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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
.... 5
2.0
3.0
51
92
118
Appendices
A: Creating Bridge Geometry Using STAAD.Pro V8i Grid System .. 120
B: Creating Bridge Geometry Using STAAD.Pro V8i dxf Import .. 126
C: STAAD.Pro Input Command File ... 134
D: Specifying Proper Slenderness Lengths in STAAD.Pro ......
146
1.0 Introduction
The Student Steel Bridge Competition is sponsored by the American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and cosponsored by the American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI), Bentley Systems, Inc., Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC), James F. Lincoln
Arc Welding Foundation, National Steel Bridge Alliance (NSBA), Nelson Stud Welding, Nucor
Corporation, and Steel Structures Education Foundation (SSEF).
Students design and erect a steel bridge by themselves but may seek advice from faculty and student
organization advisers. Civil Engineering students are challenged to an inter-collegiate competition that
includes design, fabrication, and construction of a scaled steel bridge. Participating students gain
practical experience in structural design, fabrication processes, construction planning, organization,
project management, and teamwork.
In the industry, commercial structural analysis and design software integrated within a BIM (Building
Information Modeling) or BrIM (Bridge Information Modeling) environment are used extensively to
complete projects on time and at the same time lets engineers maintain accuracy and come up with very
efficient design alternatives. The correct combination of software tools can make the bridge design,
fabrication and construction task very easy.
STAAD.Pro is the professionals choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum and cold-formed steel
structures, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more. It is a general purpose
structural analysis and design tool.
Structural Modeler is an advanced, yet intuitive and easy-to-use building information modeling (BIM)
application that empowers structural engineers and designers to create structural system models and
related engineering drawings (i.e. documentation).
STAAD.Pro and Structural Modeler are integrated. STAAD.Pro models can be imported into Structural
Modeler and Structural Modeler models can be exported out to STAAD.Pro.
The purpose of this document is to help students analyze and design their bridge models using Bentleys
STAAD.Pro software and produce engineering layout drawings using Structural Modeler. This document
does not teach how to compare advantages of various alternatives that are allowed in this competition.
Designers must consider carefully the comparative advantages of various alternatives. For example, a
truss bridge may be stiffer than a girder bridge but slower to construct. Successful teams analyze and
compare alternative designs prior to fabrication.
Following are some statements from the Student Steel Bridge Competition 2013 Rules manual.
This Years Problem Statement:
The new Hill Music Hall and Marian Paroo Memorial Library sparked revitalization of the River City
waterfront, with restaurants, theaters, and luxury condominiums scrambling for space in the old brick
warehouses. The resulting vehicle traffic now exceeds the capacity of city streets.
Therefore, the River City Development Corporation (RCDC) is requesting design/build proposals for a
bridge to provide direct access from suburbs across the river.
Construction Speed
The bridge with the lowest total time will win in this category.
Construction Economy
The bridge with the lowest construction cost (Cc) will win in the construction
economy category. Construction cost is computed as
Cc = Total time (minutes) x number of builders x 50,000 ($/builder-minute) + load test penalties ($).
Total time is defined in 7.2.3, and load test time penalties are prescribed in 12.2, 12.4, and 12.5. The
number of builders includes all members and associates of the competing organization who physically
assist the team at any time during timed construction or repair.
Lightness
The bridge with the least total weight will win in the lightness category. Total weight is the weight of the
bridge (determined by scales provided by the host student organization) plus weight penalties prescribed
in 9.3, 9.4, and 10.2. Decking, tools, temporary pier, lateral restraint devices, and posters are not included
in total weight.
Stiffness
The bridge with the lowest aggregate deflection will win in the stiffness category.
Aggregate deflection is determined from measurements as prescribed in 12.5.
Structural Efficiency
The bridge with the lowest structural cost (Cs) will win in the structural efficiency
Overall Performance
The overall performance rating of a bridge is the sum of construction cost and structural cost (Cc + Cs).
The bridge achieving the lowest value of this total wins the overall competition.
From the above statements it is clear that a bridge that is light and stiff (i.e. structurally efficient) may not
necessarily be an overall winner. Designers need to keep other criteria such as constructability and cost
(i.e. construction economy) in mind.
This document and software packages discussed here will help students analyze and understand their
structures better to achieve structural efficiency. The documentation that will be produced can be used to
discuss/plan construction economy.
In this case part of the bridge geometry will be created using Structure Wizard. The bridge geometry is
shown in Figure 1.
Note: The bridge model constructed in this tutorial does not fully comply with the 2013 rules. For
example, the maximum allowable length of the bridge is 17 feet. This tutorial illustrates a model bridge
with 21 feet span. There are other grometric contrains that the designers need to be aware of. The goal
of this tutorial is to show designers how these complex bridge models can be analyzed and designed
using STAAD.Pro.
10
11
12
Note: If custom cross sections are used for the bridge members, the custom shapes can be modeled as
General Sections. You may have to use STAAD.SectionWizard. Alternatively, a General Section can
be also created in STAAD.Pro V8i using the instructions on the following link:
ftp://ftp2.bentley.com/dist/collateral/Web/Building/STAADPro/Modeling_Custom Shapes in
STAAD_PRO.pdf
The loads on the bridge will be placed based upon the roll of first dice. The following table shows the
possible values of L and locations where the displacements will be measured.
Note: The loading on the bridge model constructed in this tutorial does not fully comply with the
2013 rules. The goal of this tutorial is to show designers how these complex bridge models can be
analyzed and designed using STAAD.Pro. In this tutorial, the following load pattern will be used.
13
Following are all possible values of L and LC based on the roll of the two dice.
DICE1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
DICE2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
L(FT)
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
TB(FT)
3
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
9
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
12
12
TC(FT)
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
Loading Type
L=0ftVLTPRELOAD
L=0ftVLTSTEP1
L=0ftVLTSTEP2
Components
Self weight of the structure
Distributed Load as shown below:
VLTPRELOAD
Left Side:
0.2 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.017k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP1:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP2:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.7 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0058k/ft load on each member.
L=3ftVLTPRELOAD
L=3ftVLTSTEP1
L=3ftVLTSTEP2
VLTPRELOAD
Left Side:
0.2 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.017k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP1:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
15
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP2:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.7 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0058k/ft load on each member.
L=6ftVLTPRELOAD
L=6ftVLTSTEP1
L=6ftVLTSTEP2
VLTPRELOAD
Left Side:
0.2 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.017k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP1:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP2:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.7 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0058k/ft load on each member.
16
L=7ftVLTPRELOAD
L=7ftVLTSTEP1
L=7ftVLTSTEP2
VLTPRELOAD
Left Side:
0.2 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.017k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP1:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP2:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.7 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0058k/ft load on each member.
17
L=9ftVLTPRELOAD
L=9ftVLTSTEP1
L=9ftVLTSTEP2
VLTPRELOAD
Left Side:
0.2 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.017k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP1:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP2:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.7 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0058k/ft load on each member.
18
L=12ftVLTPRELOAD
L=12ftVLTSTEP1
L=12ftVLTSTEP2
VLTPRELOAD
Left Side:
0.2 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.017k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP1:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.05 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0042k/ft load on each member.
VLTSTEP2:
Left Side:
1.8 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.15k/ft load on each member.
Right Side:
0.7 kip/(4 beams * 3ft deck) = 0.0058k/ft load on each member
19
Notes:
(1) L is defined in Section 8 of the document entitled Student Steel Bridge Competition - 2011 Rules
20
2. Click on File->Configure. The Configure Program dialog box will appear. Make sure that the
Base Unit is set to English.
Note: If you will be constructing your bridge model in the metric unit system, make sure that you
set the base unit system to Metric.
21
3. Click on the File->New menu command. The New dialog box will appear.
4. Provide the model options as shown in Figure 4.
5. Click on the Next button. The Where do you want to go Today? Dialog box will appear as
shown in Figure 5.
6. Click on the Finish button.
7. The STAAD.Pro V8i user interface will appear as shown in Figure 6.
22
8. You could create the bridge geometry using the grid options shown in Figure 6. Appendix A of
this document illustrates the procedure of creating a simple bridge geometry using the grid
system. You could also create a bridge geometry using MicroStation XM and export that drawing
as a dxf. Appendix B discusses how this can be achieved. In this tutorial, the Structure Wizard
will be used to create the bridge geometry.
9. Click on the Geometry->Run Structure Wizard menu command. The Structure Wizard user
interface will appear as shown in Figure 7.
23
10. Double click on the Pratt Truss icon on the left. The Select Parameters dialog box will appear
as shown in Figure 8.
Note: In this dialog box, you can adjust the bay-to-bay spacing by simply clicking on the icon.
Make sure that the summation of the bay-spacing is equal to total length and width that you have
specified respectively.
11. Input the parameters in the Select Parameters dialog box as illustrated in Figure 8.
12. Press the Apply button. The structural geometry will appear as shown in Figure 9.
24
13. To transfer the structure to STAAD.Pro, select the File->Merge Model With STAAD.Pro Model
menu command. Structure Wizard interface will close and a conformation dialog box will appear.
14. Click Yes for the conformation dialog box. The Paste Prototype Model dialog box will appear.
15. Click on the Ok button. The bridge geometry will be created in STAAD.Pro as shown in Figure
11.
25
Note: The Y Axis should be the axis of gravity in your STAAD.Pro models.
16. The bridge geometry seen in Figure 11 has to be mirrored in the XZ-plane.
17. Select the Beams Cursor from the left hand side.
18. Select all the beams in the graphics window. Ctrl + A will select all the beams in the model.
19. Click on Geometry->Mirror command. The Mirror dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 13.
26
27
Note:
Basic 3D Navigation Tools: Use the arrow keys on the keyboard to rotate structure, the middle
mouse roller button to zoom in and out. If you press the roller button and hold it down, you will be
able to pan. You may also use the icons in the icon bar.
)
(i.e.
22. Select the node points as shown in Figure 15 using the nodes cursor.
28
25. The 3D Repeat dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 17. Input the mirror parameters as
shown in Figure 17.
26. Click the Ok button. The legs of the bridge structure will appear as shown in Figure 18.
29
2. Select the leg members and right click with the mouse and select the Insert Node option.
3. Click the Ok button. The legs of the bridge structure will be subdivided to create the lattice leg
attachment points.
30
4. Select the node point on the bottom left hand side corner.
5. Select the node point on the bottom left hand side corner.
6. Right click on the screen and select the copy command. This will copy the highlighted node to
the memory.
31
7. Right click on the screen and select the Paste command. The Paste with Move dialog box will
appear.
32
8. Input the parameters as illustrated in Figure 7 and Press the Ok button. You will note a new node
point at the lower left hand side of the structure.
9. Select the Geometry->Add Beam->Add beam from Point to Point menu command.
33
10. Connect the nodes with a new beam element as shown in Figure 10.
11. Delete all the leg members except the member that was created in the above step and the small
lattice leg attachment points.
12. Divide the beam into three equally parts. Right click on the beam and select the Insert Node
command.
13. Input the information in the Insert Nodes dialog box as shown in Figure 11. 2 is entered in the n=
input box.
34
35
18. Click on the node icon as shown in Figure 13. Select the node point as shown in Figure 14.
19. Press the Ok button. The leg members will be created as shown in Figure 15.
36
22. Right click on select the Paste Beams command. The Paste with Move dialog box will appear.
23. Press the Reference Pt. button. The Specify Reference Point dialog box will appear.
37
24. Press the Ok button and click on the lower node of the lattice leg attachment points to create the
rest of the leg members as shown in Figure 20.
38
25. Press the Ok button and click on the lower node of the lattice leg attachment points to create the
rest of the leg members as shown in Figure 20.
39
3. Select all members in the model by pressing the CTRL+A key on the keyboard.
40
41
42
43
18. Segment the beam at the following locations as shown in Figure 11.
19. Click the Ok button.
44
21. The next bay members will be subdivided similarly. Select the member as shown in Figure 13.
45
22. Right click and select the Insert Node command. Input the data in the Insert Nodes dialog box
as illustrated in Figure 14.
23. Click the Ok button.
46
25. Right click and select the Insert Node command. Input the data in the Insert Nodes dialog box
as illustrated in Figure 16.
47
Figure 17: Members are selected They will be mirrored about the Y-Z plane.
48
29. Input the information in the Mirror dialog box as shown in Figure 18. Note that node 11 at
X=10.5 maybe different in the model that you have constructed. Please use the node icon to
pick a suitable point on the mirror plane.
49
50
51
13. Select the End 0 0 0.625 specification command. Press the Assign button.
52
15. This beam is created because we need to model two beams that are running parallel to each
other and sandwiching intermediate members as illustrated in Figure 5.
53
19. Click the View>View Selected Objects Only menu command. Select the Geometry cursor.
Press the Ctrl+A.
20. Click the Geometry->Break Beam at selected node point menu command.
54
55
56
57
35. Select the members as shown in Figure 12 by rubberbanding the top cord members.
38. Select the Geometry->Translational Repeat command. The 3D Repeat box will appear.
58
39. Select the Geometry->Translational Repeat command. Enter the parameters as shown in the
3D Repeat dialog box in Figure 15.
40. Press the Ok button. The selected geometry will be copied to the other side of the bridge.
59
41. Node that in some instances STAAD may not copy two members between the same node points
as illustrated in Figure 16. The user has to manually create these members using the draw beam
from point-to-point menu command and apply the correct offsets.
42. The final bridge geometry is illustrated in Figure 17.
60
5. Select the members as shown in Figure 2 by rubberbanding the top cord members.
61
9. Select the members as shown in Figure 3 (i.e. plan view of top chord members) by rubberbanding
the top cord members. (Just one side).
62
).
63
Note: Assigning too many releases may make the structure unstable. Pay close attention to how
the beam elements will behave in the real structure and the type of connections that are provided
at the joints. Always check the Statics Check in the post processing mode to make sure that
the structure is in equilibrium for all load cases.
64
Exercise:
Create the highlighted members using the tools that you have learned:
65
) icon.
).
8. Rubberband the nodes at the base and assign the pinned supports.
66
1. Open the My Bridge_1.std file if you have not followed the previous exercises.
2. Click the General tab on the left.
3. Click on the Section Database button in the data area.
4. Select the Tube property item in the Section Profile Tables dialog box and provide the inputs as
shown in Figure 2.
Note: The unit converter can be launched by pressing the F2 key. If you enter 2 and press the
enter key in the unit converter, the text box will display the dimension converted to the default unit
system being used in your model. The space is required between the dimension and the unit for
the unit converter. For example, 12in will not work but 12 in will work.
67
68
69
13. Select the first tube property in the Properties dialog box in the Data Area.
14. Select the members as shown in Figure 7.
70
15. Select the Assign to Selected Beams assignment option in the Properties dialog box.
16. Click on the Assign button. The property reference number will appear in the graphics window.
17. Select the second tube property in the Properties dialog box in the Data Area.
18. Select the members as shown in Figure 8.
19. Click on the Assign button. The property reference number will appear in the graphics window.
20. Select the third tube property in the Properties dialog box in the Data Area.
21. Select the members as shown in Figure 9.
71
22. Click on the Assign button. The property reference number will appear in the graphics window.
23. Select the PIPS20 property in the Properties dialog box in the Data Area.
24. Select the members as shown in Figure 10.
25. Click on the Assign button. The property reference number will appear in the graphics window.
26. Click anywhere in the white space in the graphics window to get rid of the member selection.
Right click in the Graphics Window and select the 3D Rendering. The rendered view of the
structure will appear in a separate window as shown in Figure 11.
72
Note: Standard AISC sections are available by clicking the Section Database button on the right. In the
American Databases, Pipes and Tubes can be created using the Tubes and Pipes items in the Section
Profile dialog box. The American section database can be modified by clicking on Tools->Modify
Section Database menu command.
73
3. Click on the Geometry control tab on the left hand side of the screen.
4. Click on the Nodes cursor (
5. Select the node as shown in Figure 1. The information for the node point will be displayed on the
right hand side Nodes Table.
Make sure the X coordinate for that node point is close to 15ft but not less than 15 ft. Note the X
node coordinate. In the case of this file, the node coordinate is 15.14 ft.
6. Draw a window on the node point as shown in Figure 2.
74
).
10. The information for the selected node will be displayed in the Nodes table on the right hand side.
11. Change the X coordinate of the selected node to 15 as shown in Figure 3.
12. Repeat this Step 11 for the other node.
75
14. The right supports need to be moved to x = 15 ft location from the x = 21 ft location.
15. You could select these right hand side supports and group them together. In the case of the My
Bridge_2.std file, a right_support beam group has been created.
76
16. Click on Select->By Group Name menu command. Select the Right_Support group name and
you will note that the beams will be highlighted in the STAAD.Pro graphics window.
17. If you choose to move the supports by a distance of -6ft without moving the nodes to 15ft, you will
note that additional nodes will be formed on the physical beams. The physical beams will have to
be created again. Rather than doing this, we have manually moved the existing nodes near x=15
(i.e. could be x=15.19, 51.21) to x=15.
18. Right click in the STAAD.Pro graphics window and select the Move command.
19. The Move dialog box will appear. Type in -6 ft in the Move Entities dialog box as shown in
Figure 6.
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20. Click on the Ok button and click on the Ok button on the dialog box that will appear. Click on the
Yes button.
21. The list of duplicate nodes will be displayed. Click on each entry and press the Merge>> followed
by OK and OK buttons.
22. Click the Close button.
23. This operation will more the right support by 6 ft to the left and also merge the duplicate nodes for
the user.
24. Select and delete the beams shown in Figure 7.
78
25. Click on Geometry->Add Beam->Add Beam by Perpendicular Intersection and create the
beams as illustrated in Figure 8.
79
27. Click on Geometry->Add Beam->Add Beam from Point to Point menu command.
28. Create the beams as shown in Figure 10.
80
29. Now that you have learned about property assignment, assign property reference 2 to the
members highlighted in Figure 11.
81
.
Figure 12: Property Assignment
82
5. Enter L1=8.8 FT AND L2=1.1 FT in the Title text input box as shown in Figure 1. Press the Add
button.
6. Press the Close button.
We will now attempt to add the selfweight load
7. Select the L1=8.8 FT AND L2=1.1 FT title in the Load Cases Details tree item on the right.
8. The Add New: Load Items dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 2.
9. Select the inputs as shown in Figure 2 and press the Add button.
83
84
).
85
26. Select the Assign To View option and click the Assign button.
27. Select the UNI GY -0. 18 21 command in the data area.
28. Select the Assign To View option and click the Assign button. Due to a refreshing problem in
STAAD.Pro, the loads may not appear as shown in Figure 7. Simply close and re-open the
model to see the loads as shown in Figure 7. You will need to click on General control tab and
then select Load Case Details-> L=0 VLT PRELOAD->UNY GY to see the loading.
29. Create the other seventeen load cases as shown in Table 1 and Figure 8.
86
30. Click on the Load Cases Details tree item on the right. Three load cases have to be created.
31. Click on the Add button in the Load & Definitions dialog box on the right.
32. Enter Weight in the Title text input box. Press the Add button.
33. Press the Close button.
We will now attempt to add the selfweight load
34. Select the Weight of the Structure title in the Load Cases Details tree item on the right.
35. The Add New: Load Items dialog box will appear.
36. Select the inputs as shown in Figure 2 and press the Add button.
37. As a result, the load item should have SELFWEIGHT Y -1 included. Select the SELFWEIGHT Y
-1 command.
38. Select the Assign to View option.
39. Click the Assign button. Click the Ok button on the confirmation dialog box.
40. Click on the Load Cases Details tree item on the right.
41. Click on the Add button in the Load & Definitions dialog box on the right.
42. Enter Lateral Load in the Title text input box. Press the Add button.
43. Press the Close button.
We will now attempt to add the selfweight load
44. Select the Lateral Load title in the Load Cases Details tree item on the right.
45. Click the Add button.
46. The Add New: Load Items dialog box will appear.
47. Select the inputs as shown in Figure 2 and press the Add button.
48. As a result, the load item should have SELFWEIGHT Y -1 included. Select the SELFWEIGHT Y
-1 command.
49. Click the Assign button. Click the Ok button on the confirmation dialog box.
50. Select the Lateral Load title in the Load Cases Details tree item on the right.
51. Click the Add button.
52. The Add New: Load Items dialog box will appear.
87
53. Select the Physical Member Load->Uniform Load item in the Add New: Load Items dialog
box.
).
61. Select the UNI GY -0.0125 6.5 9.5 command in the data area in the last load case.
62. Select the Use Cursor to Assign option and click on the two physical beams as illustrated in
Figure 11.
88
Figure 11: Physical Beams to which loads have to be assigned using Use Cursor to Assign option
).
64. Select the CON GZ -0.075 8 command in the data area in the last load case.
65. Select the Use Cursor to Assign option and click on the physical beam as illustrated in Figure
12.
89
Figure 12: Physical beam to which concentrated lateral load have to be assigned using Use Cursor to Assign option
90
91
92
6. Click on the Summary tab in the Node Displacements table on the right.
Note the Min Y displacement row. The Min Y displacement represents the max ve
displacement in the structure for all load cases. If you highlight the Min Y row, you will see the
node with max ve displacement highlighted in the graphics window.
7. Let us say that the maximum displacement for the cantilever section is to be determined. The
STAAD.Pro user can data filtering options provided with these tables. Right click on the Node
Displacements table on the right.
8. Select Results Setup option.
9. Click on the Range tab.
10. Select the Group option.
11. Select G2:_Cantiliver as shown in Figure 3.
93
94
14. Select the Node->Reactions tab. The support reaction of each and every support node can be
determined by simply clicking on a node point in the graphics window and looking at the support
reaction table on the right.
Note: Make sure that the Difference row for each load case in the Statics Check Results
window is close to zero. A non-zero value usually indicates instability in the structure. You may
use the 0.99 MPX 0.99 MPY 0.99 MPZ at the joints to avoid using a completely released joint.
Note that in this example, instability is reported at certain joints. For example, a joint at which
four truss members are framing together and lie in the same plane. This problem can be solved
by designing the connections to take moments, providing extra truss members connecting at that
joint, or using partial moment release.
15. Select the Beam->Forces tab. The bending moment diagram will be displayed. The user may
turn on the deflection and loading diagrams using the icons.
95
96
16. The tables on the right show the forces for each beam member in the model. Right click on this
table and select the Results Setup option.
17. You may specify which load case, member or group results need to be displayed.
18. Select the Beam->Stresses tab. The combined axial stress distribution diagram can be seen for
any member.
97
19. Select the Beam->Graphs tab. The moment, shear, and axial force diagram can be seen for any
member.
98
99
100
Experiment with the model and try changing some of the truss connections to partial moment releases.
Try changing the section sizes of the members.
101
13. Click on Analyze->Run Analysis command. The STAAD Analysis and Design dialog box will
appear.
102
14. You should not have zero errors in the STAAD Analysis and Design dialog box.
15. Select the Go To Post Processing Mode option button and click on the OK button.
16. In the Postprocessing mode->Beam->Unity Check, you will note the check code results as
shown in Figure 2.
17. Right click in the graphics and select Labels->Design Results.
18. Uncheck the Show Values check box.
19. You may provide your own color coding in this dialog box. Any member over a unity/design ratio
ratio of 1 will be colored in green by default.
20. Click the Ok button in the Diagrams dialog box.
103
21. The members shown in red and blue have failed. There are other design parameters that the
user should look at. For example, look at the information provided in Appendix D of this manual.
22. You may have to check for the capacity of the connection using the AISC code. The following
calculation can be used.
Vr=s n m As Fu
s = Factored shear resistance = 0.67
As = Cross section area of bolt = /4 (d2) = /4 (0.32) = 0.071 in2
n = Number of bolts = 2
m = Number of shear planes = 2
Ab = Cross section of bolt = 0.3
Fu = Bolt tensile strength = 150 kips/in2
Vr=0.67 x 2 x 2 x 0.071 x 150 = 28.5 kips
Max Tension = 2 Kips (From STAAD.Pro) < 28.5 Kips
104
105
3. A new Structural Modeler File. In the File Open dialog box, click the New File icon (
).
106
Hint: You can change the background color from black to white using the Workspace>Preferences->View Options->Black Background -> White menu command.
9. Make sure that the Structural->Analytical Features menu command is checked on.
10. Import the bridge frame STAAD.Pro model into Structural Modeler using the Structural
Analytical->Data Exchange->Analysis Import control tab on your left.
11. The Import From Analysis Program dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 2.
Note the Map Section Names option in the Import from Analysis Program dialog box. This box
contains a link to the mapping file for the AISC sections. AISC sections will most probably not be used for
the bridges in constructed by most students. Hence, we will need to first create the section in the
Structural Modeler Database and then create a mapping of the sections used in STAAD.Pro with the
sections in Structural Modeler.
The following directory will usually contain the section profiles:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Bentley\MicroStation V8i (SELECTseries
1)\WorkSpace\TriForma\tf_imperial\data
12. The us.xml file is the one used the most. You could easily find the xml file used on your machine
by simply clicking on Structural Physical->Steel Column > Primary tab on the left.
13. The Place Steel Column dialog box will appear. As shown below.
107
14. Press the magnifying glass icon as shown above. The Structural Sections dialog box will
appear as shown in Figure 4.
108
15. Select the File->Open menu command. The Section File Manager box will appear as shown
below.
16. Hoover your mouse cursor over the Section Files seen at the bottom of the dialog box and you
will notice the name and location of the xml file being used for your installation.
The *.xml version of a section file format is a true XML file. In XML files, commands are written as open
and close statements. If a command is opened but not closed, it could keep the entire file from being
usable. The following shows an example of lines in the us.xml file:
109
You can see in this small section that the first line starts with <I-Shape. This opens a definition of a shape
of an I-beam. The way the dimensions and properties are written follows the requirements for this XML
file. Note that everything that is opened is also closed, often with the same phrase (such as I-Shape), but
with a slash in front of it, such as </I-Shape>. If you open the us.xml file in Notepad, you could make all
sorts of changes that may not follow the protocol of an XML file. These changes could render it useless.
To edit your XML files, you should use an XML editor rather than a text editor. Structural Modeler delivers
a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, StructuralShapesTemplate.xls, that you can use to edit your file.
The StructuralShapesTemplate.xls spreadsheet is a template that lets you load the XML file you want
to edit (such as us.xml), make your changes while working in Microsoft Excel, and then export the
changes to the XML file. The exported data is applied to the XML file properly, and you maintain the
integrity of the XML format.
This file is located at the following location:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Bentley\MicroStation V8i (SELECTseries
1)\WorkSpace\TriForma\tf_imperial\data
17. Open this file using Microsoft Excel.
18. Select the Rectangular Hollows sheet and input the following sections (The parameters
provided in this example are not realistic):
name
HSS-1/2X1/2X1/32
HSS-1X1X1/32
HSS-1-1/2X11/2X1/32
Ix
0.102
0.102
0.236
Iy
0.102
0.102
0.236
Sx
0.162
0.162
0.315
0.5
1
thickness
0.03125
0.03125
1.5
0.1875
width
0.5
1
W
1.77
1.77
A
0.492
0.492
1.5
3.02
0.845
Sy
0.162
0.162
0.315
110
111
22. The sections defined in the CUSTOM.xml file will be available for your use. Click on the Done
button.
23. Select Rectangular Tubes in the Type selection box. You will note that the custom sections will
appear in the Structural Sections dialog box.
112
We need to inform Structural Modeler about the STAAD.Pro to Structural Modeler Mapping.
24. Create a simple notepad or text file with the following inputs for example:
W44X335
HSS-1/2X1/2X1/32
HSS-1X1X1/32
HSS-1-1/2X1-1/2X1/32
PIPE2STD
W44X335
W21X44
W14X38
W4X13
PIPS20
ST
ST
ST
ST
PIPE
113
To:
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
9 11 TO 17 22 24 TO 26 141 148 TO 216 218 TO 249 251 257 TO 329 331 TO 362 369 TO 376 381 382 384 388 TO 391 397 TO 403 405 407 TO 409 420 421 TABLE ST W21X44
5 8 18 21 27 TO 31 43 TO 138 140 144 250 254 363 TO 368 377 TO 380 383 385 386 TO 387 392 TO 396 411 413 TO 418 419 TABLE ST W14X38
7 20 143 253 TABLE ST W4X13
35 TO 38 TABLE ST PIPS20
Delete all lines after this line except the FINISH line.
114
33. This dialog box allows the user to select a family and part name to the vertical and horizontal
members.
34. Click the Import button. The beam property mapping table will be displayed in the Update
Design Results box.
35. Click on the Update button.
36. The bridge model will be displayed in Structural Modeler as shown in Figure 12.
115
37. Once the 3D Model is placed in Structural Modeler, the Plans, Elevations, and section drawings
can be produced using the Drawing Extraction Manager and the Referenced Drawings features.
116
117
118
Finally. Thank you for using Bentley Products and Wish You all the best!
119
APPENDIX A
120
1. The goal of the next few steps is to draw the stick model of the bridge structure using the
STAAD.Pro V8i drawing grid system.
2. Click the Geometry control tab on the left hand side. On the right hand side of your screen, you
should see a Snap Node/Beam dialog box. If you do not see this dialog box, you may view this
by simply clicking on Geometry->Snap/Grid Node->Beam menu item.
121
122
8. Click the Snap/Node/Beam button and create the grillage of beams as shown in Figure A4.
9. Click the Snap/Node/Beam button and create the grillage of beams as shown in Figure A4.
10. Select the Beams Cursor from the left hand side.
11. Select all the beams in the graphics window. Ctrl + A will select all the beams in the model.
12. Click on Geometry->Translational repeat command. The 3D Repeat dialog box will appear as
shown in Figure A5.
123
15. Create the vertical diagonal members using the Geometry->Add Beam->Add Beam From Point
to Point menu command.
124
Figure A7: Vertical diagonals created using the Geometry->Add Beams menu command
16. Click the Snap/Node/Beam button and create the grillage of beams as shown in Figure A4.
125
APPENDIX B
126
3. Click on file File->Export->DGN, DWG, DXF. The Export File dialog box will appear as shown
in Figure B2.
4. Select the dxf export option as shown in Figure B2.
127
5. Select an appropriate location to save the dxf file. Click the Save button.
6. Close MicroStation.
7. Launch STAAD.Pro by clicking on the Start->All Programs->STAAD.Pro V8i->STAAD.Pro icon.
The STAAD.Pro V8i introduction screen will appear.
8. Click on the File->New menu command. The New dialog box will appear.
9. Provide the model options as shown in Figure B3.
128
10. Click on the Next button. The Where do you want to go Today? Dialog box will appear as
shown in Figure B4.
11. Click on the Finish button.
12. The STAAD.Pro V8i user interface will appear as shown in Figure B5.
129
13. Click on File->Import menu command. The Import dialog box will appear as shown in Figure
B6.
14. Select the 3D DXF import option and click the Import button.
15. The Open dialog box will appear. Select the DGN_Example.dxf file which was created in Step
5.
16. Click on the Open button. The DXF Import dialog box will appear as shown in Figure B7.
130
17. Select the Y Up option. The Y Axis should be the axis of gravity in your STAAD.Pro models.
18. Click on the OK button. The Set Current Input Units box will appear. The MicroStation file was
created using the foot unit system. Select Foot and KiloPound in the Set Current Input Units
box and press the OK button. The bridge geometry will appear as shown in Figure B8.
131
19. Delete the unwanted lines as highlighted in Red in Figure B8. The STAAD.Pro user must check if
the imported model is ok from a structural analysis point of view. The Tools menu command is
very useful for checking structural integrity of the imported stick model. For more information
about dxf import/export please refer to the whitepaper on the following link:
ftp://ftp2.bentley.com/dist/collateral/Web/Building/STAADPro/DXF_Import_into_STAAD_PRO.pdf
20. Click the Snap/Node/Beam button and create the grillage of beams as shown in Figure A4.
21. Select the Beams Cursor from the left hand side.
22. Select all the beams in the graphics window. Ctrl + A will select all the beams in the model.
23. Click on Geometry->Translational repeat command. The 3D Repeat dialog box will appear as
shown in Figure B10.
132
133
APPENDIX C
134
You may copy the following text into the STAAD.Pro editor to view this model in STAAD.Pro
To Launch the STAAD.Pro editor click on Edit->Edit Input Command File menu command. Replace the
text in the editor with the following text.
135
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 10-Sep-09
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT FEET KIP
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 5.25 0 0; 3 10.5 0 0; 4 15.75 0 0; 5 21 0 0; 6 5.25 -1.67 0;
9 0 0 5; 10 5.25 0 5; 11 10.5 0 5; 12 15.75 0 5; 13 21 0 5; 14 5.25 -1.67 5;
21 0 -0.5 0; 22 15 -0.5 0; 23 0 -0.5 5; 24 15 -0.5 5; 25 0.25 -2.667 5.25;
26 0.0833333 -1.22233 5.08333; 27 0.166667 -1.94467 5.16667;
28 0.25 -2.667 4.75; 29 0.0833333 -1.22233 4.91667;
30 0.166667 -1.94467 4.83333; 31 -0.25 -2.667 4.75;
32 -0.0833333 -1.22233 4.91667; 33 -0.166667 -1.94467 4.83333;
34 -0.25 -2.667 5.25; 35 -0.0833333 -1.22233 5.08333;
36 -0.166667 -1.94467 5.16667; 37 0.0833333 -1.22233 0.0833333;
38 0.166667 -1.94467 0.166667; 39 0.25 -2.667 0.25; 40 0.25 -2.667 -0.25;
41 0.0833333 -1.22233 -0.0833333; 42 0.166667 -1.94467 -0.166667;
43 -0.25 -2.667 -0.25; 44 -0.0833333 -1.22233 -0.0833333;
45 -0.166667 -1.94467 -0.166667; 46 -0.25 -2.667 0.25;
47 -0.0833333 -1.22233 0.0833333; 48 -0.166667 -1.94467 0.166667;
49 15.0833 -1.22233 0.0833333; 50 15.1667 -1.94467 0.166667;
51 15.25 -2.667 0.25; 52 15.25 -2.667 -0.25; 53 15.0833 -1.22233 -0.0833333;
54 15.1667 -1.94467 -0.166667; 55 14.75 -2.667 -0.25;
56 14.9167 -1.22233 -0.0833333; 57 14.8333 -1.94467 -0.166667;
58 14.75 -2.667 0.25; 59 14.9167 -1.22233 0.0833333;
60 14.8333 -1.94467 0.166667; 61 15.0833 -1.22233 5.08333;
62 15.1667 -1.94467 5.16667; 63 15.25 -2.667 5.25; 64 15.25 -2.667 4.75;
65 15.0833 -1.22233 4.91667; 66 15.1667 -1.94467 4.83333; 67 14.75 -2.667 4.75;
68 14.9167 -1.22233 4.91667; 69 14.8333 -1.94467 4.83333; 70 14.75 -2.667 5.25;
136
137
138
277 131 118; 278 114 123; 279 123 128; 280 128 124; 281 124 129; 282 129 125;
283 125 130; 284 130 126; 285 126 131; 286 131 127; 287 127 118; 288 121 128;
289 132 133; 290 133 134; 291 134 135; 292 135 3; 293 136 137; 294 137 115;
295 118 132; 296 132 136; 297 136 133; 298 133 137; 299 137 134; 300 134 115;
301 115 135; 302 138 139; 303 139 154; 304 140 138; 305 141 140; 306 142 141;
307 143 142; 308 144 117; 309 145 144; 310 146 145; 311 147 146; 312 148 4;
313 149 148; 314 150 149; 315 151 150; 316 152 22; 317 153 152; 318 117 139;
319 139 144; 320 144 140; 321 140 145; 322 145 141; 323 141 146; 324 146 142;
325 142 147; 326 147 143; 327 143 119; 328 138 144; 329 119 148; 331 152 149;
332 149 153; 333 153 150; 334 150 116; 335 116 151; 336 154 5; 337 121 124;
338 122 123; 339 123 121; 340 124 125; 341 125 126; 342 126 127; 343 132 133;
344 133 134; 345 134 135; 346 138 139; 347 139 154; 348 140 138; 349 141 140;
350 142 141; 351 143 142; 352 149 148; 353 150 149; 354 151 150; 355 1 122;
356 127 2; 357 2 132; 358 135 3; 359 3 151; 360 154 5; 361 148 4; 362 4 143;
363 21 23; 364 122 81; 365 154 113; 366 22 24; 367 155 162; 368 156 166;
369 122 155; 370 155 81; 371 23 155; 372 155 21; 373 154 156; 374 156 113;
375 24 169; 376 169 22; 377 118 77; 378 120 79; 379 119 78; 380 157 155;
381 122 157; 382 21 157; 383 158 163; 384 118 158; 385 159 164; 386 160 165;
387 161 156; 388 120 159; 389 119 160; 390 22 167; 391 154 161; 392 162 9;
393 163 10; 394 164 11; 395 165 12; 396 166 13; 397 81 162; 398 23 162;
399 77 163; 400 79 164; 401 78 165; 402 24 171; 403 113 166; 405 107 111;
407 148 152; 408 22 119; 409 24 78; 411 79 172; 413 120 173; 414 172 24;
415 173 22; 416 148 167; 417 167 169; 418 169 171; 419 171 107; 420 4 169;
421 169 12;
DEFINE PMEMBER
14 155 156 154 157 TO 160 15 176 TO 179 16 202 201 200 199 17 194 193 192 191 189 190 223 PMEMBER 1
224 229 230 228 231 TO 234 225 235 TO 238 226 248 247 246 245 227 244 243 242 241 239 240 249 PMEMBER 2
355 268 269 267 270 TO 272 356 357 289 TO 291 358 359 315 314 313 361 362 -
139
140
DENSITY 0.150336
ALPHA 5e-006
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
9 11 TO 17 22 24 TO 26 141 148 TO 216 218 TO 249 251 257 TO 329 331 TO 362 369 TO 376 381 382 384 388 TO 391 397 TO 403 405 407 TO 409 420 421 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.002917 WT 0.041667 DT 0.041667
5 8 18 21 27 TO 31 43 TO 138 140 144 250 254 363 TO 368 377 TO 380 383 385 386 TO 387 392 TO 396 411 413 TO 418 419 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.002917 WT 0.083333 DT 0.083333
7 20 143 253 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.002917 WT 0.125 DT 0.125
35 TO 38 TABLE ST PIPS20
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL ALL
SUPPORTS
25 28 31 34 39 40 43 46 51 52 55 58 63 64 67 70 PINNED
MEMBER RELEASE
7 TO 9 13 20 TO 22 26 140 141 143 144 250 251 253 254 START MPX 0.99 MPY 0.99 MPZ 0.99
7 TO 9 13 20 TO 22 26 140 141 143 144 250 251 253 254 END MPX 0.99 MPY 0.99 MPZ 0.99
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.017 0 3
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
141
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 0 3
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 0 3
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0058 18 21
***
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.104166 3 6
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 5 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 3 6
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 6 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 3 6
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0058 18 21
***
LOAD 7 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
142
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.104166 6 9
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 8 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 6 9
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 9 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 6 9
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0058 18 21
***
LOAD 10 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.104166 7 10
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 11 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 7 10
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 12 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
143
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 7 10
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0058 18 21
***
LOAD 13 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.104166 7 10
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 14 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 9 12
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 15 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 9 12
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0058 18 21
***
LOAD 16 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.104166 12 15
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 17 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
144
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 12 15
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0042 18 21
***
LOAD 18 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.15 12 15
1 TO 4 UNI GY -0.0058 18 21
***
LOAD 19 LOADTYPE None
TITLE WEIGHT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
***
LOAD 20 LOADTYPE None
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
PMEMBER LOAD
3 4 UNI GY -0.0125 6.5 9.5
1 CON GZ 0.075 8
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
PARAMETER 1
CODE AISC UNIFIED
FYLD 7200 ALL
METHOD LRFD
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
145
APPENDIX D
146
1.0 Introduction
STAAD.Pro is a general purpose structural analysis and design tool.
The structural engineer may also first create the steel frame models in STAAD.Pro and design then
design the steel frames using the appropriate loading and codes.
The purpose of this document is to demonstrate the use of the LY and LZ design parameters in
STAAD.Pro.
147
The engineer perform ed a code check using the AISC 360-05 code on the entire fra me and
obtained the results shown in Figure 2. Note that two of the four identical members at the f ront
fail with a design ratio of 1.14. Th e two identical m embers at the re ar end of the structure have
very low unity ratios. The beams at the front failed in STAAD.Pro due to slenderness limitations
and effective length or Section E2 of the AISC 360-05 code.
Let us look at the results for the front identical member.
*
40
ST
TUB20203
(AISC SECTIONS)
FAIL
Clause E2
1.143
1
0.22 C
0.00
0.01
14.14
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| SECTION CLASS:
CB: 0.000
|
| SLENDERNESS CHECK:
ACTUAL RATIO: 228.59
ALLOWABLE RATIO: 200.00
|
| SECTION CAPACITIES: (UNIT - KIP FEET)
|
| AX.TENS: 0.00E+00 COMPRESS:0.00E+00 TORSION: 0.00E+00
|
| BEND. Z: 0.00E+00 BEND. Y: 0.00E+00 SHEAR Z: 0.00E+00 SHEAR Y: 0.00E+00 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| SECTION PROPERTIES: (UNIT - FEET)
|
| AXX:
0.01 AYY:
0.01 AZZ:
0.01 RZZ: 0.06 RYY: 0.06
|
| SZZ:
0.00 SYY:
0.00
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PARAMETER: (UNIT - KIP FEET)
|
| KL/R-Z: 228.59 KL/R-Y: 228.59
UNL:
4.7
CB: 0.00
FYLD:
5184.00
|
| FU:
8352.00 NET SECTION FACTOR: 1.00 SHEAR LAG FACTOR: 1.00
STP: 1
|
| DFF:
0.00
dff:
23.00
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| CRITICAL LOADS FOR EACH CLAUSE CHECK (UNITS KIP -FEET)
|
| CLAUSE
RATIO LOAD
FX
VY
VZ
MZ
MY
|
| Cl.D2
0.000
0
0.00E+00
|
| Cl.E
0.000
0
0.00E+00
|
| Cl.F-Major
0.000
0
0.00E+00
|
| Cl.F-Minor
0.000
0
0.00E+00 |
| Cl.H1/H2
0.000
0
0.00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 |
| Cl.G-Major
0.000
0
0.00E+00
|
| Cl.G-Minor
0.000
0
0.00E+00
|
| Cl.H3
0.000
0
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
ERROR : CALCULATED SLENDERNESS RATIO EXCEEDS ALLOWABLE LIMIT.
The beams at the fron t should have passed but faile d due to slenderness because the KL/r of the
beam exceeds the allowable slenderness value of 200. The slenderness length (i.e. Lx in KLx/rx
or Lz in KLz/rz) value is the member length in STAAD.Pro by default. Engineers have to check
if the member length is the slende rness length based on how the structure has been modeled. In
this case, the two identical members at the rear end of the st ructure have a LZ and LY of 4.71 ft.
Using the infor mation presented in F igure 3 belo w, the slenderness length m ay be 4.71 for LY
but LZ should be 14.14 ft. This is because there is no restraint along the Local Y axis.
149
Figure 3: Lz or Slenderness length about local z axis (out of the plane of the slope)
In the case of the two identical beams at the front, you will note that we have not modeled the
secondary beams. In this case, the LY (Slenderness length about the local Y axis as shown in
Figure 5) should be set to 4.17 ft.
150
Figure 5: Ly or Slenderness length about local y axis (in the plane of the slope)
151
After implementing these changes, you will note that the four identical beams have identical
design ratios of 1.14.
152
153
APPENDIX E
DATASET INSTALLATION
154
Dataset Installation:
Attached is the Structural Analysis, Design, And Drawing Production docum ent prepared for
participants of this years AISC 2013 Student S teel Bridge Com petition. This year datas et zip
file STUDENT_STEEL_BRIDGE_COMPETI TION_2013_DATASETS_BENTLEY.zip is
also distributed with the manual. The manual has thirteen step-by-step exercises.
1. Unzip the contents of the zip file to a location on your computer (e.g. c:\training). You
could use winzip to see/unzip the contents or you could simply right click on the file and
click on explore.
2. Let us assume that you right click on the file and select Explore. Windows Explorer will
appear as shown below.
3. Copy the folder inside the zip file to a safe location on your machine.
4. The STUDENT_STEEL_BRIDGE_COMPETITION_2013_DATASETS_BENTLEY
folder contains three sub-folders.
i
ii
anual.
anual.
anual.
iii
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