8.

OPERATIONS WITH MATRICES

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

What You Should Learn

Decide whether two matrices are equal.
Add and subtract matrices and multiply matrices
by scalars.
Multiply two matrices.
Use matrix operations to model and solve
real-life problems.
2

Equality of Matrices

Equality of Matrices

Equality of Matrices
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are equal if they have

the same order (m n) and aij = bij for 1 i m and

1 j n.
In other words, two matrices are equal if their
corresponding entries are equal.

Example 1 Equality of Matrices

Solve for a11, a12, a21, and a22 in the following matrix
equation.

Solution:
a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a21 = 3, and a22 = 0.

Matrix Addition and Scalar

Multiplication

Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Matrix Subtraction
A B = A + (-B)
8

Example 2 Addition of Matrices

Example 2 Addition of Matrices

contd

d. The sum of
and

is undefined because A is of order 3 3 and B is of

order 3 2.

10

Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

11

Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

If A is an m n matrix and O is the m n zero
matrix consisting entirely of zeros, then A + O = A.
O is the additive identity for the set of all m n matrices.

2 3 zero matrix

2 2 zero matrix

12

Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Real Numbers
(Solve for x.)

m n Matrices
(Solve for X.)

x + a= b

X+A=B

x + a + (a) = b + (a)

X + A + (A) = B + (A)

x+0 =ba

X+O=BA

x=ba

X=BA

13

Matrix Multiplication

14

Matrix Multiplication

For the product of two matrices to be defined, the number of columns of

the first matrix must equal the number of rows of the second matrix.
A

B
=
AB
mn

np

mp

15

Example 7 Finding the Product of Two Matrices

Find the product AB using

Solution:

and

16

Matrix Multiplication
For most matrices, AB BA.

17

Matrix Multiplication

18

Matrix Multiplication
If A is an n n matrix, the identity matrix has the property
that AIn = A and InA = A.
AI = A

and
IA = A

19

Applications

20

Applications

21

Example 11 Solving a System of Linear Equations

Consider the following system of linear equations.

x1 2x2 + x3 = 4
x2 + 2x3 = 4
2x1 + 3x2 x3 = 2
a. Write this system as a matrix equation, AX = B.
b. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination on the augmented matrix
to solve for the matrix X.

22

Example 11 Solution
a. In matrix form, AX = B, the system can be written as
follows.

b. The augmented matrix is formed by adjoining

matrix B to matrix A.

23

Example 11 Solution

contd

Using Gauss-Jordan elimination, you can rewrite this

equation as

So, the solution of the system of linear equations is

x1 = 1, x2 = 2, and x3 = 1, and the solution of the matrix
equation is

24