American International University Bangladesh (AIUB)

CN Language; LabTask ;

Course Tutor: KNM

Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting FLSM

Topic
In this Lab, we will discuss about IP addressing including Subnetting
FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
Subnetting
This is a very popular technique in IP addressing. It is used to divide a single Network into multiple small
networks.The concept of subnetting was introduced to reduce the wastage of IP addresses. For example: In a
Class C network, we can have 254 valid IP address, means can connect up to 254 devices. But what if you only
have 10 devices and you are using the Class C range, there are 244 IP address are wasted and cannot be used
by someone else.Thus you are dividing your network into individual sub-network
An example of IP address is: 192.168.10.1
The structure of an IP address looks as below.
4 octets of 8 bits each, represented in binary 1s and 0s
The octets are separated by a decimal, also known as dotted notation.

If you convert the binary value to decimal for:

Octet -1 we get the equivalent 192
Octet -2 we get the equivalent 168
Octet -3 we get the equivalent 10
Octet -4 we get the equivalent 1
Class A

0 127

Class B 128 191

Class C 192 223

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Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting

In the below table we see that after putting the Binary values and adding the values with 1s, we get the decimal
equivalent. E.g. 128 + 64 = 192

The values in each octet can be of range 0 to 255 i.e. all bits in an octet set to 0 or 1.
Class A, has first octet for Network and remaining 3 octets for Host N. H. H. H
Class B, has first and second octet for Network and remaining 2 octets for Host N. N. H. H
Class C, has first three octets for Network and remaining 1 octet for Host N. N. N. H
So if we take the example of the IP address in Class C,
i.e. 192.168.1.1 Seeing the first Octet value i.e. 192, we can make out this is a Class C, IP address.

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Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting

In the above mentioned address as 192.168.1.x ( x can be any number from 0 to 255) represent the network and
the last octet can be any values from 0 to 255, all these IP address are part of the same network i.e. 192.168.1.0
network.
Consider a Class C IP address range, 192.168.1.0, so the below picture gives an idea of the network address,
valid IP addresses that can be used to assign to hosts and the broadcast address.

The Network and Host portion are differentiated by the use of a Subnet Mask. In a subnet Mask, all 1s represent
a Network and all 0s represent hosts.
The default subnet masks for all the three Classes are as below.

A similar representation for Class B

A similar representation for Class A

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Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting

Lets see how many network and host can each class of IP address have.
Network

Host

Among all the IP address available for hosts not all are valid, we need to remove 2 from the available list as we
cannot have the values of all 0s and all 1s used. The first and the last address are used for the network and
Broadcast ID. In Terms of networking and IP addressing, Hosts and Networks are the key for deciding
requirements.
Thus the Valid number of host address becomes:

Note: the IP address in range of 127.x.x.x is only used for testing and is commonly known as the loopback IP
address.

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Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting

Topology
Consider you have 4 departments, namely:
1. Sales
2. Accounts
3. HR
4. IT
Your IT manager wants you to design a network that each department has 50 hosts, i.e. in total 200 hosts.
With FLSM
If dividing the network into equal sizes, like of each network 64 addresses. When we do subnetting, what we are
doing is converting some hosts bits to network bits. Or can say converting 0s to 1s.
Let me explain a little about slash notation /, you would have seen IP addresses mentioned like : 192.168.1.1/24,
here the 24 represents the number of 1s in the subnet mask.
192.168.1.1 With subnet mast of 255.255.255.0 can be written as 192.168.1.1/24
Please see below an important table that you should memorize to make subnetting easy for you.

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Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting

Putting the value of H (host) as mentioned below we get corresponding values.

Now, if we use 2 ^6, we get 64 hosts and, our requirement is 50 hosts. The formula holds true.
Out of the available 64 addresses, we cannot use the first and last IP address as they are reserved for
Network address and broadcast address. Thus allowed usable IP addresses or valid host IPs is 64 -2 =
62. (Can connect up to 62 devices)

So,
Host bits required (h) =6
Converted Network bits (n) = Total host bits required host bits (h), 8 -6 =2
Thus, converted Network bits (n) =2
Total Network Bits =default Network Bits + converted network Bits (n) = 24+2=26
Hosts per Subnet = 2h -2 = 2 6 2 = 64 -2 = 62 hosts per subnet
Number of Subnets = 2 x n = 2x2 = 4 ( As 2 bits were moved from host to subnet)
Therefore customized subnet mask = /26 = 255.255.255.192
Valid Range of IPs : = 2h -2 = 2 6 2 = 64 -2 = 62 hosts
The networks will be in intervals of 64. That is: 0, 64, 128, and 192.

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Packet Tracer IP Addressing with Subnetting

LAB Task
Design and configure the given topology and provide IP Addressing and appropriate Subnet mask.
So we can assign IP Address each departments with Subnet, namely:
1. Sales Network ID : 192.168.10.0
2. Accounts Network ID : 192.168.10.64
3. HR Network ID : 192.168.10.128
4. IT Network ID : 192.168.10.192

You need to configure the both Routers with Static / Dynamic Routing

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