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ID : AGE 020
1st International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering 2012 (ICACE 2012)
12 14 December 2012
CUET, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Final year undergraduate student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author
ABSTRACT
Several analytical methods are in use to estimate the lateral load capacity of vertically installed pile
foundation in order to avoid costly pile load test. One of the most common and simplified method is
proposed by Broms (1965) that determines the lateral load capacity and pile deflection at ground
surface. Broms uses several graphical charts to obtain ultimate bearing capacity and lateral deflection.
The present paper reports a study concerning the digitization of these charts so that they can be used as
inbuilt program. Once soil and pile data are given as input, the lateral capacity for both fixed and free
headed piles in either purely cohesive or cohesionless soil can be evaluated by this procedure in a
spread sheet without consulting the charts.
Keywords: Broms method, Lateral capacity of pile, Pile foundation, Excel spread sheet
INTRODUCTION
As a result of wind earthquake, waves, impact and lateral earth pressure most structures are subjected
to lateral loads and moments in addition to the axial downward loads due to gravity. If these structures
are supported on deep foundations, the foundations have to be designed for lateral loads so that they
are safe against geotechnical failure, structural failure, and excessive deflections. The allowable lateral
load on piles is determined from the following two criteria:
(i) Allowable lateral load is obtained by dividing the ultimate (failure) load by an adequate factor
of safety.
(ii) Allowable lateral load is corresponding to an acceptable lateral deflection.
The smaller of the two above values is the one actually adopted as the design lateral load. Methods of
calculating lateral resistance of vertical piles can be broadly divided into two categories:
(i) Methods of calculating ultimate lateral resistance.
(ii) Methods of calculating acceptable deflection at working lateral load.
In engineering practice to withstand lateral load, laterally loaded piles are most commonly in use and
in order to analyze them a number of theoretical methods are available such as the subgrade reaction
approach by Barber (1953) and Matlock and Reese (1960), the ultimate lateral load approach by
Broms (1964a), the p-y curve method by Reese (1977), and the elastic continuum approach by Poulos
and Davis (1980), Zhang and Small (2000), and Shen and Teh (2002). Among these aforementioned
methods, Broms method is the simplest method to determine the lateral load and pile deflection at the
ground surface using a convenient set of curves, ignoring axial load in the pile. In this article the
solution for laterally loaded pile based on a simple spreadsheet calculation procedure using Microsoft
Excel following Broms method is reported along with digitalizing the curves with their trend line
equations. The purpose of the paper is to provide simple, efficient and reasonable solution suitable for
small projects or non-critical projects, eliminating manual effort.
M y kAs f yd r
(1a)
k 0.76 0.11
(1b)
Where,
As f yd
R2 0.9 fcd
and,
In which,
As = area of reinforcement
(1c)
fyd
fcd
R
r
provided in Table 2.
Soil
Type
Pile
Type
Load
Eccentricity
Fixed Head
Short
0.9987
0.9973
e/b=2
0.9977
e/b =4
0.9999
0.9999
-7
0.9991
-5
y = 210
1.5975
e/b =0
e/b =1
e/b =8
e/b=16
Fixed Head
-9
-6
-9
-6
-10
-10
y = 0.064x
-7
0.9996
0.9983
0.9987
0.9992
0.9998
0.9999
-7
-5
0.9676
0.9986
0.9998
e/D=0
0.9997
e/D =0.2
0.9988
e/D =0.4
0.9996
e/D =0.6
e/D =0.8
e/D =1
e/D =1.5
e/D =2
0.9998
0.9998
0.9991
0.9997
0.9996
e/D =3
0.9988
Fixed Head
y = 2.4169x0.6723
0.9994
e/b=0
y = 1.5142x0.676
0.9988
e/b =1
e/b =2
Long
Fixed Head
e/b =4
Cohesion
-less
0.9991
e/b =2
Short
y = 8.3809x - 12.538
e/b=1
e/b =16
Long
Regression Equation
e/b=0
e/b =8
Cohesive
Coeff.
of
Correlation
(R2)
e/b =4
e/b =8
e/b =16
e/b =32
y = 0.7988x
0.7458
0.9992
y = 0.5175x
0.7909
0.9984
y = 0.3329x
0.8239
0.9975
y = 0.1651x
0.8756
0.9991
y = 0.0776x
0.9327
0.9992
y = 0.0284x
1.0054
0.9998
Soil
Type
Load
Eccentricity
Coeff.
Regression Equation
of
Correlation
(R2)
Fixed Head
e/D=0
e/D=0.05
Cohesive
e/D=0.1
e/D=0.2
e/D=0.4
0.9997
0.9997
0.9998
0.9997
0.9995
0.9973
y = 1.0435x
-0.949
e/D=0
y = 7.2174x
-1.552
e/D=0.2
y = 6.974x-1.235
0.8914
e/D=0.4
y = 6.4996x-0.979
0.8460
e/D=0.6
y = 6.4296x
-0.817
0.8194
y = 6.4814x
-0.717
Fixed Head
Cohesionless
ec/D=0.8
e/D=1
e/D=1.5
e/D=2
0.9849
0.9255
0.8000
3
0.9988
0.9968
2
0.9909
46.121
Table 2: Equations of Broms Charts for Lateral Deflection of Pile at Ground Surface
The typical output or the results obtained from Microsoft Excel, is presented in a tabular form shown
in Fig. 9.
Numerical Example
A short free headed pile in cohesive soil has diameter (b) = 305mm, moment of inertia (Ip) =
1.75x10-4 m4, load eccentricity (e) = 0.61m, embedded depth of pile (D) =2.44m. The
undrained shear strength of soil (cu) =47.8 kPa. Calculated value for ultimate load, Qu=60 kN.
And using the proposed equations the value obtained is 62.9 kN with only a 4.87% variation.
CONCLUSION
The proposed equations of Broms curves for ultimate lateral capacity and deflection has the potential
to be used in engineering practice for the analysis or design of laterally loaded piles in both single and
two layered soil just through spreadsheet calculation using Microsoft Excel. Trials were made with
various examples to check the accuracy of the method. The variations were found to be within 10
percent for both lateral capacity and deflections. As such, the input of the proposed regression
equations for lateral load capacity and deflection may be suggested to be used in excel sheet in order
to calculate lateral load capacity and pile head deflection, thus avoiding cumbersome method of curve
manipulation.
REFERENCES
Broms, B. B. (1964a), Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils, Journal of SMFED, Proc. ASCE,
No. SM2, pp. 27-63.
Broms, B. B. (1964b), Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Soils, Journal of SMFED, Proc.
ASCE, No. SM3, pp. 123-156.
Broms, B. B. (1965), Design of Laterally Loaded Piles, Journal of SMFED, ASCE, No. SM3, pp. 7999.
Cosenza, E., Galasso, C. & Maddalonib, G. (2011), A Simplified Method for Flexural Capacity
Assessment of Circular RC Cross-sections, Engineering Structures Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2011, pp. 942
946, Elsevier publishers.
Matlock, H. and Reese, L.C. (1960), Generalised Solution for Laterally Loaded Piles, Journal of
SMFED, ASCE, No. SM5, Part I, pp. 63-91.