This refers ques which ‘freeze’ a situation in a sample in which changes are occurring with time. It is usually applied to the study of moving machinery or assemblies during operational functioning (e.g, aero engines or purnps), or to structural changes occurring more slowly due to metallurgical failure processes (c.g. creep cavitation), or to heat treatments and corresion, Flash radiography = high-speed radiography This is a tech- nique of dynamic radiography in which motion is ‘frozen’ by using an extremely short pulse (tens of nanoseconds duration) of high-intensity radiation, Field-emission X-ray tubes have been constructed which can give sufficient output in 50 ns to produce a radiograph during very high speed motion, such as in studies of high-speed liquid flow and molten metal pouring during casting.