Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Arther Britten has written about various strategies to conceptualize society. In order to
concretize society mainstream sociologists have tended to define it as structure that is a
recognizable network of inter-relating institutions.
The word recognizable iscrucial in its context because it suggests that the way in which
societies differ from one another depends on the manner in which their particular institutions
are inter-connected. The notion that societies are structured depends upon their reproduction
over time. In this respect the term institution is crucial. To speak of institutionalized forms of
social conduct is to refer to modes of belief and behaviors that occur and recur are socially
reproduced. While we may subscribe to the arguments that society is both structured and
reproduced the Marxist account attempts to provide us with a basis for understanding how
particular social formations arise and correspond with particular mode of production. Society
is not a static or peace-fully evolving structure but is conceived of as the tentative solution to
the conflicts arising out of antagonistic social relations of production. Frequently social
scientists emphasize the cultural aspect of social relationships. In doing so they see society as
being made possible by the shared understanding of its members. Because human beings
exist in a linguistic and symbolic universe that they themselves have constructed the
temptation is to construe society as a highly complex symbolic and communication system.
Maksud Terjemahan
This stress on culture is associated with the notion that society is underpinned by ideas and
values. Society is a process in which people continuously interact with one another, the key
terms are negotiation, selfother, reflexivity the implication being that society is constituted
and reconstituted in social interaction. Society is not imposed upon people in the processual
definition rather it has to be accepted and confirmed by participants. Each interaction episode
contains within it the possibility of innovation and change. So against the view of society that
sees it as structure the process view asserts that people make structure.
All these strategies contain implicit or explicit assumptions about human nature and the
individual. Some recent theories have completely rejected the individual as a datum for social
analysis. Nevertheless the opposition between individual and society remains a theme of
popular and academic consciousness.
Maksud Terjemahan
Walaupun kita boleh merujuk kepada hujah-hujah bahawa masyarakat adalah keduadua berstruktur dan diterbitkan semula percubaan akaun Marxist untuk memberikan asas
pemahaman tentang bagaimana pembentukan sosial tertentu timbul dan sesuai dengan mod
tertentu pengeluaran. Masyarakat bukan struktur statik atau keamanan sepenuhnya berubahubah tetapi difahami sebagai penyelesaian sementara kepada konflik yang timbul daripada
hubungan sosial bermusuhan pengeluaran. Lazim ahli sains sosial menekankan aspek budaya
hubungan sosial. Dengan berbuat demikian mereka melihat masyarakat sebagai yang dibuat
mungkin dengan pemahaman yang dikongsi bersama ahli-ahlinya. Kerana manusia wujud di
alam semesta linguistik dan simbolik bahawa mereka sendiri telah dibina godaan ini adalah
untuk mentafsirkan masyarakat sebagai sistem simbolik dan komunikasi yang sangat
kompleks.
Penekanan tentang budaya dikaitkan dengan tanggapan bahawa masyarakat disokong
oleh idea-idea dan nilai-nilai. Masyarakat adalah satu proses di mana manusia sentiasa
berinteraksi dengan satu sama lain, syarat-syarat utama adalah perundingan memantulkan
implikasinya adalah bahawa masyarakat ditubuhkan dan disusun semula dalam interaksi
sosial. Persatuan ini tidak dikenakan ke atas orang dalam takrif processual sebaliknya ia
telah diterima dan disahkan oleh peserta. Setiap episod interaksi terkandung di dalamnya
inovasi dan perubahan. Jadi pandangan masyarakat yang melihat ia sebagai struktur
pandangan proses membangkang orang membuat struktur. Semua strategi ini mengandungi
andaian tersurat atau tersirat mengenai sifat manusia dan individu. Beberapa teori baru-baru
ini telah benar-benar menolak individu sebagai datum untuk analisis sosial. Walau
bagaimanapun pembangkang di antara individu dan masyarakat tetap menjadi tema kesedaran
popular dan akademik.