Mathematics 1st Year Complete Book. All Questions Solved

Exercise 1.
1 (Solutions)
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ExePGise 2.4 (Solutions)

T EX TBO OK
OF A LG EB RA AND T RI GO NOM ETRY FO R C LAS S

Ava i l a b l e on l i ne @ h tt p :/ / www. ma t h ci t y. or g, Ve r s i on : 1 . 0 . 0
M e r gi n g ma n a n d mat h s
~ pq
Question # 1(i)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:
q ~ p
p ~ q
~ q p
Question # 1(ii)
q p
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:
pq
~ q ~ p
~ p ~q
~ p ~q
Question # 1(iii)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:
~ q ~ p
p q
qp
Do yourself as above
Question # 1(iv)
Question # 2 (i)
Statement: (p ~ p) v (p q)
p
-p
p ~p
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
p q ( p ~ p ) v ( p q)
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
Question # 2 (ii)
Statement: (p A ~ p) q
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
p
F
F
T
T
Question # 2 (iii)
Statement: ~(p q)(p A ~ q)
PA
F
F
F
F
~ p) q
T
T
T
T
XI
F
T
F
F
(
)
p
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
T
)q
F
T
F
T
~(p q)
>
T
F
T
F
pq
T
T
F
F
>
T
T
T
T
FSc I - 2.4 - 2 & Tautology:

The statement which is true for all possible values of the variables in it is called
tautology.
& Contingency:
The statement which is true or false depending upon the truth values of the variables
involved in it is called a contingency.
& Absurdity or Contradiction:
The statement which is false for all the possible values of the variables involved in it is
called an absurdity or contradiction.
Question # 3 (i)
Statement: (p A q) p
P
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
p q
A
pAqp
T
F
F
F
T
T
T
T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp and
q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (ii)
Statement: p (p v q)
p
q
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
pvq
T
T
T
F
p (p v q )
T
T
T
T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values of p
and q thus given statement is tautology
Question # 3 (iii)
Statement: ~(p q) p
p
pq
~ (p q)
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
F
T
F
F
~ (p q)
p
T
T
T
T
Question # 3 (iv)
Statement: ~ q A (p
p
q
-p
T
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
q) ~ p
-
q
F
T
F
T
pq
T
F
T
T
~ q a (p q )
F
F
F
T
~ q a (p q ) ~ p
T
T
T
T
FSc I - 2.4 - 3
Question # 4 (i)
Statement: ~(p q) p
p
T
F
-p
F
T
PA
F
F
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is false for all values ofp
and q thus given statement is absurdity.
Question # 4 (ii)
Statement: p (q p)
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
qp
T
T
F
T
p (q p )
T
T
T
T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp
and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 4 (iii)
Statement: q v (~ q v p)
P
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
~q
F
T
F
T
~qvp
T
T
F
T
q v (~ q v p )
T
T
T
T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp
and q thus given statement is tautology.
>
Question # 5
Consider the truth table
p q -p -q p A q
T T F F
T
T F F T
F
F T T F
F
F F T T
F
F
F
F
T
p v ( ~ pA ~ q ) v ( p A q )
T
T
F
T
p v ( ~ pA ~ q )
T
T
F
T
The last two column of the above table are identical this shows that the statement p v
(~ p A ~ q) v (p A q) and p v (~ p A ~ q) are equal
i.e. p v (~ pA ~ q) v (p A q) = p v (~ pA ~ q)
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Error Analyst
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Question # 1(i)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:
~ pq
q ~ p
p ~ q
~qp
Question # 1(ii)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:
q p
p q
~ q ~ p
~ p ~ q
Question # 1(iii)
Conditional:
Converse:
Inverse:
Contrapositive:
~ p ~ q
~ q ~ p
p q
qp
Question # 1(iv)
Question # 2 (i)
Statement: ( p ~ p ) ( p q )
p
~p
p ~ p
p q
( p ~ p) ( p q)
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
Question # 2 (ii)
Statement: ( p ~ p ) q
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
p ~ p
F
F
F
F
~p
F
F
T
T
( p ~ p) q
T
T
T
T
Question # 2 (iii)
Statement: ~ ( p q ) ( p ~ q )
p
~q
p q
~ ( p q)
p ~ q
( p ~ q) ~ ( p q)
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
T
F
T
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
T
FSc I 2.4 - 2
Tautology:
The statement which is true for all possible values of the variables in it is called
tautology.
Contingency:
The statement which is true or false depending upon the truth values of the
variables involved in it is called a contingency.
Absurdity or Contradiction:
The statement which is false for all the possible values of the variables involved
in it is called an absurdity or contradiction.
Question # 3 (i)
Statement: ( p q ) p
P
T
T
F
F
pq
T
F
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
pqp
T
T
T
T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (ii)
Statement: p ( p q )
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
pq
T
T
T
F
p ( p q)
T
T
T
T
of p and q thus given statement is tautology
Question # 3 (iii)
Statement: ~ ( p q ) p
p
p q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
~ ( p q)
F
T
F
F
~ ( p q) p
T
T
T
T
Question # 3 (iv)
Statement: ~ q ( p q ) ~ p
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
~p
F
F
T
T
~q
F
T
F
T
p q
T
F
T
T
~ q ( p q)
F
F
F
T
~ q ( p q) ~ p
T
T
T
T
FSc I 2.4 - 3
Question # 4 (i)
Statement: ~ ( p q ) p
p
T
F
~p
F
T
p ~ p
F
F
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is false for all values
of p and q thus given statement is absurdity.
Question # 4 (ii)
Statement: p (q p )
p
T
T
F
F
q p
T
T
F
T
q
T
F
T
F
p (q p)
T
T
T
T
Question # 4 (iii)
Statement: q (~ q p )
P
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
~q p
T
T
F
T
~q
F
T
F
T
q (~ q p )
T
T
T
T
Question # 5
Consider the truth table
p
T
T
F
F
q ~p ~q
T F F
F F T
T T F
F T T
pq
T
F
F
F
~ p ~ q
F
F
F
T
p (~ p ~ q ) ( p q )
T
T
F
T
p (~ p ~ q )
T
T
F
T
The last two column of the above table are identical this shows that the statement
p (~ p ~ q ) ( p q ) and p (~ p ~ q ) are equal
i.e. p (~ p ~ q ) ( p q ) = p (~ p ~ q )

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Page 57

J Question # 1
The corresponding formula of logic is
~ ( p q) = ~ p ~ q
p
~p
~q
p q
~ ( p q)
~ p ~ q
The last two columns of the above table shows that ~ ( p q ) = ~ p ~ q

and hence ( A B) = A B .
H Question # 2
( p q) r = p (q r )
p
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
q
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
r
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
pq
qr
( p q) r
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
p (q r )
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
The last two columns of the above table shows that ( p q ) r = p ( q r )

and hence ( A B) C = A ( B C ) .
D Question # 3
( p q) r = p (q r )
p
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
q
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
r
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
pq
qr
( p q) r
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
p (q r )
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
The last two columns of the above table shows that ( p q ) r = p ( q r )

and hence ( A B) C = A ( B C ) .
2.5 - 2
B Question # 4
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C )

p (q r ) = ( p q) ( p r )
p
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
q
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
r qr
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
F
pq
pr
p (q r )
( p q) ( p r )
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
The last two columns of the above table shows that p (q r ) = ( p q ) ( p r )

and hence A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C ) .

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Question # 1
i) From the given table we have
0 + 0 = 0 and 0 + 1 = 1
This show that 0 is the identity element.
0
ii) Since 1 + 1 = 0 (identity element) so the inverse
1
of 1 is 1.
iii) It is clear from table that element of the given set
satisfy closure law, associative law, identity law and inverse law
thus given set is group under .
Also it satisfies commutative law so it is an abelian group.
0
1
1
1
1
0
Question # 2
Suppose G = {0,1, 2,3}

0 1 2 3
i) The given table show that each element of the
0 0 1 2 3
table is a member of G thus closure law holds.
1 1 2 3 0
ii) is associative in G .
iii) Table show that 0 is identity element w.r.t. .
2 2 3 0 1
iv) Since 0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 3 = 0, 2 + 2 = 0, 3 + 1 = 0
3 3 0 1 2
01 = 0 , 11 = 3 , 2 1 = 2 , 31 = 1
v) As the table is symmetric w.r.t. to the principal diagonal. Hence commutative law
holds.
Question # 3
(i) As 0 , multiplicative inverse of 0 in not in set . Therefore the set of rational
number is not a group w.r.t to .
(ii) a- Closure property holds in under + because sum of two rational number is
also rational.
b- Associative property holds in under addition.
c- 0 is an identity element.
d- If a then additive inverse a such that a + ( a ) = ( a ) + a = 0 .
Therefore the set of rational number is group under addition.
(iii) a- Since for a , b + , ab + thus closure law holds.
b- For a , b, c , a (bc) = (ab)c thus associative law holds.
c- Since 1 + such that for a + , a 1 = 1 a = a . Hence 1 is the identity element.

1
1 1
1
d- For a + ,
+ such that a = a = 1. Thus inverse of a is .
a
a a
a
+
Hence is group under addition.
(iv) Since = {0, 1, 2, 3,............}
a- Since sum of integers is an integer therefore for a , b , a + b .

b- Since a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c thus associative law holds in .
c- Since 0 such that for a , a + 0 = 0 + a = . Thus 0 an identity element.
d- For a , a such that a + ( a ) = ( a ) + a = 0 . Thus inverse of a is a .
(v) Since = {0, 1, 2, 3,............}

For any a the multiplicative inverse of a is
multiplication.
1
. Hence is not a group under
a
FSc-I / 2.8 - 2
Question # 4
As E + E = E, E + O = O, O + O = E
E O
Thus the table represents the sums of the elements of set { E , O} .
E E O
The identity element of the set is E because
O O E
E + E = E + E = E & E +O =O+ E = E .
i) From the table each element belong to the set { E , O} .
Hence closure law is satisfied.
ii) is associative in { E , O}
iii) E is the identity element of w.r.t to
iv) As O + O = E and E + E = E , thus inverse of O is O and inverse of E is E.
v) As the table is symmetric about the principle diagonal therefore is commutative.
Hence { E , O} is abelian group under .
Question # 5
Suppose G = {1, , 2 }
1
1
2
2
2 1
1
i) A table show that all the entries belong to G.

ii) Associative law holds in G w.r.t. multiplication.
1 ( 2 ) = 1 1 = 1
e.g.
2 2
(1 ) 2 = 2 = 1
iii) Since 1 1 = 1 , 1 = 1 = , 1 2 = 2 1 = 2
Thus 1 is an identity element in G.
iv) Since 1 1 = 1 1 = 1 , 2 = 2 = 1 , 2 = 2 = 1
therefore inverse of 1 is 1, inverse of is 2 , inverse of 2 is .
v) As table is symmetric about principle diagonal therefore commutative law holds in G.
Hence G is an abelian group under multiplication.
Question # 6
Given that G is a group under the operation and a , b G such that

ax =b
As a G and G is group so a 1 G such that
a 1 ( a x ) = a 1 b
And for
( a 1 a ) x = a 1 b
as associative law hold in G.
e x = a 1 b
x = a 1 b
by inverse law.
by identity law.
xa =b
( x a ) a 1 = b a 1
For a G , a 1 G
x ( a a 1 ) = b a 1
as associative law hold in G.
x e = b a 1
x = b a 1
Question # 7
by inverse law.
by identity law.
Consider G = a + 3 b | a, b
i) Let a + 3b , c + 3d G , where a, b, c & d are rational.
(a +
) (
3b + c + 3d = ( a + c ) + 3 ( b + d ) = a + 3b G
where a = a + c and b = b + d are rational as sum of rational is rational.

Thus closure law holds in G under addition.
FSc-I / 2.8 - 3
ii) For a + 3b , c + 3d , e + 3 f G
(a + 3b) + ( c + 3d ) + (e + 3 f ) = (a + 3b) + ( c + e) + 3(d + f )

= ( a + ( c + e) ) + 3 ( b + ( d + f ) )
= ( ( a + c ) + e ) + 3 ( (b + d ) + f )
As associative law hold in
(
= ( (a +
= (a + c) + 3(b + d ) + (e + 3 f )
3b) + (c + 3d ) + (e + 3 f )
Thus associative law hold in G under addition.

iii) 0 + 3 0 G as 0 is a rational such that for any a + 3b G
(a + 3b) + (0 + 3 0) = (a + 0) + 3(b + 0) = a + 3b
And
(0 + 3 0) + (a + 3b) = (0 + a) + 3(0 + b) = a + 3b
Thus 0 + 3 0 is an identity element in G.

iv) For a + 3b G where a & b are rational there exit rational a & b such that
(a + 3b) + ( a ) + 3(b) = ( a + ( a ) ) + 3 ( b + (b) ) = 0 + 3 0

&
( ( a ) +
3(b) + (a + 3b) = ( ( a ) + a ) + 3 ( (b) + b ) = 0 + 3 0
Thus inverse of a + 3b is (a) + 3(b) exists in G.

v) For a + 3b , c + 3d G
(a +
) (
3b + c + 3d = (a + c ) + 3(b + d )
= (c + a) + 3(d + b)
= (c + d 3) + (a + 3b)
Thus Commutative law holds in G under addition.
And hence G is an abelian group under addition.
As commutative law hold in .
Question 8
Let A, B P( S ) where A & B are subsets of S.

As intersection of two subsets of S is subset of S.
Therefore A B = A B P( S ) . Thus closure law holds in P (S ) .
For A, B, C P( S )
A ( B C ) = A ( B C ) = ( A B) C = ( A B ) C
Thus associative law holds and P (S ) .
And hence ( P( S ), ) is a semi-group.
For A P( S ) where A is a subset of S we have S P( S ) such that
A S = S A = A .
Thus S is an identity element in P (S ) . And hence ( P( S ), ) is a monoid.
Question 9
Let x1 and x2 be the required elements.
By associative law
(a a) a = a (a a)
ca = ac
x1 = b
Now again by associative law
( a a ) b = a ( a b)
c b = a a x2 = c
a
b
c
a
c
a
x1
b
a
b
x2
c
b
c
a
FSc-I / 2.8 - 4
Question 10
Let G be the all non-singular 2 2 matrices over the real field.

i) Let A, B G then A22 B22 = C22 G
Thus closure law holds in G under multiplication.
ii) Associative law in matrices of same order under multiplication holds.
therefore for A, B, C G
A ( B C ) = ( A B) C
1 0
iii) I 22 =
is a non-singular matrix such that
0 1
A22 I 22 = I 22 A22 = A22
Thus I 22 is an identity element in G.
iv) Since inverse of non-singular square matrix exists,
therefore for A G there exist A1 G such that AA1 = A1 A = I .
v) As we know for any two matrices A, B G , AB BA in general.
Therefore commutative law does not holds in G under multiplication.
Hence the set of all 2 2 non-singular matrices over a real field is a non-abelian group
under multiplication.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com),
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Quotations
b The tragedy of life is not that it ends so soon, but that we wait so long to begin it.
W. M. Lewis
b It is neither good nor bad, but thinking makes it so.
William Shakespeare
b Why fear death? It is the most beautiful adventure in life.
Charles Frohman
b An unfortunate thing about this world is that the good habits are much easier to give
up than the bad ones.
W. Somerset Maugham
b The truth is that life is delicious, horrible, charming, frightful, sweet, bitter, and that it
is everything.
Anatole France
b There is big difference between getting ready to act and starting to act. Many are
forever ready to act.
Anonymous
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FSc-II- Ex 3.3 - 2
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Author: Prof. Tahir Nazir (University of Sargodha) , Version: 1.0.0
FSc-II- Ex 3.3 - 2
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FSc-II- Ex 3.3 - 4
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mathcity.org
{ Question # 1
(i) Let x be a cube root of 8 then
1
x (8)3
x3 8
x3 8 0
(x )3 (2)3 0
(x 2)(x 2 2x 4) 0
x 2 0
x 2
or
or
x 2 2x 4 0
Review:
1 3
2
1 3
2
2
2 (2)2 4(1)(4)
x
2(1)
2 4 16
2 12
2
2
2 2 3
1 3
2
2
1 3
1 3
x 2
or x 2
2
2
x 2
or x 2 2
Hence cube root of 8 are 2,2 and 2 2 .
(ii) Hint
Considering x as a cube root of 8 and Solving as above you will get the following
values of x
2 2 3
2 2 3
x 2 , x
,
x
2
2
1 3
1 3
x 2
, x 2
2
2
x 2 2 , x 2
Hence cube root of 8 are 2, 2 and 2 2 .
(iii)
Do yourself as (iv) below.
(iv) Let x be a cube root of 27 then

1
x (27)3
x 3 27 0
x 3 27
(x )3 (3)3 0
(x 3)(x 2 3x 9) 0
x 3 0
x 3
x 2 3x 9 0
or
or
3 (3)2 4(1)(9)
x
2(1)
3 9 36
3 27
3 3 3
2
2
2
3 3 3
3 3 3
x
or x
2
2
FSC-I - 4.4 - 2
1 3
1 3
x 3
or x 3
2
2
x 3 2
or
x 3
(v) Let x be a cube root of 64 then

1
x (64)3
x 3 64
x 3 64 0
(x )3 (4)3 0
(x 4)(x 2 4x 16) 0
x 4 0
x 4
x 2 4x 16 0
or
4 (4)2 4(1)(16)
x
2(1)
or
4 16 64
4 48
2
2
4 4 3
Q 48 16 3
2
4 4 3
4 4 3
x
or x
2
2
1 3
1 3
or x 4
x 4
2
2
x 4
or
x 4 2
{ Question # 2
8
8
(i)
1 2 1 w 2 2w 2
0 2w 2
Q 1 2 0
(2)8 (w 2 )8 256 16
256 15 256 3
5
256 1 256
5
(ii)
Q 3 1
28 w 29 1 27 27 2 1
3 3 2 1
9
1 1 2 1
9
2 1
0 Answer
(iii)
Answer
1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 1 2 2
0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2
4 3 4(1) = 4
Answer
Q 3 1
Q 1 2 0
Q 1 2 0
Q 3 1
Made By: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org
FSC-I - 4.4 - 3
(iv)
1 3 7 1 3 7
2
2
7 ( 2 )7
7 14
1 3
2
1 3
2
2
6 12 2 3 3 2
3
13 14 2
2 1
Answer
(v)
Q 1 2 0
3 1 3
5
1 3 5 1 3 5
2
2
2
2
1 3
2
1 3
2
2
2 5 2 2
32 5 32 10 32 3 2 32 9 1
32(1) 2 32(1)
32( 2 )
32(1) 32
Q 9 3 (1)3 1
3
Q 1 2 0
{ Question # 3
(i) R.H.S= x y x y x 2y
= x y x x 2y y x 2y
2
2
3
2
= x y x xy xy y
= x y x 2 2 xy (1)y 2
2
2
= x y x 1 xy y
= x y x 2 xy y 2
=x 3 y 3 L.H.S
(ii)
Q 3 1
Q 1 2 0
2 1
R.H.S= x y z x y 2z x 2y z
= x y z [x 2 2xy xz xy 3y 2 2yz
2xz 4yz 3z 2 ]
= x y z [x 2 ( 2 )xy ( 2 )xz ( 2 4 )yz
3y 2 3z 2 ]
= x y z [x 2 (1)xy (1)xz ( 2 )yz (1)y 2 (1)z 2 ]
Q 4 & 2 1
= x y z [x 2 y 2 z 2 xy (1)yz xz ]
= x y z [x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz xz ]
x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz L.H.S
(iii) L.H.S= (1 )(1 2 )(1 4 )(1 8 )............2n factors

[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 4 )(1 8 )]............ n factors
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 3 )(1 6 2 )]............ n factors
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 3 )(1 ( 3 )2 2 )]............ n factors
FSC-I - 4.4 - 4
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 1 )(1 (1)2 2 )]............ n factors

[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 )(1 2 )]............ n factors
n
n
(1 )(1 2 ) 1 2 3
0 1n
Q 1 2 0 , 3 1
1n
1 R.H.S
{ Question # 4 (i)
x 2 x 1 0 ...........(i )
Let
Since is root of (i ) therefore
2 1 0...........(ii )
To prove 2 is root of (i )
Consider
2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2
2 1 4 2 2 1 2
0 2 1
from (i )
2 1 0 ...........(iii )
2 is the root of the equation (i ) .
Now subtracting (ii ) from (iii )
1 0
2 1 0
3 1 0
3 1 0
as
3 1
{ Question # 5
Let x be a cube root of 1 then

1
x (1)3
x 3 1
x3 1 0
(x )3 (1)3 0
(x 1)(x 2 x 1) 0
x 1 0
x 1
or
x2 x 1 0
or
(1) (1)2 4(1)(1)

x
2(1)
1 1 4
1 3
2
2
1 3
1 3
x
or x
2
2
1 3i
1 3i
x
or x
2
2
1 3i
1 3i
Hence complex cube root of 1 are
and
.
2
2
FSC-I - 4.4 - 5
{ Question # 6
Since 2 and 2 2 are roots of required equation, therefore

x 2 x 2 2 0
x 2 2x 2 2x 4 3 0
x 2 2x ( 2 ) 4(1) 0
Q 3 1
x 2 2x (1) 4 0
Q 1 2 0
x 2 2x 4 0
is the required equation.
{ Question # 7
(i) Let x be a fourth root of 16 then
x
1
(16)4
x 4 16
x 4 16 0
x 2
x 2 4x 2 4 0
(4)2 0
x2 4 0
or
x2 4 0
x 2 4
or
x2 4
x 4 or
x 2i
or
x 4
x 2
Hence the four fourth root of 16 are 2, 2, 2i , 2i .
(ii)
Hint: 81 (9)2
Do yourself as above.
(iii) Let x be a fourth root of 625 then

x
1
(625)4
x 4 625
x 4 625 0
x 2 25x 2 25 0
x 2
(25)2 0
x 2 25 0
or
x 2 25 0
x 2 25
or
x 2 25
x 25 or
x 5i
or
x 25
x 5
Hence the four fourth root of 625 are 5, 5, 5i , 5i .
Question # 8
(i)
2x 4 32 0
2(x 4 16) 0
x 4 16 0
Now do you as in Question # 7 (i)
(ii)
3y 5 243y 0
3y y 4 81 0
3y 0
or
y 4 81 0
FSC-I - 4.4 - 6
y 2 (9)2 0
y 2 9y 2 9 0
y0
or
y2 9 0
or
y2 9 0
y 2 9
or
y2 9
y 9
or
y 9
y 3i
or
Hence S.Set 0, 3, 3i
(iii)
y 3
x3 x2 x 1 0
x 2 x 1 1(x 1) 0
(x 1)(x 2 1) 0
x 1 0
or
x2 1 0
x 1
or
x 2 1
Hence S.Set 1, i
(iv)
x i
5x 5 5x 0
5x (x 4 1) 0
5x 0
or
x 0
or
Hence S.Set 0, 1, i
x4 1 0
x 2 (1)2 0
x 2 1x 2 1 0
2
x2 1 0
or
x2 1 0
x 2 1
or
x2 1
x i
or
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Nature of Roots (Page 165)

The roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
are
b b 2 4ac
x =
2a
(Where we take a , b & c as rational)
The nature of the roots of an equation depends
on the value of the expression b 2 4ac called
discriminant.
Case I: If b 2 4ac = 0
b
b
Then roots of the equation are
and .
2a
2a
So the roots are real (rational) and repeated
equal.
Case II: If b 2 4ac < 0
Then the roots are complex/imaginary and
distinct/unequal.
Case III: If b 2 4ac > 0
Then the roots are real and distinct/unequal.
However, if b 2 4ac is a perfect square then
b 2 4ac will be rational and so the roots are
rational and unequal. And if b 2 4ac is not a
Here a = 1 , b = 2 m + , c = 3
m
2
Disc. = b 4ac
2

1
= 2 m + 4(1)(3)
m
= 4 m 2 + 2 + 2 12
m
= 4 m2 + 2 + 2 3
m
= 4 m 2 + 2 1
m
= 4 m 2 + 2 2 + 1
m
1
= 4 m + 1 > 0
Hence roots are real.

Question # 2(ii)
(b a ) x2 + ( c a ) x + ( a b) = 0
Here A = b c , B = c a , C = a b
Disc. = b 2 4ac
perfect square then b 2 4ac will be irrational

and so the roots are irrational and unequal.
x2 5x + 6 = 0
a = 1 , b = 5 , x = 6
Disc. = b 2 4ac
= (5)2 4(1)(6)
= 25 24 = 1 > 0
Disc. is perfect square therefore roots are
rational (real) and unequal.
(iii) Do yourself as (i)
(ii)
25 x 2 30 x + 9 = 0
a = 25 , b = 30 , c = 9
Disc. = b 2 4ac
= (30)2 4(25)(9)
= 900 900 = 0
roots are rational (real) and equal.
(iv)
Question # 2(i)
1
x2 2 m + x + 3 = 0
m
4 ( b c )( a b )
= c 2 + a 2 2ca 4 ab b 2 ac + bc
Question # 1(i)
4 x2 + 6 x + 1 = 0
Here a = 4 , b = 6 , c = 1
Disc. = b 2 4ac
= ( 6 ) 4(4)(1) = 36 16
= 20 > 0
Discriminant is not perfect square therefore the
roots are irrational (real) and unequal.
(c a)
= c + a 2ac 4ab + 4b + 4ac 4bc

2
=
=
(a
+ c 2 + 2ac 4ab 4bc + 4b 2
( a + c ) 4b ( a + c ) + ( 2b )
( a + c 2b )2 > 0
2
=
Hence roots are real.
Question # 3
(i) ( p + q ) x 2 px qb 2 4ac = 0
Here a = p + q , b = p , c = q
Disc. = b 2 4ac
=
( p)
p 2 + 4 pq + 4q 2
4( p + q )( q)
= ( p + 2q )
the roots are rational.
2
(ii)
px 2 ( p q) x q = 0
Do yourself
Question # 4
(i) ( m + 1) x 2 + 2 ( m + 3) x + m + 8 = 0
a = m + 1 , b = 2 ( m + 3) , c = m + 8
Disc. = b 2 4ac
= ( 2 ( m + 3) ) 4 ( m + 1)( m + 8 )
2
) (
= 4 m 2 + 6m + 9 4 m 2 + 8m + m + 8
FSc-II / Ex- 4.7 - 2
= 4 m 2 + 6m + 9 m 2 8m m 8
= 4 ( 3m + 1)
For equal roots, we have
Disc. = 0
4 ( 3m + 1) = 0
3m + 1 = 0
3m = 1
b 2 x 2 + a 2 m 2 x 2 + 2a 2 mcx + a 2 c 2 a 2b 2 = 0
= 4a 2
x 2 1 + m 2 + 2mcx + c 2 a 2 = 0
Here A = 1 + m , B = 2mc , C = c a
So Disc. = B 2 4 AC
2
)(
= ( 2mc ) 4 1 + m 2 c 2 a 2
(
= 4 ( c
A = a 2 bc , B = 2 b 2 ac , C = c 2 ab
)(
= 2 ( mc 2a ) 4m c
= 4 m 2 c 2 + 4a 2 4amc m 2c 2
2
For equal roots, we must have

Disc. = 0
= 4 b 4 + a 2 c 2 2ab 2 c
a 2 c 2 + a3b + bc 3 ab 2 c
For equal roots, we must have

B 2 4 AC = 0
4b a 3 + b3 + c 3 3abc = 0
2 2
4b = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = 0
b = 0 or
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
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4 4a 2 4amc = 0
16a ( a mc ) = 0
a mc = 0 a = mc
a
= c or
m
c =
a
m
Question # 7
x 2 ( mx + c )
+
a2
b2
= 1
b 2 x 2 + a 2 ( mx + c ) = a 2b 2
2
4 a c a 3b + bc3 ab 2c
2 2
= 4b a 3 + b3 + c 3 3abc
Disc. = B 2 4 AC
ba x 2 + 2 b2 ac x + c 2 ab = 0
A = m 2 , B = 2 ( mc 2a ) , C = c 2
4amc
= 4 a3b + b 4 + bc 3 3ab 2c
m x + 2mcx + c 4ax = 0
m 2 x 2 + 2 ( mc 2a ) x + c 2 = 0
(a
Question # 8
= 4 b 4 + a 2 c 2 2ab 2 c
Question # 6
2
( mx + c ) = 4ax
(
4 ( 4a
= 2 b2 ac 4 a 2 bc c 2 ab
as required.
2 2
c2 = a2 m2 + b2
Disc. = B 4 AC
c = a 1+ m
2
Q a 0, b 0
c + a + m a = 0
c 2 = a 2 + m2 a2
2
c2 + b2 + a2 m2 = 0
For equal roots, we have

Disc. = 0
2
a 2 + m2c2 m2 a2
+ a 2 + m2 a 2
+ b 4 + a 2 b 2 m2
2 2
4 a 2 b 2 c 2 + b 2 + a 2 m 2 = 0
= 4 m2 c 2 c 2 + a 2 m 2 c 2 + m 2 a 2
2
(
( b c
For equal roots we must have

Disc. = 0
x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 2mcx + c 2 a 2 = 0
= 4a 2 a 2 m 2 c 2 c 2 b 2 + b 4 a 2 c 2 m 2 + a 2b 2 m 2
x 2 + ( mx + c ) = a 2
= 4m 2 c 2
= 4a 4 m 2c 2 4a 2 c 2b2 b 4 + a 2c 2 m2 a 2b 2 m 2
Question # 5
(
4 (c
= (2a 2 mc )2 4(b 2 + a 2 m 2 ) a 2 (c 2 b2 )
Do yourself
+ a 2 m 2 x 2 + 2a 2 mcx + a 2 c 2 b 2 = 0
Disc. = B 2 4 AC
(ii) & (iii)
(b
Here A = b 2 + a 2 m 2 , B = 2a 2 mc ,
C = a 2 (c 2 b 2 )
1
m =
3
b 2 x 2 + a 2 m2 x 2 + c 2 + 2mcx a 2b 2 = 0
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1
1
=
x 1 ( x 1)( x + 1)
Resolving it into partial fraction
1
A
B
=
+
( x 1)( x + 1) x 1 x + 1
Question # 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x 1)( x + 1) we get

1 = A ( x + 1) + B ( x 1) ................ (i )
Put x 1 = 0 x = 1 in equation (i)
1 = A (1 + 1) + B ( 0 ) 1 = 2 A + 0
A=
1
2
Now put x + 1 = 0 x = 1 in equation (i)
1 = A ( 0 ) + B ( 1 1) 1 = 0 2B
B=
1
2
Hence
1
A
B
+
( x 1)( x + 1) x 1 x + 1
1
1
=
2 ( x 1)
2 ( x + 1)
=
Answer
x 2 ( x 2 + 1)
x4 + x2
=
( x + 1)( x 1) ( x 2 1)
Question # 2
= x2 + 2 +
= x2 + 2 +
(x
x2 + 2
x2 1 x4 + x2
2
x4 x 2
2
1)
2
A
B
=
+
( x + 1)( x 1) x + 1 x 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x 1)
2 = A ( x 1) + B ( x + 1) ................ (i )
Put x + 1 = 0 x = 1 in equation (i)
2 = A ( 1 1) + B ( 0 )
2 = 2A + 0
A = 1
Now put x 1 = 0 x = 1 in equation (i)
2 = A ( 0 ) + B (1 + 1)
So
Hence
( x + 1)( x 1)
2 = 0 + 2B
B =1
1
1
+
x +1 x 1
x2 x2 + 1
( x + 1)( x 1)
1
1
+
( x + 1) ( x 1)
1
1
= x2 + 2
+
( x + 1) ( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
Now consider
= x2 + 2 +
Answer
2x2
2 x2 2
+
FSc I / Ex 5.1-2
2x + 1
( x 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
Resolving it into partial fraction
2x + 1
A
B
C
=
+
+
( x 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
x 1 x + 2 x + 3
Multiplying both side by ( x 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
2 x + 1 = A ( x + 2)( x + 3) + B ( x 1) ( x + 3) + C ( x 1)( x + 2) ............ (i )
2(1) + 1 = A (1 + 2)(1 + 3) + B(0) + C (0)
Question # 3
3 = A (3)(4) + 0 + 0
3 = 12 A
3
= A
12
A=
1
4

2(2) + 1 = A (0) + B(2 1)(2 + 3) + C (0)
4 + 1 = 0 + B (3)(1) + 0
3 = 3B
B =1

2(3) + 1 = A (0) + B (0) + C (3 1)(3 + 2)
6 + 1 = 0 + 0 + C (4)(1)
5 = 4C
C=
5
4
So
1
5
2x + 1
1
4
4
=
+
+
( x 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
x 1 x + 2 x + 3
1
1
5
=
+
4( x 1) x + 2 4( x + 3)
Question # 4
3x 2 4 x 5
( x 2)( x 2 + 7 x + 10)
Answer
Q x 2 + 7 x + 10 = x 2 + 5 x + 2 x + 10
= x( x + 5) + 2( x + 5)
= ( x + 5)( x + 2)
3x 2 4 x 5
=
( x 2)( x + 5)( x + 2)
Now resolving into partial fraction.
3x2 4 x 5
A
B
C
=
+
+
( x 2)( x + 5)( x + 2) x 2 x + 5 x + 2
Do yourself . You will get
A = 1 , B = 30 , C = 5
28
7
4
1
( x 1)(2 x 1)(3 x 1)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
1
A
B
C
=
+
+
( x 1)(2 x 1)(3 x 1)
x 1 2 x 1 3x 1
Multiplying both side by ( x 1)(2 x 1)(3 x 1) .
1 = A (2 x 1)(3 x 1) + B ( x 1)(3x 1) + C (2 x 1)(3 x 1) ............. (i )
1 = A (2(1) 1)(3(1) 1) + B (0) + C (0) 1 = A (1)(2) + 0 + 0
Question # 5
1 = 2A
A=
1
2
FSc I / Ex 5.1-3
1
in equation (i)
2
1 1
11
1 = A(0) + B 1 3 1 + C (0) 1 = 0 + B + 0
2 2
22
1
1= B
B = 4
4
1
Put 3 x 1 = 0 3 x = 1 x = in equation (i)
3
1 1
2 1
1 = A(0) + B (0) + C 1 2 1
1 = 0 + 0 + C
3 3
3 3
Put 2 x 1 = 0 2 x = 1 x =
1=
Hence
2
C
9
C=
9
2
1
9
4
1
2
2
=
+
+
( x 1)(2 x 1)(3 x 1)
x 1 2 x 1 3x 1
1
4
9
=
+
2( x 1) 2 x 1 2(3 x 1)
Answer
x
( x a )( x b)( x c)
x
A
B
C
=
+
+
( x a )( x b)( x c ) x a x b x c
Multiplying both sides by ( x a )( x b)( x c ) .
x = A ( x b)( x c) + B ( x a )( x c) + C ( x a )( x b) ............ (i )
Put x a = 0 x = a in equation (i)
a = A (a b)(a c) + B (0) + C (0)
Question # 6
a = A (a b)(a c) + 0 + 0
A=
a
(a b)(a c)
B=
b
(b a )(b c)
B=
c
(c a )(c b )
Now put x b = 0 x = b in equation (i)

a = A (0) + B (b a )(b c ) + C (0)
a = 0 + B (b a )(b c ) + 0
Now put x c = 0 x = c in equation (i)
c = A (0) + B (0) + C (c a )(c b)
c = 0 + 0 + C (c a )(c b)
So
x
=
( x a )( x b )( x c)
=
(a b)(a c )
+
xa
(b a )(b c)
+
xb
(c a )(c b)
xc
a
b
c
+
+
(a b)(a c)( x a ) (b a )(b c )( x b) (c a )(c b)( x c)
Answer
Made By Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ) URL: http://www.mathcity.org
FSc I / Ex 5.1-4
Question # 7
6 x3 + 5 x2 7
2x2 x 1
= 3x + 4 +
7x 3
= 3x + 4 + 2
2 x 2x + x 1
3x + 4
2 x x 1 6 x3 + 5x2 7
6 x3 3 x 2 3 x
2
7x 3
2x2 x 1
8 x + 3x 7
8x2 4 x 4
2
7x 3
= 3x + 4 +
2 x ( x 1) + 1( x 1)
7x 3
= 3x + 4 +
( x 1)(2 x + 1)
7x 3
Now Consider
so
7x 3
A
B
=
+
( x 1)(2 x + 1) x 1 2 x + 1
Find value of A & B yourself
13
4
You will get A = 3 and B = 3
13
4
7x 3
4
13
3
3 =
=
+
+
x 1 2x + 1
( x 1)(2 x + 1)
3( x 1) 3(2 x + 1)
Hence
6 x3 + 5 x 2 7
4
13
=
3
x
+
4
+
+
2x2 x 1
3( x 1) 3(2 x + 1)
Answer
2 x3 + x 2 5 x + 3
Question # 8
1
2 x3 + x2 3x
3
2
3
2
2
x
+
x
3
x
2
x
+
x
5x + 3
2 x + 3
3
2
=1 + 3
2 x + x 3x
2 x + x 2 3x
+
2x + 3
2 x + 3
2 x + 3
=1 +
=
1
+
x(2 x 2 + x 3)
x(2 x 2 + 3 x 2 x 3)
2 x + 3
2 x + 3
=1 +
=1 +
x ( x(2 x + 3) 1(2 x + 3) )
x(2 x + 3)( x 1)
Now consider
3 2x
A
B
C
= +
+
x(2 x + 3)( x 1) x 2 x + 3 x 1
3 2 x = A(2 x + 3)( x 1) + Bx ( x 1) + C x (2 x + 3) ............... (i )
Put x = 0 in equation (i)
3 2(0) = A ( 2(0) + 3)( (0) 1) + B (0) + C (0) 3 0 = A ( 0 + 3)( 1) + 0 + 0
3 = 3A
Now put 2 x + 3 = 0 2 x = 3 x =
A = 1
3
2
in equation (i)
3
3 3
3 5
3 2 = A(0) + B 1 + C (0)
3 + 3 =0+ B + 0
2
2 2
2 2
15
8
4
6 = B B = ( 6) B =
4
5
15
3 2(1) = A ( 0 ) + B ( 0 ) + C (1)( 2(1) + 3) 1 = 0 + 0 + 5C
C=
1
5
FSc I / Ex 5.1-5
So
8
1
3 2x
1
1
8
1
5
= +
+ 5 = +
+
x(2 x + 3)( x 1) x 2 x + 3 x 1
x 5(2 x + 3) 5( x 1)
2 x3 + x 2 5 x + 3
1
8
1
=1 +
+
3
2
2 x + x 3x
x 5(2 x + 3) 5( x 1)
Hence
Answer
( x 1)( x 3)( x 5)
( x 2)( x 4)( x 6)
Question # 9
( x 1)( x 2 3 x 5 x + 15)
=
( x 2)( x 2 4 x 6 x + 24)
=
( x 1)( x 8 x + 15)
( x 2)( x 2 10 x + 24)
2
x 3 12 x 2 + 44 x 48 x 3 9 x 2 + 23 x 15
x 3 8 x 2 + 15 x x 2 + 8 x 15
x3 10 x 2 + 24 x 2 x 2 + 20 x 48
x 3 9 x 2 + 23 x 15
= 3
x 12 x 2 + 44 x 48
3 x 2 21x + 33
3 x 2 21x + 33
= 1+ 3
=
1
+
x 12 x 2 + 44 x 48
( x 2)( x 4)( x 6)
Now Suppose
3 x 2 21x + 33
A
B
C
=
+
+
( x 2)( x 4)( x 6) x 2 x 4 x 6
Find value of A, B and C yourself
You will get A = 3 8 , B = 3 4 , C = 15 8

=
So
Hence
x3 12 x 2 + 44 x 48
+
15
3 x 2 21x + 33
= 8 + 4 + 8
( x 2)( x 4)( x 6) x 2 x 4 x 6
3
3
15
=
+
+
8( x 2) 4( x 4) 8( x 6)
( x 1)( x 3)( x 5)
3
3
15
= 1+
+
+
Answer
( x 2)( x 4)( x 6)
8( x 2) 4( x 4) 8( x 6)
Question # 10
3 x 21x + 33
2
1
(1 ax)(1 bx )(1 cx)

1
A
B
C
=
+
+
(1 ax)(1 bx)(1 cx ) 1 ax 1 bx 1 cx
Multiplying both sides by (1 ax)(1 bx)(1 cx) .
1= A (1 bx )(1 cx) + B (1 ax)(1 cx) + C (1 ax)(1 bx) ............ (i )
1
in equation (i).
Put 1 ax = 0 ax = 1 x =
a
1
1
b c
1= A 1 b 1 c + B (0) + C (0)
1= A 1 1 + 0 + 0
a
a
a a
( a b )( a c ) A =
a2
a b a c
1= A
1
=
A
a2
( a b )( a c )
a a
FSc I / Ex 5.1-6
Find value of B & C yourself as A.
2
2
b
c
You will get B =
,C=
(b a ) (b c )
(c a )(c b)
a
Hence
1
(a b ) ( a c ) (b a ) (b c ) (c a )(c b )
=
+
+
(1 ax)(1 bx)(1 cx )
1 ax
1 bx
1 cx
a2
b2
c2
=
+
+
(a b)(a c)(1 ax) (b a )(b c )(1 bx) (c a )(c b)(1 cx)
Answer
x2 + a 2
( x 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + c 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )
Question # 11
Put y = x 2 in above.
y + a2
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 )
Now consider
y + a2
A
B
C
=
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
( y + b )( y + c )( y + d ) y + b
y+c
y + d2
y + a 2 = A ( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 ) + B ( y + b2 )( y + d 2 ) + C ( y + b2 )( y + c 2 ) ........... (i )
Put y + b2 = 0 y = b 2 in equation (i)
b 2 + a 2 = A (b2 + c 2 )(b2 + d 2 ) + B (0) + C (0)
a b = A (c b )(d b ) + 0 + 0
2
a 2 b2
A= 2
(c b 2 )(d 2 b 2 )
Now put y + c 2 = 0 y = c 2 in equation (i)
c 2 + a 2 = A (0) + B (c 2 + b 2 )(b 2 + d 2 ) + C (0)

a 2 c 2 = 0 + B (b2 c 2 )(d 2 c 2 ) + 0
B=
a 2 c2
(b 2 c 2 )(d 2 c 2 )
Now put y + d 2 = 0 y = d 2 in equation (i)
d 2 + a 2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (d 2 + b 2 )(d 2 + c 2 )

a d = 0 + 0 + C (b d )(c d )
2
a2 d 2
C= 2
(b d 2 )(c 2 d 2 )
Hence
a b
2
a c
2
a d
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y + a2
(c b ) (d b )
(b c ) ( d c )
(b d ) ( c d )
=
+
+
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 )
y + b2
y + c2
y + d2
a 2 b2
a 2 c2
a2 d 2
= 2
+
+
(c b 2 )(d 2 b 2 )( y + b 2 ) (b 2 c 2 )(d 2 c 2 )( y + c 2 ) (b 2 d 2 )(c 2 d 2 )( y + d 2 )
Since y = x 2
a 2 b2
a 2 c2
a2 d 2
= 2
+
+
(c b 2 )(d 2 b 2 )( x 2 + b 2 ) (b 2 c 2 )(d 2 c 2 )( x 2 + c 2 ) (b 2 d 2 )(c 2 d 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )
Answer
Made By Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ) URL: http://www.mathcity.org
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 1
mathcity.org
9x 7
( x 2 + 1)( x + 3)
9x 7
Ax + B
C
= 2
+
2
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)
Question # 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 1)( x + 3) .
9 x 7 = ( Ax + B)( x + 3) + C ( x2 + 1) ............ (i )
Put x + 3 = 0 x = 3 in equation (i).
9(3) 7 = ( A(3) + B )( 0 ) + C ( (3) 2 + 1)
34 = 10C
C =
34
10
27 7 = 0 + C ( 9 + 1)
C =
17
5
Now equation (i) can be written as

9 x 7 = A ( x 2 + 3x ) + B ( x + 3) + C ( x 2 + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of x 2 , x and x 0 .
0 = A + C .... (ii)
9 = 3A + B .. (iii)
7 = + 3B + C .... (iv)
Putting value of C in equation (ii)
17
17
0= A
A =
5
5
Now putting value of A in equation (iii)
51
51
17
9 = 3 + B
9=
+B
9
= B
5
5
5
Hence
17
B=
6
5
17
9x 7
5
= 52 5 +
( x + 1)( x + 3)
x +1
( x + 3)
2
17 x 6
=
Question # 2
x2 + 1
17
( x + 3)
17 x 6
17
Answer
5( x 2 + 1) 5( x + 3)
1
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
Now Consider
1
Ax + B
C
= 2
+
( x + 1)( x + 1)
x +1
x +1
2
Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 1)( x + 1) .

1 = ( Ax + B)( x + 1) + C ( x 2 + 1)................ (i )
1 = 0 + C ( (1) 2 + 1)
Now eq. (i) can be written as
1 = 2C
C =
1
2
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 2
1 = A( x 2 + x) + B ( x + 1) + C ( x 2 + 1)
0 = A + C .. (ii)
0 = A + B . (iii)
1 = A + C . (iv)
1
1
0= A+
A =
2
2
Putting value of A in equation (iii)
1
1
0= +B B=
2
2
Hence
1
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
1
1
x+
= 22 2 +
x + 1
1
2
x +1
x +1 x +1 x +1
x +1
1
1 x
1
=
+
=
+
2( x 2 + 1) 2( x + 1) 2( x 2 + 1) 2( x + 1)
2
3x + 7
( x + 4)( x + 3)
3x + 7
Ax + B
C
=
+
( x 2 + 4)( x + 3) x 2 + 4
x+3
Now do yourself , you will get
33
A = 2 13 , B = 13 and C = 2 13
Question # 3
Answer
x 2 + 15
Question # 4
( x 2 + 2 x + 5)( x 1)
x 2 + 15
Ax + B
C
= 2
+
2
( x + 2 x + 5)( x 1) x + 2 x + 5 x 1
x 2 + 15 = ( Ax + B)( x 1) + C ( x 2 + 2 x + 5).............. (i )
(1)2 + 15 = ( A(1) + B ) (0) + C ( (1)2 + 2(1) + 5 )
16
=C C = 2
8
x 2 + 15 = A ( x 2 x ) + B ( x 1) + C ( x 2 + 2 x + 5)
1 = A + C ... (ii)
0 = A + B + 2C .. (iii)
15 = B + 5C ... (iv)
Putting value of C in equation (ii).
1 = A + 2 1 2 = A A = 1
16 = 8C
Putting value of A and C in equation (iii)
1 + 15 = 0 + C (1 + 2 + 5)
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 3
0 = (1) + B + 2(2)
0 =1+ B + 4 0 = B + 5
x 2 + 15
(1) x 5
2
= 2
+
2
( x + 2 x + 5)( x 1) x + 2 x + 5 x 1
x 5
2
= 2
+
x + 2x + 5 x 1
Hence
B =5
Answer
x2
( x 2 + 4)( x + 2)
x2
Ax + B
C
= 2
+
2
( x + 4)( x + 2)
x +4
x+2
1 , B = 1 and C = 1
A
=
2
2
Question # 5
Question # 6
x2 + 1
x3 + 1
x2 + 1
=
( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)
Q x 3 + 1 = ( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)
Now consider
x2 + 1
A
Bx + C
=
+
( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) x + 1 x 2 x + 1
2
1
1
A = 3 , B = 3 and C = 3
Question # 7
x2 + 2x + 2
( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)( x 1)
Consider
x2 + 2 x + 2
Ax + B
C
D
= 2
+
+
2
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x 1)
x +3
x +1 x 1
x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( Ax + B)( x + 1)( x 1) + C ( x 2 + 3)( x 1) + D ( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)............. (i )

(1)2 + 2(1) + 2 = 0 + C ( (1)2 + 3 ) ( (1) 1) + 0
1 2 + 2 = C ( 4 )( 2 )
1
8
1 = 8C
C=
(1)2 + 2(1) + 2 = 0 + 0 + D ( (1)2 + 3) ( (1) + 1)

5= 8D
D=
1 + 2 + 2 = D ( 4 )( 2 )
5
8
Equation (i) can be written as

x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 1) + C ( x 3 x 2 + 3x 3) + D ( x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 3)
x 2 + 2 x + 2 = A( x 3 x) + B ( x 2 1) + C ( x3 x 2 + 3x 3) + D ( x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 3)
Comparing the coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and x 0 .
0 = A + C + D .... (ii)
1= B C + D .. (iii)
2 = A + 3C + 3D . (iv)
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 4
2 = B 3C + 3D .. (v)
Putting values of C and D in (ii)
1 5
1
1
0= A +
0= A+
A=
8 8
2
2
Putting values of C and D in (iii)
1 5
3
1 5
1= B +
1= B + +
1= B +
8 8
4
8 8
1
3
=B
4
B=
1
4
Hence
1
x+
x + 2x + 2
4 +
8 + 8
= 22
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x 1)
x +3
x +1 x 1
2
2 x + 1
=
=
x2 + 3
1 2x
4( x + 3)
2
8 +
x +1
x 1
8( x + 1)
2 x + 1
1
5
+
+
4( x 2 + 3) 8( x + 1) 8( x 1)
5
8( x 1)
Answer
1
( x 1)2 ( x 2 + 2)
1
A
B
Cx+D
=
+
+ 2
2
2
2
( x 1) ( x + 2) x 1 ( x 1)
x +2
Question # 8
1 = A ( x 1)( x 2 + 2) + B ( x 2 + 2) + (C x + D)( x 1)2 ............. (i )

1 = 0 + B ( (1) 2 + 2 ) + 0
1 = 3B
B=
1
3

1 = A ( x 3 x 2 + 2 x 2) + B ( x 2 + 2) + (C x + D)( x 2 2 x + 1)
1 = A ( x3 x 2 + 2 x 2) + B ( x 2 + 2) + C ( x3 2 x 2 + x ) + D ( x 2 2 x + 1)
0 = A + C . (ii)
0 = A + B 2C + D .... (iii)
0 = 2 A + C 2 D .. (iv)
1 = 2 A + 2 B + D . (v)
Multiplying eq. (iii) by 2 and adding in (iv)
0 = 2 A + 2 B 4C + 2 D
0 = 2A
+ C 2D
0=
2 B 3C
Putting value of B in above
2
2
2
1
0 = 2 3C
0 = 3C
3C =
C=
3
3
9
3
Putting value of C in eq. (ii)
2
2
0= A+
A=
9
9
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 5
Putting value of A and B in eq. (v)

4 2
4 2
2
1
1 = 2 + 2 + D 1 = + + D 1 = D
9 3
9 3
9
3
Hence
2 x+ 1
1
2
1
9
9
3
=
+
+ 9 2
2
2
2
( x 1) ( x + 2) x 1 ( x 1)
x +2
( ) (
9+
x 1 ( x 1)
x +2
2
D=
1
9
2x 1
3
2
1
2x 1
+
+
2
9( x 1) 3( x 1)
9( x 2 + 2)
x4
Question # 9
1 x4
1
1
1
= 1 +
=
+
1 x4
(1 x 2 )(1 + x 2 )
1
= 1 +
(1 x)(1 + x)(1 + x 2 )
1
1 x 4 x4
x 4 1
Now consider
1
A
B
Cx + D
=
+
+
2
(1 x)(1 + x )(1 + x ) 1 x 1 + x 1 + x 2
Now find values of A, B, C and D yourself .
1
1
1
You will get A = 4 , B = 4 , C = 0 and D = 2
So
1
1
(0) x + 12
1
4
4
=
+
+
(1 x)(1 + x )(1 + x 2 ) 1 x 1 + x
1 + x2
1
1
1
=
+
+
4(1 x) 4(1 + x) 2(1 + x 2 )
Hence
x4
1
1
1
= 1 +
+
+
4
1 x
4(1 x) 4(1 + x ) 2(1 + x 2 )
Answer
x2 2 x + 3
Question # 10
Q x 4 + x 2 + 1 = x4 + 2 x 2 + 1 x 2
x 4 + x2 + 1
= ( x 2 + 1) 2 x 2
2
x 2x + 3
= ( x 2 + 1 + x )( x 2 + 1 x)
= 2
2
( x + x + 1)( x x + 1)
= ( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)
Now Consider
x2 2 x + 3
Ax + B
Cx+D
=
+
( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) x 2 + x + 1 x 2 x + 1
x 2 2 x + 3 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 x + 1) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + x + 1).............. (i )

x 2 2 x + 3 = A( x 3 x 2 + x ) + B ( x 2 x + 1) + C ( x3 + x 2 + x) + D( x 2 + x + 1)
0 = A + C .. (ii)
1 = A + B + C + D . (iii)
2 = A B + C + D ... (iv)
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 6
3 = B + D .... (v)
Subtracting (ii) and (iv)
0= A
+C
2 = A B + C + D
+
B
D
2=
2 = B D (vi)
Adding (v) and (vi)
3= B+ D
2=BD
5 = 2B
B=
5
2
Putting value of B in (v)

5
5
1
3= + D
3 = D
D=
2
2
2
Putting value of B and D in (iii)
5
1
5 1
1= A + + C +
1 = A + C
2
2
2 2
2 = A + C . (vii)
Adding (ii) and (vii)
0= A+C
2 = A + C
2 =
2C
C = 1
0 = A 1
A=1
Hence
(1) x +
(1) x +
x 2x + 3
2 +
2
= 2
2
2
( x + x + 1)( x x + 1) x + x + 1 x x + 1
2
2x + 5
=
=
=
x + x +1
2
2 x + 1
2x + 5
2( x 2 + x + 1)
2x + 5
2( x + x + 1)
2
x x +1
2
+
+
2 x + 1
2( x 2 x + 1)
1 2x
2( x 2 x + 1)

Error Analyst
Waiting for Someone
Answer
mathcity.org
Question # 1 (i)
an = 2n 3
Put n = 1
a1 = 2(1) 3
a1 = 2 3 = 1
Put n = 2
a2 = 2(2) 3
a2 = 4 3 = 1
Put n = 3
a3 = 2(3) 3
a3 = 6 3 = 3
Put n = 4
a4 = 2(4) 3
a4 = 8 3 = 5
Hence -1, 1, 3 , 5 are the first four term of the sequence.
(ii)
an = (1)n n 2
Put n = 1
a1 = (1)1 (1)2
a1 = (1) (1) = 1
Put n = 2
a2 = (1)2 (2)2
a2 = (1) (4) = 4
Put n = 3
a3 = (1)3 (3) 2
a3 = (1) (9) = 9
Put n = 4
a4 = (1)4 (4)2
a4 = (1) (16) = 16
Hence -1, 4, -9, 16 are the first four terms of the sequence.
(iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) Do yourself as above.

(vii)
an an 1 = n + 2 , a1 = 2
Put n = 2
a2 a21 = 2 + 2
Put n = 3
a3 a31 = 3 + 2
Put n = 4
a4 a41 = 4 + 2
a2 a1 = 4
a2 = 4 + a1 = 4 + 2 = 6
a3 a2 = 5 a3 = 5 + a2 = 5 + 6 = 11
Q a2 = 6
a4 a3 = 6 a4 = 6 + a3 = 6 + 11 = 17
Q a3 =11
Hence 2, 6, 11, 17 are the first four terms of the sequence.
(viii)
an = nan1 , a1 =1
Put n = 2
a2 = (2) a21 a2 = 2 a1 = 2(1) = 2
Put n = 3
a3 = (3) a31 a3 = 3 a2 = 3(2) = 6
Put n = 4
a4 = (4)a41 a4 = 4 a3 = 4(6) = 24
Q a1 =1
Q a2 = 2
Q a3 = 6
Hence 1, 2, 6, 24 are the first four terms of the sequence.
(ix)
(x)
Same as above
1
an =
a + (n 1)d
Put n = 1
a1 =
1
a + (1 1)d
a1 =
1
1
1
=
=
a + (0)d a + 0 a
1
a + (2 1)d
a2 =
1
1
=
a + (1)d a + d
Put n = 2
a2 =
Put n = 3
Q a1 = 2
FSc-I / Ex 6.1 - 2
a3 =
1
a + (3 1)d
a3 =
1
1
=
a + (2)d a + 2d
Put n = 4
a4 =
1
1
1
a4 =
=
a + (4 1)d
a + (3)d a + 3d
1
1
1
1
Hence
,
,
,
are the first four terms of the sequence.
a a + d a + 2 d a + 3d
Question # 2 (i)
2,6,11,17,..............a7
We see that the successive difference of the given terms are 4, 5, 6 and conclude that
sequence of the differences is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,.
So a5 =17 + 7 = 24 , a6 = 24 + 8 = 32 and a7 = 32 + 9 = 41
Thus the required term is a7 = 41
(ii)
1,3,12,60,................a6
We see that the successive multiplying factor are 3, 4, 5 and conclude that the sequence of
multiplying factors is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
So a5 = 60 6 = 360 , a6 = 360 7 = 2520
(iii)
3 5 7
1, , , ,............. a7
2 4 8
The successive terms in numerator are 1, 3, 5, 7, .. , which are the consecutive odd
numbers and next terms are 9, 11, 13.
And the successive terms in denominators are 1, 2, 4, 8, . with common ratio 2, so
the next terms are 16, 32, 64.
13
64
1,1, 3,5, 7,9, .................a8
Thus the required term is a7 =
(iv)
*Correction
We see that the common difference of odd terms is -4, so a7 = 7 + ( 4) = 11
And the common difference of even terms is 4, so a8 = 9 + 4 =13

Thus the required term is a8 =13
(v)
1, 3,5, 7,9, 11,...............a8
We see that the common difference of odd terms is 4, so a7 = 9 + 4 =13 .
And the common difference of the even terms is -4, so a8 = 11 + ( 4) = 15

Question # 3 (i)
7,9,12,16,.................
We see that the sequence of the successive difference is 2, 3, 4, ... so the next two
differences are 5 and 6.
Thus the next two terms are 16 + 5 = 21 and 21 + 6 = 27.
(ii)
1,3,7,15,31,................
We see that the sequence of the successive difference is 2, 4, 8, 16, so the next two
differences are 32 and 64.
Thus the next two terms of the sequence are 31 + 32 = 63 and 63 + 64 = 127.
(iii)
1,2,12,40,.............
The sequence of the above terms can be written as
1 1, 1 2, 3 4, 5 8,................
So the next two terms are 7 16 = 112 and 9 32 = 288 .
(iv)
1, 3,5, 7,9, 11,...............
We see that the common difference of odd terms is 4, so a7 = 9 + 4 =13 .
And the common difference of the even terms is -4, so a8 = 11 + ( 4) = 15
Thus the next two terms are 13 and -15.
Made By Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org ). http://www.mathcity.org
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an d Trigonometry for Class XI
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org,
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Question # 1
The sequence of the deposits is
10, 15, 20, . to 9 terms
Here a1 = 10 , d = 15 10 = 5 , n = 9
n
Since S n = [ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2
9
9
9
S9 = [ 2(10) + (9 1)(5)] = [ 20 + 40] = (60) = 270
2
2
2
Hence the total amount he deposits is Rs. 270.
Question # 2
The sequence of the trees from top to base row is
1, 2, 3,
Let n be the total number of tress in base row then
a1 = 1 , d = 2 1 = 1 , n = n , S n = 378
n
Now
S n = [ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2
n
378 = [ 2(1) + (n 1)(1) ] 756 = n [ 2 + n 1]
2
756 = n (n + 1) 756 = n2 + n
n 2 + n 756 = 0
1 (1)2 4(1)(756)
n=
2(1)
So
1 + 3024 1 3025 1 55
=
=
2
2
2
1 + 55 54
1 55 56
So
n=
=
= 27
or
n=
=
= 28
2
2
2
2
Since n can never be negative therefore n = 27
Now
an = a1 + (n 1)d
a27 = (1) + (27 1)(1) = 1 + 26 = 27
Thus the numbers of trees in the base row are 27.
n=
Question # 3
Let the first installment be x then the sequence of installment will be
x , x 10, x 20,......................
Here a1 = x , d = -10 , n = 14 and S n = 1100 + 230 = 1330
n
Now S n = [ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2
14
1330 = [ 2 x + (14 1)(10)] 1330 = 7 [ 2 x 130] 1330 = 14 x 910
2
2240
1330 + 910 = 14x 2240 = 14x x =
= 160
14
Hence the first installment is 160.
FSc-I / Ex 6.5 - 2
Question # 4
The sequence of the strikes is
1, 2, 3, ., 12
Here a1 = 1 , d = 2 1 = 2 , n = 12 , an = 12
n
Now S n = [ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2
12
12
12
S n = [ 2(1) + (12 1)(1)] =
[ 2 + 11] = [13] = 78
2
2
2
Hence clock strikes 78 hours in twelve strikes.
Question # 5
The sequence of the savings is
12, 16, 20,
Total Savings = 2100
So here a1 = 12 , d = 16 12 = 4 , S n = 2100 , n = ?
n
Since S n = [ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2
n
2100 = [ 2(12) + (n 1)(4)] 4200 = n [ 24 + 4n 4]
2
4200 = n [ 4n + 20]
4200 = 4n2 + 20n
4n2 + 20n 4200 = 0

n2 + 5n 1050 = 0
4(n2 + 5n 1050) = 0
5 (5) 2 4(1)(1050)
n=
2(1)
5 25 + 4200
2
5 65
5 4225
=
2
2
5 65 70
5 + 65 60
So n =
=
= 35 or
n=
=
= 30
2
2
2
2
As n can never be negative therefore n = 30
Thus student will save Rs. 2100 in 30 weeks.
=
Question # 6
(i)
(ii)
The sequence of the falls is

9, 27, 45,
a1 = 9 , d = 27 9 = 18 , a5 = ?
Since a5 = a1 + 4d = 9 + 4(18) = 9 + 72 = 81
Hence in fifth second the object will fall 81 meters.
Here a1 = 9 , d = 27 9 = 18 , n = 5, S5 = ?
n
[ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2
5
5
5
S5 = [ 2(9) + (5 1)(18) ] = [18 + 72 ] = (90) = 225
2
2
2
th
Thus up to 5 second the object will fall 225 meters.
Since S n =
FSc-I / Ex 6.5 - 3
Question # 7
Here a1 = 6000 , a11 = 12000 , n = 11

n
Now S n = [ a1 + an ]
2
11
11
S11 = [ 6000 + 12000 ] = (18000) = 99000
2
2
Hence he will receive Rs. 99000 in past eleven years.
Question # 8
Since the sum of angels of 3 sided polygon (triangle) = a1 =

Sum of angels of 4 sided polygon (quadrilateral) = a2 = 2
Sum of the angels of 5 sided polygon (pentagon) = a3 = 3
So
The sum of interior angels of 16 side polygon = a14 = ?
Here a1 = , d = a2 a1 = 2 = , n = 14
Since
an = a1 + (n 1) d
a14 = + (14 1)( ) = + 13 = 14
Hence sum of interior angels of 16 side polygon is 14 .
Question # 9
Let a1 denotes the prize money for the last position
Then a1 = 4000 , S n = 60000 , n = 8 , an = ?
n
Since S n = ( a1 + an )
2
8
60000 = ( 4000 + an ) 60000 = 4 ( 4000 + an )
2
60000 = 16000 + 4an
60000 16000 = 4an 44000 = 4an
44000
an =
= 11000
4
Hence the team at 1st place will get 11000 Rs.
Question # 10
Balls in the first layer = 8 + 7 + 6 + + 2 + 1
8
= [ 2(8) + (8 1)(1)] = 4(16 7) = 36
2
Balls in the second layer = 7 + 6 + 5 + + 2 + 1
7
7
7
= [ 2(7) + (7 1)(1)] = [14 6 ] = [ 8 ] = 28
2
2
2
Balls in the third layer = 6 + 5 + 4 +3 + 2 + 1 = 21
Balls in the fourth layer = 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1 = 15
Balls in the fifth layer
= 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
Balls in the sixth layer = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Balls in the seventh layer = 2 + 1 = 3
Balls in the eighth layer = 1
Hence the number of balls in pyramid
= 36 + 28 + 21 + 15 + 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 120
The End
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FSc-II- Ex 6.6 - 2
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a nd Trigonometry for Class XI
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FSc-II- Ex 6.8 - 2
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FSc-II- Ex 6.10 - 2
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Do your self
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Question # 1 (i)
20!
20! 20 19 18 17!
20
=
=
= 20 19 18 = 6840
P3 =
17!
( 20 3)! 17!
(ii)
16!
16! 16 15 14 13 12!
16
P4 =
=
=
= 16 15 14 13 = 43680
12!
(16 4 )! 12!
Others do yourself
Question # 2 (i)
n
P2 = 30
n!
= 30
( n 2 )!
n ( n 1)( n 2 )!
= 30
( n 2 )!
n ( n 1) = 30 n ( n 1) = 6 5 n = 6
(ii)
11
Pn = 11 10 9
8!
=1
(11 n )!
11 10 9 8!
= 11 10 9
(11 n )!
8!= (11 n )!
8 = 11 n
n = 11 8 n = 3
(iii)
n
P4 9
n P4 = 9 n1P3
=
P3 1
n!
(n 1)!
n(n 1)!
(n 1)!
=9
=9
(n 4)!
(n 1 3)!
(n 4)!
(n 4)!
n
P4 :
n1
P3 = 9 :1
Question # 3 (i)
R.H.S = n n 1Pr 1 = n
(ii)
n1
n=9
(n 1)!
n(n 1)!
n!
=
=
= n Pr = L.H.S
( n 1 (r 1) ) ( n 1 r + 1) ( n r )
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
+r
(n 1 r )!
(n 1 r + 1)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
=
+r
=
+r
(n r 1)!
(n r )!
(n r 1)!
(n r )(n r 1)!
R.H.S =
n 1
Pr + r n1Pr 1 =
(n 1)!
1
1
+
r
(n r 1)!
(n r )
(n 1)! n
(n r 1)! (n r )
n!
=
= n Pr = L.H.S
(n r )!
=
(n 1)! n r + r
(n r 1)! (n r )
n (n 1)!
(n r )(n r 1)!
Question # 4
Total number of flags = n = 6
Number of signal using one flag = 6 P1 = 6
Number of signal using two flag = 6 P2 = 30
Number of signal using three flag = 6 P3 = 120
FSc-I / 7.2 - 2
Number of signal using four flag = 6 P4 = 360

Number of signal using five flag = 6 P5 = 720
Number of signal using six flag = 6 P6 = 720
Total number of signals = 6 + 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720 = 1956
Question # 6 (i)
Since number of letters in PLANE = n = 5
Therefore total words form = 5 P5 = 120
(ii)
Since number of letters in OBJECT = n = 6
Therefore total words forms = 6 P6 = 720
(iii)
Since number of letters in FASTING = n = 7
Therefore total words forms = 7 P7 = 5040
Question # 7
Number of digits = n = 5
So numbers forms taken 3 digits at a time = 5 P3 = 60
Question # 8
Number greater than 23000 can be formed as
Number of numbers of the form 23 = 3 P3 = 6
Thus the total number formed = 6 + 6 + 6 + 24 + 24 + 24 = 90
Alternative (Submitted by Waqas Ahmad - FAZMIC Sargodha 2004-06)
Permutation of 5 digits numbers = 5C5 = 120
Numbers less than 23000 are of the form 1
Then permutations = 4 C4 = 24
If number less than 23000 are of the form 21
Then permutations = 3C3 = 6
Thus number greater than 23000 formed = 120 24 6 = 90
Question # 9
Total number of digits = 5
(i)
If we take 28 as a single digit then number of numbers = 4 P4 = 24
If we take 82 as a single digit then number of numbers = 4 P4 = 24
So the total numbers when 2 and 8 are next to each other = 24 + 24 = 48
(ii) Number of total permutation = 5 P5 = 120
thus number of numbers when 2 and 8 are not next to each other = 120 48 = 72
Question # 10
Since number of permutation of 6 digits = 6 P6 = 720
But 0 at extreme left is meaning less
so number of permutation when 0 is at extreme left = 5 P5 = 120
FSc-I / 7.2 - 3
Thus the number formed by 6 digits = 720 120 = 600

Now if we fix 0 at ten place then number formed = 5 P5 = 120
Question # 11
Number of digits = 5
For multiple of 5 we must have 5 at extreme right so number formes = 4 P4 = 24
Question # 12
Total numbers of books = 8
Total number of permutation = 8 P8 = 40320
Let E1 and E2 denotes two English books then
Number of permutation when E1E2 place together = 7 P7 = 5040
Number of permutation when E2 E1 place together = 7 P7 = 5040
So total permutation when E1 and E2 together = 5040 + 5040 = 10080
Required permutation when English books are not together = 40320 10080
= 30240
Question # 13
Let E1 , E2 , E3 be the book on English and U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ,U 4 ,U 5 be the book on Urdu
Then the permutation when
books are arranged as E1 , E2 , E3 ,U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ,U 4 ,U 5 = 3 P3 5 P5 = 6 120 = 720
books are arranged as U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ,U 4 ,U 5 , E1 , E2 , E3 = 5 P5 3 P3 = 120 6 = 720
so total permutation when books of same subject are together = 720 + 720
= 1440
Question # 14
Let the five boys be B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 , B5 and the four girls are G1 , G2 , G3 , G4 then
there seats plane is B1 , G1 , B2 , G2 , B3 , G3 , B4 , G4 , B5
Then the permutations = 5 P1 4 P1 4 P1 3 P1 3 P1 2 P1 2 P1 1P1 1P1
= 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 = 2880
Made by Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org), http:/www./mathcity.org
The End
mathcity.org

Question # 1 (i)
PAKPATTAN
Number of letters = n = 9
Number of Ps = p = 2
Number of As = q = 3
Number of Ts = r = 2
Thus the number of worlds formed
n!
9!
=
=
p ! q ! r !
2! 3! 2!
362880
=
= 15120 Answer
(2) (6) (2)
(ii) & (iii)
(iv)
ASSASSINATION
Number of letters = n = 13
Number of As = p = 3
Number of Ss = q = 4
Number of Is = r = 2
Number of Ns = s = 2
So the number of words
n!
13!
=
=
p ! q ! r ! s ! 3! 4! 2! 2!
6227020800
=
= 10810800
(6) (24) (2) (2)
Question # 2
If P is the first letter then words are of the
form P ,
Where five can be replace with A,N,A,M,A.
So number of letters = n = 5
5! 120
So required permutations = =
= 20
3!
6
Question # 3
If C be the first letter and K is the last letter
then words are of the form C K .Where
each can be replaced with A,T,T,A,E,D.
So number of letters = n = 6
Number of Ts = q = 2
n!
6!
So required permutations =
=
p ! q !
2! 2!
720
=
= 180
(2) (2)
Question # 4
The number greater than 1000000 are of the
following forms.
If numbers are of the form 2
Where each can be filled with 0, 2, 2,3, 4, 4
Then number of digits = n = 6
Number of 2s = p = 2
Number of 4s = q = 2
n!
6!
=
p ! q !
2! 2!
720
=
= 180
(2) (2)
Now if numbers are of the form 3
Where each can be filled with 0, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4
n!
6!
=
So number formed =
p ! q !
3! 2!
720
=
= 60
(6) (2)
Now if numbers are of the form 4
Where each can be filled with 0, 2, 2, 2,3, 4
n!
6!
So number formed =
=
3!
p!
720
=
= 120
6
So required numbers greater than 1000000
= 180 + 60 + 120
= 360
Alternative
So number formed =
(Submitted by Waqas Ahmad - FAZMIC Sargodha 2004-06)
No. of digits = 7
No. of 2s = 3
No. of 4s = 2
7!
3! 2!
5040
=
= 420
(6) (2)
Number less than 1,000,000 are of the form
0 ,
Where each can be replaced with 2, 2, 3, 4, 4.
No. of digits = 6
No. of 2s = 3
No. of 4s = 2
6!
720
So permutations =
=
= 60
3! 2! (6) (2)
Hence number greater than 1000000 = 420 60
= 360
Permutations of 7 digits number =
Question # 5
Total number of digits = n = 6
Number of 4s = r = 2
So number formed by these 6 digits
n!
6!
=
=
p! q! r !
(2!) (2!) (2!)
720
=
= 90
(2) (2) (2)
FSc-I / Ex 7.3 - 2
Question # 6
Total members = n = 11
Members in first committee = p = 3
Members in second committee = q = 4
Members in third committee = r = 2
Members in fourth committee = s = 2
So required number of committees
=
n!
11!
=
p ! q ! r ! s !
3! 4! 2! 2!
39916800
=
= 69300
(6) (24) (2) (2)
Question # 7
Number of D.C.Os = 9
Let D1 and D2 be the two D.C.Os insisting
to sit together so consider them one.
If D1D2 sit together then permutations
= 9 P9 = 362880
Since above figures of arrangement are

reflections of each other
1
Therefore permutations = 6 = 3
2
Question # 12
Number of beads = 6
Fixing one bead, we have permutation = 5 P5
= 120
A
A
F
If D2 D1 sit together then permutations

= 9 P9 = 362880
So total permutations = 362880 + 362880
= 725760
Question # 8
Fixing one officer on a particular seat
We have permutations of remaining 11 officers
= 11P11 = 39916800
Question # 9
9 males can be seated on a round table
= 8 P8 = 40320
And 5 females can be seated on a round table
= 4 P4 = 24
So permutations of both = 40320 + 24
= 967680
Question # 10
fix man
If we fix one man round a table

then their permutations = 4 P4 = 24
Now if women sit between the two men
then their permutations = 5 P5 = 120
So total permutations = 24 120 = 2880
Question # 11
Number of keys = 4
Fixing one key we have permutation = 3 P3 = 6
C
D
E
D
Since above figures of arrangement are

reflections of each other
1
Therefore permutations = 120 = 60
2
These notes are available online at
http://www.mathcity.org/fsc
Submit error/mistake at
Why 0! = 1
We know that
10! = 10 9 8.....3 2 1
= 10(10 1)(10 2).....3 2 1
And generally we write
n ! = n(n 1)(n 2)....3 2 1
Similarly we write
(n 1)! = (n 1)(n 2)....3 2 1
So we can write
n ! = n (n 1)!
n!
= (n 1)! ing by n
n
n!
i.e. (n 1)! =
n
Putting n = 1 in above
1!
(1 1)! =
1
0! = 1
Proved
mathcity.org

Question # 1 (i)
12!
12! 12 11 10 9! 12 11 10 1320
=
=
=
=
= 220 Answer
9! 3!
3!
6
(12 3)! 3! 9! 3!
20!
20! 20 19 18 17! 20 19 18 6840
20
C17 =
=
=
=
=
= 1140 Answer
3!17!
3!
6
( 20 17 )!17! 3!17!
n!
n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)(n 4)! n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
n
C4 =
=
=
Answer
4!
( n 4 )! 4!
( n 4 )! 4!
C3 =
12
(ii)
(iii)
Question # 2 (i)
Since nC5 = nC4
nCn 5 = nC4
n5=4
(ii)
C10 =
12 11
2!
nC10 = 12C10
n= 4+5
nC10 =
12 11 10!
2!10!
Q nCr = nCnr
n=9
nC10 =
12!
(12 10)!10!
n = 12 .
(iii)
Do yourself as Q # 2 (i)
Question # 3 (i)
Cr = 35 and n Pr = 210
n!
n!
Since nCr = 35
= 35
= 35 r ! . (i)
( n r )! r !
( n r )!
n!
Also n Pr = 210
= 210 (ii)
( n r )!
Comparing (i) and (ii)
35 r ! = 210
210
r!=
r ! = 6 r ! = 3! r = 3
35
Putting value of r in equation (ii)
n!
= 210
( n 3)!
n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)!
= 210
( n 3 )!
n (n 1)(n 2) = 210 n (n 1)(n 2) = 7 6 5
n
(ii)
n1
Cr 1 : nCr : n+1Cr +1 = 3: 6 :11
First consider
n= 7
n1
Cr 1 : nCr = 3: 6
(n 1)!
n!
:
= 3: 6
( n r )! (r 1)! ( n r )! r !
n!
(n 1)!
:
= 3:6
( n 1 r + 1)! (r 1)! ( n r )! r !
(n 1)!
( n r )! (r 1)! = 3
n!
6
( n r )! r !
FSc-I / Ex 7.4 - 2
(n 1)!
( n r )! r ! = 1
(n 1)! r ! 1
=
2
n!
(r 1)! n! 2
( n r )! (r 1)!
(n 1)! r (r 1)! 1
r 1
=
n = 2r . (i)
(r 1)! n (n 1)! 2
n 2
Now consider
n!
(n + 1)!
n
Cr : n +1Cr +1 = 6 :11
:
= 6 :11
( n r )! r ! ( n + 1 r 1)! (r + 1)!
n!
(n + 1)!
:
= 6 :11
( n r )! r ! ( n r )! (r + 1)!
n!
( n r )! r !
(n + 1)!
( n r )! (r + 1)!
6
11
n!
( n r )! (r + 1)! = 6
n ! (r + 1)! 6
=
(n + 1)!
11
r ! (n + 1)! 11
( n r )! r !
n ! (r + 1) r ! 6
(r + 1) 6
=
11(r + 1) = 6(n + 1)
=
r ! (n + 1) n! 11
(n + 1) 11
11(r + 1) = 6(2r + 1)
Q n = 2r
11r + 11 = 12r + 6 11r 12r = 6 11
r = 5
r =5
Putting value of r in equation (ii)

n = 2(5)
n = 10
Question # 4 (i)
(a)
5 sided polygon has 5 vertices,

so joining two vertices we have line segments = 5C2 = 10
Number of sides = 5
So number of diagonals = 10 5 = 5
(b) 5 sided polygon has 5 vertices,
so joining any three vertices we have triangles = 5C3 = 10
Question # 4 (ii)
(a) 8 sided polygon has 8 vertices
So joining any two vertices we have line segments = 8C2 = 28
Number of sides = 8
So number of diagonals = 28 8 = 20
(b) 8 sided polygon has 8 vertices,
so joining any three vertices we have triangles = 8C3 = 56 .
Question # 4 (iii)
Queston # 5
Number of boys = 12
So committees formed taking 3 boys = 12C3 = 220
Number of girls = 8
So committees formed by taking 2 girls = = 8C2 = 28
Now total committees formed including 3 boys and 2 girls = 220 28 = 6160
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ), URL: http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I / Ex 7.4 - 3
Question # 6
Number of persons = 8
Since two particular persons are included in every committee so we have to find
combinations of 6 persons 3 at a time = 6C3 = 20
Hence number of committees = 20
Question # 7
The number of player = 15
So combination, taking 11 player at a time = 15C11 = 1365
Now if one particular player is in each collection
then number of combination = 14C10 = 1001
Question # 8
L.H.S = 16C11 + 16C10
16!
16!
16!
16!
=
+
=
+
(16 11)! 11! (16 10 )! 10! 5! 11! 6! 10!
16!
16!
16! 1 1
+
=
+
5! 11 10! 6 5! 10! 10! 5! 11 6
16! 6 + 11
16! 17
16! 17
=
=
=
10! 5! 66 10! 5! 66 10! 5! 11 6

17 16!
17!
17!
=
=
=
= 17C11 = R.H.S
11 10! 6 5! 11! 6! 11! (17 11)!
=
Alternative
L.H.S = 16C11 + 16C10 = 4368 + 8008 = 12276 .... (i)

R.H.S = 17C11 = 12376 (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 9
Number of men = 8
Number of women = 10
(i) We have to form combination of 4 women out of 10 and 3 men out of 8
= 10C4 8C3 = 210 36 = 11760
(ii) At the most 4 women means that women are less than or equal to 4, which implies
the following possibilities (1W ,6M ) , ( 2W ,5M ) , ( 3W ,4M ) , ( 4W ,3M ) , ( 7 M )
= 10C1 8C6 + 10C2 8C5 + 10C3 8C4 + 10C4 8C3 + 8C7

= (10 )( 28) + ( 45 )( 56 ) + (120 )( 70 ) + ( 210 )( 56 ) + ( 8)
= 280 + 2520 + 8400 + 11760 + 8
= 22968
(iii) At least 4 women means that women are greater than or equal to 4, which implies
the following possibilities ( 4W ,3M ) , ( 5W ,2M ) , ( 6W ,1M ) , ( 7W )
= 10C4 8C3 + 10C5 8C2 + 10C6 8C1 + 10C7
= ( 210 )( 56 ) + ( 252 )( 28) + ( 210 )(8 ) + 120
= 11760 + 7056 + 1680 + 120
= 20616
FSc-I / Ex 7.4 - 4
Question # 10
n!
n!
+
( n r )! r ! ( n (r 1) )! ( r 1)!
n!
n!
=
+
( n r )! r ! ( n r + 1)! ( r 1)!
n!
n!
=
+
( n r )! r ( r 1)! ( n r + 1)( n r )! ( r 1)!
L.H.S = nCr + nCr 1 =
1
+
r ( n r + 1)
n r +1+ r
n!
=
( n r )! ( r 1)! r ( n r + 1)
=
n!
( n r )! ( r 1)!
n +1
r ( n r + 1)
( n + 1) n!
=
( n r + 1)( n r )! r ( r 1)!
=
n!
( n r )! ( r 1)!
( n + 1)!
( n r + 1)!
r!
( n + 1)!
( n + 1 r )!
r!
= n +1Cr = R.H.S
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ), URL: http://www.mathcity.org

Submit error/mistake online at http://www.mathcity.org/error

40170 49 6 143
0483750143 :
Error Analyst
Waqas Ahmad
2004-06
FAZMIC Sargodha.
mathcity.org

Question # 1
Total possible outcomes = n (S ) = 1
(i) Suppose A is the event that sweet is orange flavoured.
Since box only contained orange flavoured sweets
So favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Probability = P ( A) =
= =1
n( S ) 1
(ii) Let B be the event that the sweet is lemon-flavoured.
Since box only contained orange-flavoured sweet
So favourable outcomes = n( B) = 0
n( B ) 0
Probability = P ( B ) =
= =0
n( S ) 1
Question # 2
Since there are three possibilities that Pakistan wins, loses or the match tied.
Therefore possible outcomes = n (S ) = 3
(i) Let A be the event that Pakistan wins
Favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Required probability = P ( A) =
=
n( S ) 3
(ii) Let B be the event that India does not lose.
If India does not lose then India may win or the match tied
Therefore favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 2
n( B ) 2
Required probability = P ( B ) =
=
n( S ) 3
Question # 3
Total number of balls = 5 + 3 = 8
Therefore possible outcomes = n( S ) = 8
(i) Let A be event that the ball is green
Then favourable outcomes = n( A) = 5
n( A) 5
So probability = P ( A) =
=
n( S ) 8
(ii) Let B be the event that the ball is red
Then favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 3
n( B ) 3
=
n( S ) 8
Question # 4
When a fair coin is tossed three times, the possible outcomes are
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT.
So total possible outcomes = n (S ) = 8
(i) Let A be the event that the coin shows one tail then favourable outcomes are
HHT, HTH, THH,
i.e. n( A) = 3
n( A) 3
So required probability = P ( A) =
=
n( S ) 8
FSc-I / 7.5 - 2
(ii) Let B be the event that coin shows at least one head then favourable outcomes are
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH.
i.e. n ( B ) = 7
n( B ) 7
So required probability = P ( B ) =
=
n( S ) 8
Queston # 5
The possible outcomes are that die show 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
So possible outcomes = n( S ) = 6
(i) Let A be the event that die show 3 or 4.
Then favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 2
n( A) 2 1
= =
n( S ) 6 3
(ii) Let B be the event that top of the die show dots less than 5 then
Favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 4
n( B ) 4 2
= =
n( S ) 6 3
Question # 6
Since the box contain 5 slips
So possible outcomes = n (S ) = 5
(i) Let A be the event that the number on the slip are prime numbers 2, 3 or 5
Then favourable outcomes = n( A) = 3
n( A) 3
=
n( S ) 5
(ii) Let B be the event that number on the slips are multiple of 3 then
Favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 1
n( B ) 1
So probability = P ( B ) =
=
n( S ) 5
Question # 7
When two dice are rolled, the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
This show possible outcomes = n( S ) = 36
(i) Let A be the event that the total of two scores is 5 then favourable outcome are
(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)
i.e. favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 4
n( A) 4 1
=
=
n( S ) 36 9
(ii) Let B be the event that the total of two scores is 7 then favourable outcomes are
(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)
i.e. favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 6
n( B ) 6 1
=
=
n( S ) 36 6
FSc-I / 7.5 - 3
(iii) Let C be the event that the total of two score is 11 then
favourable outcomes are (5, 6), (6, 5) i.e. n (C ) = 2
n( B ) 2
1
=
=
n( S ) 36 18
Question # 8
Total number of balls = 40
i.e. n ( S ) = 40
Black balls = 15, Green balls = 5, Yellow balls = 40 (15+5) = 20
(i) Let A be the event that the ball is black then n( A) = 15
n( A) 15 3
=
=
n( S ) 40 8
(ii) Let B denotes the event that the ball is green then n( B ) = 5
n( B ) 5 1
=
=
n( S ) 40 8
Let C denotes the event that the ball is not green then ball is either black or
yellow therefore favourable outcomes = n (C ) = 15 + 20 = 35
n(C ) 35 7
So required probability = P (C ) =
=
=
n( S ) 40 8
Question # 9
Number of students = 30
Then possible outcomes = n( S ) = 30
(i) Now if A be the event that the monitor is the boy then
Favourable outcomes = n( A) = 18
n( A) 18 3
=
=
n( S ) 30 5
(ii) Now if B be the event that the monitor is the girl then
Favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 12
n( B) 12 2
=
=
n( S ) 30 5
Question # 10
When the coin is tossed four times the possible outcomes are
HHHT
HHTH
HTHH
THHH
HHTT
HTTH
TTHH
THHT
HTTT
TTTH
TTHT
THTT
TTTT
HHHH
THTH
HTHT
i.e. n (S ) = 16
(i) Let A be the event that the top shows all head then
favourable outcome is HHHH i.e. n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Now probability = P ( A) =
=
n( S ) 16
(ii) Let B be the event that the top shows 2 head and two tails the favourable
outcomes are HHTT, HTTH, TTHH, THHT, THTH, HTHT
i.e. n( B ) = 6
n( B ) 6 3
Now probability = P ( B ) =
= =
n( S ) 16 8
Made By: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
mathcity.org

Question # 1
Sample space = {1,2,3,..........,9} then n ( S ) = 9
Since event A = {2,4,6,8} then n ( A) = 4

Also event B = {1,3,5} then n( B ) = 3
n( A) n( B ) 4 3 7
Now P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P( B) =
+
= + =
n( S ) n ( S ) 9 9 9
Answer
Question # 2
Red marble = 10, White marble = 30,
Black marble = 20
Total marble = 10 + 30 + 20 = 60
Therefore n ( S ) = 60
Let A be the event that the marble is red then n( A) = 10
And let B be the event that the marble is white then n ( B ) = 30
Since A and B are mutually exclusive event therefore
n( A) n( B) 10 30 40 2
Probability = P( A B) = P( A) + P( B) =
+
=
+
=
=
n( S ) n( S ) 60 60 60 3
Question # 3
Since sample space is first fifty natural number so S = {1, 2,3,..........,50}
Then n( S ) = 50
Let A be the event that the chosen number is a multiple of 3 then
A = {3,6,9,........, 48} so n( A) = 16
If B be the event that the chosen number is multiple of 5 then
B = {5,10,15,........,50} so n( B ) = 10
Now A B = {15,30,45} so n ( A B ) = 3
Since A and B are not mutually exclusive event therefore
Probability = P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) P ( A B )
n( A) n( B) n( A B )
=
+
n( S ) n( S )
n(S )
16 10 3 16 + 10 3 23
=
+
=
=
50 50 50
50
50
Answer
Question # 4
Total number of cards = 52 ,
therefore possible outcomes = n( S ) = 52
Let A be the event that the card is a diamond card.
Since there are 13 diamond card in the deck therefore n( A) = 13
Now let B the event that the card is an ace card.
Since there are 4 ace cards in the deck therefore n ( B ) = 4
Since one diamond card is also an ace card therefore A and B are not mutually
exclusive event and n ( A B) = 1
Now probability = P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) P ( A B )
n( A) n( B) n( A B )
=
+
n( S ) n( S )
n(S )
13 4
1 13 + 4 1 16 4
=
+
=
=
=
Answer
52 52 52
52
52 13
Question # 5
When die is thrown twice the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
This shows possible outcomes = n( S ) = 36
Let A be the event that the sum is 3
Then the favourable outcomes are (1, 2) and (2, 1), i.e. n ( A) = 2
Now let B the event that the sum is 11
Then the favourable outcomes are (5, 6) and (6, 5), i.e. n ( B ) = 2
Since A and B are mutually exclusive events therefore
2
2
4 1
n( A) n( B )
Probability = P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P( B) =
=
+
=
=
+
n( S ) n (S ) 36 36 36 9
Question # 6
Question # 7
When two dice are thrown the possible outcomes are
[ See the dice table of Question # 5 ]
Since A be the event that the sum of dots is and odd number
Then favourable outcomes are
(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5)
i.e. favourable outcomes = n( A) = 18
Sine B is the event that the least one die has 3 dot on it therefore
favourable outcomes are (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),(3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3) i.e. favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 11
Since A and B have common outcome (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 3), (6, 3)
i.e n ( A B ) = 6
Now probability = P ( AUB) = P( A) + P( B) P( A B)
n( A) n( B) n( A B )
=
+
n( S ) n( S )
n(S )
18 11 6 18 + 11 6 23
=
+
=
=
Answer
36 36 36
36
36
Question # 8
Number of girls = 10,
Number of boys = 20
Total number of students = 10 + 20 = 30
Since half of the girls and half of the boys have blue eyes
Therefore students having blue eyes = 5 + 10 = 15
Let A be event that monitor of the class is a student of blue eyes then n( A) = 15
Now Let B be the event that the monitor of the class is girl then n( B ) = 10
Since 5 girls have blue eyes therefore A and B are not mutually exclusive
Therefore n ( A B ) = 5
Now probability = P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) P ( A B )
n( A) n( B) n( A B )
=
+
n( S ) n( S )
n(S )
15 10 5 15 + 10 5 20 2
=
+
=
=
=
Answer
30 30 30
30
30 3
mathcity.org

Question # 1
5
7
7
And P ( B ) =
9
Then the probability that both will alive 15 year is
5 7 5
P ( A B ) = P ( A) P( B) = =
Answer
7 9 9
Since P ( A) =
Question # 2
When a die is rolled then possible outcomes are
1, 2 ,3 , 4, 5, 6
This shows that possible outcomes = n( S ) = 6
Since E1 is the event that the dots on the die are even then favourable outcomes
are 2, 4, 6
this shows n ( E1 ) = 3
n( E1 )
3
1
so probability = P ( E1 ) =
=
=
n( S )
6
2
Now since E2 is the event that the dot appear are more than four then favourable
outcomes are 5 and 6. This show n( E2 ) = 2
n ( E2 )
2
1
So probability = P ( E2 ) =
=
=
n(S )
6
3
Since E1 and E2 are not mutually exclusive
And the possible common outcome is 6 i.e. n ( E1 E2 ) = 1
n( E1 E2 ) 1
So probability P ( E1 E2 ) =
= .. (i)
n( S )
6
1 1
1
Now P ( E1 ) P ( E2 ) =
= . (ii)
2 3
6
Form (i) and (ii)
P ( E1 E2 ) = P ( E1 ) P ( E2 ) Proved.
Question # 3
When two coins are tossed then possible outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT
i.e. n( S ) = 4
Let A be the event of getting two heads then favourable outcome is HH.
so n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Now probability = P ( A) =
Answer
=
n( S ) 4
Question # 4
When the two coins are tossed then possible outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT
This shows n( S ) = 4
Let A be the event that head appear in the first toss then
favourable outcomes are HT, HH, i.e. n ( A) = 2
FSc-I / 7.8 - 2
Let B be the event that same face appear on the second toss then
favourable outcomes are HH, TT. i.e. n ( B ) = 2
Now probability = P ( A B ) = P ( A) P( B)
n( A) n( B) 2 2 1 1 1
Answer
=
= = =
n( S ) n( S ) 4 4 2 2 4
Question # 5
Since there are 52 cards in the deck therefore n( S ) = 52
Let A be the event that first card is an ace then n ( A) = 4
And let B be the event that the second card is also an ace then n ( B ) = 4
n( A) n( B) 4 4
1
Answer
=
= =
n( S ) n( S ) 52 52 169
Question # 6
Since there are 52 cards in the deck therefore n( S ) = 52
(i) Let A be the event that the first card is king then n ( A) = 4
and let B be the event that the second card is queen then n ( B ) = 4
n( A) n( B) 4 4
1
Answer
=
= =
n( S ) n( S ) 52 52 169
(ii) Let C be the event that first card is faced card.
Since there are 12 faced card in the deck therefore n (C ) = 12
and let D be the event that the second card is also faced card then n ( D ) = 12
n( A) n( B) 12 12 3 3
9
Answer
=
= = =
n( S ) n( S ) 52 52 13 13 169
Question # 7
When the two dice are thrown the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Which shows that n( S ) = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of dots in first throw is 7 then
favourable outcomes are (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) i.e. n( A) = 6
Let B be the event that the sum of dots in second throw is 11 then
favourable outcomes are (5, 6), (6, 5) i.e. n ( B ) = 2
n( A) n( B) 6 2 1 1
1
Answer
=
= = =
n( S ) n( S ) 36 36 6 18 108
FSc-I / 7.8 - 3
Question # 8
When the two dice are thrown the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Which shows that n( S ) = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of dots in first throw is 7 then
favourable outcomes are (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) i.e. n( A) = 6
Let B be the event that the sum of dots in second throw is also 7 then
similarly favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 6
n( A) n( B) 6 6 1 1 1
Answer
=
= = =
n( S ) n( S ) 36 36 6 6 36
Question # 9
When the die is thrown twice then the top may shows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Let A be the event that the number of the dots is prime then
favourable outcomes are 2, 3 ,5 , i.e. n( A) = 3
Let B be the event that the number of dots in second throw is less than 5 then
favourable outcomes are 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 i.e. n ( B ) = 4
n( A) n( B) 3 4 1 2 1
Answer
=
= = =
n( S ) n( S ) 6 6 2 3 3
Question # 10
Since number of red balls = 8
Number of white ball = 5
Number of black ball = 7
Therefore total number of balls = 8 + 5 + 7 = 20 i.e. n ( S ) = 20
Let A be the event that the first ball is red then n( A) = 8
Let B be the event that the second ball is white then n( B ) = 5
Let C be the event that the third ball is black then n (C ) = 7
Now probability = P ( A B C ) = P( A) P ( B ) P (C )
n( A) n( B) n(C )
=
n( S ) n( S ) n( S )
8 5 7 2 1 7
14
7
=

=
=
=
20 20 20 5 4 20 400 200
Answer
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
THE END
mathcity.org

Principle of Mathematical Induction

A given statement S (n) is true for each positive integer n if two below conditions hold
Condition I: S (1) is true i.e. S (n) is true for n = 1 and
Condition II: S (k + 1) is true whenever S (k ) is true for any positive integer k,
Then S (n) is true for all positive integers
Question # 1
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 5 + 9 + .............. + (4n 3) = n (2n 1)
Put n = 1
S (1) : 1 = 1( 2(1) 1) 1 = 1
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : 1 + 5 + 9 + .............. + (4k 3) = k (2k 1) . (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : 1 + 5 + 9 + .............. + (4(k + 1) 3) = (k + 1)(2(k + 1) 1)
1 + 5 + 9 + .............. + (4 k + 1) = (k + 1)(2k + 2 1)
= (k + 1)(2k + 1)
= 2k 2 + 2k + k + 1
= 2k 2 + 3k + 1
Adding 4k + 1 on both sides of equation (i)
1 + 5 + 9 + .............. + (4k 3) + (4k + 1) = k (2k 1) + 4k + 1
1 + 5 + 9 + .............. + (4k + 1) = 2k 2 k + 4k + 1
= 2k 2 + 3k + 1
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 2
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 3 + 5 + .............. + (2n 1) = n 2
Put n = 1
2
S (1) : 1 = (1) 1 = 1
S (k ) : 1 + 3 + 5 + .............. + (2k 1) = k 2 . (i)
S (k + 1) : 1 + 3 + 5 + .............. + (2(k + 1) 1) = (k + 1)2
1 + 3 + 5 + .............. + (2k + 1) = (k + 1)2
1 + 3 + 5 + .............. + (2k 1) + (2k + 1) = k 2 + 2k + 1
1 + 3 + 5 + .............. + (2k + 1) = (k + 1)2
Question # 3
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 4 + 7 + .............. + (3n 2) =
Put n = 1
S (1) : 1 =
1( 3(1) 1)
2
1=
2
2
n (3n 1)
2
1=1
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 2

S (k ) : 1 + 4 + 7 + .............. + (3k 2) =
k (3k 1)
. (i)
2
(k + 1)(3(k + 1) 1)
2
(k + 1)(3k + 3 1)
1 + 4 + 7 + .............. + (3k + 1) =
2
(k + 1)(3k + 2)
=
2
k (3k 1)
1 + 4 + 7 + .............. + (3k 2) + (3k + 1) =
+ 3k + 1
2
k (3k 1) + 2(3k + 1)
1 + 4 + 7 + .............. + (3k + 1) =
2
2
3k k + 6k + 2
=
2
2
3k + 5k + 2
=
2
2
3k + 3k + 2k + 2
=
2
3k (k + 1) + 2(k + 1)
=
2
(k + 1)(3k + 2)
=
2
S (k + 1) : 1 + 4 + 7 + .............. + (3(k + 1) 2) =
Question # 4
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 n1 = 2n 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : 1 = 21 1 1 = 1
S (k ) : 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 k 1 = 2k 1 . (i)
S (k + 1) : 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 k +11 = 2k +1 1
1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2k = 2k +1 1
Adding 2k on both sides of equation (i)
1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 k 1 + 2k = 2k 1 + 2 k
Q 2k + 2k = 2(2k )
1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2k = 2(2k ) 1
= 2 k +1 1
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 3
Question # 5
Suppose S (n) : 1 +
1 1
1
1
+ + .............. + n 1 = 2 1 n
2 4
2
2
Put n = 1
1
1
S (1) : 1 = 2 1 1 1 = 2 1 = 1
2
2
1 1
1
1
S (k ) : 1 + + + .............. + k 1 = 2 1 k . (i)
2 4
2
2
1 1
1
1
S (k + 1) : 1 + + + .............. + k +11 = 2 1 k +1
2 4
2
2
1 1
1
2
1 + + + .............. + k = 2 k +1
2 4
2
2
2
=2 k
2 2
1
=2 k
2
1
Adding k on both sides of equation (i)
2
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 + + + .............. + k 1 + k +11 = 2 1 k + k
2 4
2
2
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
1 + + + .............. + k +11 = 2 k + k
2 4
2
2
2
1
= 2 k ( 2 1)
2
1
1
= 2 k (1) = 2 k
2
2
Question # 6
Do yourself as Question # 1
Question # 7
Suppose S (n) : 2 + 6 + 18 + .............. + 2 3n1 = 3n 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : 2 = 31 1 2 = 2
S (k ) : 2 + 6 + 18 + .............. + 2 3k 1 = 3k 1 . (i)
S (k + 1) : 2 + 6 + 18 + .............. + 2 3k +11 = 3k +1 1
Adding 2 3k on both sides of equation (i)
2 + 6 + 18 + .............. + 2 3k 1 + 2 3k = 3k 1 + 2 3k
2 + 6 + 18 + .............. + 2 3k +11 = 3(3k ) 1
Q 3k + 2 3k = 3(3k )
= 3k +1 1
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 4
Question # 8
Suppose S (n) : 1 3 + 2 5 + 3 7 + .............. + n (2n + 1) =
n (n + 1)(4n + 5)
6
Put n = 1
1(1 + 1)(4(1) + 5)
(2)(9)
3=
6
6
S (1) : 1 3 =
3=3
S (k ) : 1 3 + 2 5 + 3 7 + .............. + k (2k + 1) =
k (k + 1)(4k + 5)
. (i)
6
S (k + 1) : 1 3 + 2 5 + 3 7 + .............. + (k + 1) (2(k + 1) + 1) =
( k + 1) ( k + 1 + 1) (4(k + 1) + 5)
1 3 + 2 5 + 3 7 + .............. + (k + 1) (2k + 3) =
Adding (k + 1) (2k + 3) on both sides of equation (i)
1 3 + 2 5 + 3 7 + .............. + k (2 k + 1) + ( k + 1) (2k + 3) =
(k + 1)(k + 2)(4k + 9)
6
k ( k + 1) (4k + 5)
6
+ ( k + 1) (2k + 3)
k (4k + 5)
1 3 + 2 5 + 3 7 + .............. + (k + 1) (2k + 3) = (k + 1)
+ (2k + 3)
6
k (4k + 5) + 6(2k + 3)
= (k + 1)
2
4k + 5k + 12 k + 18
= (k + 1)
4k 2 + 17 k + 18
= (k + 1)
4k 2 + 17 k + 18
= (k + 1)
4k 2 + 8k + 9k + 18
= (k + 1)
4k (k + 2) + 9(k + 2)
= (k + 1)
(k + 2)(4k + 9)
= (k + 1)
(k + 1)(k + 2)(4k + 9)
=
6
Question # 9
Question # 10
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 5
Question # 11
Suppose S (n) :
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .............. +
=1
1 2 2 3 3 4
n (n + 1)
n +1
Put n = 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
=1
=1
=
1 2
1+1
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
S (k ) :
. (i)
+
+
+ .............. +
=1
1 2 2 3 3 4
k (k + 1)
k +1
1 1
1
1
S (k + 1) : 1 + + + .............. +
=1
2 4
(k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)
k +1+1
1 1
1
1
1 + + + .............. +
=1
2 4
(k + 1)(k + 2)
k+2
1
Adding
on both sides of equation (i)
(k + 1)(k + 2)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .............. +
+
=1
+
1 2 2 3 3 4
k (k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2)
k + 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)
S (1) :
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .............. +
=1
1
1 2 2 3 3 4
(k + 1)(k + 2)
k + 1 (k + 2)
1 k + 2 1
k + 1 k + 2
1 k +1
=1
k + 1 k + 2
1
=1
k+2
=1
Question # 12
Suppose S (n) :
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .............. +
=
1 3 3 5 5 7
(2n 1)(2n + 1) 2 n + 1
Put n = 1
1
1
1 1
=
=
1 3 2(1) + 1
3 3
1
1
1
1
k
S (k ) :
+
+
+ .............. +
=
. (i)
1 3 3 5 5 7
(2 k 1)(2k + 1) 2k + 1
1
1
1
1
k +1
S (k + 1) :
+
+
+ .............. +
=
1 3 3 5 5 7
( 2(k + 1) 1)( 2(k + 1) + 1) 2(k + 1) + 1
1
1
1
1
k +1
+
+
+ .............. +
=
1 3 3 5 5 7
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2k + 3
1
Adding
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)
S (1) :
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 6
1
1
1
1
1
k
1
+
+
+ .............. +
+
=
+
1 3 3 5 5 7
(2k 1)(2k + 1) ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2k + 1 ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .............. +
=
k
+
1 3 3 5 5 7
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2k + 1 ( 2k + 3)
1 k (2k + 3) + 1
2k + 1 2k + 3
1 2k 2 + 3k + 1
=
2k + 1 2 k + 3
=
1 2k 2 + 2k + k + 1
=
2k + 1
2k + 3
1 2k (k + 1) + 1(k + 1)
2k + 1
2k + 3
1 (2k + 1)(k + 1)
=
2k + 1
2k + 3
k +1
=
2k + 3
=
Question # 13
Question # 14
r (1 r n )
Suppose S (n) : r + r + r + .............. + r =
1 r
Put n = 1
r 1 r1
S (1) : r =
r =r
1 r
2
r (1 r k )
S (k ) : r + r + r + .............. + r =
. (i)
1 r
r (1 r k +1 )
2
3
k +1
S (k + 1) : r + r + r + .............. + r =
1 r
k +1
Adding r on both sides of equation (i)
r (1 r k )
2
3
k
k +1
+ r k +1
r + r + r + .............. + r + r =
1 r
k
r (1 r ) + r k +1 (1 r )
2
3
k +1
r + r + r + .............. + r =
1 r
k +1
r r + r k +1 r k +2
=
1 r
k +2
rr
=
1 r
r (1 r k +1 )
=
1 r
2
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 7
Question # 15
Suppose S (n) : a + (a + d ) + (a + 2 d ) + ............... + [ a + (n 1)d ] =
n
[ 2a + (n 1)d ]
2
Put n = 1
1
1
1
[ 2a + (1 1)d ] a = [ 2a + (0)d ] a = [ 2a ] = a
2
2
2
k
S (k ) : a + (a + d ) + (a + 2 d ) + ............... + [ a + (k 1)d ] = [ 2a + (k 1)d ] ... (i)
2
k +1
S (k + 1) : a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ............... + [ a + (k + 1 1)d ] =
[ 2a + (k + 1 1)d ]
2
k +1
a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ............... + [ a + kd ] =
[ 2a + kd ]
2
Adding a + kd on both sides of equation (i)
k
a + (a + d ) + (a + 2 d ) + ............... + [ a + (k 1)d ] + [ a + kd ] = [ 2a + (k 1)d ] + [ a + kd ]
2
k
a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ............... + [ a + kd ] = [ 2a + kd d ] + [ a + kd ]
2
k [ 2a + kd d ] + 2 [ a + kd ]
=
2
2
2ak + k d kd + 2a + 2kd
=
2
2
2ak + k d + kd + 2a
=
2
2ak + 2 a + k 2 d + kd
=
2
2a (k + 1) + kd (k + 1)
=
2
(k + 1)(2a + kd )
=
2
k +1
=
[ 2a + kd ]
2
S (1) : a =
Question # 16
Suppose S (n) : 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .............. + n n = n + 1 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : 1 1 = 1 + 1 1 1 = 2 1 1 = 2 1 1 = 1
S (k ) : 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .............. + k k = k + 1 1 . (i)
S (k + 1) : 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .............. + (k + 1) k + 1 = k + 1 + 1 1
1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .............. + (k + 1) k + 1 = k + 2 1
Adding (k + 1) k + 1 on both sides of equation (i)
1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .............. + k k + (k + 1) k + 1 = k + 1 1 + (k + 1) k + 1
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 8
1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .............. + (k + 1) k + 1 = k + 1 + k + 1(k + 1) 1
= k + 1 (1 + k + 1) 1
= k + 1 ( k + 2) 1
= ( k + 2) k + 1 1
= k + 2 1
Question # 17
Suppose S (n) : an = a1 + (n 1)d
Put n = 1
S (1) : a1 = a1 + (1 1)d a1 = a1 + 0d = a1
S (k ) : ak = a1 + (k 1)d . (i)
S (k + 1) : ak +1 = a1 + (k + 1 1)d
= a1 + (k )d
Adding d on both sides of equation (i)
Q a2 = a1 + d
ak + d = a1 + (k 1)d + d
a3 = a2 + d
ak +1 = a1 + (k 1 + 1)d
ak +1 = ak + d
ak +1 = a1 + (k )d
Question # 18
Suppose S (n) : an = a1r n 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : a1 = a1r 11 a1 = a1r 0 = a1
S (k ) : ak = a1r k 1 . (i)
S (k + 1) : ak +1 = a1r k +11
= a1r k
Multiplying r on both sides of equation (i)
Q a2 = a1r
ak r = a1r k 1 r1
a3 = a2 r
ak +1 = a1r k 1+1
ak +1 = ak r
k
ak +1 = a1r
Question # 19
n (4n 2 1)
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 3 + 5 + ............... + (2n 1) =
3
Put n = 1
1(4(1) 2 1)
1(4 1)
3
2
S (1) : 1 =
1=
1= =1
3
3
3
2
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 9

k (4k 2 1)
S (k ) : 1 + 3 + 5 + ............... + (2k 1) =
... (i)
3
(k + 1)(4(k + 1)2 1)
2
2
2
2
S (k + 1) : 1 + 3 + 5 + ............... + (2(k + 1) 1) =
3
2
(k + 1)(4(k + 2k + 1) 1)
12 + 32 + 52 + ............... + (2k + 1)2 =
3
2
(k + 1)(4k + 8k + 4 1)
=
3
2
(k + 1)(4k + 8k + 3)
=
3
3
2
4k + 8k + 3k + 4k 2 + 8k + 3
=
3
4k 3 + 12k 2 + 11k + 3
=
3
2
Adding ( 2k + 1) on both sides of equation (i)
2
k (4k 2 1)
2
1 + 3 + 5 + ............... + (2k 1) + ( 2k + 1) =
+ ( 2k + 1)
3
2
k (4 k 1) + 3(2k + 1) 2
2
12 + 32 + 52 + ............... + ( 2k + 1) =
3
2
k (4k 1) + 3(4k 2 + 4k + 1)
=
3
3
4k k + 12k 2 + 12k + 3
=
3
3
2
4k + 12k + 11k + 3
=
3
2
Question # 20
3 4 5
n + 2 n + 3
Suppose S (n) : + + + ............... +
= 4
3
3
3
3

Put n = 1
3
L.H.S = = 1
3
1 + 3 4
R.H.S =
= =1
4 4
L.H.S = R.H.S
3 4 5
k + 2 k + 3
S (k ) : + + + ............... +
= 4 ... (i)
3
3
3
3


3 4 5
k + 1 + 2 k + 1 + 3
S (k + 1) : + + + ............... +
= 4
3
3
3
3

FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 10
3 4 5
k + 3 k + 4
+ + + ............... +
=
3 3 3
3 4
k + 3
Adding
3
3 4 5
k + 2 k + 3 k + 3 k + 3
+ + + ............... +
+
=
+
3
3
3
3
3
4

3
3 4 5
k + 3 k + 3 + 1
+ + + ............... +
=
n n n + 1
3 3 3
3 4
Q +
= r
r
r
1

3 4 5
k + 3 k + 4
+ + + ............... +
=
3 3 3
3 4
Question # 21(i)
Suppose S (n) : n 2 + n
Put n = 1
S (1) : 12 + 1 = 2
S (1) is clearly divisible by 2, Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : k 2 + k
Then there exists quotient Q such that
k 2 + k = 2Q
The statement for n = k + 1
2
S (k + 1) : ( k + 1) + k + 1
Q
2 k2 + k
k2 + k
= k 2 + 2k + 1 + k + 1
= k 2 + k + 2k + 2
= 2Q + 2k + 2
Q k 2 + k = 2Q
= 2(Q + k + 1)
Clearly S (k + 1) is divisible by 2.
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for n + .
Question # 21 (ii)
Suppose S (n) : 5n 2 n
Put n = 1
S (1) : 51 21 = 3
S ( k ) : 5k 2 k
5k 2k = 3Q
S (k + 1) : 5k +1 2 k +1
= 5 5k 2 2k
= 5 5k 5 2k + 5 2k 2 2k
= 5 ( 5k 2 k ) + 2 k ( 5 2 )
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 11
= 5(3Q) + 2k 3
Q 5k 2k = 3 Q
= 3(5Q + 2k )
is true for n + .
Question # 21 (iii)
Same as Question # 21 (ii)
k +1
Hint: S ( k + 1) : 5
1
= 5 5k 1 = 5 5k 5 + 5 1
= 5 ( 5k 1) + 4
= 5(4Q) 4
Q 5k 1 = 4 Q
Question # 21 (iv)
Suppose S (n) : 8 10n 2
Put n = 1
S (1) : 8 101 2 = 80 2 = 78 = 6 13
S (k ) : 8 10k 2
8 10k 2 = 6 Q
S (k + 1) : 8 10k +1 2
= 8 10 10k 2
= 8 10 10k 2 10 + 2 10 2
= 10 (8 10k 2 ) + 20 2
= 10 ( 6Q ) + 18
ing & +ing 2 10
Q 8 10k 2 = 6 Q
= 6 (10Q + 3)
is true for n + .
Question # 21 (v)
Suppose S (n) : n 3 n
Put n = 1
S (1) : 13 1 = 0
S (1) i.e. 0 is clearly divisible by 6, Thus condition I is satisfied
S (k ) : k 3 k
k 3 k = 6Q
S (k + 1) : (k + 1)3 (k + 1)
= k33 + 3k22 + 3k + 1 k 1
= k + 3k + 3k k
= (k 3 k ) + 3(k 2 + k )
= 6 Q + 3(2 Q)
Since n 2 + n is divisible by 2
Therefore n 2 + n = 2 Q
Or k 2 + k = 2 Q
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 12
= 6 Q + 6 Q
is true for n + .
Question # 22
1 1
1 1
1
Suppose S (n) : + 2 + .............. + n = 1 n
3 3
3
2 3
Put n = 1
1 1
1
1 12
1 1
S (1) : = 1 1 = =
3 2 3
3 2 3
3 3
1 1
1 1
1
S (k ) : + 2 + .............. + k = 1 k . (i)
3 3
3
2 3
1 1
1
1
1
S (k + 1) : + 2 + .............. + k +1 = 1 k +1
3 3
3
2 3
1
Adding k on both sides of equation (i)
3
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
+ 2 + .............. + k + k +1 = 1 k + k +1
3 3
3 3
2 3 3
1 1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + .............. + k +1 =
+
k
3 3
3
2 2 3 3 3k
1 1 1 1
= k
2 3 2 3
1 1 32
1 1 1
= k
= k
2 3 6
2 3 6
1
1 1
= 1 k
2 3 3
1
1
= 1 k +1
2 3
Question # 23
Suppose S (n) : 1 2 + 3 4 + .............. + (1)
2
n1
(1)n1 n (n + 1)
n =
2
2
Put n = 1
(1)11 1(1 + 1)
(1)0 2
1=
2
2
S (1) : 12 =
1=1
S (k ) : 12 2 2 + 32 4 2 + .............. + (1)k 1 k 2 =
S (k + 1) : 1 2 + 3 4 + .............. + (1)
2
k +11
(1)k 1 k (k + 1)
(i)
2
(1) k +11 (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)

(k + 1) =
2
2
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 13
(1)k (k + 1)(k + 2)
1 2 + 3 4 + .............. + (1) (k + 1) =
2
k
2
Adding (1) (k + 1) on both sides of equation (i)
2
(1)k 1 k (k + 1)
1 2 + 3 4 + .............. + (1) k + (1) (k + 1) =
+ (1)k (k + 1) 2
2
k 1
(1) k (k + 1) + 2(1)k (k + 1)2
2
2
2
2
k
2
1 2 + 3 4 + .............. + (1) (k + 1) =
2
k
(1) (k + 1) (1) 1 k + 2(k + 1)
=
2
k
(1) (k + 1) [ k + 2k + 2 ]
=
2
k
(1) (k + 1) ( k + 2 )
=
2
2
k 1
Question # 24
Suppose S (n) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2n 1)3 = n2 (2n2 1)
Put n = 1
S (1) : 13 = 12 ( 2(1)2 1) 1 = 1(2 1) 1 = 1
S (k ) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k 1)3 = k 2 (2k 2 1) . (i)
S (k + 1) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2(k + 1) 1)3 = (k + 1)2 (2(k + 1)2 1)
13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k + 1)3 = (k 2 + 2k + 1)(2(k 2 + 2k + 1) 1)
= (k 2 + 2k + 1)(2k 2 + 4k + 2 1)
= (k 2 + 2k + 1)(2k 2 + 4k + 1)
= 2k 4 + 4k 3 + 2k 2 + 4k 3 + 8k 2 + 4k + k 2 + 2k + 1
= 2k 4 + 8k 3 + 11k 2 + 6k + 1
Adding (2k + 1)3 on both sides of equation (i)
S (k ) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k 1)3 + (2k + 1)3 = k 2 (2k 2 1) + (2k + 1)3
13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k + 1)3 = k 2 (2k 2 1) + (2k )3 + 3(2k )2 (1) + 3(2k )(1)2 + (1)3
13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k + 1)3 = 2k 4 k 2 + 8k 3 + 12k 2 + 6k + 1
= 2k 4 + 8k 3 + 11k 2 + 6k + 1
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org), http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 14
Question # 25
Suppose S (n) : x 2 n 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : x 2(1) 1 = x 2 1 = ( x 1)( x + 1)
x + 1 is clearly factor of S (1) , Thus condition I is satisfied
S (k ) : x 2k 1
x 2 k 1 = ( x + 1) Q
S (k + 1) : x 2( k +1) 1
= x 2 k +2 1
= x 2 k +2 x 2 k + x 2 k 1
= x 2 k ( x 2 1) + ( x 2 k 1)
+ing and ing x 2k
= x 2 k ( x 1)( x + 1) + ( x + 1) Q
Q x 2 k 1 = ( x + 1) Q
= ( x + 1) ( x 2 k ( x 1) + Q )
Clearly x + 1 is a factor of S (k + 1) .
is true for n + .
Question # 26
Suppose S (n) : x n y n
Put n = 1
S (1) : x1 y1 = x y
x y is clearly factor of S (1) , Thus condition I is satisfied
S (k ) : x k y k
x k y k = ( x y) Q
S (k + 1) : x k +1 y k +1
= x xk y y k
= x xk x y k + x yk y yk
ing & +ing x y k
= x( x k y k ) + y k ( x y )
= x ( x y )Q + y k ( x y )
Q x k y k = ( x y) Q
Clearly x y is a factor of S (k + 1) .
is true for n + .
Question # 27
Suppose S (n) : x 2 n1 + y 2 n1
Put n = 1
S (1) : x 2(1)1 + y 2(1)1 = x1 + y1 = x + y
x + y is clearly factor of S (1) , Thus condition I is satisfied
S (k ) : x 2 k 1 + y 2 k 1
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 15
x 2 k 1 + y 2 k 1 = ( x + y ) Q
S (k + 1) : x 2( k +1)1 + y 2(k +1)1
= x 2 k +21 + y 2 k + 21
= x 2 k +21 x 2 k 1 y 2 + x 2 k 1 y 2 + y 2 k +21
= x 2 k 1 ( x 2 y 2 ) + y 2 ( x 2 k 1 + y 2 k 1 )
= x 2 k 1 ( x y )( x + y ) + y 2 ( x + y ) Q
+ing and ing x 2 k 1 y 2
Q x 2 k 1 + y 2 k 1 = ( x + y ) Q
= ( x + y ) ( x 2 k 1 ( x y ) + y 2 Q )
Clearly x + y is a factor of S (k + 1) .
is true for n + .
Principle of Extended Mathematical Induction
A given statement S (n) is true for n i if the following two conditions hold
Condition I: S (i ) is true i.e. S (n) is true for n = i and
Condition II: S (k + 1) is true whenever S (k ) is true for any positive integer k,
Then S (n) is true for all positive integers
Question # 28
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 2 + 22 + .............. + 2n = 2 n+1 1
Put n = 0
S (1) : 1 = 20+1 1 = 1 = 2 1 1 = 1
Note: Non- negative number are

0,1, 2,3,...........
S (k ) : 1 + 2 + 22 + .............. + 2k = 2k +1 1 . (i)
S (k + 1) : 1 + 2 + 2 2 + .............. + 2 k +1 = 2 k +1+1 1
= 2 k +2 1
Adding 2 k +1 on both sides of equation (i)
1 + 2 + 22 + .............. + 2k + 2k +1 = 2k +1 1 + 2 k +1
1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2k +1 = 2(2k +1 ) 1
Q 2k +1 + 2k +1 = 2(2k +1 )
= 2 k +1+1 1
= 2 k +1+1 1
for all non-negative integers n.
Question # 29
Suppose S (n) : AB n = B n A
Put n = 1
S (1) : AB1 = B1 A AB = BA
S (1) is true as we have given AB = BA , Thus condition I is satisfied
S (k ) : AB k = B k A . (i)
S (k + 1) : AB k +1 = B k +1 A
Post-multiplying equation (i) by B.
( AB k ) B = ( B k A) B
A( B k B) = B k ( A B)
by associative law
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 16
AB k +1 = B k ( BA)
Q AB = BA (given)
= ( B k B) A
= B k +1 A
for all positive integers n.
Question # 30
Suppose S (n) : n 2 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : (1)2 1 = 0
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k where k is odd.
S (k ) : k 2 1
k 2 1 = 8 Q
As k + 2 is the next odd integer after k The statement for n = k + 1
2
S (k + 2) : ( k + 2 ) 1
= k 2 + 4k + 4 1
= k 2 1 + 4k + 4
= 8 Q + 4(k + 1)
Q k 2 + k = 2Q
Since k is odd therefore k + 1 is even so their exists integer t such that k + 1 = 2t
S (k + 2) : = 8 Q + 4(2t )
= 8Q + 8t
Clearly S (k + 2) is divisible by 8 so condition II is satisfied.
Therefore the given statement is true for odd positive integers.
Question # 31
Suppose S (n) : ln x n = n ln x
Put n = 1
S (1) : ln x1 = (1)ln x
ln x = ln x
S (1) is true so condition I is satisfied.
S (k ) : ln x k = k ln x . (i)
S (k + 1) : ln x k +1 = (k + 1)ln x
Now adding ln x on both sides of equation (i)
ln x k + ln x = k ln x + ln x
ln x k x = (k + 1)ln x
Q ln x + ln y = ln x y
ln x k +1 = (k + 1)ln x
for all n + .
Question # 32
Suppose S (n) : n ! > 2 n 1
; n4
Put n = 4
S (4) : 4! > 2 4 1 24 > 16 1 24 > 15
S (k ) : k ! > 2 k 1 . (i)
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 17

S (k + 1) : (k + 1)! > 2k +1 1
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by k + 1
(k + 1)k ! > (k + 1)(2k 1)
(k + 1)! > (k + 1 + 2 2)(2k 1)
Q ( k + 1) k ! = (k + 1)!
(k + 1)! > (k 1 + 2)(2k 1)

(k + 1)! > k 2k k 2k + 1 + 2 2k 2
(k + 1)! > (k 2k 2k k ) + 2k +1 1
(k + 1)! > 2k +1 1
Q k 2k 2k k 0 k 4
for all integers n 4 .
Question # 33
Suppose S (n) : n 2 > n + 3
; n3
Put n = 3
S (3) : 32 > 3 + 3 9 > 6
S (k ) : k 2 > k + 3 . (i)
S (k + 1) : (k + 1) 2 > k + 1 + 3 (k + 1)2 > k + 4
k 2 + 2k + 1 > k + 3 + 2 k + 1
(k + 1)2 > k + 4 + 2k
(k + 1)2 > k + 4
ignoring 2k as 2k > 0
Question # 34
Suppose S (n) : 4 n > 3n + 2n1
; n2
Put n = 2
S (2) : 4 2 > 32 + 2 21 16 > 9 + 2 16 > 11
S (k ) : 4 k > 3k + 2k 1 . (i)
S (k + 1) : 4 k +1 > 3k +1 + 2 k +11
4k +1 > 3k +1 + 2k
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by 4.
4(4k ) > 4(3k + 2k 1 )
4k +1 > 4 3k + 4 2k 1
4k +1 > (3 + 1) 3k + (2 + 2) 2k 1
4k +1 > 3 3k + 3k + 2 2k 1 + 2 2k 1
4k +1 > 3k +1 + 2k + (3k + 2k )
4k +1 > 3k +1 + 2k
ignoring 3k + 2 k as 3k + 2k > 0
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 18
Question # 35
Suppose S (n) : 3n < n!
; n>6
Put n = 7
S (7) : 37 < 7! 2187 < 5040
S (k ) : 3k < k ! . (i)
S (k + 1) : 3k +1 < (k + 1)!
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by k + 1 .
(k + 1)3k < (k + 1) k !
( (k 2) + 3) 3k < (k + 1)!
(k 2)3k + 3k +1 < (k + 1)!

3k +1 < (k + 1)!
Q (k 2)3k > 0 k > 6
for all integers n > 6 .
Question # 36
Suppose S (n) : n ! > n 2
; n4
Put n = 4
S (4) : 4! > 42 24 > 16
S (k ) : k ! > k 2 . (i)
S (k + 1) : (k + 1)! > (k + 1) 2
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by k + 1 .
(k + 1) k ! > (k + 1)k 2
(k + 1)! > (k + 1)(k + 1)
Q k +1 < k2 k 4
(k + 1)! > (k + 1)2
Question # 37
Suppose S (n) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2n + 5) = (n + 2)(n + 4)
; n 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : 3 = (1 + 2)(1 + 4) 3 = (1)(3) 3 = 3
S (k ) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 5) = (k + 2)(k + 4) . (i)
S (k + 1) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2(k + 1) + 5) = ( (k + 1) + 2 )( (k + 1) + 4 )
3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 7) = ( k + 3)( k + 5 )
Adding (2 k + 7) on both sides of equation (i)
S (k ) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 5) + (2 k + 7) = (k + 2)(k + 4) + (2k + 7)
3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 7) = k 2 + 2k + 4k + 8 + 2k + 7
= k 2 + 8k + 15
= k 2 + 5k + 3k + 15
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 19
= k (k + 5) + 3(k + 5)
= (k + 5)(k + 3)
Question # 38
Suppose S (n) : 1 + nx (1 + x)n
; n2
Put n = 2
S (2) : 1 + 2 x (1 + x) 2 1 + 2 x 1 + 2 x + x 2
S (k ) : 1 + kx (1 + x )k . (i)
S (k + 1) : 1 + (k + 1) x (1 + x) k +1
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by 1 + x .
(1 + kx)(1 + x) (1 + x )k (1 + x )
1 + kx + x + kx 2 (1 + x) k +1
1 + kx + x (1 + x) k +1
Q kx 2 > 0
1 + (k + 1) x (1 + x)k +1
for all integers n 2
If you found any error, submit at

Error Analyst
Waiting for someone
Tuesday, March 22, 2005 *

Updated: March 4, 2006 *
mathcity.org
Page 273

Binomial Theorem
If a and x are two real number and n is a positive integer then
n
n
n
n n1 n n
(a + x)n = a n + a n 1 x1 + a n2 x 2 + ............... +
a x + n x
0
1
2
n 1

Proof
We will use mathematical induction to prove this so let S (n) be the given statement.
Put n = 1
1
1
S (1) : (a + x)1 = a1 + a11 x1 = (1) a + (1)(1) x a + x = a + x
0
1
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k .
k
k
k
k k 1 k k
S (k ) : (a + x)k = a k + a k 1 x1 + a k 2 x 2 + ............... +
a x + k x ..(i)
0
1
2
k 1

k + 1 k +1 k + 1 k +11 1 k + 1 k +1 2 2
S (k + 1) : (a + x)k +1 =
x +
x + ...............
a + 1 a
a
0
2
k + 1 k +11 k + 1 k +1
+
+
a x
x
k + 1 1
k + 1
k + 1 k +1 k + 1 k 1 k + 1 k 1 2
(a + x)k +1 =
a + 1 a x + 2 a x + ...............
0
k + 1 k k + 1 k +1
+
a x + k + 1 x
k
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by (a + x)

k
k
k
k k 1 k k
(a + x) k (a + x) = a k + a k 1 x1 + a k 2 x 2 + ............... +
a x + k x ( a + x)
1
2
k 1

0
k
k
k
k k 1 k k
(a + x)k +1 = a k + a k 1 x1 + a k 2 x 2 + ............... +
a x + k x ( a)
1
2
k 1

0
k
k
k
k k 1 k k
+ a k + a k 1 x1 + a k 2 x 2 + ............... +
a x + k x ( x)
1
2
k 1

0
k
k
k
k 2 k 1 k k
(a + x)k +1 = a k +1 + a k x1 + a k 1 x 2 + ............... +
a x + k a x
0
1
2
k 1

k
k
k
k k k k +1
+ a k x + a k 1 x 2 + a k 2 x3 + ............... +
a x + k x
0
1
2
k

1

k
k
k
k
k
(a + x)k +1 = a k +1 + + a k x1 + + a k 1 x 2 + ...............
0
1 0
2 1
k
k k k k +1
+ +
a x + k x

k k 1
n
n + 1 n n n + 1
n
n + 1
Since =
, +
and =
=
0 0 r r 1 r
n n + 1
k + 1 k +1 k + 1 k 1 k + 1 k 1 2
(a + x)k +1 =
a + 1 a x + 2 a x + ...............
0
k + 1 k k + 1 k +1
+
a x + k + 1 x
k
Thus S (k + 1) is true when S (k ) is true so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true for all
positive integral value of n.
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 2
Question # 1 (i)
(a + 2b)5 =
() ()
()
()
()
()
5 5 5 51
5 5 2
5 5 3
5 54
5 55
a +
a (2b )1 +
a (2b) 2 +
a (2b) 3 +
a (2b) 4 +
a (2b) 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
= (1) a 5 + (5) a 4 (2b) + (10) a3 (4b 2 ) + (10) a 2 (8b3 ) + (5) a1 (16b4 ) + (1) a 0 (32b5 )
= a5 + 10 a 4b + 40 a3b 2 + 80 a 2b3 + 80 ab4 + 32b5
Q a0 = 1
Question # 1 (ii)
6
x 2 6 x 6 x 2 6 x 2 6 x 2
2 = + 2 + 2 + 2
2 x 0 2 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x
6 4
4
65
5
6 6
6
6 x 2 6 x 2 6 x 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2
4 2 x 5 2 x 6 2 x
6 1
6 2
6 3
x
x 2
x 2
x 2
= (1) (6) 2 + (15) 2 (20) 2
2
2 x
2 x
2 x
2
4
1
5
6
x 2
x 2
2
+ (15) 2 (6) 2 + (1)(1) 2
2 x
2 x
x
6
5
4
3
x x 2
x 4
x 8
= 6 2 + 15 4 20 6
64 32 x
16 x
8 x
x 2 16 x 32 64
+15 8 6 10 + 12
4 x 2 x x
=
x 6 3 x 3 15 20 60 96 64
+ 3 + 6 9 + 12
64 8
4 x
x
x
x
Question # 1 (iii), (iv) and (v)

Do yourself
Question # 1 (vi)
6 1
6 2
a
x 6 a 6 a
x 6 a
x
=
+
a 0 x 1 x
a 2 x
a
x
6
6 3
6 4
65
6 6
x 6 a
x 6 a
x 6 a
x
6 a
+

+

+

+

3 x a 4 x a 5 x a 6 x a
3
a
a x
a x
= (1)
(6)

+ (15)

x
x a
x a
6
a x
a x
a x
a x
(20)

+ (15)

(6)
+ (1)

x a
x a
x a
x a
3
a
a a
a a
=
6
+ 15

x
x x
x x
6
a a
x x
x x
x
20

+ 15

6

+ 1(1)
x x
a a
a a
a
3
5 1
a
a
a
=
6
+ 15
x
x
x
6
42
3 3
a
x
20
+ 15
x
a
2 + 4
x
6
1+ 5
x
+ 1
a
a
a
a
x
x x
=
6
+ 15
20
+ 15
6
+
x
x
x
x
a
a a
6
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
a
a
x
x
x
=
6
+ 15
20 (1) + 15
6
+
x
x
x
a
a a
3
2
2
3
a
a
a
x x x
= 6 + 15 20 + 15 6 +
x
x
x
a a a
3
2
2
a
a
a
x
x
x3
= 3 6 2 + 15 20 + 15 6 2 + 3
x
a
x
x
a a
6
Question # 2 (i)
(0.97)3 = (1 0.03)3
3
3
3
3
= (1)3 + (1)2 (0.03) + + (1)1 (0.03)2 + + (0.03)3
0
1
2
3
= (1)(1) + 3(1)(0.03) + 3(1)(0.0009) + + (1)(0.000024)
= 1 0.09 + 0.0027 0.000027 = 0.912673
Question # 2 (ii)
(2.02) 4 = (2 + 0.02)4
Now do yourself.
Question # 2 (iii)
(9.98)4 = (10 0.02) 4
4
4
4
4
4
= (10) 4 + (10)3 (0.02) + (10)2 (0.02)2 + (10)1 (0.02)3 + (10)0 (0.02)4
0
1
2
3
4
= (1)(10000) + 4(1000)(0.02) + 6(100)(0.0004) + 4(10)(0.000008) + (1)(1)(0.00000016)
= 10000 80 + 0.24 0.00032 + 0.00000016 = 9920.23968

Question # 2 (iv)
(2.1)5 = (2 + 0.1)5
Question # 3(i)
a + 2x
We take
(a +
) (
4
+ a 2x
4
4
4
2 x = a 4 + a 3
0
1
= (1) a 4 + ( 4 ) a 3
a + 2x
Replacing
2 by 2 in eq. (i)
a 2x
1
4
2 x + a2
2
2x
4
+ a1
3
( )
3
4
2 x + a0
4
= a 4 + 4 2 a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 + 8 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4
= a 4 4 2a3 x + 12a 2 x 2 8 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4 . (ii)

Adding (i) & (ii)
(a +
) + (a
4
2x
2x
( )
2 x + ( 6 ) a 2 2 x 2 + ( 4 ) a 2 2 x 3 + (1)(1) 4 x 4
= a 4 + 4 2a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 + 8 2 a x3 + 4 x 4 . (i)
= 2 a 4 + 24 a 2 x 2 + 8 x 4
Question # 3 (ii)
Do yourself.
2x
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 4
Question # 3 (iii)
Since
5
5
5
5
5
5
(2 + i )5 = 25 + 251 i + 252 i 2 + 253 i 3 + 254 i 4 + 255 i 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
4
3 2
2 3
1 4
0 5
= (1) 2 + ( 5) 2 i + (10 ) 2 i + (10 ) 2 i + ( 5) 2 i + (1) 2 i
= 32 + 80i + 80i 2 + 40i 3 + 10i 4 + i 5 .. (i)
Replacing i by i in eq. (i)
2
3
4
5
(2 + i )5 = 32 + 80 ( i ) + 80 ( i ) + 40 ( i ) + 10 ( i ) + ( i )
= 32 80i + 80i 2 40i 3 + 10i 4 i 5
Subtracting (i) & (ii)
(2 + i)5 (2 i)5 = 160i + 80i 3 + 2i 5
= 160i + 80(1) i + 2(1)2 i
= 160i 80i + 2i = 82i
Question # 3 (iv)
(x +
) (
3
x 1 + x + x 1
2
Suppose t = x 2 1 then
(x +
) (
3
x 1 + x + x 1 = ( x + t ) + ( x + t )
2
= ( ( x )3 + 3( x )2 (t ) + 3( x)(t )2 + (t )3 ) + ( ( x )3 + 3( x )2 (t ) + 3( x )(t )2 + (t )3 )
= x 3 + 3x 2t + 3xt 2 + t 3 + x 3 3x 2t + 3xt 2 t 3
= 2 x 3 + 6 xt 2
= 2 x3 + 6 x
x2 1
Q t = x2 1
= 2 x 3 + 6 x ( x 2 1) = 2 x 3 + 6 x 3 6 x = 8x 3 6 x
Question # 4 (i)
(2 + x x 2 ) 4
Put t = 2 + x then
(2 + x x 2 ) 4 = (t x 2 )4
4
4
4
4
4
= (t ) 4 + (t )3 ( x 2 ) + (t )2 ( x 2 )2 + (t )1 ( x 2 )3 + (t )0 ( x 2 )4
0
1
2
3
4
= (1) (t )4 ( 4 ) (t )3 ( x 2 ) + ( 6 ) (t )2 ( x 4 ) ( 4 ) (t )( x 6 ) + (1) (1)( x8 )
= t 4 4t 3 x 2 + 6t 2 x 4 4t x 6 + x8 (i)
Now
4
4
4
4
4
t 4 = (2 + x) 4 = (2)4 + (2)3 ( x ) + (2) 2 ( x) 2 + (2)1 ( x)3 + (2)0 ( x)4
0
1
2
3
4
= (1) (16) + ( 4 ) (8)( x) + ( 6 ) (4)( x 2 ) + ( 4 ) (2)( x 3 ) + (1) (1)( x 4 )
= 16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x3 + x 4
Also
t 3 = (2 + x)3 = (2)3 + ( 3) (2) 2 ( x) + ( 3) (2)1 ( x )2 + ( x)3
= 8 + 12 x + 6 x 2 + x3
t 2 = (2 + x) 2 = 4 + 4 x + x 2
Putting values of t 4 , t 3 , t 2 and t in equation (i)
(2 + x x 2 )4 = (16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x 3 + x 4 ) 4(8 + 12 x + 6 x 2 + x3 ) x 2
+6(4 + 4 x + x 2 ) x 4 4(2 + x ) x 6 + x8
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 5
= 16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x 3 + x 4 32 x 2 48 x3 24 x 4 4 x 5
+24 x 4 + 24 x 5 + 6 x 6 8 x 6 + 4 x 7 + x8
= 16 + 32 8 x 2 40 x 3 + x 4 + 20 x 5 2 x 6 4 x 7 x8
Question # 4 (ii)
Suppose t = 1 x Do yourself
Question # 4 (iii)
Suppose t = 1 x Do yourself
Question # 5 (i)
Suppose t = x 1 Do yourself
Question # 5 (ii)
3
x 1
x
Suppose t = x 1 then
3
2
3
1
1 1
3
2 1
t = (t ) + 3(t ) + 3(t ) +
x
x
x x
1
1 1
= t 3 3t 2 + 3t 2 3 (i)
x
x
x
Now
t 3 = ( x 1) = ( x )3 + 3( x )2 (1) + 3( x)(1)2 + (1)3

3
= x3 3x 2 + 3x 1
2
t 2 = ( x 1) = x 2 2 x + 1
Putting values of t 3 , t 2 and t in equation (i)
3
1
1
1 1
3
2
2
x 1 = ( x 3 x + 3 x 1) 3( x 2 x + 1) + 3( x 1) 2 3
x
x
x
x
1
1
1 1
= x3 3x 2 + 3x 1 3x + 6 3 + 3 3 2 3
x
x
x
x
3 1
= x3 3x 2 + 5 2 3
x
x
Question # 6 (i)
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
Here a = 3 , x = 2 x , n = 7 so
7
7
Tr +1 = (3)7 r (2 x )r = (3)7r (2)r ( x) r
r
r
For term involving x 4 we must have
xr = x4 r = 4
So
7
T4+1 = (3)74 (2)4 ( x)4
4
T5 = ( 35) (3)3 (2) 4 ( x) 4 = ( 35) (27)(16)( x )4
= 15120x 4
Made By: Atiq ur Rehman, (atiq@mathcity.org) http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 6
Question # 6 (ii)
n
Since Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
2
Here a = x , x = 2 , n = 13 so
x
r
13 13r 2 13 13r
r
Tr +1 = ( x) 2 = ( x) ( 2 ) ( x)2 r
r
x r
r
r
13
13
= ( x)13r 2 r ( 2 ) = ( x )133r ( 2 )
r
r
x133r = x 2 13 3r = 2 3r = 2 13
3r = 15 r = 5
So
5
13
T5+1 = ( x )133(5) ( 2 )
5
T6 = (1287)( x)1315 ( 32 ) = 41184 x 2
Question # 6 (iii)
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
2
Here a = , x = a , n = 9 so
x
9 r
9 r
9 2
9 2
r
Tr +1 = ( a ) = (1)r (a ) r
r x
r x
For term involving a 4 we must have
a r = a4 r = 4
So
9 2
T4+1 =
4 x
9 4
(1)4 (a ) 4
5
a4
2
32 4
4
T5 = (126) (1) a = (126) 5 a = 4032 5
x
x
x
Question # 6 (iii)
Here a = x , x = y , n = 11 so
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
r
1
11 11r
11 11r
Tr +1 = ( x )
y = ( x)
y2
r
r
r
11 11r
= ( x ) (1)r y 2
r
For term involving y 3 we must have
r
r
y 2 = y3
=3 r =6
2
6
11 116
So
T6+1 = ( x ) (1)6 y 2
6
5
T7 = ( 462 )( x ) (1) y 3 = 462 x5 y 3
( )
( )
( )
( )
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 7
Question # 7 (i)
Here a = x 2 , x =
3
, n = 10 so
2x
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
r
(3) r
10 2 10r 3 10 2(10r )
r
Tr +1 = ( x ) = ( x )
(1)
(2) r ( x)r
r
2x r
10 202 r
10 202 r r
(1)r (3)r (2) r ( x) r = ( x )
(1) r (3)r (2) r
= ( x)
r
r

10 203r
(1) r (3) r (2) r
= ( x)
r
x 20 3r = x 5 20 3r = 5 3r = 5 20
3r = 15 r = 5
10 203(5)
So
T5+1 = ( x )
(1)5 (3)5 (2)5
5
1
1
2015
5
T6 = 252 ( x )
(1)5 (3)5 5 = 252 ( x ) (243)
2
32
61236 5
15309 5
=
x =
x
32
8
15309
Hence coefficient of x 5 =
8
Question # 7 (ii)
1
Here a = x 2 , x = , n = 2n so
x
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
r
2n 2 2 n r 1 2n 2(2 nr )
r 1
Tr +1 = ( x ) = ( x )
1) r
(
x
r
x r
r
r
2n 4 n 2 r
2n 4 n 2 r r
= ( x )
1) x r = ( x )
1)
(
(
r
r
r
2n 4 n 3 r
= ( x)
1)
(
r
For term involving x n we must have
x 4 n3 r = x n 4n 3r = n 3r = n 4n
3r = 3n r = n
n
2 n 4 n 3 n
So
Tn+1 = ( x )
1)
(
n
(2n)!
(2n)! n
n
n
n
=
( x ) ( 1) =
( x ) ( 1)
(2n n)! n!
n! n!
n (2n)! n
= ( 1)
x
(n !)2
n (2n)!
Hence coefficient of x n = ( 1)
(n!)2
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 8
Question # 8
Here a = x 2 , x =
3
, n = 10 and r + 1 = 6 r = 5 so
2x
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
5
10 2 105 3
T5+1 = ( x )
5
2x
35
243
2 5
T6 = 252 ( x )
= 252 x10
5
5
32 x
(2 x)
61236 105
15309 5
=
x
=
x
32
8
Question # 9 (i)
Do yourself as Q # 9 (ii)
Question # 9 (ii)
Here a = x , x =
1
, n = 10 so
2 x2
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
r
10 r
10 r 1
1
10
10 12
= x
Tr +1 = x
r 2r
2
r
2x r
2 x
1
r
(10 r ) 1
10
10 5 2 1 2 r
2 r
x
x
= ( x)2
=
r ( x)
2r
2r
r

10 5 2r 2 r 1 10 5 52r 1
= ( x)
= ( x)
2r r
2r
r
For term independent of x we must have
5r
5
5r
5r
x 2 = x 0 5 = 0 = 5
2
2
2
r = (5) r = 2
5
10 5 5(2) 1
So
T2+1 = ( x ) 2 2
2
2
1
5 5 1
T3 = 45 ( x )
= 45 x 0
4
4
1 45
= 45 (1) =
4
4
( )
( )
Question # 9 (iii)
1
(1 + x ) 1 + 2
x
2 3
x2 + 1
= (1 + x ) 2
x
2 3
( x + 1)
(x )
2
= (1 + x 2 )3
2 4
= x 8 (1 + x 2 )3+4
n
Now Tr +1 = x 8 a n r x r
r
(1 + x )
2
= (1 + x 2 )3
= x 8 (1 + x 2 )7
x8
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 9
Where n = 7 , a = 1 , x = x 2
r
7
7
Tr +1 = x 8 (1)7r ( x 2 ) = x 8 (1) x 2 r
r
r
7
= x 2r 8
r
For term independent of x we must have
x 2 r 8 = x 0 2r 8 = 0 2r = 8 r = 4
So
7
T4+1 = x 2(4) 8
4
T5 = 35 x8 8 = 35 x 0 = 35
Question # 10
12
1 x2

x 2
Since n = 12 is an even so middle terms is

Therefore r + 1 = 7 r = 7 1 = 6
n + 2 12 + 2
=
=7
2
2
1
x2
And a = , x =
and n = 12
x
2
Now
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
12 6
x2

2
1 x12
924 126
T7 = 924 6
=
x
x 64
64
231 6
=
x
16
12 1
T6+1 =
6 x
Thus the middle terms of the given expansion is

Question # 10 (ii)
Since n = 11 is odd so the middle terms are
231 6
x .
16
n + 1 11 + 1
=
= 6 and
2
2
n + 3 11 + 3
=
=7
2
2
So for first middle term
3
1
a = x , x = , n = 11 and r + 1 = 6 r = 5
2
3x
Now
11 5
5
11 3 1
n n r r
T5+1 = x
Tr +1 = a x
r
5 2 3 x
Now simplify yourself.
Now for second middle term
r +1 = 7 r = 6
11 6
so
11 3
T6+1 = x
6 2
1

3x
Now simplify yourself.
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 10
Question # 10 (iii)
Since n = 2m + 1 is odd so there are two middle terms
n + 1 2m + 1 + 1 2m + 2
=
=
= m +1
First middle term =
2
2
2
n + 3 2m + 1 + 3 2m + 4
Second middle terms =
=
=
=m+2
2
2
2
1
Here a = 2 x , x =
and n = 2m + 1
2x
For first middle term r + 1 = m + 1 r = m .
Since
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
m
m
1
(2m + 1)!
1
2 m+1 m
m +1
2m + 1
Tm+1 =
(2x)
( 2x )
=
(2m + 1 m)! m !
m
2x
2x
(2m + 1)!
1
m+1
m +1
m 1
=
( 2 ) ( x ) ( 1)
(m + 1)! m!
2 x
(2m + 1)!
m+1
m +1
m
m
m
=
( 2 ) ( x ) ( 1) ( 2 ) ( x )
(m + 1)! m!
(2m + 1)!
(2m + 1)!
m+1 m
m+1m
m
1
1
m
=
( 2 ) ( x ) ( 1) =
( 2 ) ( x ) ( 1)
(m + 1)! m!
(m + 1)! m!
(2m + 1)!
m
=
2 x ( 1)
(m + 1)! m!
For second middle term
r +1 = m + 2 r = m + 2 1 r = m +1
n
As
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
m +1
1
(2 m +1) ( m +1)
2m + 1
Tm+1+1 =
(2x)

m +1
2x
Now simplify yourself
m
Question # 11
(Submitted by Waqas Ahmad - FAZMIC Sargodha 2004-06)
1
,
2x
Number of term from the end = 2n + 1
Here a = x , x =
To make it from beginning we take a =

As
1
, x = x and r + 1 = 2n + 1 r = 2n
2x
n
Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
3n 2 n
n
(3n)!
2n
3n 1
1 2n
T2 n+1 =
( x) =
x
(3n 2n)! (2n)! 2 x
2n 2 x
(3n)!
1
(3n)!
n
n 1
=
( 1) n n x 2n =
( 1) n x 2nn
(n)! (2n)!
2 x
n! (2n)!
2
(1) n (3n)! n
=
x Answer
2 n n! (2n)!
Note: If there are p term in some expansion and qth term is from the end then the term
from the beginning will be = p q + 1 .
So in above you can use term from the end = (3n + 1) (2n + 1) + 1 = n + 1
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 11
Question # 12
2n + 2
= n + 1 and
2
a = 1 , x = x , n = 2n , r + 1 = n + 1 r = n
n
Now Tr +1 = a nr x r
r
2n
Tn +1 = (1) 2 nn x n
n
(2n)!
(2n)! n
Tn +1 =
(1) n x n =
x
(2n n)! n!
n! n !
Since 2n is even so the middle term is
2n (2n 1)(2n 2)(2n 3)(2n 4)................ 5 4 3 2 1 n

x
n! n!
[ 2n (2n 2)(2n 4)................ 4 2][ (2n 1)(2n 3)................ 5 3 1] x n
=
n! n!
=
2n [ n (n 1)(n 2)................ 2 1][(2n 1)(2n 3)................ 5 3 1] n

=
x
n ! n !
2n n! [(2n 1)(2n 3)................ 5 3 1] n
=
x
n! n!
2n [1 3 5 ............... (2n 1)] n
=
x
n!
1 3 5 ............... (2n 1) n n
=
2 x
n!
Question # 13
Consider
n n n
(1 + x) n = + x + x 2
0 1 2
n
n
n
n x n 1 + n x n
+ x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + .................. +
n
3
4
5
n 1

. (i)
Put x = 1
n n
n
n
n
n
n (1) n1 + n (1) n
(1 + 1) n = + (1) + (1) 2 + (1) 3 + (1) 4 + (1) 5 + ............ +
n
0 1
2
3
4
5
n 1

n n n n n n
n n
2 n = + + + + + + ............... +
+
0 1 2 3 4 5
n 1 n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
2 n = + + + ............... + + + + + ............... +
n 1 3 5
n 1
0 2 4
. (ii)
Now put x = 1 in equation (i)
n n
n
n
n
n
2
3
4
5
(1 1) n = + ( 1) + ( 1) + (1) + ( 1) + ( 1) + ...........
0 1
2
3
4
5
n (1) n1 + n (1)n
.......... +
n
n 1

If we consider n is even then
n n n n n n
n n
(0)n = + + + .................
+
0 1 2 3 4 5
n 1 n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
0 = + + + ................. + + + + ................. +
n 1 3 5
n 1
0 2 4
n
n
n n n n
n
n
+ + + ................. +
= + + + ................. +
n 1 0 2 4
n
1 3 5
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 12
Using it in equation (ii)

n
n
n
n n n n
n
2 n = + + + .................... +
+ + + + .................... +
n 1 1 3 5
n 1
1 3 5
n
n
n
n
2 n = 2 + + + .................... +
n 1
1 3 5
2n n n n
n
= + + + .................... +
2 1 3 5
n 1
n
n
n
n
2 n1 = + + + .................... +
n 1
1 3 5
n n n
n
+ + + .................... +
= 2n 1
1 3 5
n 1
Question # 14
1 n 1 n 1 n
1 n
n
L.H.S = + + + + .................... +

n + 1 n
0 2 1 3 2 4 3
n 1
1
1
n!
n!
n!
1 n
= +
+
+
+
....................
+

n + 1 n
0 2 (n 1)!1! 3 (n 2)! 2! 4 (n 3)! 3!
=
n +1 1
n! 1
n!
n!
1
1
1 +
+
+
+ .................... +
n + 1 2 (n 1)!1! 3 (n 2)! 2! 4 (n 3)!3!
n +1
1
( n + 1) +
n +1
(n + 1)! (n + 1)! (n + 1)!

1
(n + 1) +
+
+
+ .................... + 1
n +1
(n 1)! 2 1! (n 2)! 3 2! (n 3)! 4 3!
( n + 1)! ( n + 1)! ( n + 1)!

1
( n + 1) +
+
+
+ .................... + 1
n +1
( n + 1 2)! 2! ( n + 1 3)! 3! ( n + 1 4)! 4!
1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
n + 1
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .................... + n + 1
n + 1

1
n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
n + 1
1 + 1 +
+
+
+
+ .................... +
n +1
1 2 3 4
n + 1
1 ( n + 1) n ! 1 ( n + 1) n !
+
+
2 ( n 1)!1! 3 ( n 2)! 2!
1 ( n + 1) n !
n +1
+ .................... +
1
4 ( n 3)! 3!
n +1
1
n + 1 + n + 1 + n + 1 + n + 1 + n + 1 + .................... + n + 1
1
+
0 1 2 3 4
n + 1
n + 1
1
1 + 2n +1
=
n +1
2n +1 1
=
= R.H.S
n +1
=
Remember
n + 1
n + 1
0 = 1 , 1 = n + 1 and
n + 1
n + 1 = 1
Made By: Atiq ur Rehman, (atiq@mathcity.org) http://www.mathcity.org
J The End J
mathcity.org
Binomial Theorem when n is negative or fraction:

When n is negative or fraction and x < 1 then
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
x +
x + ......................
(1 + x) n = 1 + n x +
2!
3!
Where the general term of binomial expansion is
n (n 1)(n 2).............( n (r 1) ) r
Tr +1 =
x
r!
Question # 1 (i)
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 2
1
2 2
2 2 2
( x )3 + ......................
(1 x) = 1 + ( x) +
( x) 2 +
2
2!
3!
1 1
1 1 3

1
2 2 2 2 2 2
x +
( x 3 ) + ......................
=1 x +
2
2
3 2
1
1
1
= 1 x x 2 x3 + ......................
2
8
16
1
2
Question # 1 (ii) and (iii)
Question # 1 (iv)
1
3x 2
3x 2
3x 2
(4 3 x) = 4 1 = (4) 2 1 = 2 1
4
4
4

1
2
1 1
1 1 1
1 3 x 2 2 1 3 x 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 x 3

= 2 1 + +
+
+
......................
2
4
2!
4
3!
4
1 1
1 1 3
3x 2 2 9 x 2 2 2 2 27 x 3
= 2 1
+
+ ......................
8
2 16
3 2
64
3 x 1 9 x 2 1 27 x 3
= 2 1

+
......................
8 8 16 16 64
3 x 9 x 2 27 x3
= 2 1
+ ......................
8 128 1024
3 x 9 x 2 27 x 3
=2
+ ......................
4
64 512
Question # 1 (v)
1
1 x
2x
(8 2 x ) = (8) 1 = 1
8
8 4
1
2
Question # 1 (vi)
Do yourself
Now do yourself
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 2
Question # 1 (vii)
(1 x)1
= (1 x)1 (1 + x )2
2
(1 + x)
(1)(1 1)
(1)(1 1)(1 2)
= 1 + (1)( x ) +
( x) 2 +
( x)3 + ...................
2!
3!
(2)(2 1) 2 (2)(2 1)(2 2) 3
1 + (2)( x ) +
( x) +
( x) + ...................
2!
3!
(1)(2) 2 (1)(2)(3)
= 1 + x +
(x ) +
( x 3 ) + ...................
2
3 2
(2)(3) 2 (2)(3)(4) 3
1 2 x +
( x) +
( x) + ...................
2
3 2
= (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...................) (1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x 3 + ...................)
= 1 + ( x 2 x) + ( x 2 2 x 2 + 3x 2 ) + ( x 3 2 x3 + 3x3 4 x3 )...................
= 1 x + 2 x 2 2 x3 + ...................
Question # 1 (viii)
Question # 1 (ix)
1
1
1
(4 + 2 x) 2
2 x 2 1
x
1
2
2
= (4 + 2 x) (2 x) = (4) 1 +
(2) 1
2x
4
2
1
x 2 1
x
x 2
= (4) 1 + (2) 1 = 2 1 +
2
2
2
1
2
1
x
x 2
x
=
1
+
1
2 2
2 2
x 2
x
= 1 + 1
2 2
11
11
1 2
1
2
3
1 x
x
x
= 1 + + 2 2 + 2 2 2 + ......................
2! 2
3!
2
2 2
2
3
x (1)(1 1) x (1)(1 1)(1 2) x

1 + (1) +
+
+ ...................
2!
3!
2
2
2
1 1
1 1 3
2
3
x
x
= 1 + + 2 2 + 2 2 2 + ......................
2 4
3 2
8
4
x (1)(2) x 2 (1)(2)(3) x3
1 + +
+
+ ...................
2
3 2
4
8
2
x x 2 x3
x x 2 x3
= 1 +
+
+ ...................... 1 + + + + ...................
4 32 128
2 4 8
2
x 2 x 2 x3
x 3 x3 x 3
x x x
=1+ + + + + +
+ + + ...................
4 128 64 16 8
4 2 32 8
3 x 11x 2 23 x 3
=1+
+
+
+ ...................
4
32
128
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, ( atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 3
Question # 1 (x)
1
(1 + x 2 x2 ) 2 = (1 + ( x 2x 2 ) ) 2
11
1 1
1
1
1 2
1
= 1 + ( x 2 x 2 ) + 2 2 ( x 2 x 2 )2 + 2 2 2 ( x 2 x 2 )3 + ................
2
2!
3!
1 1

1
2 2 2
2
= 1 + (x 2x ) +
( x 4 x3 + 4 x 4 )
2
2
1 1 3

2 2 2 3
+
x + 3( x )2 (2 x 2 ) + 3( x )(2 x 2 )2 (2 x 2 )3 ) + ................
(
3 2
1
1
1
= 1 + ( x 2 x 2 ) ( x 2 4 x 3 + 4 x 4 ) + ( x3 6 x 4 + 12 x5 8 x 6 ) + ..................
2
8
16
1
2
1
4
4
1
6
12
8
= 1 + x x 2 x 2 x 3 + x 4 + x 3 x 4 + x 5 x 6 + ..................
2
2
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
= 1 + x x 2 x 2 x 3 + x 4 + x 3 x 4 + x5 x 6 + ..................
2
8
2
2
16
8
4
8
1
9
9
= 1 + x x 2 x 3 + ..................
2
8
16
Question # 1 (xi)
Question # 2 (i)
1
2
99 = ( 99 ) = (100 1)
1
2
1 2
= (100) 1
100
1
2
11
1 1 2 2 1 1 2
= 10 1 +
+
+
....................
2! 100
2 100
1 1
1
1
= 10 1
+ 2 2
+ ...............
2 10000
200
= 10 1 0.005 ( 0.0001) + ...............

8
= 10 (1 0.005 0.0000125 + ...............)

10 ( 0.9949875) = 9.949875
9.950
Question # 2 (ii)
1
( 0.98) 2 = (1 0.02 ) 2
Now do yourself
Question # 2 (iii)
1
(1.03) 3 = (1 + 0.03) 3
Now do yourself
Question # 2 (iv)
3
65 = ( 65 )
1
3
1 3
= ( 64 1) = (64) 1
64
1
3
1
3
Now do yourself
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 4
Question # 2 (v)
4
1
4
17 = (17 ) = (16 1)
1
4
1 4
= (16) 1
16
1
4
Now do yourself
Question # 2 (vi)
1
1 5
5
31 = ( 31) = ( 32 1) = (32) 1
32
1
5
1
5
1
5
Now do yourself
Question # 2 (vii)
1
1
1
1
1
2

3 1
3
3
=
1000
=
=
998
=
1000
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
3
998 ( 998 ) 3
1000
= (10
1
3 3
500
1
3
1
3
1 1
1
1 1 1
3 3
= 1 +
+
+
....................
2!
10 3 500
500
1 4
1
1
1
3 3
= 1 +
+
+
....................
2
10 1500
250000
2
1
= 1 + ( 0.0006667 ) + ( 0.000004 ) + ....................

9
10
1
= (1 + 0.0006667 + 0.00000089 + ....................)
10
1
(1.00066759 ) = 0.100066759 0.100 Answer
10
Question # 2 ( viii)
5
1
1
=
1 = ( 252 )
252 ( 252 ) 5
1
5 5
= (3
1 +
27
= ( 243 + 9 )
1
5
= ( 243) 1 +
243
1
Now do yourself as above
Question # 2 (ix)
1
7
7 7 2 1 2
=
= = 1
8 8 8
8
11
1
2
1 1 2 2 1
=1+ +
+ ....................
2 8
2! 8
1 1
1 2 2 1
=1 +
+ ....................
16
2 64
1 1 1
= 1 + ....................
16 8 64
1
5
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 5
1
1
+ ....................
16 512
= 1 0.0625 0.00195 + ....................
0.93555 0.936 Answer
=1
Question # 2 (x)
(0.998)
1
3
= (1 0.002)
1
3
Now do yourself as above
Question # 2 (xi)
1
1
1
243
1
1

6 1
6
6
=
729
=
=
486
=
729
243
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
6
486 ( 486 ) 6
729
1
6 6
= (3
1
1
3
1
6
1
6
Now do yourself
Question # 2 (xii)
1
1
16 4
1 4
4 4
(1280) = (1296 16) = (1296 ) 1
=
6
1
(
)
1296
81
Now do yourself
1
4
1
4
1
4
Question # 3 (i)
(1 + x 2 ) = 1 + x2 (1 + x )2
( )
2
(1 + x )
(2)(2 1) 2 (2)(2 1)(2 2) 3
= 1 + x 2 1 + (2)( x ) +
( x) +
( x) + ...................
2!
3!
(2)(3) 2 (2)(3)(4) 3
= 1 + x 2 1 2 x +
( x) +
( x) + ...................
2
3 2
( )
= (1 + x )(1 2 x + 3 x 4 x + ...................)
= (1 + x )(1 + (1)2 x + (1) 3 x + (1) 4 x + ...................)
2
Following in this way we can write

(1 + x2 ) = 1 + x 2 (1 + (1)2 x + (1)2 3x 2 + (1)3 4 x3 + .............. + (1)n2 (n 1) x n2 +
( )
2
(1 + x )
(1)n 1 (n) x n 1 + (1) n (n + 1) x n + ................)

So taking only terms involving x n we get
(1)n (n + 1) x n + (1) n2 (n 1) x n
= (1)n (n + 1) x n + (1)n (1) 2 (n 1) x n

= (1)n (n + 1) x n + (1)n (n 1) x n
= (n + 1 + n 1)(1)n x n = (2n)(1)n x n
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is (2n)(1)n
Q (1) 2 = 1
Question # 3 (ii)
Hint:
After solving you will get
(1 + x2 ) = 1 + x 2 (1 + 2 x + 3x2 + 4 x3 + ............ + (n 1) x n2 + (n) x n1 + (n + 1) x n + ..............)
( )
2
(1 x )
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ) , http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 6
Question # 3 (iii)
(1 + x )3
= (1 + x)3 (1 x) 2
2
(1 x)
(2)(2 1)
(2)(2 1)(2 2)
3
= (1 + x ) 1 + (2)( x) +
( x )2 +
( x )3 + ...................
2!
3!
(2)(3) 2 (2)(3)(4)
3
= (1 + x ) 1 + 2 x +
( x) +
( x 3 ) + ...................
2
32
= (1 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + x 3 )(1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + ...................)

(1 + x)3
= 1 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + x 3 (1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x3 + ............ + (n 2) x n3 + (n 1) x n2
2
(1 x)
+(n) x n 1 + (n + 1) x n + ..............)
So taking only terms involving x n we have term
(n + 1) x n + 3(n) x n + 3(n 1) x n + (n 2) x n
= ( (n + 1) + 3(n) + 3(n 1) + (n 2) ) x n
= ( n + 1 + 3n + 3n 3 + n 2 ) x n
= ( 8n 4 ) x n
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is (8n 4 ) .

Question # 3 (iv)
2
(1 + x ) = 1 + x 2 1 x 3
( )( )
3
(1 x )
(3)(3 1)
(3)(3 1)(3 2)
2
= (1 + x ) 1 + (3)( x) +
( x) 2 +
( x)3 + ...................
2!
3!
(3)(4)
(3)(4)(5)
2
= (1 + x ) 1 + (3)( x ) +
( x) 2 +
( x)3 + ...................
2
3 2
(3)(4) 2
(4)(5) 3
= 1 + 2 x + x 2 1 + 3x +
(x ) +
( x ) + ...................
2
2
(3)(4) 2 (4)(5) 3
(2)(3)
= 1 + 2 x + x 2 1 +
x+
x +
x + ...................
2
2
2

2
(1 + x ) = 1 + 2 x + x 2 1 + (2)(3) x + (3)(4) x2 + (4)(5) x3 + ..................
(
)
3
2
2
2
(1 x )
(n 1)(n) n2 (n)(n + 1) n1 (n + 1)(n + 2) n
x +
x +
x + .......
2
2
2
n
So taking only terms involving x we have term
(n + 1)(n + 2) n
(n)(n + 1) n (n 1)(n) n
x +2
x +
x
2
2
2
xn
= ( (n + 1)(n + 2) + 2(n)(n + 1) + (n 1)(n) )
2
n
x
= ( n 2 + n + 2n + 2 + 2n 2 + 2n + n 2 n )
2
n
x
xn
2
2
= ( 4n + 4n + 2 )
= 2 ( 2n + 2n + 1)
2
2
2
n
= ( 2n + 2n + 1) x
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is ( 2n 2 + 2n + 1) .
+
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 7
Question # 3 (v)
Since we know that
(1 + x) 1 = 1 x + x 2 x 3 + ...............
Therefore
(1 x + x
) (
2
x3 + ............. = (1 + x )1
= (1 + x )
(2)(2 1) 2 (2)(2 1)(2 2) 3

( x) +
( x ) + ...................
2!
3!
(2)(3) 2 (2)(3)(4) 3
= 1 2x +
( x) +
( x) + ...................
2
3 2
= 1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x 3 + ...................
= 1 + (1)2 x + (1)2 3x 2 (1)3 4 x 3 + ...................
= 1 + (2)( x) +

= 1 + (1)2 x + (1)2 3x 2 (1)3 4 x 3 + ................... + (1)n (n + 1) x n + .........
So the term involving x n = (1)n (n + 1) x n
And hence coefficient of term involving x n is (1)n (n + 1)
Question # 4 (i)
1
1
1
1 x
1 x
2
L.H.S =
=
= (1 x) 2
1 = (1 x )
1 x (1 x ) 2
1
= 1 + ( x ) + squares and higher power of x.
2
1
= 1 x = R.H.S Proved
2
Question # 4 (ii)
1
1
1 + 2x
2
Since
= (1 + 2 x ) (1 x ) 2
1 x
1
1
Now (1 + 2 x ) 2 = 1 + (2 x) + squares and higher power of x.
2
1+ x
1
1
Now (1 x ) 2 = 1 + ( x) + squares and higher power of x.
2
1
1+ x
2
1 + 2x
1
(1 + x ) 1 + x
1 x
2
1
=1+ x + x
ignoring term involving x 2 .
2
3
= 1 + x Proved.
2
Question # 4 (iii)
1
1
1
(9 + 7 x) 2 (16 + 3x ) 4
= (9 + 7 x) 2 (16 + 3 x) 4
4 + 5x
1
7x 2
Now (9 + 7 x ) = 9 1 +
1
2
1
2
( 4 + 5x )
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 8
1
1 7 x
= (32 ) 2 1 + + squres and higher of x.
2 9
7x
7x
7x
3 1 +
= 3 + 3 = 3 +
6
18
18
1
(16 + 3 x) 4
( 4 + 5x )
3x 4
= (16) 1 +
16
1
1 3 x
= (2 4 ) 4 1 + + square and higher power of x
4 16
3x
3x
3x
(2) 1 + = 2 + 2 = 2 +
32
64
64
1
4
5
= 4 1 + x
4
1
5
= 1 + ( 1) x + squares and higher power of x
4
4
1 5
1 5
1 x = x
4 16
4 4
1
So
(9 + 7 x) 2 (16 + 3 x) 4
7x
3x 1 5
3 +
2 + x
4 + 5x
6
32 4 16
3 x 1 5 103 1 5
7x
= 3 +
2 x = 1+
x x
6
32 4 16
96 4 16
1 103
5
1 17
= +
x x =
x Proved
4 384
16
4 384
Question # 4 (iv)
Do yourself
Question # 4 (v)
(1 + x ) 2 ( 4 3x ) 2 = 1 + x 12 4 3x 32 8 + 5 x 13
( ) (
) (
)
1
3
(8 + 5 x )
1
1
1
Now (1 + x ) 2 = 1 + ( x) + square and higher power of x
2
1
1+ x
2
3
( 4 3x )
3
2
3 2
= 4 1 x
4
3
3 3
= 2 2 2 1 + x + square and higher power of x

2 4
9
3
9
( 2 ) 1 x = 8 1 x
8
8
3
2
( )
(8 + 5 x )
1
3
5 3
= ( 8) 1 + x
8
1
1 5
= 23 3 1 + x + square and higher power of x
3 8
5
1
5
(2) 1 1
x = 1
x
2 24
24
1
3
( )
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 9
(1 + x ) 2 ( 4 3x ) 2
1
So
(8 + 5x )
5
1 9 1
1 + x 8 1 x 1
x
2 8 2 24
1
3
8 1 9
5
= 1 + x 1 x
x
2 2 8
24
4
1 4
1
5
= 4 1 + x 1 x = 4 1 + x x = 4 1 x Proved
3
2 3
2
6
Question # 4 (vi)
Question # 4 (vii)
Same as Question #4 (iii)
Question # 5 (i)
1 x 2 x 2 = (1 ( x + 2 x 2 ) ) 2
1
1 1 1
2
1
2
= 1 + ( x + 2 x ) + 2 2
( x + 2 x 2 ) + cube & higher power of x.
2!
2
1 1
1
2
1 ( x + 2 x ) + 2 2 ( x + 2 x2 )2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1 x (2 x 2 ) x 2 = 1 x x 2 x 2
2
2
8
2
8
1
9
= 1 x x2
Proved
2
8
( )
Question # 5 (ii)
1
1
1
1 + x (1 + x ) 2
2
2
=
1 = (1 + x ) (1 x )
1 x (1 x) 2
Now
1 1 1
1
(1 + x) = 1 + x + 2 2
x 2 + cube & higher power of x.
2!
2
1 1
1
1
1
1 + x + 2 2 x2 = 1 + x x2
2
2
2
8
1
12 12 1
1
2
(1 x) = 1 + ( x) +
( x)2 + cube & higher power of x.
2!
2
1
2
( )
( )(
( )( )
12 32 2
1
1
3
1+ x +
x = 1 + x + x2
2
2
2
8
So
1+ x 1
1 1
3
= 1 + x x 2 1 + x + x 2
1 x 2
8 2
8
1
1
1
1
3
1
= 1 + x x2 + x + x 2 + x 2 = 1 + x + x 2
2
8
2
4
8
2
Proved
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, ( atiq@mathcity.org )

FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 10
Question # 6
Since x is nearly equal to 1 so suppose x = 1 + h ,
where h is so small that its square and higher powers be neglected
L.H.S = px p qx q
= p(1 + h) p q(1 + h) q
= p (1 + ph + square & higher power of x)
q (1 + qh + square & higher power of h)
= p (1 + ph) q (1 + qh)
= p + p 2 h q q 2 h .. (i)
Now R.H.S = ( p q) x p + q
= ( p q)(1 + h) p + q
= ( p q) (1 + ( p + q)h + square & higher power of h )
= ( p q) (1 + ( p + q)h ) = ( p q) (1 + ph + qh )
= p + p 2 h + pqh q pqh q 2 h
= p + p 2 h q q 2 h .. (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Proved
Question # 7
Since p q is small when compare
Therefore let p q = h p = q + h
(2n + 1)(q + h ) + (2n 1)q
(2n + 1) p + (2n 1)q
=
L.H.S =
(2n 1)(q + h) + (2n + 1)q
(2n 1) p + (2n + 1)q
2nq + q + 2nh + h + 2nq q
4nq + 2nh + h
=
=
2nq q + 2nh h + 2nq + q
4 nq + 2 nh h
4nq + 2nh + h
4nq + 2nh + h 2nh h
=
=
1 + 4nq
2nh h
4nq
4nq 1 +
4nq
2nh h
4nq + 2nh + h
+ square & higher power of x 2
1 + (1)
4nq
4nq
4nq + 2nh + h 2nh h

4nq + 2nh + h 4nq 2nh + h
=
1
=
4nq
4nq
4nq
4nq
16n 2 q 2 + 8n 2 hq + 4nhq 8n 2 hq + 4nhq

=
16n 2 q 2
16n 2 q 2 + 8nhq
16n 2 q 2
8nhq
=
=
+
2 2
2 2
16n q 16 n 2 q 2
16n q
h
.. (ii)
=1+
2nq
1
p + q n q + h + q n
Now R.H.S =
= 2q
2
q
2q + h n 2 q h n
h n
=
+
=
= 1 + 2q
2q 2 q 2q
1 h
= 1 + + square & higher power of h .
n 2q
ignoring squares of h
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 11
=1+
h
.. (ii)
2nq
Form (i) and (ii)

L.H.S = R.H.S
Proved
Question # 8
Since n and N are nearly equal therefore consider N = n + h ,
where h is so small that its squares and higher power be neglected.
1
2
n
n
=
L.H.S =
2(n + N ) 2(n + n + h)
1
2 2(2n + h )
n
=
=
2(2
n
+
h
)
n
1
2
1
2
1
2
4n + 2h
=
1
2
2h
=4+
1
2
1
2
h
2h
2
= (4) 1 +
= (2 ) 1 +
4n
2n
1 h
= (2) 1 1 + + square & higher power of h

2 2n
1 h
1
h
= 1
=
.. (i)
2 8n
2 4n
8n
n+ N
Now R.H.S =
9n N
4n
8n
n+n+h
8n
n + ( n + h)
=
9n n h
4n
9n ( n + h)
4n
1
2
1
2
8n
2n + h
8n
2n + h
h
2n + h
=
= 1
8n h
4n
4n
4n
8n
8n 1 h
8n
2n h
h
= 1 + (1) + square & higher power of h
+
8n
4n 4n
h 1 h
h 1 h
= 1 + +

=1+
8n 2 4n
8n 2 4n
1 h
=
.. (ii)
2 8n
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Proved
Question # 9 (i)
2
3
1 1 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
1 +

+ .......................
2 4 2! 4 4
3! 8 4
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx +
x + ...............................
2!
1 1
This implies
nx = . (i)
2 4
2
n(n 1) 2 1 3 1
x =
. (ii)
2!
2! 4 4
From (i)
nx =
1
1
x=
(iii)
8
8n
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 12
Putting value of x in (ii)

2
2
n(n 1) 1
1 3 1
=

2! 8n 2! 4 4
n(n 1) 1
3 1

2
2 64n 2 4 16
(n 1)
3
3
=
(n 1) =
128n n 1 = 3 n
128n 128
128
1
n 3n = 1 2n = 1 n =
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1
1
x=
x=
4
8 1
2
So
( )
1
(1 + x) n = 1 +
4
1
2
Question # 9 (ii)
5
=
4
1
2
4
4 2
= =
5
5
Question # 9 (iii)
3 35 357
1+ +
+
+ .......................
4 4 8 4 8 12
n(n 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx +
x + ...............................
2!
3
nx = . (i)
This implies
4
n(n 1) 2 3 5
x =
. (ii)
2!
4 8
3
3
From (i)
nx =
x=
(iii)
4
4n
2
n(n 1) 3 3 5
=
2! 4n 4 8
n (n 1) 9 15
=
2 16 n 2 32
9(n 1) 15
15
=
9(n 1) = 32 n
32 n
32
32
9n 15n = 9
6n = 9 n =
9n 9 = 15 n
9
6
n=
3
2

3
1
x=
x=
2
4 3
2
( )
1
So (1 + x) = 1
2
n
Question # 9 (iv)
3
2
1
=
2
3
2
3
2
= ( 2) =
( 2)
=2 2
Answer
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 13
Question # 10
1 1 3 1 3 5
1+ +
+
+ .......................
4 4 8 4 8 12
n(n 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx +
x + ...............................
2!
This implies
1
nx = . (i)
4
n(n 1) 2 1 3
x =
. (ii)
2!
4 8
1
1
From (i)
nx =
x=
(iii)
4
4n
2
n(n 1) 1 1 3
=
2! 4n 4 8
n (n 1) 1 3
=
2 16 n 2 32
(n 1) 3
3
=
(n 1) = 32 n
32 n
32
32
n 3n = 1 2n = 1
n=

1
x=
4 1
2
( )
x=
n 1 = 3n
1
2
1
2
1
1 2 1 2
So (1 + x) n = 1 = = ( 2 ) 2 = 2
2
2
1 1 3 1 3 5
Hence
1+ +
+
+ ....................... = 2
4 4 8 4 8 12
Question # 11
2
3
1 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
y= +
+
+ .......................
3 2! 3
3! 3
Adding 1 on both sides
2
3
1 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
1+ y =1+ +
+
+ .......................
3 2! 3
3! 3
n(n 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx +
x + ...............................
2!
This implies
1
nx = . (i)
3
2
n(n 1) 2 1 3 1
x =
. (ii)
2!
2! 3
1
1
From (i)
nx =
x=
(iii)
3
3n
Proved
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 14

2
2
n(n 1) 1 1 3 1
=

2! 3n
2! 3
n(n 1) 1 3 1
=
2 9 n2 2 9
(n 1) 1
1
=
(n 1) = 18 n
18 n
6
6
n 3n = 1 2n = 1 n =
n 1 = 3n
1
2

1
2
x=
x=
3
3 1
2
( )
2
So (1 + x) = 1
3
This implies
1+ y = 3
On squaring both sides
n
(1 + y ) =
2
1
2
1
=
3
1
2
= ( 3)
1
2
= 3
( )
1 + 2 y + y2 = 3 1 + 2 y + y2 3 = 0
y 2 + 2 y 2 = 0 Proved
Question # 12
1 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
2y = 2 +
+
+ .......................
2
2! 24
3! 26
Adding 1 on both sides
1 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
1+ 2y =1+ 2 +
+
+ .......................
2
2! 24
3! 26
Comparing above series with
n(n 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx +
x + ...............................
2!
1
1
After solving as above you will get n = and x = , so
2
2
1
2
1
1
(1 + x) n = 1 =
2
2
This implies
1+ 2y = 2
On squaring both sides
(1 + 2 y )
( 2)
1 + 4 y + 4 y2 = 4
4 y2 + 4 y 1 = 0
1
2
= ( 2) 2 = 2
1 + 4 y + 4 y2 2 = 0
Proved
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, ( atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
mathcity.org

Question # 1
(i)
(ii)
(x)
(xii)
radian =
radian
180
6
radian =
radian
45o = 45
180
4
radian = 0.1789 radian

10o15 = 10.25o = 10.25
180
75o 6 30 = 75.1083o = 75.1083

radian = 1.3109 radian
180
30o = 30
Question # 2
(i)
(xii)
180
rad. =
= 22.5o
8
8
o
13
13
rad. = 180 = 146.25o

16
16
Question # 3
Since total angle in watch = 2 rad.
2
= rad.
Angel made by hands in 1 hour =
12 6
2
Thus angle made by hand in 4 hours = 4 =
rad.
6
3
Q rad = 180o
Q rad = 180o
Question # 4 (i)
l = 1.5 cm ,
r = 2.5 cm
l
1.5
Since =
=
= 0.6 rad.
r
2.5
Question # 4 (ii)
Question # 5 (i)
= rad.
r = 6 cm
Since l = r l = 6 = 6(3.14159) = 18.85 cm
Question # 5 (ii)
3.14159
= 65.33
= 1.1403 rad. ,
180
180
l = 18 1.1403 = 20.5254 mm
= 65o20 = 65o.33 = 65.33

Since l = r
Question # 6 (i)
1
rad
2
1
5=r
r = 5 2 = 10 cm
2
l = 5 cm ,
Since l = r
r = 18 mm
FSc-I / 9.1 - 2
Question # 6 (ii)
Since l = r
= rad
180 4
4
224
r = 56 =
= 71.30 cm
3.14159
= 45o = 45
l = 56 cm ,
56 = r
Question # 7
rad
4
3.14159
Since l = r l = 14 = 14
= 10.9956 cm
4
4
l =? ,
r = 14 cm ,
Question # 8
r = ?,
= 1rad. ,
l = 35 cm
Since l = r 35 = r 1 r = 35 cm
Question # 9
r = 500 m
1000
25
m/s = m/s
60 60
3
25
250
Distance = l = 10 =
m
3
3
250
250
250 1
Now l = r
= 500 =
=
= rad.
3
3 500 1500 6
Speed = 30 km/h = 30
Question # 10
r = 9 m , = 70o = 70
Now l = r
7
= ,
180 18
l =?
70o
7
7
= (3.14159) = 10.9956 m 11 m
18
2
Thus the horse will cover 11m distance.
l = 9
Question # 11
= rad
180 9
3.14159
Now l = r l = 20 = 20
= 6.98
9
9
Thus pendulum will move 6.98cm.
r = 20 cm ,
= 20o = 20
Question # 12
Here r = 148 106 km ,
= 9.3 103 rad
Since l = r
l = (148 106 )( 9.3 10 3 ) = 1376400 km
= 1.3764 106 km
Thus diameter of sun = 1.3764 106 km
20o
Earth
FSc-I / 9.1 - 3
Question # 13
Length of wire = circumference of circle = 2 r = 2 (6) = 12
i.e. l = 12 cm , r = 24 cm
l
12
Now =
=
= rad.
r
24 2
Question # 14
Area of Sector Central angle of Sector
Since
=
Area of Circle
Angel of Circle
Area of Sector
=
r2
2
Area of Sector =
r2
2
1
= r 2
2
Question # 15
r = 6400 km
= 45o + 25o = 70o = 70
Now l = r
7
= rad
180 18
W
25 45
7
l = (6400) = (6400)(0.3889 3.14159)
18
= 7819.075
Thus distance between cities = 7819.075 km
Question # 16
= 0.5 (0.01745)
180
= 0.008727 rad
5
r = 3.844 10 km
Now l = r
= 0.5o = 0.5
0.5
Earth
l = ( 3.844 105 ) ( 0.0087266 ) = 3354.505
Thus diameter of the moon = 3354.505 km

Question # 17
= 0.03316 rad
180
l
l = 2(6400) = 12800 km ,
r =?
Now l = r 12800 = r (0.03316)
12800
r=
= 386007.24 km
0.03316
Thus distance between earth and moon = 386007.24km
= 1o54 = 1.9o = 1.9
Moon
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org

-; END ;-
mathcity.org
Question # 1 & 2
Do yourself
Question # 3 (i)
Since sin < 0 so lies in IIIrd or IVth quadrant.
Also cos > 0 so lies in Ist or IVth quadrant.
lies in IVth quadrant
Question # 3 (ii)
Since cot > 0 so lies in Ist or IIIrd quadrant.
Also csc > 0 so lies in Ist or IInd quadrant
lies in Ist quadrant.
Question # 3 (iii), (iv) and
Question # 4
Since
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
cos 2 = 1 sin 2
cos = 1 sin 2
As terminal ray lies in Ist quadrant so cos is +ive.
cos = 1 sin 2
2
12
cos = 1
13
144
25
= 1
=
169
169
Q sin =
cos =
5
13
tan =
12
5
Now
tan =
sin 1213 12 13
=
=
cos 513 13 5
1
1
13
=
=
sin 12
12
13
1
1
13
sec =
=
=
cos 5 13 5
csc =
13
12
sec =
13
5
1
1
5
=
=
tan 12 5 12
cot =
5
12
csc =
cot =
Question # 4 (ii)
Since
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
sin 2 = 1 cos 2
sin = 1 cos 2
As terminal ray lies in IVth quadrant so sin is ive .
sin = 1 cos 2
9
sin = 1
41
12
13
FSc-I / 9.2 - 2
= 1
40
81
1600
=
=
41
1681
1681
sin =
40
41
tan =
40
9
csc =
40
41
Now
40
sin
41 = 40 41 = 40
tan =
=
9
cos
41 9
9
41
1
1
41
csc =
=
=
sin
40 41
40
sec =
1
1
41
=
=
9
cos
9
11
sec =
cot =
1
1
9
=
=
tan
409
40
cot =
41
9
9
40
Question # 4 (iii)
Question # 4 (iv)
Since
sec 2 = 1 + tan 2
sec = 1 + tan 2
As terminal ray is in IInd quadrant so sec is ive.
sec = 1 tan 2
2
1
10
1
sec = 1 + = 1 + =
9
9
3
sec =
10
3
1
1
3
=
=
sec 10
10
3
Now
cos =
Also
sin
= tan
cos
1 3
sin = ( tan )( cos ) =
3 10
1
1
csc =
=
sin 1
3
10
cos =
sin =
csc = 10
cot = 3
1
10
10
cot =
1
1
=
tan 13
Question # 4 (v)
Question # 5
As cot is +ive and it is not in Ist quadrant so it is in IIIrd quadrant
( cot +ive in Ist and IIIrd quadrant)
Now
csc = 1 + cot
2
csc = 1 + cot 2
As terminal ray is in IIIrd quadrant so csc is ive.
csc = 1 + cot 2
FSc-I / 9.2 - 3
2
225
15
csc = 1 + = 1 +
64
8
289
17
=
csc =
64
8
sin =
Now
1
1
=
csc 178
sin =
Q cot =
15
8
8
17
cos
= cot
sin
15 8
cos = cot sin =
8 17
cos =
15
17
Question # 6
Since 0 < <

therefore terminal ray lies in Ist quadrant.
2
Now
1 + cot 2 = csc 2
cot 2 = csc 2 1
cot = csc2 1
As terminal ray of is in Ist quadrant so cot is +ive.
cot = csc 2 1
2
m2 + 1
(m 2 + 1) 2
cot =
1
1 =
(2m)2
2m
Q csc =
m +1
2
2m
m4 + 2m2 + 1
m 4 + 2m 2 + 1 4m 2
m 4 2m 2 + 1
=
1 =
=
4m 2
4m 2
4m 2
(m 2 1)2 m 2 1
=
=
(2m)2
2m
sin =
Now
m2 1
cot =
2m
1
1
2m
=
=
m2 +1
csc
m 2 + 1)
(
2m
cos
= cot
sin
sin =
2m
m2 + 1
cos = ( cot )( sin )
m 2 1 2m
cos =
2
2m m + 1
m2 1
cos = 2
m +1
1
1
sec =
= 2
cos m2 1
m2 + 1
sec = 2
m 1
1
1
= 2
cot m 1
2m
2m
tan = 2
m 1
m +1
tan =
Question # 7
tan is +ive and terminal arm is not in the IIIrd quadrant, therefore terminal arm
lies in Ist quadrant.
Now
sec 2 = 1 + tan 2
sec = 1 + tan 2
as terminal arm is in the first quadrant so sec is +ive.
FSc-I / 9.2 - 4
sec = 1 + tan 2
2
1
8
1
sec = 1 +
= 1+ 7 = 7
7
Now
cos =
1
1
=
sec 2 2
sec =
cos =
2 2
7
7
2 2
Now
sin
= tan
sin = ( tan )( cos )
cos
1
1 7
sin =
sin =
2 2
7 2 2
1
1
csc =
=
csc = 2 2
1
sin
2 2
(
(
)
)
8
2 2 2 2
8
2
2
7
csc sec
=
7
Now
=
2
2
2
2
8
csc + sec
8+
2 2 + 2 2
7
7
48
48 7
4
= 7 =
=
Answer
64
7 64 3
7
Question # 8
Since
csc 2 = 1 + cot 2
csc = 1 + cot 2
As terminal ray is in Ird quadrant so csc is +ive.
2
25
29
29
5
csc = 1 + cot = 1 + = 1 +
=
=
4
4
2
3
2
Now
Now
sin =
cos
sin
1
csc
29
2
29
2
cos = ( cot )( sin )
= cot
5 2
cos =
2 29
Now
sin =
3sin + 4 cos
cos sin
3 2
cos =
29
+ 4 5
6
+ 20

29
29
29
29
=
29
29
29
29
6 + 20
26
29 = 26 2 = 26
29
=
=
3
52
3
29 3
29
29
Answer
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com) http://www.mathcity.org
THE END
mathcity.org

Question # 1 (i)
L.H.S = sin 60o cos30o cos 60o sin 30o
3 1
3 1 2 1
3 3 1 1
=

=
=
= = (i)
2 2 2 2
4 4
4
4 2
1
R.H.S = sin 30 = (ii)
2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 1 (ii)
L.S.H = sin 2 + sin 2 + tan 2

6
3
4
2
2
1 3
2
1 3
= +
+ (1) = + + 1
4 4
2 2
1+ 3 + 4 8
=
= = 2 = R.H.S *
4
4
Question # 1 (iii)
1
1 1
L.H.S = 2sin 45o + csc 45o = 2sin 45o +
2
2 sin 45o
2 ( 2)
=
1 1 1
= 2
=
+
2 2 1
2
1
2 +1
= 2+
=
=
2
2
2
+
2
2
3
= R.H.S
2
( )
Question # 1 (v)
L.H.S = sin 2 : sin 2 : sin 2 : sin 2

6
4
3
2
2
1 1 3
2
1 1 3
= :
:
: (1) = : : :1
4 2 4
2 2 2
= 1: 2 : 3: 4 = R.H.S
*
2
ing by 4
Question # 2 (i)
1
3
tan tan
3
3
6 =
1
1 + tan tan
1+ 3
3
6
3
3 1
2
3 = 2 = 1
3
=
=
1+1
2
2 3
3
Question # 2 (ii)
1 tan 2
1
3 =
1+
1 + tan 2
3
( 3)
( 3)
1 3 2
1
=
=
1+ 3
4
2
FSc-I / 9.3 - 2
Question # 3 (i)
When = 30o
3
. (i)
2
3
1 3
R.H.S = 2sin cos = 2sin 30o cos30o = 2
.. (ii)
=
2
2 2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
When = 45o
L.H.S = sin 2 = sin 2(45) = sin 90 = 1 . (i)
1 1 2
R.H.S = 2sin cos = 2sin 45o cos 45o = 2
= 2 = 1 .. (ii)
2
2
From (i) and (ii)

L.H.S = R.H.S
L.H.S = sin 2 = sin 2(30) = sin 60 =
Question # 3 (ii)
When = 30o
1
. (i)
2
R.H.S = cos 2 sin 2 = cos 2 30o sin 2 30o
L.H.S = cos 2 = cos 2(30) = cos 60 =
2
3 1 2 3 1 1
=
= = .. (ii)
2
4 4 2
2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
When = 45o
L.H.S = cos 2 = cos 2(45) = cos90 = 0 . (i)
R.H.S = cos 2 sin 2 = cos 2 45o sin 2 45o
2
2
1 1
1 1
=

= 2 2 = 0 .. (ii)
2 2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Quesiton # 3 (iii)
Question # 3 (iv)
Question # 3 (v)
When = 30o
L.H.S = tan 2 = tan 2(30) = tan 60 = 3 . (i)
1
2
o
2 tan
2 tan 30
3
R.H.S =
=
=
2
1 tan 2 1 tan 2 30o
1
1
3
2
2
2
3
3 =
3 = 2 3 = 2
=
= 3 .. (ii)
2
2
3 2
3
1 1
3
3
From (i) and (ii)
( )
FSc-I / 9.3 - 3
L.H.S = R.H.S
When = 45o
L.H.S = tan 2 = tan 2(45) = tan 90 = . (i)
2 (1)
2 tan
2 tan 45o
=
=
R.H.S =
1 tan 2 1 tan 2 45o 1 (1) 2
2
2
=
= .. (ii)
1 1 0
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
=
Question # 5
(i) Since = 2 +
So sin ( ) = sin ( 2 + ) = sin = 0
cos ( ) = cos ( 2 + ) = cos = 1

tan ( ) = tan ( 2 + ) = tan = 0
csc ( ) = csc ( 2 + ) = csc = (undefined)
sec ( ) = sec ( 2 + ) = sec = 1
cot ( ) = cot ( 2 + ) = cot = (undefined)
(ii) Since 3 = 4 + = 2(2 ) +

So sin ( 3 ) = sin ( 2(2 ) + ) = sin = 0
And now find other values yourself.
5
1
= 2 = 2 +
2
2
2
So sin = sin 2 + = sin = 1 ,

2
2
2
tan = tan 2 + = tan = ,

2
2
2
sec = sec 2 + = sec = ,

2
2
2
(iii) Since
cos = cos 2 + = cos = 0

2
2
2
csc = csc 2 + = csc = 1

2
2
2
cot = cot 2 + = cot = 0

2
2
2
9
1
3
(iv) Since = 4 = 6 +
2
2
2
3
3
9
So sin = sin 6 +
= 1
= sin
2
2
2

(v) Since 15 = 16 +
So sin ( 15 ) = sin ( 16 + ) = sin = 0
17
1
(vi) Since 1530o = 1530

= = 8 = 8 +
180 2
2
2
sin 1530o = sin 8 + = sin = 1

So
2
2
27
1
(vii) Since 2430o = 2430

= = 13 = 14 +
180
2
2
2
Now do yourself
FSc-I / 9.3 - 4
235
3
3
= 116 = 116 +
2
2
2
Now do yourself
407
3
3
(ix) Since
= 202 = 202 +
2
2
2
Now do yourself
(viii) Since
Question # 6
(i) Since 390o = 360 + 30
So sin 390o = sin ( 360 + 30 ) = sin 30o =
1
2
cos ( 390o ) = cos ( 360 + 30 ) = cos30o =
3
2
1
tan ( 390o ) = tan ( 360 + 30 ) = tan 30o =
3
csc ( 390o ) = csc ( 360 + 30 ) = csc30o = 2
sec ( 390o ) = sec ( 360 + 30 ) = sec30o =
2
3
cot ( 390o ) = cot ( 360 + 30 ) = cot 30o = 3
(ii) Since 330o = 360 + 30
1
2
(iii) Since 765o = 720 + 45 = 2(360) + 45
1
So sin ( 760o ) = sin ( 2(360) + 45 ) = sin 45o =
2
So sin 330o = sin ( 360 + 30 ) = sin 30o =
(iv) Since 675o = 720 + 45 = 2(360) + 45
Now do yourself
(v) Since
17
2
= 5 = 6 +
3
3
3
Now do yourself
(vi) Since
13
1
= 4 = 4 +
3
3
3
Now do yourself.
25
1
= 4 = 4 +
6
6
6
1
25
So sin = sin 4 + = sin =

Now do yourself
6
6 2
6
71
5
(viii) Since = 11 = 12 +
Now do yourself.
6
6
6
23
3
(ix) Since 1035o = 1035

=
= 5
= 6 +
180
4
4
4
So sin 1035o = sin 6 + = sin =

Now do yourself
4
4
2
(vii) Since
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com) , http://www.mathcity.org
MathCity.org

an d Trigonometry for Class XI
Version: 1.1.0
FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 2
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FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 3
FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 4
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See Alternative
Solution at the
end.
FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 5
FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 6
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FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 7
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FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 8
Question # 18
L.H.S =
[by Hafiz Syed Rizwan (FSc, Session: 2007-2009) Punjab College of Science, Lahore.]
tan + sec 1
tan sec + 1
ing and ing by tan + sec

tan + sec 1 tan + sec
tan sec + 1 tan + sec

( tan + sec 1)( tan + sec )
=
2
tan tan sec + tan + tan sec sec 2 + sec
tan + sec 1)( tan + sec )
(
1 + tan 2 = sec 2
=
tan 2 sec2 = 1
tan 2 sec2 + tan + sec
( tan + sec 1)( tan + sec )
=
1 + tan + sec
= tan + sec
= R.H.S
=
******************************************

mathcity.org

Question # 1
(i)
sin(780) = sin 780 = sin ( 4(90) + 60 ) = sin(60) =
(ii) cot(855o ) = cot855o = cot ( 9(90) + 45)
= ( tan 45o ) = tan 45o = 1 *
3
*
2
Q 855 is in the IInd quad.
(iii) csc(2040o ) = csc ( 22(90) + 60 ) = csc(60)

Q 2040o is in the Ist quad.
1
1
2
=
=
=
*
sin ( 60 )
3
3
2
(iv) sec(960) = sec(960) = sec (10(90) + 60 ) = sec 60o Q 960o is in the IIIrd quad.
1
1
=
= 2 *
=
1
cos 60o
2
1
(v) tan(1110) = tan (12(90) + 30 ) = tan(30) =
Q 1110o is in the Ist quad
*
3
(vi) sin(300) = sin(300) = sin ( 3(90) + 30 )
= ( cos30o ) = cos30o =
3
2
Q 300o is in the IIIrd quad.
Question # 2
(i) sin196o = sin(180 + 16) = sin180 ocos16o + cos180o sin16o
= (0)cos16o + (1)sin16o = sin16o *

(ii) cos147o = cos(180 33) = cos180 ocos33o + sin180o sin 33o
= (1)cos33o + (0)sin 33o = cos33o *

(iii) sin 319o = sin(360 41) = sin 360o cos 41o cos360o sin 41o
Do yourself
(iv) cos 254o = cos(270 16)
Do yourself
sin 294
sin(270 + 24)
=
o
cos 294 cos(270 + 24)
sin 270o cos 24o + cos 270o sin 24o (1)cos 24o + (0)sin 24o
=
=
cos 270o cos 24o sin 270o sin 24o (0)cos 24o (1)sin 24o
cos 24o + 0 cos 24o
=
=
= cot 24o *
o
o
0 + sin 24
sin 24
Alternative
tan 270o + tan 24o
tan 294o = tan(270 + 24) =
1 tan 270o tan 24o
tan 24o
tan 24o
o
tan 270 1 +
1 +
o
tan
270
=
1
tan 270o
tan 24o tan 24o
o
tan 270

(1 + 0 ) = 1 = cot 24o *
=
tan 24o
0 tan 24o
(v) tan 294o =
FSc-I / 10.1 - 2
(vi) cos 728o = cos(720 + 8)
Do yourself
(vii) sin(625o ) = sin 625o = sin(630 5) = ( sin 630o cos5o cos630o sin 5o )
= ( (1)cos5o (0)sin 5o ) = ( cos5o 0 ) = cos5o *
(viii) cos(435o ) = cos 435o = cos(450 15)
Do yourself
Question # 3
(i) L.H.S = sin(180 + )sin(90 )
= ( sin180o cos + cos180o sin ) )( sin 90o cos cos90o sin )
= ( (0)cos + (1)sin ) )( (1)cos (0)sin )

= ( 0 sin ) )( cos 0 ) = sin cos = R.H.S
(ii) First we calculate

3
2
o
o
o
o
sin 480 = sin(450 + 30) = sin 450 cos30 + cos 450 sin 30o
sin 780o = sin(720 + 60) = sin(2 360 + 60) = sin 60o =
= (1)cos30 + (0)sin 30 = cos30 + 0 =
3
2
1
1
and
sin 30 =
2
2
o
o
o
L.H.S = sin 780 sin 480 + cos120 sin 30o
3 3 1 1 3 1 1
=
+ = = = R.H.S
2 2 2 2 4 4 2
cos120 =
So
(iii) First we calculate

cos306o = cos(270 + 36) = cos 270o cos36o sin 270o sin 36o
So
= (0)cos36o (1)sin 36o = 0 + sin 36o = sin 36o

cos 234o = cos(270 36) = cos 270cos36 + sin 270cos36
= (0)cos36o + (1)sin 36o = 0 sin 36o = sin 36o
cos162o = cos(180 18) = cos180o cos18o + sin180o sin18o
= (1)cos18 + (0)sin18 = cos18 + 0 = cos18
L.H.S = sin 306o + cos 234o + cos162o + cos18o
= sin 36o sin 36o cos18o + cos18o = 0 = R.H.S *
(iv) First we calculate (Alternative Method)
cos330o = cos(360 30) = cos(30o ) = cos(30o ) =

sin 600 = sin(6 90 + 60) = sin 60 =
cos120o = cos(90 + 30) = sin 30 =
Q 600o is in the IIIrd quad

Q 120o is in the IInd quad
1
Q 150o is in the IInd quad
2
o
o
L.H.S = cos330 sin 600 + cos120o sin150o
3
3 1 1
3 1
4
=

+ = = = 1 = R.H.S *
4 4
4
2 2 2 2
sin150o = sin(90 + 60) = cos60o =

So
1
2
3
2
3
2
FSc-I / 10.1 - 3
Question # 4
First we calculate
sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin = (0)cos + (1)sin
= 0 sin = sin
3
3
tan
+ = tan 3 + = cot
Q
+ is in the IVth quad
2
2
3
3
= cot 3 = tan
Q
is in the IIIrd quad
cot
2
2
cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin = (1)cos + (0)sin

= cos + 0 = cos
csc(2 ) = csc( ) = csc
Now
3
sin 2 ( + ) tan
+
2
L.H.S =
3
cot
cos 2 ( ) csc(2 )
2
( sin ) 2 ( cot )
sin 2 ( cot )
=
=
2
2
tan 2 cos 2 ( csc )
tan
cos
)
(
csc
)
(
)
=
sin 2
cos
sin
sin 2
1
cos 2
2
cos
sin
sin cos
= cos = R.H.S
sin
Question 4 (ii)
First we calculate
cos(90 + ) = sin
Q 90 + is in the IInd quad.
sec( ) = sec
tan(180 ) = tan ( 2(90) ) = tan
Q 180 is in the IInd quad.
sec(360 ) = sec( ) = sec
sin(180 + ) = sin ( 2(90) + ) = sin
Q 180 + is in the IIIrd quad.
cot(90 ) = tan
Q 90 is in the Ist quad.
Now
cos(90 + ) sec( ) tan(180 )
L.H.S =
sec(360 ) sin(180 + ) cot(90 )
( sin )sec ( tan )
=
= 1 = R.H.S *
sec ( sin ) ( tan )
Question # 5 (i)
Since , and are angels of triangle therefore
+ + = 180
+ = 180
Now L.H.S = sin( + ) = sin(180 )
= sin180 cos cos180 sin
= (0)cos (1)sin = 0 + sin = sin = R.H.S *
Question # 5 (ii)
+ + = 180
+ 180
+ = 180
=
2
2
FSc-I / 10.1 - 4
+
180
180
Now L.H.S = cos

= cos
= cos
2
2
2
2
= cos 90 = cos90 cos + sin 90 sin

2
2
2
= (0) cos + (1) sin = 0 + sin = sin = R.H.S *

2
2
2
2
Question # 5 (iii)
+ + = 180
+ = 180
Now L.H.S = cos( + ) = cos(180 )
= cos180 cos + sin180 sin
= (1)cos + (0)sin = cos + 0 = cos = R.H.S *
Question # 5 (iv)
+ + = 180
+ = 180
Now L.H.S = tan( + ) + tan = tan(180 ) + tan
tan180 tan
=
+ tan
1 + tan180 tan
(0) tan
tan
=
+ tan =
+ tan
1 + (0) tan
1+ 0
= tan + tan = 0 = R.H.S *

Remember:
sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin

cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin
tan + tan
tan tan
tan ( + ) =
tan ( ) =
1 tan tan
1 + tan tan

Three Steps to solve sin n

2
Step I: First check that n is even or odd

Step II: If n is even then the answer will be in sin and if the n is odd then sin will be
converted to cos and vice virsa (i.e. cos will be converted to sin).
Step III: Now check in which quadrant n is lying if it is in Ist or IInd quadrant
2
the answer will be positive as sin is positive in these quadrant and if it is in the IIIrd or
IVth quadrant the answer will be negative.
e.g.
sin 667 o = sin ( 7(90) + 37 )
Since n = 7 is odd so answer will be in cos and 667 is in IVth quadrant and sin is
ive in IVth quadrant therefore answer will be in negative. i.e sin 667o = cos37
Similar technique is used for other trigonometric rations. i.e tan cot and sec csc .
The End
mathcity.org

Question # 1
(i) L.H.S = sin(180 + ) = sin180 cos + cos180 sin
= sin ( 0 ) cos + ( 1)sin = 0 sin = sin = R.H.S
(ii) Do youself
(iii)
tan 270o tan

L.H.S = tan ( 270 ) =
1 + tan 270o tan
tan
tan
tan 270o 1
1
o
tan 270

=
=
1
1
o
tan 270
+ tan + tan
o
tan 270

(1 0 ) = 1 = cot = R.H.S
=
( 0 + tan ) tan
o
Remaining do yourself.
Question # 2
(i) Since 15 = 45 30
So sin15o = sin(45 30) = sin 45o cos30o cos 45o sin30o
3
1
3 1
1 3 1 1
=
2
2 =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(ii) Since 15 = 45 30
So cos15o = cos(45 30) = cos 45o cos30o + sin 45o sin 30o
3
1
3 +1
1 3 1 1
=
+
=
+
=
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) Since 15 = 45 30
tan 45o tan 30o

So tan15 = tan(45 30) =
1 + tan 45o tan 30o
1
1
3 1
1
1
3
3 =
3 = 3 1
=
=
1
1
3 +1
3 +1
1+
1 + (1)
3
3
3
1
1
(iv) sec15o =
Now do yourself
=
cos15o cos(45 30)
o
(v), (vi) and (vii)

Hint: Use 105 = 60 + 45 in these questions
Question # 3
(i) L.H.S = sin(45 + )
1
1
cos +
sin )
= sin 45o cos + cos 45o sin =
2
2
1
1
=
( cos + sin ) = ( sin + cos ) = R.H.S
2
2
FSc-I / 10.2 - 2
(ii)
Do youself as above
Question # 4 (i)
L.H.S = tan(45 + A) tan(45 A)
tan 45o + tan A tan 45o tan A
=
o
o
1 tan 45 tan A 1 + tan 45 tan A
1 + tan A 1 tan A
1 + tan A 1 tan A
=
= 1 = R.H.S

=
1
(1)
tan
A
1
+
(1)
tan
A
1
tan
A
1
+
tan
A
Question 4 (ii)
L.H.S = tan + tan

+
4

tan 4 tan tan 4 + tan
=
+
3
1 + tan tan 1 tan
tan
4

4
1 tan 1 + tan
=
+
1
+
(1)
tan
1 (1) tan
1 tan 1 + tan
=
+
1 + tan 1 + tan
1 tan 1 + tan
0
=
=
= 0 = R.H.S
1 + tan
1 + tan
Question # 4 (iii)
L.H.S = sin + + cos +

6
3
= sin cos + cos sin + cos cos sin sin

6
6
3
3
3
1
1
3
= sin
+ cos + cos sin
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
3
=
sin + cos + cos
sin = cos = R.H.S
2
2
2
2
Question # 4 (iv)
2
L.H.S =
cos + sin tan

2
sin
2
sin cos
cos
2
=
sin
2
cos + sin
cos
2
sin cos tan
cos sin
2
2
cos
2
=
cos cos + sin sin

2
2
cos
2
sin cos
FSc-I / 10.2 - 3
sin
cos sin
2
2
2 =
=
cos cos + sin sin

cos
2
2
2
sin
2 = tan = R.H.S
=
2
cos
2
sin cos
( )
( )
Question # 4 (v)
1 tan tan
L.H.S =
1 + tan tan
sin sin
cos cos sin sin
1
cos cos
cos cos
=
=
sin sin
cos cos + sin sin
1+
cos cos
cos cos
cos ( + )
cos cos sin sin
=
= R.H.S
=
cos ( )
cos cos + sin sin
Question # 5
L.H.S = cos( + ) cos( )
= ( cos cos sin sin )( cos cos + sin sin )
= ( cos cos ) ( sin sin )

2
) = cos cos sin sin

2
= cos 2 (1 sin 2 ) (1 cos 2 ) sin 2
= cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 + cos 2 sin 2

= cos 2 sin 2 .. (i)
= (1 sin 2 ) (1 cos 2 )
= 1 sin 2 1 + cos 2
= cos 2 sin 2 .. (ii)
Question # 6
Hint: Just open the formulas
Question # 7 (i)
L.H.S = cot( + ) =
1
1
=
tan + tan
tan( + )
1 tan tan
1
tan tan
1
1 tan tan
tan tan
=
=
tan + tan
1
1
tan tan
+
tan tan
cot cot 1
cot cot 1
=
=
= R.H.S
cot + cot
cot + cot
Question # 7 (ii)
FSc-I / 10.2 - 4
Question # 7 (iii)
sin sin
sin cos + cos sin
+
tan + tan
cos cos
cos cos
=
L.H.S =
=
sin sin
sin cos cos sin
tan tan
cos cos
cos cos
sin cos + cos sin
sin( + )
= R.H.S
=
=
sin cos cos sin
sin( )
Question # 8
4
Since sin =
;
0 < <
5
2
40
cos =
;
0< <
41
2
Now
cos 2 = 1 sin 2
cos = 1 sin 2
Since terminal ray of is in the first quadrant so value of cos is +ive
cos = 1 sin 2
4
cos = 1
5
= 1
16
9
=
25
25
cos =
3
5
Also
sin 2 = 1 cos2
sin = 1 cos 2
Since terminal ray of is in the first quadrant so value of sin is +ive
sin = 1 cos 2
2
1600
81
40
sin = 1 = 1
=
1681
1681
41
sin =
9
41
Now
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin

160 27
133
4 40 3 9
= =
=
205 205 205
5 41 5 41
133
i.e. sin( ) =
Proved
205
Question # 9
4
Since sin =
;
5
12
sin =
;
13
< <
2
< <
2
Since
cos 2 = 1 sin 2 cos = 1 sin 2
As terminal ray of lies in the IInd quadrant so value of cos is ive
cos = 1 sin 2
2
16
9
4
cos = 1 = 1
=
25
25
5
Now
cos 2 = 1 sin 2
cos =
3
5
FSc-I / 10.2 - 5
cos = 1 sin 2
As terminal ray of lies in the IInd quadrant so value of cos is ive
cos = 1 sin 2
2
144
25
5
12
cos = 1 = 1
=
cos =
169
169
13
13
(i) sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
20 36
56
4 5 3 12
= + =
=
65 65
65
5 13 5 13
(ii) cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
33
3 5 4 12 15 48
= =
=
65
5 13 5 13 65 65
56
sin( + ) 65 56
(iii) tan( + ) =
=
=
33
cos( + ) 33
65
(iv), (v) & (vi) Do yourself as above
Since sin( + ) is ive so terminal are of + is in IIIrd or IVth quadrant
and cos( + ) is ive so terminal are of + is in IInd or IIIrd quadrant
therefore terminal ray of + lies in the IIIrd quadrant.
Similarly after solving (iv), (v) & (vi) find quadrant for yourself.
Question # 10 (i)
3
Since tan =
4
tan is +ive and terminal arm of in not in the Ist quad. Therefore it lies in
IIIrd quad.
Now
sec 2 = 1 + tan 2
sec = 1 + tan 2
Since terminal arm of is in the IIIrd quad. therefore value of sec is ive
sec = 1 + tan 2
2
5
9
25
3
sec = 1 + = 1 +
=
sec x =
4
16
16
4
1
1
4
Now
cos =
cos =
=
sec 5
5
4
sin
Now
= tan
sin = tan cos
cos
3
3 4
sin =
sin =
5
4 5
5
Since cos =
13
cos is +ive and terminal arm of is not in the Ist quad. Therefore it lies in
IVth quad.
Now
sin 2 = 1 cos2
sin = 1 cos 2
FSc-I / 10.2 - 6
Since terminal ray of is in the fourth quadrant so value of sin is ive

sin = 1 cos 2
2
25
144
5
sin = 1 = 1
=
169
169
13
sin =
12
13
Now sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin

3 48
3 5 4 12
= + = +
13 65
5 13 5 13
sin( + ) =
33
65
And cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin

4 36
4 5 3 12
= =
13 65
5 13 5 13
cos( + ) =
Question # 10 (ii)
Question # 11
R.H.S = tan 37o = tan(45 8)
Q 37 = 45 8
o
o
o
tan 45 tan 8
1 tan 8
=
=
o
o
1 + tan 45 tan 8
1 + (1) tan 8o
sin 8o
cos8o sin 8o
1
o
o
cos8o sin 8o
cos8
cos8
=
=
=
= L.H.S
sin 8o
cos8o + sin 8o
cos8o + sin8o
1+
cos8o
cos8o
Question # 12
Since , and are angles of triangle therefore
+ + = 180
+ = 180
+ 180

=
+ = 90
2
2
2 2
2
Now
tan + = tan 90
2
2 2
tan + tan
2
2 = cot
Q tan 90 = cot
2
2
2
1 tan tan
2
2
1
1
tan tan
+
cot
cot
+
2
2 tan 2 tan 2
2
2 = cot
= cot
2
2
1
cot
cot
1
tan tan
2
2
2
2 tan 2 tan 2
cot + cot = cot cot cot 1

2
2
2
2
2
cot + cot = cot cot cot cot

2
2
2
2
2
2
cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
56
65
FSc-I / 10.2 - 7
Question # 13
Since , and are angles of triangle therefore
+ + = 180
+ = 180
Now tan ( + ) = tan (180 )
tan + tan
tan + tan
= tan ( 2(90) )
= tan
1 tan tan
1 tan tan
tan + tan = tan (1 tan tan )
tan + tan = tan + tan tan tan
tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
Dividing through out by tan tan tan
tan
tan
tan
tan tan tan
+
+
=
tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan
cot cot + cot cot + cot cot = 1
cot cot + cot cot + cot cot = 1
Question # 14 (i)
12sin + 5cos
Let 12 = r cos and 5 = r sin
Squaring and adding
(12) 2 + (5) 2 = r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2
5 r sin
=
12 r cos
5
= tan
12
5
= tan 1
12
144 + 25 = r 2 ( cos 2 + sin 2 )
169 = r 2 (1)
r = 169 = 13
Now
12sin + 5cos = r cos sin + r sin cos

= r ( cos sin + sin cos )
= r sin ( + )
where r = 13 and = tan 1
Question # 14 (ii)
3sin 4cos
and 4 = r sin
Let 3 = r cos
Squaring and adding
(3)2 + (4)2 = r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2
4 r sin
=
3 r cos
4
= tan
3
4
= tan 1
3
9 + 16 = r 2 ( cos 2 + sin 2 )
25 = r 2 (1)
r = 25 = 5
Now
5
12
3sin 4cos = r cos sin + r sin cos

= r sin ( + )
4
3
FSc-I / 10.2 - 8
Question # 14 (iii)
sin cos
Let 1 = r cos
and 1 = r sin
Squaring and adding
(1)2 + (1)2 = r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2
1 r sin
=
1 r cos
1 = tan
1 + 1 = r 2 ( cos 2 + sin 2 )
= tan 1 ( 1)
2 = r 2 (1)
r= 2
Now
sin cos = r cos sin + r sin cos

= r sin ( + )
where r = 2 and = tan 1 ( 1)
Question # 14 (iv)
5sin 4cos
Let 5 = r cos
and 4 = r sin
Squaring and adding
(5)2 + (4)2 = r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2
4 r sin
=
5 r cos
4
= tan
5
4
= tan 1
5
25 + 16 = r 2 ( cos 2 + sin 2 )
41 = r 2 (1)
r = 41
Now
5sin 4cos = r cos sin + r sin cos

= r sin ( + )
4
5
Question # 14 (v)
sin + cos
and 1 = r sin
Let 1 = r cos
Squaring and adding
(1)2 + (1)2 = r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2
1 r sin
=
1 r cos
1 = tan
1 + 1 = r 2 ( cos 2 + sin 2 )
= tan 1 (1)
2 = r 2 (1)
r= 2
Now
sin + cos = r cos sin + r sin cos

= r sin ( + )
where r = 2 and = tan 1 (1)
Question # 14 (vi)
Do yourself as above J
mathcity.org
Question # 1
12
(i) sin =
;
13

0 < <
Since
cos = 1 sin 2
As is in the first quadrant so value of cos is +ive
cos = 1 sin 2
2
5
144
25
12
= 1 = 1
=
cos =
13
169
169
13
12
sin
12
tan =
= 13
tan =
5
cos
5
13
sin 2 = 2sin cos
120
12 5
= 2
sin 2 =
169
13 13
2
2
cos 2 = cos sin
2
2
25 144
119
5 12
= =
cos 2 =
169
13 13 169 169
2 tan
tan 2 =
1 tan 2
24
24
2 12
5
5
5 = 24 25
=
=
=
2
5 119
1 144
119
1 12
25
25
5
and
Now
( )
( )
tan 2 =
(ii) cos =
3
5
120
119
2
Hint: First find sin and tan then solve as above
;
0 < <
Question # 2
cos sin
cos 2 sin 2
L.H.S = cot tan =
=
sin cos
sin cos
2
2
2(cos sin ) 2 cos 2
=
=
= 2cot 2 = R.H.S
2sin cos
sin 2
Question # 3
sin 2
2sin cos
L.H.S =
=
1 + cos 2
2cos 2
sin
=
= tan = R.H.S
cos
Q cos =
2
2
Q 2 cos = 1 + cos 2
2
1 + cos 2
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 2
Question # 4
2sin 2
1 cos
=
sin
2sin cos
2
2
sin
2 = tan = R.H.S
=
2
cos
2
L.H.S =
Q sin
Q 2sin
2
2
1 cos
2
= 1 cos
sin = 2sin
Question # 5
cos sin
L.H.S =
cos + sin
cos sin cos sin
=
cos + sin cos sin

(cos sin )2
cos 2 + sin 2 2sin cos
=
=
cos 2 sin 2
cos 2
1 sin 2
1
sin 2
=
=
= sec2 tan 2 = R.H.S

cos 2
cos 2 cos 2
cos
Rationalize
Question 6
1 + sin
1 sin
sin 2 + cos 2 + 2sin cos

2
2
2
2
=
sin 2 + cos 2 2sin cos

2
2
2
2
L.H.S =

sin + cos
2
2
=
2

sin cos
2
2
+ cos
2
2
=
sin cos
2
2
Q sin
+ cos
sin = 2sin
=1
cos
sin
= R.H.S
Question # 7
cosec + 2cosec 2
L.H.S =
sec
1
2
+
2
1
1
= sin sin 2 = cos

+
= cos
+
1
sin 2sin cos
sin sin cos
cos
2cos 2
cos
+
1
cos
+
1
2
= cos
=
=
sin
sin cos
2sin cos
2
2
= cos = R.H.S 8
2
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 3
Question # 8
sin sin 2
L.H.S = 1 + tan tan 2 = 1 +
cos cos 2
cos cos 2 + sin sin 2
cos(2 )
=
=
cos cos 2
cos cos 2
cos
1
=
=
= sec2 = R.H.S 8
cos cos 2
cos 2
Question # 9
2sin sin 2
L.H.S =
cos + cos3
2sin sin 2
=
cos + 4cos3 3cos
2sin sin 2
2sin sin 2
=
=
4cos3 2cos
2cos (2cos 2 1)
sin sin 2
=
= tan tan 2 = R.H.S 8
cos cos 2
Q cos3 = 4cos 3 3cos

1 + cos 2
Q cos 2 =
2
2
2cos 1 = cos 2
Question # 10
sin 3 cos3 sin 3 cos cos3 sin
L.H.S =
=
sin
cos
sin cos
sin ( 3 )
sin 2
2sin cos
=
=
=
= 2 = R.H.S
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
Question # 11
cos3 sin 3
cos3 sin + sin 3 cos
L.H.S =
+
=
cos
sin
sin cos
sin( + 3 )
sin 4
2sin 2 cos 2
=
=
=
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
2(2sin cos )cos 2
=
= 4cos 2 = R.H.S
sin cos
Question # 12
sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 2 + cos 2 2
+
tan 2 + cot 2 cos 2 sin 2
sin 2 cos 2
L.H.S =
=
=
cot 2 tan 2 cos 2 sin 2
cos 2 2 sin 2 2
sin 2 cos 2
sin 2 cos 2
sin 2 2 + cos 2 2
1
=
=
= sec = R.H.S 8
cos 2 2 sin 2 2 cos
Question # 13
sin 3 cos3 sin 3 sin + cos3 cos
L.H.S =
+
=
cos
sin
sin cos
cos(3 )
cos 2
2cos 2
=
=
=
sin cos
sin cos 2sin cos
2cos 2
=
= 2cot 2 = R.H.S
8
sin 2
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 4
Question # 14
2
1 cos 2
sin = sin =
2
1
1 2cos 2 + cos 2
=
= 1 2cos 2 + cos 2 2
4
4
1
1 + cos 4
1 2 4cos 2 + 1 + cos 4
= 1 2cos 2 +
=
4
2
4
2
1
= ( 3 4cos 2 + 2cos 4 )
8
8
Question # 15
(i) Let = 18o 5 = 90o 3 + 2 = 90o 2 = 90o 3
sin 2 = sin(90 3 )
sin 2 = cos3
3
2sin cos = 4cos 3cos
sin 2 = 2sin cos
2sin = 4cos 2 3
ing by cos
2sin = 4(1 sin 2 ) 3
2sin = 4 4sin 2 3 2sin = 1 4sin 2
4sin 2 + 2sin 1 = 0
This is quadratic in sin with a = 4 , b = 1 and c = 1
2 (2)2 4(4)(1)
2 4 + 16 2 20
sin =
=
=
8
8
2(4)
2 2 5 1 5
=
8
8
o
Since = 18 lies in the first quadrant so value of sin can not be negative therefore
=
sin =
1 + 5
4
5 1
4
sin18o =
Q = 18o
Now
o
cos 18 = 1 sin 18
2
( 5)
cos 18 = 1
2
Since
2 5 +1
5 2 5 +1
16
16
62 5
16 6 + 5
10 + 2 5
=1
=
=
16
16
16
cos18o =
(ii)
5 1
cos 18 = 1
10 + 2 5
16
cos18o =
1 + cos 2
2
cos 2 = 2cos 2 1
cos 2(18) = 2cos 2 (18) 1
cos 2 =
=1
10 + 2 5
4
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 5
10 + 2 5
1
cos36 = 2
10 + 2 5
10 + 2 5
= 2
1
1 =
8
16
10 + 2 5 8
2+2 5
=
8
8
2
2
Now sin 36 = 1 cos 36
cos36o =
2
1+ 2 5 +
1+ 5
=
1
=1
16
2
1+ 2 5 + 5
6+ 2 5
=1
=1
16
16
16 6 2 5
10 2 5
=
=
16
16
sin 36o =
(iii)
Now
10 2 5
16
and
Now
10 2 5
4
Q sin(90 ) = cos
sin 54o =
1+ 5
2
cos(90 36) = sin36o

cos54o =
10 2 5
4
Q sin(90 ) = cos
sin(90 18) = cos18o

sin 72o = cos18o
and
sin(90 36) = cos36o
cos54o = sin36o
(iv)
( 5)
sin 36o =
sin54o = cos36o
1+ 5
2
sin 72o =
10 + 2 5
4
cos 72o =
5 1
4
cos(90 18) = sin18o

cos 72o = sin18o
Alternative Method for Q # 15 (iii)

Let = 54o 5 = 270o 3 + 2 = 270o 2 = 270o 3
sin 2 = sin(270 3 )
sin 2 = sin(3(90) 3 )
sin 2 = cos3
sin 2 = 2sin cos
2sin cos = (4cos3 3cos )

2sin cos = 4cos3 + 3cos )
2sin = 4cos 2 + 3
ing by cos
2sin = 4(1 sin 2 ) + 3
2sin = 4 + 4sin 2 + 3 2sin = 4sin 2 1
4sin 2 2sin 1 = 0
This is quadratic in sin with a = 4 , b = 1 and c = 1
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 6
sin =
(2) (2) 2 4(4)(1)

2 4 + 16 2 20
=
=
8
8
2(4)
22 5
1 5
=
8
4
o
Since = 54 lies in the first quadrant so value of sin can not be negative therefore
=
sin =
1+ 5
4
sin 54o =
1+ 5
4
Q = 54o
Now
o
cos 54 = 1 sin 54
2
( )
=1
cos 54
2
1+ 5
cos 54 = 1
+ 2 5 +1
5 + 2 5 +1
16
16
6+ 2 5
16 6 5
10 2 5
=1
=
=
16
16
16
cos54o =
10 2 5
16
=1
cos54o =
10 2 5
4
Review:
sin 2 + cos2 = 1
sin( ) = sin
1 + tan 2 = sec2
cos( ) = cos
1 + cot 2 = csc2
tan( ) = tan
sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin

tan + tan
tan ( + ) =
1 tan tan
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin

tan tan
tan ( ) =
1 + tan tan
2
2
sin 2 = 2sin cos

tan 2
tan 2 =
1 tan 2
cos 2 = cos sin
sin 2
1 cos
=
2
2
cos 2
1 + cos
=
2
2
tan 2
1 cos
=
2 1 + cos
3tan tan 3
3
3
cos3 = 4cos 3cos
tan 3 =
sin 3 = 3sin 4sin
2
1 3tan
sin 2 =
2tan
1 + tan 2
cos 2 =
1 tan
1 + tan 2
..
Error Analyst
Waiting for Someone
mathcity.org
Question # 1
(i) Since 2sin cos = sin( + ) + sin( )
Put = 3 and =
2sin 3 cos = sin(3 + ) + sin(3 )
= sin 4 + sin 2
(ii)
Since 2cos cos = sin( + ) sin( )

Put = 5 and = 3
2cos5 cos3 = sin(5 + 3 ) sin(5 3 )
= sin8 sin 2
(iii) Since 2sin cos = sin( + ) + sin( )

Put = 5 and = 2
2sin 5 cos 2 = sin(5 + 2 ) + sin(5 2 )
= sin 7 + sin 3
1
sin 5 cos 2 = ( sin 7 + sin 3 )
2
(v)
Since 2sin sin = cos( + ) cos( )

Put = 7 and = 2
2sin sin = cos( + ) cos( )
2sin 7 sin 2 = cos(7 + 2 ) cos(7 2 )
= cos9 cos5
2sin 7 sin 2 = cos5 cos9
(iv)
Page 336
Since 2cos sin = sin( + ) sin( )

Put = x + y , = x y
2cos( x + y )sin( x y ) = sin( x + y + x y ) sin( x + y x + y )
= sin 2 x sin 2 y
1
cos( x + y )sin( x y ) = ( sin 2 x sin 2 y )
2
Since 2cos cos = cos ( + ) + cos ( )
(vi)
Put = 2 x + 30o and = 2 x 30o
) (
2cos 2 x + 30o cos 2 x 30o = cos 2 x + 30o + 2 x 30o + cos 2 x + 30o 2 x + 30o
(vi)
( )
1
cos ( 2 x + 30 ) cos ( 2 x 30 ) = ( cos 4 x + cos60 )
2
o
Since
Put
= cos ( 4 x ) + cos 60o
2sin sin = cos( + ) cos( )
= 12o and = 46o

2sin12o sin 46o = cos(12 + 46) cos(12 46)
= cos58 cos(34)
= cos58 cos34
Q cos( ) = cos
1
sin12o sin 46o = ( cos58 cos34 )
2
1
= ( cos34 cos58 )
2
FSc-I / Ex 10.4 - 2
Since 2sin sin = cos( + ) cos( )
(viii)
Put = x + 45o and = x 45o
) (
) (
2sin x + 45o sin x 45o = cos ( x + 45o ) + ( x 45o ) cos ( x + 45o ) ( x 45o )
= cos 2 x cos90o
1
sin x + 45o sin x 45o = cos90o cos 2 x
2
Question # 2
(i)
+

Since sin + sin = 2sin
cos
2
2
Put = 5 , = 3
5 + 3
5 3
sin 5 + sin 3 = 2sin
cos
2
2
8
2
= 2sin cos = 2sin 4 cos
2
2
+
Since sin sin = 2cos
sin
2 2
Put = 8 , = 4
8 + 4 8 4
sin 8 sin 4 = 2cos
sin
2 2
= 2cos6 sin 2
(iii) Do yourself J
(ii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Since
Since
+
cos cos = 2sin
sin
2 2
Put = 7 , =
7 + 7
cos 7 cos = 2sin
sin
2 2
8 6
= 2sin sin = 2sin 4 sin 3
2 2
+

cos + cos = 2cos
cos
2
2
Put = 12 , = 48
12 + 48
12 48
cos12 + cos 48 = 2cos
cos
2
2
60
36
= 2cos cos
= 2cos30cos ( 18)
2
2
Q cos( ) = cos
= 2cos30o cos18o
+

sin + sin = 2sin
cos
2
2
Put = x + 30 , = x 30
x + 30 + x 30
x + 30 x + 30
sin( x + 30) + sin( x 30) = 2sin
cos
2
2
2x
60
= 2sin cos = 2sin x cos30
2
2
Since
FSc-I / Ex 10.4 - 3
Question # 3
sin 3 x sin x
cos x cos3 x
3x + x 3x x
4x 2x
2cos
cos sin
sin
2 2 =
2 2
=
x + 3x x 3x
4 x 2 x
2sin
sin sin
sin
2 2
2 2
cos ( 2 x ) sin ( x )
=
= cot 2x = R.H.S
+ sin ( 2 x ) sin ( x )
(i) L.H.S =
(ii)
Do yourself J
sin sin
(iii) L.H.S =
sin + sin
+
2cos
sin
2
=
+
2sin
cos
2
= cot + tan = R.H.S q
2 2
Question # 4
(i) L.H.S = cos 20o + cos100o + cos140o
= cos100o + cos 20o + cos140o
100 + 20
100 20
o
= 2cos
cos
+ cos140
2
2
1
= 2cos60o cos 40o + cos140o = 2 cos 40o + cos140o
2
140 + 40
140 40
= cos140o + cos 40o = 2cos
cos
2
2
o
o
o
= 2cos90 cos50 = 2 ( 0 ) cos50 = 0 = R.H.S
(ii)
L.H.S = sin sin +

4
4
= sin cos cos sin sin cos + cos sin

4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
=
cos
sin
cos +
sin
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
=
cos
sin = cos 2 sin 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
= cos 2 sin 2 = cos 2 = R.H.S
2
2
sin + sin 3 + sin 5 + sin 7
L.H.S =
cos + cos3 + cos5 + cos7
( sin 7 + sin ) + ( sin 5 + sin 3 )
=
( cos7 + cos ) + ( cos5 + cos3 )
(iii)
7 +
2sin
2
=
7 +
2cos
2
7
cos
2
7
cos
2
5 + 3 5 3
+ 2sin
cos
2 2
5 + 3
5 3
+ 2cos
cos
2
2
FSc-I / Ex 10.4 - 4
2sin 4 cos3 + 2sin 4 cos

2cos 4 cos3 + 2cos 4 cos
2sin 4 ( cos3 + cos )
sin 4
=
=
2cos 4 ( cos3 + cos )
cos 4
=
= tan 4 = R.H.S
Question # 5
(i)
L.H.S = cos 20o cos 40o cos 60o cos80o
1
1
= cos 20o cos 40o cos80o = cos80o cos 40o cos 20o
2
2
1
1
= 2cos80o cos 40o cos 20o = ( cos ( 80 + 40 ) + cos ( 80 40 ) ) cos 20o
4
4
1
1 1
= cos120o + cos 40o cos 20o = + cos 40o cos 20o

4
4 2
1
1
1 1
= cos 20o + cos 40o cos 20o = + 2cos 40o cos 20o
8
4
8 8
1
1
= cos 20o + ( cos(40 + 20) + cos(40 20) )
8
8
1
1
1
1 1
= cos 20o + ( cos 60 + cos 20 ) = cos 20o + + cos 20

8
8
8
8 2
1
1 1
1
= cos 20o + + cos 20o =
= R.H.S
q
8
16 8
16
(ii)
4
sin
sin sin
9
9
3
9
o
o
180
2(180 )
(180o )
4(180o )
= sin
sin
sin
sin
9
9
3
9
L.H.S = sin
= sin 20o sin 40o sin 60o sin80o = sin 20o sin 40o
Q = 180o
3
sin80o
2
3
3
sin 80o sin 40o sin 20o =
2sin 80o sin 40o ) sin 20o
(
2
4
3
=
( cos(80 + 40) cos(80 40) ) sin 20o
4
3
3 1
=
cos120o cos 40o ) sin 20o =
cos 40o sin 20o
(
4
4 2
3
3
3
3
sin 20o +
cos 40o sin 20o =
sin 20o +
2cos 40o sin 20o
8
4
8
8
3
3
=
sin 20o +
( sin(40 + 20) sin(40 20) )
8
8
3
3
3
31
=
sin 20o +
sin 60o sin 20o =
sin 20o +
sin 20o
8
8
8
8 2
=
(iii)
3
3
3
3
sin 20o +
sin 20o =
8
16
8
16
= R.H.S
Do yourself as above J
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org) http://www.mathcity.org
The End
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Page 371

Question # 1
Question # 2
b = 12.5 , c = 23 , = 38o 20
By law of cosine
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
= (12.5)2 + (23)2 2(12.5)(23)cos38o 20
= 156.25 + 529 575(0.7844) = 234.21
a = 234.21
a = 15.304
Again by law of cosine

c 2 + a 2 b2
(23) 2 + (15.304)2 (12.5)2
=
cos =
2ca
2(23)(15.304)
529 + 234.21 156.25
606.96
=
=
= 0.8622
703.984
703.984
= cos 1 (0.8622) = 30o26
Now
a 2 + b 2 c2
(15.304)2 + (12.5)2 (23)2
=
2ab
2(15.304)(12.5)
234.212 + 156.25 529
138.538
=
=
= 0.3621
382.6
382.6
o
= cos 1 ( 0.3621)
= 11114
cos =
Question # 3
a = 3 1 = 0.732 , b = 3 + 1 = 2.732 , = 60o
By law of cosine
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab cos
= (0.732)2 + (2.732)2 2(0.732)(2.732)cos 60o
= 0.5358 + 7.4638 1.9998 = 5.9998 6
c = 6 = 2.449
Again by law of cosines
b2 + c2 a 2
(2.732) 2 + (2.449)2 (0.732)
cos =
=
2bc
2(2.732)(2.449)
7.4638 + 5.9976 0.5358
12.9256
=
=
= 0.9659
13.3813
13.3813
= cos 1 (0.9659)
= 15o
Since in any triangle
+ + = 180
= 180 = 180 15 60
= 105o
Question # 4 & 5
FSc-I - 12.5 - 2
Question # 6
a = 36.21 , b = 42.09 ,
Since
+ + = 180
+ = 180
= 44o 29
= 180 44o 29
+ = 135o31 .. (i)
By law of tangent

tan
a b
2
=
a+b
+
tan
2

tan
36.21 42.09
2
=
36.21 + 42.09
135o31
tan

tan
0.0751 =
2.4443

tan
5.88
2
=
78.3
tan 67o 45

tan
2
= 0.0751( 2.4443)
= 0.1836
= tan 1 ( 0.1836 )
2
= 10o 24
= 20o 48 .. (ii)
2
Adding (i) & (ii)
+ = 135o31
= 20o48
2
= 114o 43
= 57o 22
Putting value of in eq. (i)

57o 22 + = 135o 22
= 135o 22 57o22
= 78o9
Now by law of sine

c
a
=
sin sin
c
36.21
=
o
sin 44 29 sin 57 o 22
36.21
c=
sin 44o29
o
sin 57 22
36.21
=
0.7007
c = 30.13
0.8421
Question # 7, 8 & 9
FSc-I - 12.5 - 3
Question # 10
b = 61 , c = 32 , = 59o30
*Correction
Since
+ + = 180
+ = 180
= 180 59o30
+ = 120o30 .. (i)
By law of tangent

tan
tan
61 32
bc
2
2
=
=
120o30
61 + 32
b+c
+
tan
tan
2
2

tan
tan
29
2
2
0.3118 =
=
1.7496
93 tan 60o15

tan
2
= 0.3118 (1.7496 )
= 0.5455

= tan 1 ( 0.5455 )
2

= 28o37
= 57o14 .. (ii)
2
Adding (i) & (ii)
+ = 120o30
= 57o14
2
= 177o 44
= 88o52

88o52 + = 120o30
= 120o30 88o52
= 31o38
Now by law of sine

c
a
=
sin sin
c
36.21
=
sin 31o38 sin 59o30
36.21
c=
sin 31o38
o
sin 59 30
36.21
=
0.5244
0.8616
Question # 11
Let a : b = 3 : 2
a 3
3
i.e.
=
a= b
b 2
2
o
and = 57
Since
+ + = 180
+ = 180
c = 22.04
FSc-I - 12.5 - 4
= 180 57
By law of tangent

tan
a b
2
=
a+b
+
tan
2
+ = 123o .. (i)

3
b b tan
=
o
3
b + b tan 123
2
2

tan
1
2
=
5
1.8418

1
b tan
=
o
5
b tan 61 30
2
1
tan
= (1.8418 )
2 5
= 0.3684
= tan 1 ( 0.3684 ) = 20o13

2
= 40o26 .. (ii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
+ = 123o
= 40o 27
2
= 163o 27
= 81o 44

81o 44 + = 123o
= 123o 81o 44
= 4116
Question # 12
uuur
Since uuu
AB
r = c = 40 N
BC = a = 30 N
mB = = 147o 25
uuur
AC = b = ?
By law of cosine
b2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
C
a = 30
c = 40
= (40) + (30) 2(40)(30)cos147 25

= 1600 + 900 2400(0.8426)
= 4522.26
b = 4522.26 = 67.248
uuur
i.e. AC = 67.248 N
2

Error Analyst
Waiting for someone

Updated: March 4, 2006 *
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Page 385
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
The Law of Cosine
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
b2 + c2 a 2
cos =
2bc
b2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
c 2 + a 2 b2
cos =
2ca
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
a 2 + b 2 c2
cos =
2ab
..
The Law of Sine

a
b
c
=
=
sin sin sin
..
The Law of Tangent
tan
a b
2
=
a + b tan +
2

bc
2
=
b + c tan +
2

ca
2
=
c + a tan +
2
tan
tan
..
Half Angle Formulas

( s b)( s c )
( s c )( s a )
sin =
sin =
2
2
bc
ca
s (s a)
s ( s b)
cos =
cos =
2
bc
2
ac
( s b)(s c)
( s c)( s a )
tan =
tan =
2
s ( s a)
2
s ( s b)
a+b+c
where s =
2s = a + b + c
2
( s a )( s b)
=
2
ab
s ( s c)
cos =
2
ab
( s a )( s b)
tan =
2
s ( s c)
sin
..
Area of the Triangle ( = )

1
1
1
= bc sin = ca sin = ab sin
2
2
2
2
2
a sin sin b sin sin c 2 sin sin
=
=
=
2sin
2sin
2sin
= s (s a )( s b)( s c )
(Heros Formula)
..
Circum Radius ( = R )
a
b
c
R=
=
=
2sin 2sin 2sin
R=
abc
4
..
In-Radius ( = r )
r=
s
..
Escribed Circle
r1 =
sa
r2 =
s b
r3 =
sc
..
FSc-I - 12.8 - 2
Question # 1
sin sin
2
2
2
(s b)( s c) (s a )(s c) ( s a )( s b)
= 4R
bc
ac
ab
(s b)( s c)( s a )( s c )( s a )( s b)
= 4R
(bc)(ac)(ab)
R.H.S = 4 R sin
( s a ) 2 ( s b) 2 ( s c ) 2
= 4R
a 2b 2 c 2
( s a )( s b)( s c )
= 4R
abc
abc ( s a )(s b)( s c)
= 4
abc
4
( s a )( s b)( s c )
s( s a )( s b)(s c)
=
=
s
2
=
Q = s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
s
=
= r = L.H.S
s
Q R=
abc
4
Question # 1 (ii)
cos cos
2
2
2
s ( s a ) s ( s b) s ( s c )
= 4R
bc
ac
ab
R.H.S = 4 R cos
s 2 s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
= 4R
(bc)(ac )(ab)
= 4R
s
abc
=s
= L.H.S
s2 2
= 4R 2 2 2
abc
abc
= 4
s
abc
Q R=
Question # 2
We take
1
a sin sin sec = a sin sin
2
2
2
2
2 cos
2
( s a )( s c) ( s a )( s b)
=a
ac
ab
=a
( s a)( s c)
ac
( s a )( s b)
ab
=a
( s a )( s c)( s a )( s b)(bc)
(ac)(ab) s ( s a )
=a
( s a )( s b)( s c)
a2s
=a
abc
4
1
s( s a)
bc
bc
s( s a)
s ( s a )( s b)( s c)
a2 s2
FSc-I - 12.8 - 3
s( s a )( s b)(s c)
=
s
as
=a
sin sec = r
2
2
2
Similarly prove yourself
b sin sin sec = r

2
2
2
c sin sin sec = r

2
2
2
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
r = a sin sin sec

2
2
2
a sin
=r
. (i)
. (ii)
*Correction
. (iii)
*Correction
= b sin
sin sec = c sin sin sec

2
2
2
2
2
2
Question # 3 (i)
cos cos
2
2
2
(s b)( s c) s ( s b)
= 4R
bc
ac
R.H.S = 4 R sin
s (s c)
ab
(s b)( s c) s ( s b) s ( s c )
s 2 ( s b) 2 ( s c) 2
= 4R
= 4R
(bc)(ac )(ab)
a 2b 2c 2
s ( s b )( s c)
abc
abc s (s b)( s c) ( s a )
= 4R
Q R=
=4
abc
4
4
abc
(s a)
s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
=
( s a)
2
=
= r1 = R.H.S
=
(s a)
( s a)
Question # 3 (ii) & (iii)
Do yourself
Question # 4 (i)
R.H.S = s tan
2
( s b)( s c)
( s b)( s c) s ( s a )
=s
=s
s (s a)
s ( s a)
s ( s a)
=s
s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
s 2 ( s a) 2
=s
=
= r1 = L.H.S
=s 2
2
s (s a)
s ( s a)
( s a)
Question # 4 (ii) & (iii)
Do yourself
Question # 5 (i)
L.H.S = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1

=
s a s b s b s c s c s a
FSc-I - 12.8 - 4
2
2
2
+
+
( s a )( s b) ( s b)( s c) ( s c)( s a )
1
1
1
= 2
+
+
( s a )( s b) ( s b )( s c) ( s c)( s a )
3s ( a + b + c )
s c+ s a + s b
2
= 2
=
( s a )( s b)( s c )
( s a )( s b)( s c )
3s 2 s
= 2
( s a )( s b)( s c )
s
s
= 2

( s a )( s b)(s c) s
Q s=
a+b+c
2
s2
2 s
2
=
= 2 = s = R.H.S
s ( s a )( s b )( s c)

2
Quesiton # 5 (ii)
L.H.S = r r1 r2 r3

=
s s a s b s c
4
4
=
= 2 = 2 = R.H.S
s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
Question # 5 (iii)
L.H.S = r1 + r2 + r3 r
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
+
+

s a s b s c s
s a s b s c s
( s b) + ( s a )
2s b a
s (s c)
ss+c
=
++
+
=
s ( s c)
( s a )( s b)
(s a )(s b) s ( s c )
a +b +c b a
c
=
+
Q 2s = a + b + c
s( s c )
( s a )(s b)
c
c
1
1
=
+
+
= c
( s a )( s b) s ( s c)
(s a )(s b) s ( s c )
s 2 sc + s 2 as bs + ab
s ( s c) ( s a )( s b)
= c
= c
s
(
s
a
)(
s
b
)(
s
c
)
2
2
2
2 s s (a + b + c ) + ab
2 s s (2 s) + ab
= c
= c
2 s 2 2 s 2 + ab abc
abc
= c
=
=
4
= 4R = R.H.S
Question # 5 (iv)

L.H.S =
s a s b s c
3
s 3
=
=
( s a )( s b)( s c ) s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
FSc-I - 12.8 - 5
s 3
= s = s2
= s2 r
2
= r s 2 = R.H.S
Question # 6
(i) a = 13 , b = 14 , c = 15
a + b + c 13 + 14 + 15
s=
=
= 21
2
2
s a = 21 13 = 8
s b = 21 14 = 7
s c = 21 15 = 6
So = s (s a )( s b)( s c )
= 21(8)(7)(6) = 7056 = 84
Now
abc (13)(14)(15)
=
= 8.125
4
4(84)
84
r=
=
=4
s
21
84
r1 =
=
= 10.5
sa 8
84
r2 =
=
= 12
s b 7
84
r3 =
=
= 12
sc 6
R=
(ii)
Do yourself as (i)
Question # 7
(i)
Do yourself as (ii)
(ii) In equilateral triangle all the sides are equal so a = b = c
a+b+c
a+a+a
3a
s =
=
=
2
2
2
3a
1
3
sa=
a = 1 a = a
2
2
2
Now
= s (s a )( s b)( s c )
= s ( s a )( s a )( s a ) = s ( s a )
3a a 3
3a 4
=
=
2 8
8
Now
r=
=
s
3 a2
4
3a
3a 1
=
a
2 2
3 a2
=
4
3 a2 2
3a
=
=
4
3a
6
2
abc
a a a
R=
=
2
4
4 3a
4
3a
a
a
3
=
=
3
3
3 3
FSc-I - 12.8 - 6
r1 =
=
sa
3a 2
3 a2 2
3a
=
=
4
a
2
1a
2
3a
r2 =
=
=
s b
sa
2
3a
r3 =
=
=
sc
sa
2
Now
3a 3a
r : R : r1 : r 2 : r 3 =
:
:
6
3
1
1
=
:
:
6
3
= 1 : 2 :
3a
:
2
1
:
2
3 :
3a
:
2
1
:
2
3 :
3a
2
1
2
3
ing by
ing by 6
Question # 8
cot cot
2
2
2
1
1
1
= r2
tan
tan
tan
2
2
2
1
1
1
= r2
( s b)( s c )
( s a )( s c)
( s a )(s b)
s ( s a)
s ( s b)
s (s c)
(i) R.H.S = r 2 cot
= r2
s ( s a)
s ( s b)
s ( s c)
( s b)(s c) ( s a )( s c ) ( s a )( s b)
=r
s 3 ( s a )( s b)( s c)
( s a ) 2 ( s b) 2 ( s c ) 2
=r
s3
s
= r2
( s a )( s b)(s c) s
2
2
2
s4
s
2 s
=
=r
=r
2
s
2
2
s
= = L.H.S
= 2
s
2
(ii)
=r
s3
( s a )( s b )( s c)
s4
s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
Q r=
Do yourself
cos cos
2
2
2
s ( s a ) s ( s b) s ( s c)
bc
ca
ab
s ( s a ) s ( s b) s ( s c)
(bc)(ac)(ab)
(iii) R.H.S = 4 Rr cos

= 4 Rr
= 4 Rr
s 2 s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
s 2 2
= 4 Rr
= 4 Rr
a 2b 2 c 2
a 2b 2c 2
s
a b c s
= 4
= 4 Rr
= = L.H.S

abc
4 s a b c
3a
FSc-I - 12.8 - 7
Question # 9
(i) L.H.S =
1
2r R
4s
2s
a+b+c
1
=
=
=
2 abc
abc
abc
abc
2
s 4
a
b
c
=
+
+
abc abc abc
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
+
+
= R.H.S
bc ac ab
ab bc ca
1 1 1
R.H.S = + +
r1 r2 r3
1
1
1
s a s b s c
=
+
+
=
+
+
sa sb sc
s a + s b + s c 3s (a + b + c)
=
=
3s 2 s
=
Q 2s = a + b + c
s
1
1
=
=
= L.H.S
=
r
s
=
(ii)
Question # 10
sin
1
2
2 = a sin sin
2
2 cos
cos
2
2
Now see Question # 2
a sin
We take
Question # 11
L.H.S = abc ( sin + sin + sin )
1
1
1
Since = ab sin = bc sin = ca sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin =
, sin =
, sin =
ab
bc
ca
2 2 2
Thus L.H.S = abc
+
+
bc ac ab
2a + 2b + 2c
= abc
= 2a + 2b + 2c
abc
= 2 ( a + b + c ) = 2 (2 s)
Q 2s = a + b + c
= 4s = R.H.S
Question # 12 (i)
2
(s a )(s b)

=
+
s (s c)
sa sb
L.H.S = (r1 + r2 ) tan
Q 2s = a + b + c
FSc-I - 12.8 - 8
( s b) + ( s a ) ( s a )( s b) s (s c)
=
s ( s c)
s ( s c)
( s a )( s b)
s b + s a s ( s a )( s b)( s c)
=
s 2 ( s c )2
(s a )(s b)
2s a b
2
=
2
2
( s a )( s b) s ( s c)
a+b+cab
=
( s a )(s b) s ( s c)
Q 2s = a + b + c
2c
2c
=
= 2 = c = R.H.S
s( s a )( s b)(s c)
2
1
1
1

1
=

=
s c s tan 2
s c s (s a )(s b)
s (s c)
(ii) L.H.S = ( r3 r ) cot
*Correction
s ( s c)
c
s ( s c)
s ( s c)
s (s c)
=
s (s c) ( s a )( s b)
s ( s c) ( s a )( s b) s ( s c )
c
s 2 ( s c) 2
s 2 ( s c) 2
c
=
=
2
s ( s c) s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
s ( s c)
c s(s c)
=
= c = R.H.S
s
(
s
c
)

Error Analyst
Waiting for someone

Updated: September 1, 2007 *
mathcity.org
Page 398

Question # 1
(i)
sin y = 1
y=
2
(ii)
(iv)

where y ,
2 2

Q sin = 1
2
3
Suppose y = cos 1
where y [0, ]
3
cos y =
2
3

y=
Q cos =
6
6 2
1
Suppose y = tan 1
1
tan y =
3
y=
6
(v) & (vi)
1

Q tan =
3
6
*
*
where y ] 0, [
3
Q tan
4
2
y = cosec 1
2
cosec y =
3
1
1
=
cosec y 2
3
3
sin y =
2
Suppose

where y ,
2 2
Do yourself
(vii) Suppose y = cot 1 ( 1)

cot y = 1
1
1
=
cot y 1
tan y = 1
3
y=
4
(viii)

Q sin = 1
2
Suppose y = sin 1 (1)

sin y = 1
y=
2
(iii)

where y ,
2 2
Suppose y = sin 1 (1)
= 1

where y , , y 0
2 2
FSc-I / 13.1 - 2
(x)
y =
3

Q sin =
2
3
Do yourself
Question # 2(i)
5
.. (i)
13
5
sin =
13
Suppose = sin 1

where ,
2 2
cos = 1 sin 2

Since , and value of sin is +ive therefore cos is +ive.
2 2
Now
cos = + 1 sin 2
2
12
25
144
5
= 1 = 1
=
=
13
169
169
13
5
sin
5
Now
tan =
= 13 =
cos 12
12
13
5
.. (ii)
= tan 1
12
From (i) and (ii)
5
5
tan 1 = sin 1
Proved
12
13
Question # 2(ii)
4
.. (i)
5
4
4
= cos 1
cos =
2
5
2 5
sin = 1 cos 2
2
2
Suppose = 2cos 1
Now
where
[0, ] and value of cos is +ive therefore sin is +ive.

2
sin = + 1 cos 2
2
2
3
16
16
9
= 1
= 1
=
=
25
25
25 5
Now
sin = 2sin cos
2
2
24
3 4
sin = 2 sin =
25
5 5
24
.. (ii)
= sin 1
25
From (i) and (ii)
4
24
2cos 1 = sin 1
Proved
5
25
[0, ]
2
Since
FSc-I / 13.1 - 3
Question # 2(iii)
where [0, ]
4
.. (i)
5
= cos 1
Suppose
4
5
Now
sin = 1 cos 2
Since [0, ] and value of cos is +ive therefore sin is +ive.
cos =
sin = + 1 cos 2
2
3
16
9
4
= 1 = 1
=
=
5
25
25
5
4
cos
4
Now
cot =
= 5 =
3
sin
3
5
4
= cot 1 .. (ii)
3
From (i) and (ii)
4
4
cos 1 = cot 1
Proved
5
3
Question 3
(i)
1
2
1
sin y =
2
y=
4

where y ,
2 2
Suppose y = sin 1
Now
(ii)
1
1
cos sin 1
=
cos
y
=
cos
=
4
2
2
Suppose
(iii)
(iv)
y = cos 1
cos y =
1
2
where y [0, ]
1
2
y=
=
3
1
=2
1
2
Answer
Do yourself
Suppose
y = tan 1 (1)
tan y = 1
y=
4
Now
Answer
1
Q cos =
3
3 2
1
1
1
sec cos 1 = sec y =

=
2
cos y cos
Now
1
Q sin =
2
4
*

where y ,
2 2

Q tan = 1
4
1
1
=
cosec ( tan 1 (1) ) = cosec y =
sin y sin
1
1
= 2
2
Answer
FSc-I / 13.1 - 4
(v)
(vi)
Do yourself
Suppose
*

where y ,
2 2
y = tan 1 (1)
tan y = 1
y=
4
Now

Q tan = 1
4

tan ( tan 1 (1) ) = tan y = tan = 1 Answer
4
1

where y ,
2
2 2
1
sin y =
2
1
y=
Q sin =
6
6 2
1
1
sin sin 1 = sin y = sin =

Answer
6 2
2
(vii) Suppose y = sin 1
Now
1

(viii) Suppose y = sin 1
where y ,
2
2 2
1
sin y =
2
y=
Q sin =
6
6 2
1
1

Now tan sin 1 = tan y = tan =
Answer
2
2
6
(ix)
Do yourself
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Error Analyst
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mathcity.org
Question # 1
L.H.S = sin 1
5
7
+ sin 1
13
25
Q sin 1 A + sin 1 B = sin 1 A 1 B 2 + B 1 A2
2
2
5
7
7
5
1 +
1
= sin
13
25
25

13
5
5 576 7 144
49
7
25
1
= sin 1
1
+
1
=
sin
+
13
625
25
169
13
625
25 169
5 24 7 12
120 84
1 204
= sin 1 + = sin 1
+
= sin
325 325
325
13 25 25 13
204
= cos 1
Q sin 1 = cos 1
2
2
325
204
= cos 1 ( 0 ) cos
Q = cos 1 (0)
2
325
1
)(
Q cos1 A cos1 B = cos 1 AB + 1 A2 1 B 2
204
204
2
1
0
1
= cos ( 0 )
+
(
)

325
325
41616
64009
1
= cos 1 0 + (1 0 ) 1
=
cos
1
(
)
105625
105625
64009
1 253
= cos 1
= R.H.S
= cos
325
105625
Question # 2
1
1
L.H.S = tan 1 + tan 1
4
5
1 +1
A+ B
1
4
5
= tan
Q tan 1 A + tan 1 B = tan 1
1 1
1
1 AB
4
5
9
9
1
1
20
= tan
= tan 20 = tan 1 = R.H.S
1 1
19
19
20
20
( )( )
Question # 3
Suppose
= sin 1
sin =
12
(i)
13
12
13
2
5
144
25
12
Now cos = 1 sin = 1 = 1
=
=
169
169 13
13
2
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 2
8
1 5
13 =
13 = 8 = 4 = 2
18
3
18
9
1+ 5
13
13
2
= 2 tan 1 (ii)
3
1 cos
tan =
=
2
1 + cos
Now
2
= tan 1
2
3
from (i) and (ii)
2
12
2 tan 1 = sin 1
3
13
proved.
Question # 4
= tan 1
Suppose
tan =
120
(i)
119
120
119
sec = 1 + tan 2
Now
14400
28561 169
120
= 1+
=
=
= 1+
14161
14161 119
119
1
119
1
cos =
=
So
=
sec 169
169
119
288
1 + 119
1 + cos
288
144 12
169
169 =
Now
cos =
=
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2 169
169 13
12
12
= cos 1
= 2cos 1
(ii)
2
13
13
From (i) and (ii)
120
12
tan 1
= 2cos 1
proved.
119
13
Question # 5
Suppose
= sin 1
sin =
1
5
(i)
*Correction
1
5
2
Now cos = 1 sin = 1 1 = 1 1 = 4 = 2

5
5
5
5
1
sin
5 =1
So
tan =
=
2
cos
2
5
= tan 1 1 (ii)
2
From (i) and (ii)
1
1
sin 1
= tan 1
2
5
1
1
Now
cot 1 3 = tan 1
Q cot 1 x = tan 1
3
x
1
And L.H.S = sin 1
+ cot 1 3
2
1
1
= tan 1 + tan 1
2
3
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 3
1 +1
5
1
2
3
= tan
= tan 6
1 1
1
1 1
6
2
3
1
= tan 6 = tan 1 (1) =
= R.H.S
4
5
6
1
( )( )
proved.
Question # 6
3
8
L.H.S = sin 1 + sin 1
5
17
3
= sin 1 1 8
17
5
( )
( )
8
1 3
5
17
64
8
9
225 8 16
1 3
= sin 1 1
+
1
+
= sin
5
289
17
25
5
289
17
25
3 15 8 4
45 32
= sin 1 + = sin 1 +
85 85
5 17 17 5
77
= sin 1 = R.H.S
proved.
85
Question # 7
77
3
sin 1
85
5
77
3
= cos 1 cos 1
Q sin 1 x = cos 1 x
2
85 2
5
2
77
3
3
77
= cos 1 + cos 1
= cos 1 cos 1
2
85 2
5
5
85
2
2
3 77
1 77
= cos 1 + 1 3
5
85
5
85
L.H.S = sin 1
( )
231
= cos 1
+
425
(1 9 25)(1 5929 7225)

(
)(
231
1296
= cos 1
+ 16
25
7225
425
231 144
1 375
= cos 1
+
= cos
425 425
425
20736
1 231
=
cos
+
425
180625
15
= cos 1 = L.H.S
proved
17
Question # 8
63
(i)
65
63
cos =
65
Suppose
= cos 1
Now
sin = 1 cos 2 = 1 63
65 )
16
= sin 1 (ii)
65
So from equation (i) and (ii)
63
16
cos 1 = sin 1
65
65
= 1
16
3969
256
=
=
65
4225
4225
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 4
Now suppose
1
(iii)
5
= tan 1
tan = 1
5
2
1
26
1
So
sec = 1 + tan = 1 + = 1 +
=
=
25
25
5
1
1
5
So
cos =
=
=
sec
26
26
5
sin
As
= tan sin = tan cos
cos
1
1 5
sin =
=
26
5 26
1
(iv)
= sin 1
26
From (iii) and (iv)
1
1
tan 1 = sin 1
5
26
63
1
Now L.H.S = cos 1 + 2 tan 1
65
5
16
1
16
1
= sin 1 + sin 1
+ sin 1
= sin 1 + 2sin 1
65
65
26
26
2
16
= sin
+ sin 1
65
16
= sin 1 + sin 1
65
16
= sin 1 + sin 1
65
26
5
26
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
26
26
26
26
1
1
1
1
1
+
1
26
26
26
26
1
25
1
25
+
26 26
26 26
16
5
1
5
1
+ sin 1
65
26 26
26 26
16
5
16
5
5
= sin 1 + sin 1 + = sin 1 + sin 1
65
65
26 26
13
2
2
5
5
16
1 16
= sin
1 +
1
65
13
13

65
16
25
5
256
= sin 1
1
+
1
65
169
13
4225
16
25
5
256
5 3969
1 16 144
= sin 1
1
+
1
+
= sin
65
169
13
4225
65
169
13
4225
16 144 5 3969
5 63
1 16 12
= sin 1
+
= sin +
65 13 13 65
65 169 13 4225
= sin 1
192 315
1 3
= sin 1
+
=
sin
= R.H.S
845 845
5
proved
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 5
Question # 9
3
3
8
L.H.S = tan 1 + tan 1 tan 1
*Correction
4
5
19
3 +3
1
5 tan 1 8
4
= tan
3
19
1 3
4
5
27
27
8
27
8
1
1 8
1
20
= tan
tan
= tan 20 tan 1
= tan 1 tan 1
19
19
1 9
11
11
19
20
20
27 8
425
425
1
1
1
11
19
209
209
= tan
= tan
= tan
8
1 + 27
1 + 216
1 + 216
11
19
209
209
425
1
209 = tan 1 1 = = R.H.S
= tan
proved.
()
4
425
209
( )( )
Question # 10
)( )
Do Yourself
Question # 11
1
5
+ tan 1
11
6
=
Solve this .. (i)
1
1
R.H.S = tan 1 + tan 1
3
2
=
Solve this . (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
L.H.S = tan 1
Question # 12
1
1
L.H.S = 2 tan 1 + tan 1
3
7
1
1
1
= tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1
3
3
7
Now do yourself as Question # 9.
Question # 13
Suppose
y = sin 1 x
sin y = x
cos y = 1 sin 2 y
Since
= 1 x2
cos ( sin 1 x ) = 1 x 2
Proved
Question # 14
Suppose
y = cos1 x
Then
cos y = x
Also
Now
sin y = 1 cos 2 y = 1 x 2
sin ( 2cos 1 x ) = sin ( 2 y )

= 2sin y cos y
= 2 1 x2 x
= 2 x 1 x2
Proved
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 6
Question # 15
Suppose
y = sin 1 x
sin y = x
cos y = 1 sin 2 y = 1 x 2
&
cos ( 2sin 1 x ) = cos 2 y
Now
= cos 2 y sin 2 y
=
1 x
) x =1 x x
2
= 1 2x 2
Proved
Question # 16
Suppose y = tan 1 ( x) .. (i)
tan y = x tan y = x
tan( y ) = x
y = tan 1 x
Q tan = tan( )
y = tan 1 x . (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
tan 1 ( x ) = tan 1 x
Question # 17
Proved
Question # 18
Suppose y = cos 1 x
(i)
1
y = cos x
cos( y ) = x
cos cos y + sin sin y ) = x
(1)cos y + (0)sin y ) = x
cos y + 0 = x
cos y = x
cos y = x
y = cos 1 ( x ) (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
cos 1 ( x ) = cos 1 x
Proved
Question # 19
y = sin 1 x
Suppose
sin y = x
cos y = 1 sin 2 y = 1 x 2
x
sin y
=
tan y =
cos y
1 x2
x
tan ( sin 1 x ) = tan y =
1 x2
Now
&
Now
proved.
Question # 20
Since
x = sin 1
1
2
sin x =
( 2)
Now cos x = 1 sin 2 x = 1 1
tan x =
sin x
=
cos x
sec x =
1
1
2
= 3 =
cos x
3
2
2
3
2
3
,
1
2
2
= 1 1
= 3
cot x =
= 3
1
1
=
= 3
tan x 1 3
cosec x =
1
1
=
=2
1
sin x
2
Made By: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com) http://www.mathcity.org)
The End
Exercise 14 (Solutions)
mathcity.org
Question # 1
3
x = sin 1
3
2
Since sin x =
(i)
5
4
,
where x [0, 2 ]
3
3
Since cosec = 2
1
1
= 2 sin =
sin
2
5
1
= sin 1 =
,
where [0, 2 ]
6
6
2
Do yourself
1
Since cot =
3
1
1
tan = 3
=
tan
3
4
= tan 1 3
=
,
where [0, 2 ]
3
3
x=
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
( )
Question # 2 (i)
Since
tan 2 =
1
3
tan =
1
3
1
= tan 1
=
6
Since period of tan is
tan =
or
or
or
1
3
tan =
1
3
1
= tan 1
5
=
6
5
+ n ,
+ n
6
6
Solution Set = + n U + n
6
6
Therefore general value of =

So
Question # 2 (ii)
Since
cosec2 =
cosec =
4
3
2
3
3
2
3
= sin 1
2
= ,
3
3
sin =
2
3
2
cosec =
3
3
sin =
2
3
= sin 1
4 5
=
,
3
3
cosec =
or
or
or
or
where n
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 2
Since period of cosec is 2
2
4
5
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n
3
3
3
3
2
4
5
+ 2n U
+ 2n U
+ 2n where n .
Solution set = + 2n U
3
3
3
3
Therefore general value of =
Question # 2 (iii)
4
2
sec =
3
3
2
2
or
sec =
sec =
3
3
3
3
cos =
or
cos =
2
2
3
3
= cos 1
= cos 1
or
2
2
11
5 7
= ,
or
=
,
6 6
6
6
Q period of sec is 2
5
7
11
general values of = + 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n
6
6
6
6
5
7
11
+ 2n U
+ 2n where n .
S.Set = + 2n U + 2 n U
6
6
6
6
Since sec 2 =
Question # 2 (iv)
Do yourself
Question # 3
3tan 2 + 2 3 tan + 1 = 0
(
(
3 tan
+2
)
(
3 tan (1) + (1) = 0
3 tan + 1 = 0
3 tan + 1 = 0
3 tan = 1
5
1
1
= tan 1
= 6
3
3
Q period of tan is
5
general value of =
+ n , n
6
tan =
Question # 4
tan 2 sec 1 = 0
( sec 2 1) sec 1 = 0
sec 2 1 sec 1 = 0 sec 2 sec 2 = 0

sec 2 2sec + sec 2 = 0
sec ( sec 2 ) + 1( sec 2 ) = 0
( sec + 1)( sec 2 ) = 0
or
( sec + 1) = 0
( sec 2 ) = 0
sec = 1
or
sec = +2
1
cos = 1
or
cos =
2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 3
= cos 1 ( 1)
1
= cos 1
2
5
=
,
6
6
or
3
or
2
Q period of cos is 2
3
5
general value of =
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n where n
2
6
6
=
Question # 5
2sin + cos 2 1 = 0
2sin + 1 sin 2 1 = 0 sin 2 + 2sin = 0
sin ( sin 2 ) = 0
sin = 0
or
sin 2 = 0
sin = 0
or
sin = 2
= sin 1 ( 0 )
Which does not hold as sin [1,1]
=0,
Q period of sin is 2
general value of = 0 + 2n , + 2n
= 2 n , + 2n
where n
Question # 6
3cos2 2 3 sin cos 3sin 2 = 0
Dividing throughout by cos 2
3cos 2 2 3 sin cos 3sin 2
=0
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
3 2 3 tan 3tan 2 = 0
3tan 2 2 3 tan + 3 = 0
3tan 2 + 2 3 tan 3 = 0
tan =
2 3
2 3
ing by -1
4 ( 3)( 3 )
2 ( 3)
2 3 48
2 3 12 + 36
=
6
6
2 3 16 3
2 3 4 3
=
=
6
6
6 3
2 3 + 4 3 2 3
2 3 4 3
tan =
=
or
tan =
=
6
6
6
6
3
3
1
=
tan =
or tan = 3
=
2
3
3
3
tan =
( )
1
= tan 1
=
6
Q period of tan is
general value of =
or
= tan 1 3
or
11
+ n ,
+ n
6
6
11
6
where n .
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 4
Question # 8
4sin 2 8cos + 1 = 0
4 (1 cos 2 ) 8cos + 1 = 0
4 4cos 2 8cos + 1 = 0
4cos 2 8cos + 5 = 0
4cos 2 + 8cos 5 = 0
4cos 2 + 10cos 2cos 5 = 0
2cos ( 2cos + 5 ) 1( 2cos + 5 ) = 0 ( 2cos + 5)( 2cos 1) = 0
2cos + 5 = 0
or
2cos 1 = 0
2cos = 5
or
2cos = 1
5
1
cos =
or
cos =
2
2
5
1
= cos 1
or
= cos 1
2
2
5
or = ,
Which is not possible as cos [1,1]
3 3
5
general value of = + 2 n,
+ 2n
where n .
3
3
Question # 9
3 tan x sec x 1 = 0 (i )
sin x
1
3
1 = 0
cos x cos x
3 sin x 1 cos x = 0
ing by cos .
3 sin x 1 = cos x
On squaring both sides.
3 sin x 1 = ( cos x )
2
3sin 2 x 2 3sin x + 1 = cos 2 x

3sin 2 x 2 3 sin x + 1 = 1 sin 2 x
3sin 2 x 2 3sin x + 1 1 + sin 2 x = 0
4sin 2 x 2 3 sin x = 0
2sin x 2sin x 3 = 0
2sin x = 0
or
2sin x =
3
2
3
x = sin 1 ( 0 )
or
x = sin 1
2
x=0 ,
or
x= ,
3
3
Now to check extraneous roots put x = 0 in (i )
sin x = 0
or
sin x =
L.H.S = 3 tan(0) sec(0) 1 = 0 1 1 = 2 0 = R.H.S

Implies that x = 0 is an extraneous root of given equation.
Now put x = in (i)
L.H.S = 3 tan( ) sec( ) 1 = 0 (1) 1 = 0 = R.H.S
Implies that x = is a root of the equation.
Now put x = in (i )
3
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 5
( )

3 tan sec 1 = 3 3 2 1 = 1 2 1 = 0 = R.H.S
3
3
Implies that x =
is a root of given equation.. Since period of tan is .
3
2
Now put x =
in (i )
3
2
2
L.H.S = 3 tan
sec
1
3
3
L.H.S =
= 3 3 ( 2 ) 1 = 3 + 2 1 = 2 = R.H.S
2
is an extraneous root of given equation.
3
Q period of sin x is 2
general values of x = + 2n , + 2n
3
Solution Set = { + 2n } U + 2n
where n .
3
Implies x =
Question # 10
cos 2 x = sin 3x
cos 2 x sin 2 x = 3sin x 4sin 3 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x 3sin x + 4sin 3 x = 0
(1 sin 2 x ) sin 2 x 3sin x + 4sin 3 x = 0
Q cos 2 x = cos 2 x sin 2 x

sin 3 x = 3sin x 4sin 3 x
1 2sin 2 x 3sin x + 4sin 3 x = 0

4sin 3 x 2sin 2 x 3sin x + 1 = 0
Take sin x = 1 as a root then by synthetic division
1 4
-2
4
-3
2
1
-1
-1
( sin x 1) ( 4sin 2 x + 2sin x 1) = 0

sin x 1 = 0 or
sin x = 1
or
x = sin 1 (1) or
x=
or
4sin 2 x + 2sin x 1 = 0
sin x =
(2)
4 ( 4 )( 1)
2 ( 4)
2 4 + 16 2 20
=
8
8
2 + 20
2 20
sin x =
or sin x =
8
8
sin x = 0.309
or sin x = 0.809
1
x = sin ( 0.309 ) or
x = sin 1 ( 0.809 )
18, 162
or
234 , 306
x = 18
, 162
or x = 234
, 306
180
180
180
180
9
13 17
=
,
or
=
,
10 10
10
10
sin x =
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 6
Q period of sin x is 2
9
13
17
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n , + 2n
10
10
10
10
2
9
13
17

+ 2n U
+ 2n U + 2n
S.Set = + 2n U + 2n U
10
10
10
10
2
general value of x =
Question No. 11
sec3 = sec
1
1
=
cos3 cos
cos3 = cos
4cos3 3cos = cos
Q cos3 = 4cos3 3cos
4cos3 3cos cos = 0

4cos3 4cos = 0
4cos cos 2 1 = 0
4cos = 0
or
cos 2 1 = 0
cos = 0
or
cos 2 = 1
cos = 1
= cos 1 (0) or
3
= ,
or
2
2
= cos 1 (1) , = cos 1 ( 1)
=0 ,
3
+ 2n ,
+ 2n , 0 + 2n , + 2n
2
2
3
= + 2n ,
+ 2n , n
2
2
S. Set = + 2n U
+ 2n U {n }
where n .
2
2
general values of =
Question # 12
tan 2 + cot = 0
tan 2 = cot
sin 2
cos
2sin cos
cos
=
2
2
cos 2
sin
cos sin
sin
2
2
( 2sin cos )( sin ) = ( cos ) ( cos sin )
2sin 2 cos = cos3 + sin 2 cos

2sin 2 cos + cos3 sin 2 cos = 0
sin 2 cos + cos3 = 0
cos sin 2 + cos 2 = 0
= cos 1 (0)
3
= ,
2
2
cos (1) = 0
3
+ 2n ,
+ 2n
2
2
S. Set = + 2n U + 2n
where n .
2
2
general values of =
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 7
Question # 13
sin 2 x + sin x = 0
2sin x cos x + sin x = 0
Q sin 2 = 2sin cos
sin x ( 2cos x + 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or
2cos x + 1 = 0
1
1
x = sin 1 (0) or
cos x =
x = cos 1
2
2
2 4
x=0,
or
x=
,
3
3
Q period of sin x and cos x is 2
2
4
general values of x = 0 + 2n , + 2 n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n
3
3
2
4
= n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n
3
3
2
4
+ 2 n U
+ 2n
where n .
So solution set = { n } U
3
3
Question # 14
sin 4 x sin 2 x = cos3x

4 x + 2x 4x 2 x
2cos
sin
= cos3 x
2 2
2cos3 x sin x cos3 x = 0
cos3x ( 2sin x 1) = 0
cos3 x = 0
or
2sin x 1 = 0
1
3x = cos 1 (0) ,
sin x =
2
3
1
3x = ,
,
x = sin 1
2
2
2

5
x= ,
,
x= ,
6 2
6 6
2
Since period of cos3x is
and period of sin x is 2
3
2n 2n
5
general values of x = +
, +
, + 2n ,
+ 2n
6
3
2
3
6
6
2n 2 n
5
So solution set = +
U +
U + 2n U + 2n where n .
3 2
3 6
6
6
Question # 15
sin x + cos3x = cos5 x
sin x = cos5 x cos3 x
5 x + 3x 5 x 3 x
sin x = 2sin
sin
2 2
sin x = 2sin 4 x sin x
sin x + 2sin 4 x sin x = 0
sin x (1 + 2sin 4 x ) = 0
sin x = 0
or
1 + 2sin 4 x = 0
1
1
x = sin 1 (0) or
sin 4 x =
4 x = sin 1
2
2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 8
7 11
,
24
24
2
Since period of sin x is 2 and period of sin 4x is
=
4
2
7 n 11 n
general values of x = 0 + 2n , + 2n ,
+
,
+
24 2
24
2
7 n 11 n
So solution set = {2 n } U { + 2n } U
+
+
U
where n .
2
24 2 24
x=0 ,
or
4x =
7 11
,
6
6
x=
Question # 16
sin 3x + sin 2 x + sin x = 0
( sin3x + sin x ) + sin 2 x = 0
3x + x
3x x
2sin
cos
+ sin 2 x = 0 2sin 2 x cos x + sin 2 x = 0
2
2
sin 2 x ( 2cos x + 1) = 0
sin 2 x = 0
or
2cos x + 1 = 0
1
2 x = sin 1 (0) or cos x =
2
1
2x = 0 ,
or
x = cos 1
2
2 4
x=0 ,
or
x=
,
2
3
3
2
Since period of sin 2x is
= and period of cos x is 2
2
2
4
general values of x = 0 + n , + n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n
2
3
3
2
4
+ 2n U
+ 2n where n .
S. Set = {n } U + n U
2
3
3
Question # 17
sin 7 x sin x = sin3x
7x + x 7x x
2cos
sin
= sin 3 x
2
2
2cos 4 x sin 3 x sin 3x = 0

sin 3x ( 2cos 4 x 1) = 0
sin 3 x = 0
or
2cos 4 x 1 = 0
1
3x = sin 1 ( 0 )
or
cos 4 x =
2
1 5
3x = 0 ,
or
4 x = cos 1 =
,
2
3
3

5
x=0 ,
or
x=
,
3
12 12
2
2
and period of cos 4x is
=
3
4
2
2n 2n n 5 n
general values of x = 0 +
, +
,
+
,
+
3
3
3
12 2
12 2
2n 2 n n 5 n
So S. set =
U +
U +
U +
where n .
3 12 2 12
2
3 3
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 9
Question # 18
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x = 0
( sin5 x + sin x ) + sin 3x = 0
5x + x
5x x
2sin
cos
+ sin 3 x = 0
2
2
2sin 3 x cos 2 x + sin 3 x = 0
sin 3x ( 2cos 2 x + 1) = 0
sin 3 x = 0
or
2cos 2 x + 1 = 0
1
2cos 2 x = 1 2 x = cos 1
2
2 4
3x = 0 ,
or
2x =
,
3
3
2
x=0 ,
or
x= ,
3
3 3
2
2
and period of cos 2x is
=
3
2
2n 2n
2
general values of x = 0 +
+ n
, +
, + n ,
3
3
3
3
3
2n 2n
2
S.Set =
+ n where n Z
U +
U + n U
3 3
3 3
3
3x = sin 1 ( 0 )
or
Question # 19
sin + sin 3 + sin 5 + sin 7 = 0
( sin 7 + sin ) + ( sin5 + sin 3 ) = 0
7 +
7
5 + 3
2sin
cos
+ 2sin
2
2
2
2sin 4 cos3 + 2sin 4 cos = 0
2sin 4 ( cos3 + cos ) = 0
3 + 3
2sin 4 2cos
cos
2
4sin 4 cos 2 cos = 0

sin 4 = 0
or
cos 2 = 0
or
4 = sin 1 ( 0 ) ,
5 3
cos
=0
= 0
cos = 0
,
= cos 1 ( 0 )
3
or = ,
2
2
2 = cos 1 ( 0 )
3
4 = 0 ,
or
2 = ,
2
2
3
=0 ,
or
= ,
4
4
4
2
2
Since period of sin 4 is
= , cos 2 is
= and cos is 2
4
2
2
n n
3
3
general values of = 0 +
, +
, + n ,
+ n , + 2n ,
+ 2n
2
4 2
4
2
2
2
n n
3

3
S. Set = U +
U + n U + n U + 2n U + 2n
2 4 2 4
2
2
2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 10
Question # 20
cos + cos3 + cos5 + cos 7 = 0
( cos7 + cos ) + ( cos5 + cos3 ) = 0
7 + 7
5 + 3
2cos
cos
+ 2cos
2 2
2
2cos 4 cos3 + 2cos 4 cos = 0
2cos 4 ( cos3 + cos ) = 0
5 3
cos
=0
3 +
3
2cos 4 2cos
cos
= 0
2
2
4cos 4 cos 2 cos = 0

Now do yourself as above question.
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Exercise 1.

Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI

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Exercise 1.2 (Solutions)

Textbook of Algebra and

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Exercise 1.3 (Solutions)

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Exercise 2.2 (Solutions)

Textbook of Algebra and

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Exercise 2.3 (Solutions)

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ExePGise 2.4 (Solutions)

OF A LG EB RA AND T RI GO NOM ETRY FO R C LAS S

FSc I - 2.4 - 2 & Tautology:

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org), http://www.mathcity.org

Exercise 2.4 (Solutions)

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org), http://www.mathcity.org

Exercise 2.5 (Solutions)

Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI

The last two columns of the above table shows that ~ ( p q ) = ~ p ~ q

The last two columns of the above table shows that ( p q ) r = p ( q r )

The last two columns of the above table shows that ( p q ) r = p ( q r )

The corresponding formula of logic is

The last two columns of the above table shows that p (q r ) = ( p q ) ( p r )

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org), http://www.mathcity.org

Exercise 2.8 (Solutions)

Suppose G = {0,1, 2,3}

(iii) a- Since for a , b + , ab + thus closure law holds.

b- For a , b, c , a (bc) = (ab)c thus associative law holds.

c- Since 1 + such that for a + , a 1 = 1 a = a . Hence 1 is the identity element.

(iv) Since = {0, 1, 2, 3,............}

a- Since sum of integers is an integer therefore for a , b , a + b .

(v) Since = {0, 1, 2, 3,............}

i) A table show that all the entries belong to G.

Given that G is a group under the operation and a , b G such that

as associative law hold in G.

as associative law hold in G.

i) Let a + 3b , c + 3d G , where a, b, c & d are rational.

where a = a + c and b = b + d are rational as sum of rational is rational.

(a + 3b) + ( c + 3d ) + (e + 3 f ) = (a + 3b) + ( c + e) + 3(d + f )

Thus associative law hold in G under addition.

Thus 0 + 3 0 is an identity element in G.

(a + 3b) + ( a ) + 3(b) = ( a + ( a ) ) + 3 ( b + (b) ) = 0 + 3 0

3(b) + (a + 3b) = ( ( a ) + a ) + 3 ( (b) + b ) = 0 + 3 0

Thus inverse of a + 3b is (a) + 3(b) exists in G.

As commutative law hold in .

Let A, B P( S ) where A & B are subsets of S.

Let G be the all non-singular 2 2 matrices over the real field.

Exercise 3.1 (Solutions)

Textbook of Algebra and

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