
[Marks:
3]
19 (a) Why does a current carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field experience
] force? On what factors does the direction of this force depend? Name and state
the rule used for determination of direction of this force.
(b) A magnetic compass shows a deflection when placed near a current
carrying wire. How will the deflection of the compass get affected if the current
in the wire is increased? Support your answer with a reason.
[Marks:
5]
OR
(a) What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic
appliances?
(b) Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If the current in the
coil A is changed, will some current be induced in the coil B? Give reason.
20 (a) Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into
] another salt B which itself is used for removal of hardness of water a gas C is
evolved. The gas C when passed through lime water turns it milky. Identify A, B
and C.
(b) Write any two uses of bleaching powder
OR
(a) Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking
place when
[Marks:
5]
21 (a)
]
Write the electron dot structures for sodium magnesium and oxygen.
7
2
[Marks:
5]
(b)
(c)
(d)
Give reason:
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(b) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for
cooking.
(c) Reaction of nitric acid with metals generally does not evolve hydrogen gas.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the
process of extraction.
(e) Copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).
resistors.
(c)
(d)
(e)
resistance.
[Marks:
5]
OR
A current of 1 ampere flows in a series circuit containing an electric lamp and a
conductor of 5 when connected to a 10 v battery. Calculate the resistance of
the electric lamp. Now if a resistance of 10 is connected in parallel with this
series combination, what change (if any) in current flowing through 5
conductor and potential difference across the lamp will take place? Give reason.
Draw circuit diagram.
7
3
23 Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and label the following parts:
]
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
[Marks:
5]
Intestine
Where do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?
OR
What is the advantage of having four chambered heart? Support your answer
with a diagram of the section of a human heart.
24 To study the dependence of current (I) on the potential difference (V) across a
] resistor R, two students used the two set ups shown in figure A and B
respectively. They kept the contact point J in four different marked, (a), (b), (c),
(d) in the two figures
[Marks:
1]
For the two students the ammeter and voltmeter reading will be maximum when
the contact J is in the position:
A.
(d)
B.
(a)
C.
(a)
B
D.
(d)
B
25]The pH values of distilled water, fruit juice and sodium bicarbonate were
measured using pH papers. What is the correct decreasing order of pH values
A.
B.
[Marks:1
]
bicarbonate
C.
D.
26]In an experiment to test the pH, of a given sample using pH paper, four students
recorded the following observations.
Sample taken.
(I) Water
Green
[Marks:1
]
Red
Blue
Orange
II
B.
III
C.
IV
D.
27]A student performed the starch test on a leaf. Some steps involved are shown
below.
[Marks:1
]
D,
C,
B,
B.
A,
B,
C,
C.
B,
C,
D,
D.
A,
C,
D,
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5
28]Four students studied reactions of zinc and sodium carbonate with dilute
hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide solutions and presented their
results as follows. The '' represents evolution of gas whereas 'X' represents
absence of any reaction,
[Marks:1
]
B.
C.
D.
29]A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. The clear supernatant
[Marks:1
solution turns the pH paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following would
]
change the colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue?
A.
Lemon juice
B.
Vinegar
C.
Common salt
D.
An antacid
B.
C.
D.
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6
[Marks:1
]
31]A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from the aqueous solution
of the latter. From the following sets tell which one represents a correct picture of [Marks:1
both the possible () reactions and impossible (x) reactions between metals and ]
the solutions of different salts.
A Metal
. (b) Cu
Al2(SO4)3
CuSO4
FeSO4
B Metal
. (c) Fe
Al2(SO4)3
CuSO4
FeSO4
C Metal
. (d) Zn
Al2(SO4)3
CuSO4
FeSO4
D Metal
. (a) Al
Al2(SO4)3
CuSO4
FeSO4
32]In the experiment on finding the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected
in parallel three students connected the Voltmeter in their circuits in the three
ways X, Y and Z shown here.
[Marks:1
]
B.
C.
D.
33]Identify the circuit (Figure) in which the electrical components have been
properly connected.
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7
[Marks:1
]
A.
(i)
B.
(iii)
C.
(iv)
D.
(ii)
34]The rest positions of the needles in a milliammeter and voltmeter when not being
used in a circuit are as shown in the figure. The zero error and 'least count' of
these two instruments are.
[Marks:1
]
A.
B.
C.
D.
35]Two students (A) and (B) connect their two given resistors R1 and R2 in the
manners shown below.
Student A connects the terminals marked b1 and c1 while student B connects the
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8
[Marks:1
]
A.
B.
C.
D.
36]A well stained leaf peel preparation when focused under high power of the
microscope would, show
A.
B.
C.
D.
[Marks:1
]
37]A student draws the following sketch of stomatal apparatus the part I, II, III and IV
are labeled differently by four students.
[Marks:1
]
A.
B.
C.
D.
Guard cell
stoma
II
III
starchgranule
nucleus
Guard cell
starch granule
II
III
Nucleus
stoma
IV
cytoplasm
chloroplast
II
III
stoma
nucleus
IV
Cytoplasm
nucleus
II
III
stoma
chloroplast
IV
IV
38]Given below are four different set ups to show that CO2 is released during
respiration.
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[Marks:1
]
A.
B.
C.
D.
[Marks:1
]
A.
Absorbs O2 released by
germinating seeds
B.
C.
None of these
D.
40]To observe cells in an onion peel, we must prepare the slide by mounting on it:
A.
B.
[Marks:1
]
C.
D.
41]B1, B2 and B3 are three identical bulbs connected as shown in the Figure. When
all the three bulbs glow, a current of 3A is recorded by the ammeter A.
(i) What happens to the glow of the other two bulbs when the bulb B1 gets
fused?
[Marks:1
]
A.
B.
C.
D.
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Reproduction :It is the process by which organisms produce new organisms of its own kind.
Importance of reproduction :i) It involves transmission of genetic material from generation to generation ,&
ensures the survival of the species. ii) It introduces variations & accumulation of variations over a period leads
to evolution.
Basic event in the process of reproduction:-Creation of a DNA copy
1)
Parts of flowers
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3
Puberty: The age, when reproductive organs become functional, (in female 10-12 years, in male 13-14 years).
2)
3)
8
4
4)
8
5
8
6
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT-III
What is reproduction?
2)
Have you seen seeds of rose or potato? Name some plants whose seeds you may have seen.
3)
4)
5)
Define fertilization?
1)
In the human body, what is the role of (a) seminal vesicles (b) prostate gland?
2)
3)
1)
Give two reasons for the appearance or variation among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.
2)
Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but multiply in sugar solution. Give one reason.
3)
Malaria parasite divides into many daughter individual simultaneously through multiple fission. State an
advantage the parasite gets because of this type of reproduction.
4)
5)
6)
7)
8) Name those parts of flower , which serve the same function as the following do in the animals a) testies
b) Eggs, c) Ovary ,d) Sperms.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q.1) Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessary for the individual?
Q.2) What is the advantage of reproduction through spores in the case of Rhizopus?
Q.3) The simple animals such as planaria can be cut into number of pieces and each
piece grows into a complex organism. What is this process known as?
Q.4) Name the unicellular organism which caused the disease known as kala-azar.
Q.5) Which process taking place in the nucleus of a cell leads to variation in the
offspring during reproduction?
Q.6) What causes joining up of stock and scion in grafting technique of vegetative
propagation in plants? Define the terms stock and scion. Name one positive trait each
of the plant contributing scion and stock should have.
Q.7) Which type of layering is done in Jasmine?
Q.8) Where does fertilization takes place in human female?
Q.9) Why is it said that sexual reproduction promotes diversity of characters in the
offsprings?
Q.10) What happens if the fallopian tubes are partially blocked and the ovulated eggs
are prevented from reaching the uterus?
Q.11) Name the causative organism of syphilis and gonorrhoea.
Q.12) Why are variation possible in progeny of sexually reproductive individuals?
ANSWERS
Ans-1) Variation is beneficial to the species as it enables a species for its survival. A
favourable variation makes an organism to live better in a changed environment and
anunfavourable variation will not. So it is not necessarily true that a variation is
beneficial to the individual always.
Ans-2) The spores are covered by thick walls that protect them until they come into
contact with aother moist surface and can begin to grow.
Ans-3) Regeneration
Ans-4) Leishmania
Ans-5) DNA copying
Ans-6) The stock and scion unite due to cambial cavity. Stock is the portion on which
grafting is done and it provides the roots. Scion is the portion of the plant which is
grafted on the other plant and it contributes the stem. The plant contributing scion
should have large sized fruits and the plant contributing stock should have deep root
system.
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8
(iii) Ovary
Q26) Name the following structures:
a. Primary sex organs in man and women.
b. Reproductive parts of a flower.
c. A barrier method of birth control used by human.
(Q27) What is proliferative phase during menstrual cycle?
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MIND MAP
b.22
c.23 d.24
b. paleontology
HOTS
9
1
c. genetics
1.If a trait exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B in 60% of
the same population which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
2.Which of the following is not the example of artificial selection ?
A)Colours of rose b.Flavours of mangoes 3.colours of beetle 4.Starch quality of wheat.
3. Explain how advantages variations like long neck help an organism like Giraffe to survive
better?
4. Which of the following is the clearly acquiered trait in human beings?
a.Intelligence
b.Height
C.Swimming
d. Skin colour.
5. Why are human beings, who look different from each other size and colour belongs to the same species?
6. Acquiered characters are not inherited .Give reasons.
7. All the human races like Africans, Asians ,European and others might have from common ancestors
provide few evidence in support of the view.
8. How is genetic drift different from natural selection? From the diagram given below which case
shows natural selection?
Refer to diagram 9.7 ,page 147 of textbook.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. How one is change adopted to perform different functions? Give one example
2. What happened when Mendel crossed two traits of a character in a pea plants?
3. Who provided experimental evidence to support theory of origin of life from
inanimate matter?
4. Why are asexually reproducing organisms capable of showing hereditary
features?
5. If the sperm bearing Y-chromosome fertilizes the egg, the child born will not
be entirely like his father. Why is it so?
6. A normal pea plant bearing colored flowers suddenly start producing white
flowers. What could be the possible cause?
7. Mention any two recessive traits of garden pea.
8. Write the characteristics on the basis of which duck-biled platypus is
considered as a link between reptiles and mammals.
9. Why are the small number of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point
of view of genetics?
10. What is called phylogenetic system of classification?
11. Is it true that when a new species is emerged, the old species is eliminated and
why?
12. What will be the percentage of ab gametes produced by AaBb parent?
13. Mendel crossed a pure white recessive pea plant with a dominant pure red
flowered plant. What will be the first generation of hybrids?
14. In evolutionary terms, which among-bacteria, spider, fish and chimpanzee
have a better body design? Why or why not?
15. What is an offspring?
16. Why are traits acquired during life-time of an individual not inherited?
17. Name the chemicals which were essential for origin of life.
18. Why males are called heterogametic?
19. What is the percentage possibility a couple of having daughters?
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2
Activity; To study vestigial organs in Human beings. Students define vestigial organs and discuss
the use of every part of the body. Then come to the conclusion.
3. light propagates as a wave and is emitted and absorbed as a particle. Light have dual
nature.
4. Maxwell proved that light has wave nature; it is an electromagnetic transverse wave and
does not require medium to propagate.
5. Light wave travels with a speed of 3x108m/s in space.Itisa universal constant. Its speed
depends on the medium.
6. Light gets reflected when it falls on polished surface like mirror.
When light falls on a smooth surface, it returns into same medium, this is known as
reflection of light.
c) Focal length : The distance between the pole and the focus is called the focal
length. It is denoted by F . The focal length is half the radius of curvature (R).
F = R/2
d) Real Image : When the rays of light , after reflection from a mirror, actually
meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be real. Real
images can be obtained on a screen.
e) Virtual image : When the rays of light , after reflection from a mirror, appear to
meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be Virtual.
Virtual images cant be obtained on a screen.
POSITION OF
THE IMAGE
SIZE OF THE
IMAGE
NATURE OF
THE IMAGE
AT THE
FOCUS F
HIGHLY
DIMINISHED,PION
T SIZED
REAL AND
INVERTED
BEYOND C
BETWEEN F
AND C
DIMINISHED
REAL AND
INVERTED
AT C
AT C
SAME SIZE
REAL AND
INVERTED
ENLARGED
REAL AND
INVERTED
HIGHLY ENLARGED
REAL AND
INVERTED
ENLARGED
VIRTUAL AND
ERECT
AT INFINITY
BETWEEN F
AND C
AT THE FOCUS
BEYOND C
AT INFINITY
F
BETWEEN
P(POLE) AND F
BEHIND THE
MIRROR
POSITION OF THE
IMAGE
SIZE OF THE
IMAGE
NATURE OF THE
IMAGE
AT THE FOCUS
F, behind the mirror
HIGHLY
DIMINISHED,PION
T SIZED
VIRTUAL AND
ERECT
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6
BETWEEN P
AND F, Behind the
mirror
DIMINISHED
VIRTUAL AND
ERECT
10. Uses of the concave mirror :1. It is used in torches, searched lights and vehicles heads lights to get powerful beams
of the light.
2. They are used as saving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.
3. The dentists used concave mirror.
4. They are used as reflectors in cinema projectors.
5. In solar cookers to focus the sun light.
11. Uses of the convex mirror :1. As rear view mirror because it produces erect and diminished images. Since the image
is small in size, so the field view is increased.
2. It is used as a reflector for street lighting purposes.
a) The image is unmagnified, virtual and erect in a plane mirror.
b) Focal length of a plane mirror is infinity.
c) Power of a plane mirror is zero.
12. Magnification :- Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives the relative extent
to which the image of the object is magnified with respect to the object size. It is expressed
as the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. It is usually represented by
m
m=
h'
h
= u
13. Light shows bending when it travels from one medium to another the phenomena is
called refraction of light.
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7
Reflection of the light :The change in the direction of propagation of light when it goes from one medium to
another medium is called refraction of light.
1) When a ray of light goes for a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the
normal .
2) When a ray of light goes for a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away
fromthe normal .
There is a change in the wavelength of light when it moves from one medium to
another .similarly frequency and speed of light will also
change.
14. Laws of refraction :1. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the
refracted ray lies in the same plane.
2. The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant for a given pair of medium.
=
sin i
sinr
normal
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8
incidentray
i
normal
air
medium
r
refracted ray
glass medium
normal
sin i
= sinr
FORMULAE
1. Relation between radius of curvature and focal length f = R/2
2. Mirror formula: 1/f= 1/v +1/u = 2 /R
3. M = h2 /h1 = -v/u
4. n = c/v
5.1n2 = 1/2n1
6.1n2 = n2/n1= sin i/sin r
7.a n w = x/y
8. Lens formula 1/v 1/u = 1/f
9. Magnification of a lens m =I/O = h2 /h1 = v/u
10. P= 1/f metre
11. P = p1 + p2 + p3 + .
12. n21=sin i/sin r=n2/n1=v2/v1=1/2
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9
Q10. Which of the two has a great power? A lens of short focal length or a lens of
large focal length?
Ans. Lens of short focal length.
Q11. Name the lens which always gives an erect and diminished image?
Ans. Concave lens.
Q12. Which mirror is used as rear view mirror in vehicles and why ?
Ans. Convex mirror, wider field of view.
Q13. Define one dioptre?
Ans. One dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length one meter.
Q14. The size of an object is 2cm.The magnification produced by a mirror is +1. Whatis the
size of the image?
Ans. +2cm, because m=I/O , +1=I/2 =+2
Q15. When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a rarer medium which angleis
greater: angle of incidence or angle of refraction?
Ans. Angle of refractions.
Q16. An image formed in a spherical mirror has magnification -2.Is the image real orvirtual?
Ans. Real.
Q17. The power of a lens is -2D. Is the lens convex or concave?
Ans. Concave lens.
Q18. Focal length of a convex mirror is 10cm.Find the radius of curvature of the
mirror?
Ans. 20cm.
Q19. An object is placed at a distance of 50cm from a convex mirror. State
twocharacteristics of the image formed.
Ans. (1) Image is virtual and erect.
(2) Image is diminished.
Q20.Write two uses of concave mirror.
Ans. (1) Used as reflectors for automobile headlights
(2) Used as shaving mirror.
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Q 21. An object 1cm high produces a real image 1.5 cm high, when placed at a distanceof 15
cm from concave mirror. Calculate the position of the image.
Ans. v/u = h/h , -v/-15 = -1.5/1
v = 15x 1.5 = -22.5cm.
Q22. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2m.
Ans. p = 1/f=1/-2 = -0.5D.
Q23. Which phenomenon occurs when light falls on(a) highly polished surface (b)
atransparent medium ?
Ans. (a) Reflection of light.
(b) Refraction of light.
Q24. What will happen to a ray of light when it falls normally on a surface ?
Ans. No bending of light ray occurs. It means light rays goes straight from one medium to
another.
Q25. What is absolute refractive index ?
Ans.When first medium is taken as vaccum, the refractive index of second medium iscalled
as absolute refractive index.
Q26. The magnification m for a mirror is +1 what does this signify ?
Ans. (a) Image is of same size as the object.
(b) Image is virtual and erect .
bundle of rays originating from the same source of light in a particular direction is called a
beam of
light.
Diagram as above
Q3.What is an image? Draw ray diagram when a object is in between infinity and
centre of curvature of the convex mirror.
Ans: Image: the point of convergence or the point form where the light appears to diverge
after reflection or refraction is called image.
Draw the ray diagram
Q4.What is angle of incidence and angle of reflection? Find the angle of incidence and
angle of reflection, if the angle between the incidence ray and mirror is 500 .
Ans Angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal at the point of
incidence is
called angle of incidence. Angle of reflection: the angle between the reflected ray and the
normal at the point of reflection is called angle of reflection.
a) 400
b) 400
Q5.What are the rules for drawing ray diagram for the reflection of light for concave
and convex mirror?
Ans In order to draw ray diagram, following rules are used:
1) The rays of light passing parallel to the principle axis will coverage at the focus after
reflection.
2) The rays of light passing through the focus will emerge parallel to the principle axis after
reflection.
3) The rays of light passing through the center of curvature will all retrace their both after
reflection.(as it is normal at the point of incidence)
4) The rays of light falling at the pole get reflected at the same angle on the other side of
principle
axis.(Laws of reflection)
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Chapter 11,
Key Concepts
1. The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image on a light sensitive screen
called the retina.
2. The eye ball is approx. spherical in shape with a diameter of 2.3cm.
3. The human eye has the following parts:-
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(a) Cornea:-The transparent spherical membrane covering the front of the eye.
(b) Iris:-The colored diaphragm between the cornea and lens.
(c) Pupil:-The small hole in the iris.
(d) Eye lens:-It is a transparent lens made of jelly like material.
(e) Ciliary muscles:-These muscles hold the lens in position.
(f) Retina:-The back surface of the eye.
(g) Blind spot:-The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. An image formed at this
point is not sent to the
brain.
(h) Aqueous humour:-A clear liquid region between the cornea and the lens.
(i) Vitreous humour:-The space between eye lens and retina is is filled with another liquid
called Vitreous humour.
Figure in NCERT book
4. In the eye, the image is formed on the retina by successive refraction at the cornea, the
aqueous humuor, the lens and the vitreous humuor. Electrical signals then travel along the
optic nerve to the brain to be interpreted. In good light, the yellow spot is most sensitive to
detail and the image automatically formed there.
5. Accommodation:-The ability of the eye to focus both near and distant objects, by
adjusting the focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye or the ability of the ciliary
muscles to change the focal length of the eye lens is called accommodation.
6. Defects of the eye:- Although the eye is one of the most remarkable organs in the body, it
may have several abnormalities, which can often be corrected with eye glasses, contact
lenses, or surgery. The various defects from which an eye can suffer are (i)
Hypermetropia or long sightedness. (ii) Myopia or short sightedness and (iii)
Astigmatism. (iv) Presbyopia.
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theprism.
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0
15. Causes of dispersion:-Every colour has its own characteristic wave length or
frequency. Different colours move with same speed in air/vacuum. But their speeds in
refracting media like glass are different. Therefore, refractive index of the medium for
different colours is different. As a result, different colours un dergo different deviations on
passing through the prism. Hence, differentcolours emerge from the prism along
different directions.
16.In any medium other than air/vacuum red light travels the fastest and violet light travels
the slowest.
17. When we pass white light through two identical prisms held side by side with their
refracting edges in opposite direction; the first prism disperses white light into seven
colours and the second prism recombines the seven colours into white light. Thus light
emerging from second prism is white.
18. A rainbow is formed due to dispersion of light by tiny droplets of water which act as
prisms.
19. Scattering of light causes the blue colour of the sky and the reddening of the sun at
sunrise and sunset.
1) Red light is used for danger signal
2) Cause of Color blindness.
3) Sky appears black in Moon.
4) Rainbow is seen on a rainy day in the presence of sunlight.
5) A person with a myopia eye cannot see objects beyond a distance of 1.5m. What
would be the
power of corrective lens? Which type of lens is used?
6) What do you understand by myopia? Write two causes of it?
7) What do you mean by far point and near point of eye?
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10) What is hypermetropia? State two causes of hypermetropia with help of ray diagrams
show:
1) The eye defect hyperopia.
HOTS
1.Why does it takes sometimes to see in a dim room when you enter the room from
bright sunlight outside?
ANS: In the bright iris causes the pupil to become smaller so that only a small portion of
light enter the eye and rods of the retina are also adjusted in the same way. but when a
person enter in to dim light each iris takes sometimes to increase the diameter of the
pupil so that more amount of light can enter the eyes to see the objects clearly and rods
of the retina also takes some time to adjust themselves to get the picture of the object in
the dim light.
8. Name the point inside the lens through which a ray of light goes deviated?
9. Name the photographic film equivalent to our eye .
10.Why does a glass slab not disperse white light?
11.Why do we not perceive the depth of a lake ?
12.Name two causes of Myopia, Hypermetropia and presbiopia.
13.Name the liquids that keep our eye soft.
14.What causes rainbow formation?
15.What is Mirage?
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chapter 12 Electricity
1
1
Gist of chapter
Static and current electricity: Static electricity deals with the electric charges at rest while
the current electricity deals with the electric charges in motion.
Electric circuit: The closed path along which electric current flows is called an electric
circuit.
Conventional current: Conventionally, the direction of motion of positive charges is taken
as the direction of current. The direction of conventional current is opposite to that of the
negatively charged electrons.
Electric field: It is the region around a charged body within which its influence can be
experienced.
Ohms law of electricity- The potential difference, V, across the ends of a given metallic
wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided
the Temperature remains the same.
Electric circuit diagram of ohms law
1
1
VI
V/I = constant (R)
V = IR
Where R is a constant for the given metallic wire at a given temperature and is
called its resistance.
Resistance : The property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it is called
resistance.
R = V/I , its SI unit is Ohm
Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to length of wire. Resistance of a
conductor is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area of wire.
R = L/A
Where (rho) is constant of proportionality called resistivity.
The equivalent resistance of the combination of resistance in a series is equal to the sum of
their individual resistances.
R = R1 + R2 + R3
A set of resistance connected in parallel has equivalent resistance R given by
1/R=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Electrostatic potential: Electrostatic potential at any point in an electric field is defined as
the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Its
unit is volt
1. Positive charges move from higher to lower potential regions. Electrons, being
negatively charged, move from lower to higher potential regions.
1
1
2. Potential difference between two points: The Potential difference between two
points in an electric field is the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from one to another.
Potential difference = Work done/Charge or V = W/Q
3. One volt potential difference: The Potential difference between two points in an
electric field is said to one volt if one joule of work has to be done in bringing a
positive charge of one coulomb from one point to another.
4. Electric potential difference (V) = W/q = 1Joule /1 coulomb= J/C = volt
5. Galvanometer: It is device to detect current in an electric circuit.
6. Ammeter: It is device to measure current in a circuit. It is always connected in series
in a circuit.
Voltmeter: It is a device to measure potential difference. It is always connected in
parallel to the component across which the potential difference is to be measured.
8. Electric energy: It is the total work done in maintaining an electric current in an
electric circuit for given time.
Electric energy, W = VIt = I2Rt joule
7.
9. Electrical power: Electrical power is the rate at which electric energy is consumed
by an appliance.
P = W/t = VI = I2R = V2/R
Watt: It is the S.I. unit of power. The power of an appliance is 1 watt if one ampere of
current flows through it on applying a potential differences of 1 volt across its ends.
1 watt = 1 joule/1 second =1 volt x 1 ampere
or 1 W = 1 Js-1 = 1 VA
Kilowatt hour: It is the commercial unit of electrical energy. One kilowatt hour is the
electric energy consumed by an appliance of 1000 watts when used for one hour.
1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J
appliances in a circuit?
Q. Which has higher resistance a 50W bulb or a 2.5W bulb and how many
times?
Q. What is the direction of flow of conventional current?
Q. Why is it not advisable to handle electrical appliances with wet hands?
Q. Two electric bulbs marked 100W 220V and 200W 200V have tungsten
filament of same length. Which of the two bulbs will have thicker filament?
Q. How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross section?
Q. Draw the following symbols
i) Battery
ii) Switch closed
iii) Resistor of resistance R
iv) Voltmeter
Q. A geyser is rated 1500W, 250V. This geyser is connected to 250V mains.
Calculate
i) The current drawn
ii) The energy consumed in 50hrs.
iii) The cost of energy consumed at Rs. 2.20 per kWh.
Q. What is the function of an electric fuse? Name the material used for
making fuse. In household circuit where is fuse connected?
Q. Write one important advantage of using alternative current. How
alternating current differ from direct current?
Q. What is the difference between short circuiting and overloading?
a) Draw diagram showing three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in series.
b) Two resistors of resistance 4 and 12
i)
In parallel
ii)
In series
Calculate the values of effective resistance in each case.
Gist of chapter
The magnetism is the property possessed by certain bodies of attracting or repelling other
bodies of magnetic substances.
Magnet: (i) is an object that attracts objects made of iron, cobalt & nickel.
(ii) Comes to rest in North-South direction, when suspended freely.
Magnets are used: (i) In radio & stereo speakers, (ii) In refrigerator doors, (iii) on
audio & video cassettes players, (iv) On hard discs & floppies of computers & (v) in
childrens toys.
Magnetic field: The area around a magnet where a magnetic force is experienced is
called a magnetic field. It is a quantity that has both direction & magnitude.
Magnetic field lines: Magnetic field is represented by field lines. They are lines
drawn in a Magnetic field along which a North magnetic pole moves. Magnetic field
lines are called as Magnetic lines of force.
Magnetic field lines due to a current through a straight conductor (wire)- consist of
series of concentric circles whose direction is given by the Right hand thumb rule.
Maxwell's Right Hand Grip Rule : The direction of the magnetic field around a current carrying conductor can be
explained by a simple rule known as Maxwell's right hand grip rule. If we hold
the current carrying wire in our right hand in such a way that the thumb is
stretched along the direction of the current, then the curled fingers give the direction of
the magnetic field produced by the current.
Flemings Left hand rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of left hand
such that they are mutually perpendicular. Forefinger points in the direction of
magnetic field and centre finger in the direction of current, then the thumb gives the
direction of force acting on it.
The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of the loop(coil)depends on:
(i)
The radius of the coil- The strength of the magnetic field is
inversely proportional to the radius of the coil. If the radius
increases, the magnetic strength at the centre decreases.
(ii) The number of turns in the coil: As the number of turns in the
coil increase, the magnetic strength at the centre increases,
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9. Domestic electric circuits: (Refer to figure 13.20, page 238 of N.C.E.R.T Text
book)
10.We receive electric supply through mains supported through the poles or cables.
In our houses we receive AC electric power of 220V with a frequency of 50Hz.
The 3 wires are as follows- (i) Live wire- (Red insulated, Positive)
(ii) Neutral wire- (Black insulated, Negative)
(iii) Earth wire- (Green insulated) for safety measure to
ensure
that any leakage of current to a metallic body does not give
any serious shock to a user.
11.Short circuit: is caused by touching of live wires and neutral wire
12.Fuse: is a protective device used for protecting the circuits from short circuiting
and over loading.
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2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Draw the lines of force indicating field direction of the magnetic field
through and around
i)
ii)
8.
9.
10.
Draw a schematic diagram of domestic wiring system and write its main
features.
11.
B
a) Force on a conductor in a
magnetic field
b) Direction of magnetic field of
straight conductor
c) Direction of induced current in
conductor
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2
13.
Write two differences between AC and DC current and draw diagram also.
14.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
a) What is a solenoid?
b) Is the magnetic field of a solenoid similar to that of a bar magnet?
c) State the two factors by which the strength of magnetic field inside a solenoid
can be increased.
d) How will you determine the direction of the magnetic field due to a current
carrying solenoid?
3.
a) What is an electromagnet?
b) What is the effect of placing an iron core in a solenoid?
c) What type of core should be used inside a solenoid to make an
electromagnet?
d) Give two advantages of electromagnets.
21.
22.
A generator converts energy from one form to another. What is this energy
conversion?
23.
24.
25.
What is the colour convention for live, neutral and earth wires?
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2
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Easy availability
Inexpensive
Easy to store and transport
Fossil fuels: were formed millions of years ago, when plants and animal remains got
buried under the earth and were subjected to high temperature and pressure conditions.
E.g.: Coal, Petroleum, etc.
These fossil fuels are non renewable sources of energy and cause environmental
problems due to pollution.
Thermal power plants:
(i)
Use coal, petroleum and natural gas to produce thermal electricity.
(ii) Electricity transmission is very efficient.
(iii) The steam produced by burning the fossil fuels runs the turbine to produce
electricity
Hydro power plant:
(i)
It is the most conventional renewable energy source obtained from water falling
from a great height.
(ii) It is clean &non polluting source of energy.
(iii) Dams are constructed to collect water flowing in high altitude rivers. The
stored water has a lot of potential energy.
(iv) When water is allowed to fall from a height, potential energy changes to kinetic
energy, which rotates the turbines to produce electricity.
Disadvantages of Hydro power plant:
(i)
Highly expensive to construct.
(ii) Dams cannot be constructed on all river sites.
(iii) Large areas o human habitation and agricultural fields get submerged.
(iv) People face social and environmental problems.
Non conventional sources:
(1) Bio mass:
It is the source of the conventionally used fuels that are used in our
country. E.g.: Cow dung cakes, fire-wood, coal, charcoal
Bio gas: It is a mixture of gases produced during decomposition of bio
mass in the absence of Oxygen. (Anaerobic Respiration). Methane is the
major component of bio gas.
Bio gas plants: Animal dung, sewage, crop residues, vegetable wastes,
poultry droppings, etc. are used to produce Bio gas in Bio gas plants.
(1) Wind energy:
It can be converted into mechanical and electrical energy.
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2
Kinetic energy of the wind is used in running of wind mills, which are
used to lift water, grind grains, etc.
Wind mill-(Refer to figure 14.5, page no. 247 of N.C.E.R.T Text book)
Advantages: (i) Eco friendly (ii) Renewable
Disadvantages: (i) Wind speed not uniform always.
(ii) Needs a large area to erect series of wind mills.
Big amount of investment is needed.
Out put is less as compared to investment
(2) Solar energy:
o Solar radiations can be converted electricity through solar cells
(photovoltaic cells).
o Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiations directly into electricity
through silicon solar cells.
o Solar cells arrange on a large flat sheets form a solar panel.
o Solar cookers are painted black from outside and a large glass plate
to trap solar radiations by green house effect.
o (Refer to figure 14.6, page no. 249 of N.C.E.R.T Text book)
o Advantages of Solar cookers:
(i) Eco friendly
(ii) Renewable
(iii) Used in rural areas.
(iv) Retains all the nutrients in food due to slow cooking.
o Disadvantages of solar cooker:
(i) Silicon cells are expensive.
(ii) Solar radiations are not uniform over earths surface.
(iii) Cannot be used at night or on cloudy days.
(iv) Cannot be used to make chapattis for frying as these
require a temperature of 1400C or more.
(Maximum temperature of 1000C only can be
achieved in a solar cooker)
o Other solar devices- Solar water heater, Solar furnace
(3) Geo thermal energy:
(i)
Energy harnessed from the heat of the sun is called Geo thermal energy.
(ii) Magma is formed when this heat melts the rocks. The molten rocks and
hot gases are called magma
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2
(iii)
(iv)
The magma gets collected at some depths below the earths surfaces.
These places are called Hot spots
When underground water comes in contact these hot spots, it changes
into steam, which can be used to generate electricity.
o Advantages of Geo thermal energy:
(i)
Renewable
(ii)
Inexpensive
1.
QUESTIONS
1
2
Name the component of sunlight, exposure to which may cause skin cancer.
9.
10.
Name one place in India where wind energy power station is installed.
11.
12.
13.
14.
What is the principle of solar cooker? Name two types of solar cooker.
15.
Name any two types of harmful nuclear radiations emitted during nuclear
fission.
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2
16.
17.
What is the principle of solar cooker? Give two limitations and two
advantages of solar cooker.
18.
Name the fuel for hydro power plant. Mention two advantages and
disadvantages of producing electricity at the hydro power plant.
19.
Explain why:
a) It is difficult to burn a piece of wood fresh from a tree.
b) Pouring dry sand over the fire extinguishes it.
c) It is difficult to use hydrogen as source of energy.
20.
What are the different types of energies obtained from sea? Explain.
21.
Biodegradable waste
Non-biodegradable waste
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Producers --- first trophic level, Herbivores --- second trophic levels, Carnivores --- third trophic level Top carnivores
--- fourth trophic level
10% LAW OF ENERGY FLOW The energy available at any trophic level in a food chain is
10% of the previous one.
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION Progressive accumulation of nonbiodegradable waste at
various trophic levels of food chain.
Food web: Several interconnected food chains form a food web.
Differences between food chain & food web
Food chain
Food web
energy.
2. It forms a part of food web.
HOW DO OUR ACTIVITIES AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT? Two major problems:a) Depletion of ozone layer
b) Disposal of waste
Depletion of ozone layer The ozone layer protects all the organisms from the harmful ultra
violet rays. Ozone depleting substances: CFCs, N2O, CH4 , CCl4
These chlorine containing compounds are used in: Aerosols, solvents, refrigerants and fire
extinguishers. Ozone hole developed over Antartica. Effects of ozone depletion on human
health- Due to depletion of ozone layerUV radiations reaches the earth and cause: i) skin
cancer ii) increased chances of cataract iii) suppression of immune system
HIGHER ORDER THINKIN SKIILS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
5. If 1000 KJ energy is available at producer level, how much energy will be available at first carnival
level?
6. Why do most food chains have 3-5 steps only?
7. Select the biodegradable items from the list given blowPolythene bags, old clothes, wilted flowers, pencil shavings, glass bangles, bronze statue, vegetable
peels.
8. What will be impact on ecosystem if bacteria and fungi are removed from the Environment?
9. Express your feelings on the picture given down below. What will happen if all?
10. Carnivores are eliminated from the environment? What measures will you take to save?
Tiger?
HOTS Questions and Answers
Q.1 Why some substances are degraded and others not?
Q2. What limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain.
Q3. What will happen if decomposers are not there in the environment?
Q4. What is the harm of clay cups?
Q5. What will happen if all the carnivores are removed from the earth?
Q6. What will happen to grasslands if all the grazers are removed from there?
Q7. The number of malarial patients in a village increase tremendously, when a
large number of frogs were exported from the village. What could be the cause for it?
Explain the help of food chain?
Q8. State one reason to justify the position of man at the apex of most food chains?
Q9. Which food chains are advantageous in terms of energy?
Q10. Construct a food chain composing the following Snake, Hawk, Rats, Plants.
Q11. Name the process that is a direct outcome of excessive burning of fossil fuels?
Q12. If all the wastes we generate is bio-degradable what impact may this have on
the environment?
Q13. Write the harmful effect of ozone depletion.
Q14. Why food chains consists of three or four steps only?
Q15. Which of the following will have the maximum concentration of harmful
chemicals in its body?
Peacock, Frog, Grass, Snake, Grasshopper
Q16. Why energy of herbivores never come back to the autotrophs?
Q17. What are decomposers and what is the importance of them in the ecosystem?
Q18. Give the correct sequence of various trophic levels in a food chain.
Q19. What is biological magnification and give its causes?
Q20. Are plants actually producers of energy?
ANSWERS
Ans-1. Different components of food are changed to simpler substances by digestive
enzymes and these enzymes are very much specific in nature and action. Similarly,
substances are broken down by bacteria and saprophytes. They are also very specific
Producers
Primary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumers
Tertiary
Consumers
in action and break down of the particular substance. Therefore, some substances are
biodegradable and other are non-biodegradable.
Ans-2. There is a loss of energy as we go from one trophic level to the next, this
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3
Secondary
Consumers
Primary
Consumers
Producers
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3
10) Fossil Fuels: These fuels are obtained from the remains of plants and animals, which got buried beneath
the earth millions of years ago, changed into coal, petroleum and natural gas due to excessive heat and
high pressure inside the earth.
11) Coal: It contains chiefly carbon and its compounds mainly nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and hydrogen. It
also contains inorganic matter.
12) Non-renewable Energy Sources: These are energy sources which cannot be replaced easily when they
get exhausted and are also called conventional sources of energy. E.g.: Fossil fuels.
13) Uses of Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Thermal power plants and steam engines
Petroleum: Petroleum products like petrol and diesel are used as means of transport.
14) Management of Fossil fuels: The natural gas is a good alternative to fossil fuels like coal and petroleum.
The use of alternative source of non- conventional source of energy such as solar energy, wind energy,
biomass energy etc. Should be promoted to save the reserves of fossil fuels .biogas can also be used for
various purposes.
MIND MAP
1. What
level of
count in river Ganga indicates?
2. What are biodiversity hot spots? What is the measure of the biodiversity?
3. Which programme was started to replenish forests?
4. Why scarcity of water is there in our country inspite of natures monsoon
bounty?
5. What is the effect of continuous depletion of ground water along coastal
region?
6. Why is dependence of man on nature greater than that of any other organism?
7. In addition to low rainfall, what are the other reasons for non-availability of
water in arid and semi-arid zones of our country?
8. Why is mining a big source of pollution?
9. Write two points to be kept in mind while storing water in tanks.
10. Write any two alternatives to dams.
11. Why do you think there should be equitable distribution of resources?
12. Which canal has brought greenery to considerable areas of Rajasthan?
13. What were the two main problems as a result of Tawa Irrigation Project?
14. Write the advantages of giving the control of water management to the
residents of the area?
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3
IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS
does the high
total coliform
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT II
Time: 3 Hrs
Max. Marks: 90
General
Instructions
i) The question paper comprises of two Sections ,A and B.You are to
attempt both sections.
ii) All questions are compulsory.
iii)There is no overall choice. However internal choice has been provided in
Five marks
category.
iv) All questions of SectionA and all questions of Section B are to be
attempted separately.
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3
SECTION
A
1. In a food chain consisting of grass,frog,bird and insects, where will be the
concentration of the harmful chemicals maximum?
2. A small candle2.5cm in size is placed at 27 cm in front of concave mirror of
radius of curvature 36 cm. If the candle is moved close to the mirror how will
the screen has to be moved?
3. Write the formula of the sulphate of the element with atomic number13.
4. What is the role of seminal vesicles and prostate gland in Human male
reproductive system?
5. Fossil fuels arebeing increasingly used a ssource of energy. List reasons for
replacing these by alternative sources of energy.
6. What are Isomers? State two properties of carbon which lead to the huge
number of carbon compound.
7. Explain the three Rs to save the environment with examples.
8. (a) Which two criteria did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in
his periodic table? (b) State Mendeleevs periodic law.
(c) Why is it not possible to give a fixed position to hydrogen in Mendeleevs
periodic table?
9. (a) Give the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons and also give one example of each.
(b) Write IUPAC name of the following compound
O
||
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2C
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(c) What happens when ethanol is heated with concentrated H2SO4 at 443 K? Give
the chemical reaction.
10. A) Properties of the element are given below:Where would you locate the
following elements in the periodic table.
a. An metal stored under kerosene oil.
b. An element with variable valency (more than one)stored
underwater. c. An element which is tetravalent in organic
chemistry.
d. An element which is an inert gas with atomic number2.
B) Why does atomic size decreases from left to right in a period and
increases down the group
11. Write the full form of DNA and briefly explain DNA copying and its
significance.
12. Why are bacteria and fungi called decomposers? List any two advantages of
decomposers to the environment.
13. Draw a neat diagram of human female reproductive system and label
the following parts: A) The site of fertilization.
B) The part which is responsible for providing shelter to the
growing embryo. C) The part in which ovum formation takes
place.
14. Define the following with one example for each:
A) Genetic Drift.B) Natural selection.C) Reproductive isolation.
15. A) Give the laws of Refraction of Light.
B) Two mediums A and B with refractive index 1.33 and 1.50 are
given. In which case i. Bending of light is more.
ii.
Speed of light is more. Justify your
answer.
16. A) Define Magnification.
B)Aconvex lens of focal length 20cm produces 3 times magnified real image
of an object . Find the position of the object
17. A) Write the differences between real and virtual image
B) Why convex mirror is used as rear view mirror
18.A student is not able to see clearly the questions written on the blackboard
placed at a distance of 5m from him.
A) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from
B) What are the causes for this defect.
C) With the help of labeled ray diagrams show the defect and how this can be
corrected?
19.Variation is beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the
individual.Give three reasons to support it.
20. A) Draw a diagram showing germination of pollen on stigma of a flower.
B) Label pollen grain ,male germ cells ,pollen tube and female germ cell in
the above diagram. C) Explain the process of fertilization in plants.
O
R
A) What are the different methods of asexual mode of reproduction?
B) Explain two methodsFragmentation and regeneration with proper
diagram.
21. A)Explain Mendels experiment with peas on inheritance of traits considering
two visible
Contrasting characters.
Ni
sunlight
(iii) CH4+Cl2
B) Draw the structures of(i) ethanoic acid (ii)butanone
C) What are esters? Give one use of ester.
O
R
A)What are soaps?Why do soaps not produce lather
in hard water? B)Explain the mechanism of cleansing
action of soap.
C)Will a micelle be formed in other solvents like ethanol also? Justify your
answer.
23. Image characteristics of mirror and lens
are given below.
A) Complete the table
B) Draw the ray diagram for any one case
SlNo.
Devic
Position of
Position of
Nature
e
Object
Image
ofImage
1
Concavemirror
Convex mirror
Concavelens
Beyond C
Behind
Foranyposition
Convex lens
Away from2f
24.Two friends were playing in the garden. Suddenly, Akshay noticed seven
colours in the sky. He said to Sudeep wow , what is this?. Sudeep
explained
A)What is the name of this natural phenomena?
B) Which device can be used to obtain such a phenomena?
Draw thediagram. C) If Akshay was facing the colours then
where was the sun?
D) What is the moral value which is shown by Sudeep.
SECTI
ON-B
25.On adding concentrated NaOH solution to a testtube containing
phenolphthalein, the colourchange observed by a student would be:
A. Pink to colourless
B. Pink to blue
C. colourless to pink
D. Red to blue
26.Four students observed the colour and odour of acetic acid and its
reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate. They tabulated their
observations as given below.
Student
A
B
C
D
Colourofacetic
acid
Blue
Colourless
Lightgreen
Light brown
Odourofacetic
acid
Fruity
Smellofvinegar
Odourless
Rotten egg
Actionwithsodium
Hydrogencarbonat
Gas e
evolveswithout
bubbles
Effervescence
Gas evolves without
bubbles
Effervescence
a) I
b) II
c) III
d) IV
d) I,III,II,IV
30
30
II