Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1976
MAP-LIKE
MODELS
topographic maps,
thematic maps,
cartographic nets,
cartographic atlases
atlases,
globes,
cartographic animations,
aerial images,
satellite images,
profiles,
etc.
CARTOGRAPHICTEXTUAL
MODELS
monographics,
lexicons,
text-books,
etc.
1977
2.
Since more than three decades cartosemiotics has been developed in the framework of theoretical cartography and has
already its own small history. Its formation has begun in the late sixties of the 20th century. Up to the early nineties
certain cartosemiotic knowledge has been accumulated in Europe, but this process took place in a polarized ideological
space. Cartosemiotic research has experienced a fresh impetus and activities in the nineties, which were characterized as
years of its revitalization. The new cartosemiotics is a "child" of European cartosemiotics of the nineties of the 20th
century [3].
It is no accident that cartosemiotics plays a relatively important part in the modern theoretical cartography. This field,
with its various manifestations, is an important component of theoretical cartography, not only in Europe, but also in
other areas of the world. The last decade of the 20th century has been characterized by considerable research activity in
its theoretical and applied subfields [4].
1978
Until recently cartosemiotics was engaged in research of traditional cartosemiotic models where print (or paper) maps
prevailed. Intrusion of Information Technologies (IT) and GIS has given for the map maker and map user qualitatively
new tools - scientific and cartographical visualization and new electronic (virtual) cartographical and map-like products.
It has cardinally expanded creative borders of creation and use of traditional cartosemiotic models.
Cartosemiotic visualization is a new term and a new scientific direction in cartosemiotics and in theoretical cartography.
This scientific direction has to be connected, first of all, to using and study of various electronic (virtual) cartosemiotic
models which are typical for desktop-cartography and web-cartography.
3.
CONCLUSION
The modern cartography has a technologic face; cartography looks for its identity in Information Technologies (e.g.
GIS). It is likely to be the only way to preserve itself as technological cartography with GIScience cooperation
(collaboration) . This is one way, which many technological cartographers accept only. But quo vadis technological
cartography? Nobody knows it, but one innovation gives way to another one. We have had automation, computering,
GISing, visualization ... What will be yet?
Are there other ways? I think, yes. I dont wish to call the other way an alternative way. It can be a way (or ways) which
I call cartosemiotic one: this is a way to study and to understand map language and language of map-like models
(products) with their cultural-historical, social and comminication aspects; this is a way to research both cartosemiotic
heritage and modern cartosemiotic models of reality or fiction; this is a way for acquisition of new spatial knowledge
and/or revitalization of forgotten spatial information; this is a way for aesthetic pleasure of cartographic rarities.
Today cartography and cartosemiotics focus their research and education interests, and other activities in interaction
(Figure 5). There are some competitions within and with cartography, which will further progress. Among new tasks,
which cartosemiotics will focus on competition with cartography, its two important ones should be named [3].
The first task is elaboration of methods for research of cartosemiotic models (not only traditional or analog but also
electronic or virtual ones). The methodical boundary of using these cartosemiotic methods has to be spread not only to
colleges and universities, but in perspective to schools (gymnasia), yet better to kindergartens. Here, some European
universities, e.g. University of Genf/Department of Geography, Dresden University of Technology/Institute of
Cartography and Lomonosov University in Moscow/Department of Geography have good experience of cartosemiotic
education with cartography and geography students.
The second task is research, writing and publishing of the cartosemiotic history of cartography. There are history of
cartography and history of semiotics, but cartosemiotic history of cartography has been not yet written. Research and
writing of history of cartosemiotics is a very difficult and prolonged task. The first steps are already made [3]. It will not
be a copy of history of cartography or semiotics; it has to be the history of development and using map language and
language of map-like models (products) with cultural-historical, social and communication aspects.
Methodical field of cartosemiotic models using is wider and more diversified than map using. Cartosemiotics has a
sufficient potential for forming a new discipline for acquisition of spatial knowledge with the help of diverse (analog
and digital) cartosemiotic models of reality and/or fiction. This discipline must not have a priority for cartographers or
other geoscientists; it will be an equal discipline for all, with cartographic and non-cartographic traditions and
experiences.
4.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
REFERENCES
Morita, T.: Reflections on the Results of a Questionnaire on the Definition of Map, Cartography and GIS. In:
Wolodtschenko, A. /Ed./ The Selected Problems of Theoretical Cartography 2002. (Dresden) ICA, pp.39-50,
(2003)
Wolodtschenko, A.: Structural Models in Cartography. In: Wolodtschenko, A. /Ed./ The Selected Problems of
Theoretical Cartography 2002. (Dresden) ICA, pp.79-84 , (2003)
Wolodtschenko, A.: Kartosemiotik in Europa. In: Schlichtmann, H.; Wolodtschenko,A. /Ed./ Diskussionsbetrge
zur Kartosemiotik und zur Theorie der Kartographie. Band 5. Dresden , (2002)
Schlichtmann, H.; Wolodtschenko, A.: Ten years international correspondence seminars in cartosemiotics. In:
Proc. 20th ICC, Beijing/China, August 6-10, v.5, pp.3199-3203, (2001)
Berliant, A.M.: Kartografiia. Moskva , (2001)
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1980