Literary Review

Geometric skin Correlation

Chapter 3: Flow around Horizontal Wells
This area of the evaluation comprises a correlation for a geometric skin. It explains for the
influence of HW geometry on the drift, is engaged in an open-hole VW output calculation, and
providing the similar movement rate which of HW as articulated by Equation 3.8. The internal
emulator was utilized to produce a big set of investigational statistics. It has been observed that
by the use of this information, the coefficients of the skin origination are assessed through a
multi-regression workout.
The key geometrical parameters that affect S m of HWs are wideness of the reservoir, span of the
well, size of the HW. Moreover, to acquire the applicable measurement less figures to be
encompassed in the preparations, the correspondent considered at a distinct case for which a
scientific expression can be derived as designated underneath. As it can be perceived in Figure
3.26, the movement of performance around an entirely all-pervading HW is alike to that around a
VW with a round an area where the flow is over the ground surface and radius h/2. Accordingly,
the rate of the flow of a completely sharp HW with dimension of L can be inscribed as given
below:
w
h /2 r

ln
2 kL p
h=

Q
Associating Comparisons for the figures 3.25 and 3.8 provides the Sm preparation for this
structure as uttered by Calculation 3.26.
S m=

re
h
h
ln
ln
.
L
2r w
rw

( ) ( )

Consequently, it has been recommended that geometric skin in an isotropic reservoir which is probably
to be linear function of
r
h
h
h
ln
, ln
ln ( e )
L
2 rw
2r w
rw

( ) ( )

Parameters. As it has been deliberated previously that the well

productivity of HWs is significantly exaggerated by anisotropy, consequently, for an anisotropic

reservoir it can be written like:
S m=f

( ( ) ( ) ( ) )

I axi=

kv
k h , where kv and kh are vertical and horizontal perviousness, correspondingly.

r
h
h
h
ln
, ln e , ln
,I .
L
2 rw
rw
2 r w ani

Additionally, to justify for the anisotropy effect, conferring to Muskats alteration, the vertical
axis can be changed by:
h=

h
I ani , Hence the principal parameter in Equation 3.28 is exchanged by:
h

2r w I
h
x 1=
1n
L I ani
ani

Additional sensitivity examination exhibited that transformation of the vertical axis for the 3 rd
parameter declined the accurateness of the fitting model and utilizing natural log of Iani instead
of Iani verified to provide an improved fit. As a result, Sm has been proposed to be a function of
h
h
1n
2 rw I
L I ani

ani

re
h
,1n
1 n( I ani )
.
rw
2r w

) ( ) ( )
,1 n

S m=f (

h
h
1n
2 rw I
L I axi

ani

re
h
,1n
1 n(I ani ))
.
rw
2r w

) ( ) ( )
,1n

Assortment of these dimensionless figures demonstrated appropriate in attaining a wellorganized skin creation. Moreover, it is much valuable noticing that Xres = 2.5 x L and the
consequence of fractional penetration is deliberated distinctly in the following divisions.
The quadratic Response Surface model was selected as termed by Equation 3.32.
4

ai x i+ aii x + a ij x i x j
i=1

2
i

i=1

j=i+1

Sm =a0 +

i 1

It has been perceived that more than six hundred imitations innings were executed to guarantee
k
satisfactory determination of relevant parameters, grounded on the 2 factorial experimental
design standard. The anticipated dimensionless figures were ascended as per the provided
equation:
x ic=

(2x ix i maxx i min )

,
( x i max xi min )

Where xic is the scrambled implied parameter (articulating the

influence of reservoir and well parameters) and xi max and xi min are the maximum and
minimum of both parameters, correspondingly. The maximum and minimum standards of the
parameters were nominated grounded on the parameter circulation inside their applied variety of
applications. Moreover, the consistent variables and their variety of distinctions in this evaluation
demonstrating these 3 parameters which are displayed in Tables 3.3 and 3.4.
Table 3.5 provides the constants, higher and inferior restrictions and standard inaccuracy of the
constants of Equation 3.32. The standard mistake constant is utilized to evaluate in what way a
designated parameter is statistically substantial. Additionally as a law of thumb, it has been
observed that if the worth of the constant and its standard error are in the similar instruction of

magnitude and the projected parameter is not statistically substantial. At this time, the
consequences in Table 3.5 specify that the selected parameters are applicable. Normally the
2
coefficient of multiple purposes (R ) is utilized to assess the truthfulness of the fixed model. If
the coefficient of multiple determinations is 1, it delivers an outstanding reaction to the input
parameters and if the remaining error upsurges, the multiple determination constants reduce in
the variety of 1 to 0. For the fitted model, the coefficient of multiple purposes was 0.9996, which
is suitable.
3.8.1 Flow Skin, Effective Wellbore Radius, Non Darcy Flow
The purpose is to require a 1-D model that produces the similar movement show as that of the 3DHW model. Hence a 1-D open-hole emulator related to the 3-D model has been established,
that pretends the stable state sole stage flow around a single VW in an isotropic reservoir model
with continuous pressure boundary situations at the similar external and wellbore ranges similar
to the 3-D model of a HW. At this point, the novelist suggestion is to transform

St

to the

actual wellbore radius that can be displayed as follows:

r w =r wes

The reorganization of Equation 3.50 by the use of an operative wellbore range can be transcribed
as provided below:

m=

2 kh
r
ln ( a )
rw

Since and
rw

rw

sf

) are both purposes of the volumetric flow rate and liquid possessions,

is unidentified and its approximation necessitates an iterative process as designated

underneath:

1- The mass flow rate of the HW model (

mhw

) is identified from the internal simulator

for the situation under evaluation

Sm,
2is intended using Equation 3.32
3- The first stage for

rw

is obtained based on

sm

as follows:

sm

( r w ) m=r we

4- With this
system (

rw

, the pressure profile and mass flow rate of the corresponding open-hole

meoh

) is assessed by the 1-D internal simulator. Furthermore, it must be

distinguished that this deviousness is accompanied grounded on a pseudo pressure

calculation (Equation 3.50), which is a purpose of velocity; consequently, additional
round of repetition is mandatory to assess the pressure profile and mass flow rate.

C) Clean-up Efficiency of Hydraulically Fractured Wells

This research has been alienated into a couple of segments.
As far as the first division is concerned it was dedicated to assess the influence of relevant
parameters on the clean-up efficiency of a hydraulically fractured well. The overall conclusion is
that precise demonstrating of FF assault into the fracture and matrix is crucial. Furthermore, the
key listed assumptions of the first section are:
1- A model was shaped by the use of ECLIPSE100 that repeated the outcomes of the
circulated paper by Hold itch 1979, thus representing the reliability of the anticipated
tactic.
2- The occurrence of fracture fluid (FF) in the defacement zone affects the gas recovery by
tumbling the gas comparative penetrability. It can upsurge gas production loss (GPL)
meaningfully, if FF incursion was replicated more persuasively, as was accomplished
here by permitting the FF to go through all fracture blocks. Moreover, it supports
experimental work directed by Bennion 2001. Nevertheless it does not settle with the
arithmetical reproductions led by numerous detectives (Holditch 1979, Adegbola2002,
Gdanski et al. 2005).
3- The consequences also determines that the joint consequence of complete penetrability
and effective gas comparative penetrability decrease in the matrix assaulted zone is more
noticeable for greatest of cases considered at this point, even for the cases with
ascetically to great fracture permeability decrease. This is in difference with the earlier
arithmetical models displaying that fracture face damage is the significant issue if it
produced severe permeability lessening in the matrix invaded region.
4- FF recovery is greater if it is dishonoured with a abridged viscidness, i.e., greater
flexibility for the fabrication retro.
5- The fracture conductivity reduction is the main factor in GPL when matrix capillary
pressure is zero. Matrix capillary pressure increases the extent of FF invasion into the
matrix. This reduces the saturation of FF in the fracture thus reducing the impact of
fracture on clean-up efficiency.

6- Damage permeability reduction in the range of 90% and 99% can significantly increase
GPL when matrix capillary pressure is considered.
In the second part of this study, the impact of the pertinent parameters on the clean-up efficiency
was further evaluated using a statistical approach. A 2-level full factorial statistical experimental
design was used to sample a reasonably wide range of variation of pertinent parameters covering
many practical cases. The variation of total of 16 parameters describing the matrix and fracture
relative permeability of gas and FF, matrix capillary pressure were studied for two separate FF
volume values (FVR=2 and 5) The analysis of the data for the fracture models with FVR=2
demonstrated that:
7- As FF and gas production continues, the number of the cases with severs gas production
loss declines but the comparative position of the pertinent parameters upsurges.

8- GPL is significantly affected by fracture conductivityRecommendations

In the current research, certain abridging norms were prepared, which can be stress-free as
pronounced underneath:
a) Horizontal and Deviated wells:
1- The pressure descent beside the horizontal and diverged well distance was presumed
insignificant. A research can be accompanied to examine and inspect its influence on the
actual wellbore radius method. It has been observed that if the effect is substantial it can
be unified in the real wellbore radius calculation of 1-D open-hole system.
2- The influence of the development impairment due to the consequence of piercing fluid
was not deliberated at this point. The circulation of loss around the horizontal and
swerved wells affects the well performance of HWs. Additionally it is acclaimed to
spread the research to assess the influence of this destruction on the HWs and DWs
performance. Also it is recommended to describe this consequence as another skin that
can be merely engaged in the operative wellbore radius calculation.
3- It was carried out of the research that the influence of gravity was not reflected here, it is
proposed to comprise gravity term in the leading equations deciphered at this point.
b) Clean-up Efficiency:
1- Here a pre-fractured well was considered to model fracture fluid invasion during a
hydraulically fractured job. In order to model the process more realistically it is
recommended that a mathematical model be developed which include the dynamics of
creating a fracture with corresponding equations describing, simultaneously, the impact
of stress and flow parameters.
Furthermore, it is also suggested to enlarge this research in other guidelines as provided beneath:
a) Horizontal and Deviated Wells:

1. It has been perceived that the application of the projected actual wellbore radius method
can be examined for cracked horizontal wells
2. The research of flow around punctured horizontal and diverged wells can
correspondingly be another area of the investigation
b) Clean-up Efficiency:
1. As distinguished at this point, the statistical instrument linear LRSM (with and without
collaboration relations) are being utilized for data exploration. Executing the similar
workout by means of quadratic RSM is indorsed
2. Moreover, the statistical method shadowed at this point to appraise the influence of
parameters on the GPL for a broken well can be protracted to shield an extensive array of
the distinctions of cracked extents
3. In recent times an optimal break or damaged design was anticipated for hydraulically
broken gas condensate wells by the Heriot Watt gas condensate investigation group. It
evaluates fracture dimensions providing the extreme efficiency for a provided fracture
dimensions. It has been conceded that this way is grounded on a perfect fracture with
zero influence of clean-up efficiency. Moreover, the consequences exhibited at this point
here can be utilized to progress and advance this prime fracture design.