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ECS 238

BASIC SOLID MECHANICS


CHAPTER 2c:
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
BY
AIMI MUNIRAH BINTI JALILLUDDIN

CONTENTS
1

Learning Outcomes

Introduction

CHAPTER 2: Stresses and Deflection of Beams


a

Geometrical Properties of Section

Bending and Shear Stresses in Symmetrical Beams

Deflection of Beams

CHAPTER 2
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to :
1. Compute beams deflection using the

fundamental of integration method


(CO2:PO1, PO3)

2. Compute beams deflection using Macaulays

method, (CO2:PO1, PO3)

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
When a beam with a straight longitudinal axis is
loaded by lateral forces, the axis is deformed into a
curve, called the deflection of the beam. Deflection
is the displacement in the y-direction of any point
on the axis of the beam
P
A

v
x

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
The calculation of deflections is an important

part of structural analysis and design.

Deflections are essential for example in the

analysis of statically indeterminate structures


and in dynamic analysis, as when
investigating the vibration of aircraft or
response of buildings to earthquakes.

Deflections

are sometimes calculated in


order to verify that they are within tolerable
limits.

ELASTIC CURVE

The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis


that passes through the centroid of each crosssectional area of the beam is called the elastic
curve, which is characterized by the deflection
and slope along the curve

ELASTIC CURVE

Moment-curvature relationship:
Sign convention:

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
There are several methods to obtain the

deflection of beam. There are:


1) Integration Method
2) Moment Area Method

3) Macaulays Method

INTEGRATION METHOD
For most problems the flexural rigidity will be constant

along the length of the beam.


The slope and displacement relationship of the beam
is
d4y
EI 4 wx
dx

d3y
EI 3 V x
dx

d2y
EI 2 M x
dx

dy
M x C1 ........... Slope Equation ( )
dx
EIy M x C1 x C2 .......... Deflection Equation ()
EI

Each integration is used to solve for all the constants


to obtain a unique solution for a particular problem.

INTEGRATION METHOD
Boundary and Continuity
Conditions
The constants of
integration are
determined by
evaluating the functions
for shear, moment,
slope, or displacement.
These values are called
boundary conditions.

EXAMPLE 1
The cantilevered beam shown in Fig. 1210a is subjected
to a vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.

SOLUTION
From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive

direction, Fig. 1210b, we have

M Px
Applying Eq. 1210 and integrating twice yields

d 2v
EI 2 Px (1)
dx
dv
Px 2
EI

C1 (2)
dx
2
Px 3
EIv
C1 x C2 (1)
6

SOLUTION
Using the boundary conditions dv/dx = 0 at x = L and v = 0 at

x = L, equations 2 and 3 become

PL2
0
C1
2
PL3
0
C1L C2
6
PL2
PL3
C1
and C2
2
3
Substituting these results, we get

P 2
L x2
2 EI
P
v
x 3 3L2 x 2 L3
6 EI

(Ans)

SOLUTION
Maximum slope and displacement occur at for which A(x =0),

PL2
A
(4)
2 EI
PL3
vA
(5)
3EI

EXAMPLE 2
Determine the elastic curve equations using the x1 and
x2 coordinates, and specify the slope at A and the
deflection at C. EI is constant.

SOLUTION
Free Body Diagram

Section AB (0 x 6)

Section BC (0 x 3)

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 3
Determine the maximum deflection of the rectangular
simply supported beam. The beam is made of wood
having a modulus of elasticity of E = 10.5 GPa.

SOLUTION
Free Body Diagram

Section AB (0 x 2.4)

Section BC (0 x 1.2)

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 4
Determine the elastic curve for the cantilevered beam
using the x coordinate. Speficy the maximum slope and
maximum deflection. E = 200GPa and I = 121 (106)mm4.

SOLUTION
Free Body Diagram

Section AB (0 x 2.7)

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 5
The beam is subjected to a load P at its end.
Determine the displacement at C. EI is constant.

SOLUTION
Due to the loading, two x coordinates will be considered,
0 x1 2a and 0 x2 a

Using the free-body diagrams,


M1

Thus, for 0 x 2a

P
x1
2

M 2 Px2

d 2 y1
P
EI

x1
2
dx1
2
EI

dy1
P
x12 C1
dx1
4

EIy1

P 3
x1 C1 x1 C2
12

SOLUTION
And for 0 x2 a

d 2 y2
EI
Px2
2
dx2
EI

dy2
P
x22 C3
dx2
2

P 3
x 2 C3 x 2 C 4
6
The four constants of integration are determined using three boundary
conditions, and one continuity equation ie . dy dy when x1=2a and when
dx
dx
x2=a
y1 0, x1 0; y1 0, x1 2a; y2 0, x2 a
EIy 2

Pa 2
Solving, we obtain C1 3

7 2
Pa C4 Pa 3
6
P 3 7 Pa 2 2 Pa 3
y2
x2
x
Thus solving the equations,
6 EI
6 EI
EI
Pa 3
yc
(Ans)
When x2 = 0, we get
EI
C2 0

C3

EXAMPLE 6
The simply supported beam supports the triangular
distributed loading. Determine its maximum deflection.
EI is constant.

SOLUTION
Due to symmetry only one x coordinate is needed for the solution,
0 x L/2

The equation for the distributed loading is w


M NA 0;

w0 x 2 x w0 L
x 0
M

L 3 4
w0 x 2 w0 L
M

x
3L
4

Integrating twice, we have


w
wL
d2y
EI 2 M 0 x 3 0 x
dx
3L
4
w
wL
dy
EI
0 x 4 0 x 2 C1
dx
12 L
8
w
wL
EIy 0 x 5 0 x 3 C1 x C2
60 L
24

2w0
x
L

.Hence,

SOLUTION
For boundary condition,
5w0 L3
y 0, x 0 and dy dx 0, x L 2 we have C1
, C2 0
192

Hence,

w0 5 w0 L 3 5w0 L3
EIy
x
x
x
60 L
24
192

For maximum deflection at x = L/2,


ymax

w0 L4

120 EI

(Ans)

MACAULAYS METHOD
When expressing load or internal moment of the

beam, we need to use discontinuity functions.


1) Macaulay Functions
X is the point along the beam and a is the location
on the beam where a discontinuity occurs.
General equation can used for distributed loadings:

MACAULAYS METHOD
Discontinuity Functions

MACAULAYS METHOD
Singularity Functions
The functions are used to describe the point
location forces or couple moments acting on a
beam.
i) To describe a force,

w P xa

0 for x a

P for x a

ii) To describe a couple moment,

w M0 x a

for x a
0

M 0 for x a

iii) Integration of both equations will give

x a dx x a

n 1

, n 1,2

EXAMPLE 1
Determine the equation of the elastic curve for
the cantilevered beam, EI is constant.

SOLUTION
The boundary conditions require zero slope and displacement at A.
The support reactions at A have been calculated by statics and are
shown on the free-body diagram,

w 52 x 0

Since

258 x 0

x0

50 x 5

8 x 5

dV dx wx and dM dx V
V 52 x 0 258 x 0
0

8 x 0 50 x 5

M 258 x 0 52 x 0
0

8 x 5

1
8 x 0 2 50 x 5 0 1 8 x 5
2
2

258 52 x 4 x 2 50 x 5

4 x 5

kN m

SOLUTION
Integrating twice, we have
d 2v
0
2
EI 2 258 52 x 4 x 2 50 x 5 4 x 5
dx
dv
4
4
1
3
EI
258 x 26 x 2 x 3 50 x 5 x 5 C1
dx
3
3
26
1
1
2
4
EIv 129 x 2 x 3 x 4 25 x 5 x 5 C1 x C2
3
3
3

Since dv/dx = 0, x = 0, C1 = 0; and v = 0, C2 = 0. Thus


v

1
26 3 1 4
1
2
4
2
129 x x x 25 x 5 x 5 m (Ans)
EI
3
3
3

EXAMPLE 2
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine
the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.

SOLUTION
Find reactions at the supports

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 3
Determine the slope at A and the deflection of end C
of the overhanging beam. The beam is made of
material having an E = 200 GPa and I = 84.9 (10-6) m4.

SOLUTION
Find reactions at the supports

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 4
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine
the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.

SOLUTION
Find reactions at the supports

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 5
Determine the maximum deflection of the cantilvered
beam. The beam is made of material having an
E = 200 GPa and I = 65 (106) mm4.

SOLUTION
Find reactions at the supports

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

TUTORIAL
Determine the maximum deflection in the region AB of
the overhanging beam. The beam is made of material
having an E = 200 GPa and I = 84.9 (10-6) m4.

TUTORIAL
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine
the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.

THE END

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