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GEOLOGI MIGAS
MUSYAFAR KUDRI ZAIN, S.Si., M.Si.
Source Rock
Source Rock is any rocks that can produce and expel hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon is generated from organic-rich sediments (source rocks)
containing organic matter originating from biological materials.
During burial of sediments, the increase in temperature results in a series
of geochemical reactions which leads from biopolymers to geopolymers,
often collectively called kerogen, which are precursors of petroleum.
Source Rock
It must have QUANTITY, QUALITY and MATURITY (QQM)
Quantity of SR
Quality of SR
Source Rock
Potential SR. : Rock which contains organic matter in sufficient quantity
to generate and expel hydrocarbons if subjected to increased thermal
maturation
Effective SR. : Rock which contains organic matter and is presently
generating and/or expelling hydrocarbons to forms commercial
accumulations
Relic Effective SR. : An effective source rock which has ceased generating
and expelling hydrocarbons due to a thermal cooling event such as uplift
or erosion before exhausting its organic matter supply
Spent SR. : An active source rock which has exhausted its ability to
generate and expel hydrocarbons either through lack of sufficient organic
matter or due to reaching an overmature state
Kerogen
Kerogen
Vitrinite Reflectance
Vitrinite is plant organic matter,
common in coal, which reflects light
more strongly as it becomes more
cooked
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) is a
measurement of the percentage of
light reflected off the vitrinite maceral
at 500 x magnification in oil
immersion
Crude oil occurs for Ro values between 0,6 and 1.5. Gas generation takes
place between 1.5 and 3.0. at values above 3.0 the rocks are essentially
graphitic and devoid of HC.
Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis, the heating of kerogen or source rock, was the process developed to
produce petroleum from oil shales.
The Temperature is gradually raised at acrefully measured rate, and the
expelled hydrocarbon gases recorded with a detector. At relatively low
temperature (200-300oC) any free hydrocarbons in the sample are volatilized.
These HC are referred to as S1.
With Increasing temperature, HC are expelled from the kerogen itself. These HC
are termed S2. The tempearture at which S2 peak occurs is termed Tmax.
With further heating to some 390oC, CO2 is expelled to generate a third peak,
S3.
Where migration has not occurred, the ratio S1/(S1+S2) shows the amount of
petroleum generated compared with the total amount capable of being
generated