Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Survey
Practical Applications
John Cooke
CivilTraining, LLC
a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc.
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AutoCADCivil3DPracticalApplicationsSurveyProjectWorkflow
ThisdocumentsummarizestheworkflowthroughatypicalCivil3DSurveydrawingandproject,
includingassignmenttoaCivil3DDataShortcutsprojectthatwouldreceivesurfacedatafromtopoand
theCivil3DSurveyprojectwithitsSurveydatabase.ThisexampleillustratestheimportofFieldbook
datatypicalofmostdatacollectionsystemsandtheprocessingoftraversedatausingCompassRuleand
LengthWeightedVerticaladjustment.Otheradjustmentandanalysisoptionscouldbesubstitutedin
thisprocess,orsimplesideshotortopographicdatacouldbeusedwithoutadjustmentfollowingthe
sameprocess.Optional workflow steps utilizing SmartDraft are shown in Times New Roman italics, like
this.
VerifyDrawingSettingsandUnits
Inadrawingstartedfromthedesiredtemplate,useEdit Drawing SettingsfromtheSettings
taboftheToolspace.OntheUnitsandZonetaboftheDrawingSettingsdialogverifythatthe
Imperial to Metric ConversionandCoordinate settingsarecorrect.OntheAmbient
SettingstaboftheDrawingSettingsdialogverifythattheAngle andDirection Formats are
settoDecimal DMS.
CreateorSelectCivil3DDataShortcutsProjectFolderandAssociateDrawing
OntheToolspacesProspectortab,Right-ClickonData ShortcutsanduseSet Working
Folder,browsingtothetopleveljobfolderbelowwhichtheDataShortcutsfolderwillreside.Ifthe
datashortcutsprojectdisplaystheprojectisalreadycreated;ifnot,Right-ClickonData
ShortcutsanduseNew Data Shortcuts Project Foldertocreateit.Right-Click
againonData ShortcutsanduseAssociate Project to Current Drawing,
associatingCivil3Dprojecttothedrawing.Savethedrawing.
SetSurveyWorkingFolder
OntheToolspacesSurveytab,Right-ClickonSurvey DatabasesanduseSet Working
Folder.BrowsetoandselectthedesiredCivil3Dprojectlevelforthejob,belowwhichtheSurvey
database(s)fortheprojectwillreside,pressingOKfromthedialog.Ifasurveydatabasedisplaysinthe
topoftheSurveytabuponpressingOKtheSurveydatabasefortheprojecthasalreadybeencreated
andneedstobeopened.IfnoSurveydatabaseisdisplayeduponpressingOKfromthedialoganew
surveydatabaseneedstobecreated.
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IftheSurveyDatabaseDisplaysToOpentheSurveyDatabase
ToopenaSurveydatabasethatalreadyexistsina
Surveyproject,Right-Clickonthedesired
SurveyDatabaseanduseOpen for Edit.
Figure1OpenforEditonSurveyTab
OnlyonepersoncanhavetheSurveydatabaseopenforeditatatime.
IfNoSurveyDatabaseDisplaysToCreatetheSurveyDatabase
ItisrecommendedthatthenameoftheSurvey
databaseincludeareferencetothejobnumberornameas
wellasthecoordinatesysteminuse.Figure2SurveyDatabaseName
EditSurveyDatabaseSettings
ThenewlycreatedSurveydatabasewilldefaultto
InternationalFeet,andmustbechangedto
correctunitsandsettings.
Right-ClickontheSurveydatabase,anduse
Edit Survey Database Settings.
Figure3EditSurveyDatabaseSettings
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IntheSurveyDatabaseSettingsdialog,
adjustsettingsasdesired,paying
particularattentiontoUnits,
Coordinate Zoneand
Distance,Error Tolerance
andChange Reporting.
TheDistancesettingsmustbesettoUS
Feettoavoidinadvertentlyconverting
toInternationalFeet.TheCoordinate
Zonecanbeusedtotransformdata
fromonezoneandprojectionto
anotherifotherenablingsettingsare
madeinCivil3D.TheErrorTolerance
settingsareusedtodisplay
notificationswhenobservationsfall
outsideuserdefinedcriteriaasset.
TheChangeReportingsettingenablesa
changelogfortheSurveyprojectwhich
recordseverythingdonewithinit.
Figure4SurveyDatabaseSettingsforthisProject
Whenavailable,presetSurveyDatabasesettingscanbeimportedfromafileusingthe iconat
thetopoftheSurveyDatabaseSettingsdialog.Thesesettingsshouldstillbecheckedhowever,assome
importedsettingssuchaserrortolerancesarenotreliablyimported.
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SetAutoUpdateonSurveyPoints
Civil3DSurveyusesastrategysimilartotheone
usedinLandDesktopforyears;pointsarestoredin
anexternaldatabaseandcanoptionallybeinserted
intothecurrentdrawing.Bydefault,editstosurvey
datainCivil3Dupdatethedatabaseinformation,but
thesechangesmaynotautomaticallyupdatepoints
inthedrawing.Toinsurethatpointsinthedrawing
willbeupdated,Right-ClickontheSurvey
Pointslevel.Fromthemenudisplayed,LeftClickonAutomatic Update,togglingiton
andplacingacheckbeforethesettingonthemenu.
Figure6AutomaticUpdateSettingonSurveyPoints
CreateaSurveyNetwork
Civil3DSurveyusestheconceptofanetwork,a
groupofrelatedcoordinateandobservationdata.In
ordertobeavailablefortraverseorclosureanalysis,
observationsanddatamustbecontainedwithinone
network.Right-clickonNetworksunder
theSurveyprojectanduseNew.Supplya
meaningfulnetworknamewhichcharacterizesthe
worktobeincluded.
Figure7NewNetworkCreation
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SetAutoUpdateonNetwork
Civil3DalsousesatoggleontheSurveyNetwork
todeterminewhetherornotthenetworkwillbe
updatedwithchangesmadetosetups,prism
heights,etc.Usuallytogglingthisautoupdate
settingonisalsodesirable.Right-Clickon
thenetworklevel.Fromthemenudisplayed,
Left-ClickonAutomatic Update,
togglingitonandplacingacheckbeforethe
settingonthemenu.
Figure8AutomaticUpdateSettingonNetwork
EditFieldbookCheckFieldbookSettings
AutodeskSoftdeskFieldbookfilescanbeproduceddirectlyfromcurrentgenerationdatacollection
systemssuchastheLeicaVivacollectors,fromconversionprogramssuchasLeicaExchange,orfrom
theTDSSurveyLinkprogramwhichinstalls
withCivil3D.
Fieldbooksproducedfromolderdatacollectors
willtypicallynotincludetheunitinformation
requiredforCivil3D,asolderequipmentand
softwaredidnotdistinguishbetweenUSSurvey
andInternationalFeet.Thissettingshouldbe
checkedandeditedinthefieldbookbefore
importing.Additionally,itisoftendesirableto
commentoutcoordinateswhicharesetinor
uploadedtothefieldbooktopreventduplicate
coordinatesonimport.
Toeditthefieldbook,Right-Clickonthe
networkintowhichitwillbeimported,anduse
Edit Fieldbook.Browsetothefieldbook
file,anditwillopenintheconfiguredtext
editor.
Figure9EditFieldbook
Inthefieldbookeditor,lookforalineatthetopofthefieldbookbeginningwithUNIT.Ifthislinereads
UNITFOOTDMS,editittoreadUNITUSFOOTDMS.ThisinstructionisnecessarytotellCivil3Dthatthe
fieldbookisinUSsurveyFeet;ifthisinstructionisnotmadeCivil3Dassumesthefieldbookisin
InternationalFeetandwillperformaconversiononitsunitswhenimported.Anyothereditsneeded,
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includingprismheightchangesnotedinthefieldbookbutnotenteredcorrectlyshouldbemadeatthis
time.SaveandExit fromthefieldbookeditor.
Figure10FieldbookEditorwithCorrectUNITLine
ImportFieldbook
Civil3DorganizesdataimportsintotheSurveyprojectusingImportEvents.Eachimporteventcaptures
thedatabroughtintotheprojectandprovidesaneasymechanismbywhichtoremove,editandre
importdata.
CapturingpointsimportedbyafieldbookinaCivil3DPointGroupisfacilitatedifnopointsaredisplayed
inthedrawingwhenthefieldbookisimported.Ifpointsarepresentlyinthedrawing,usePointGroup
PropertiesinCivil3Dtohidethembeforeimporting,usinga_No Display group.
Toimportthefieldbook,Right-Clickon
ImportEventsatthetopoftheSurveytaband
useImport Survey Data.Theprogram
triggersawizardwhichstepsthroughthe
processofimportingdatafromfieldbooks,
LandXMLfiles,ASCIIfilesordatafromthe
drawing.Stepthroughthepagesofthewizard,
selectingthefieldbookfileandnetworkinto
whichtoimport.Onthelastpageofthewizard
supplyanImport Event Name.Make
sureInsert Network Objectison,
Insert Survey Pointsison and
Display Tolerance Errorsin
Event Viewerison.
Figure11ImportOptionsPageinImportWizard
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Astheimportcompletesthepointsaredisplayedinthedrawing,andanytoleranceerrorsaredisplayed
intheEventViewer.Thetoleranceerrorinformationisrecordedwiththenetworkandcanbe
redisplayedusinganoptionfromtherightclickmenuonthenetwork,sotheEventViewercanbe
clearedandclosed.
Figure12PointsinDrawingandToleranceErrorsinEventViewer
AssignImportedPointstoaPointGroup
CapturingpointsimportedbyafieldbookinaCivil3DPointGroupisvery
desirable,butselectingthepointstobeincludedisdifficult.Ananomalyof
PointGroupmanagementinCivil3Dmakesthiseasier.Pointsimportedinto
Civil3Darenotautomaticallyaddedtopointgroupswithinthedrawing;point
groupsmustbeupdatedtoincludethem.Sincethepointsinthedrawing
werehiddenbymakinga_No Display groupcurrentbeforeimportingthe
fieldbook,theonlypointscurrentlydisplayedandselectablearethosefrom
thefieldbookimportitself.Additionally,thePointGroupscollectioninthe
Prospectordisplays warningshields,indicatingthatthegroupshavetobe
updated.Thisistheoneinstancewherethegroupsshouldnotbeupdated,
asdoingsowillhidethenewpointsfromthedrawingaswell.Thereisaone
timeopportunitytoaddthesenewpointstotheirowngroupbeforeupdating
thepresentgroups.Figure13PointGroupsAfterImporting
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CreateanewpointgroupintheProspector,addingtheimportedpointsbyusingtheSelection Set
in DrawingoptionontheIncludetab.Oncethisnewgroupiscreated,Right-Clickonthe
Point Groups levelintheProspectoranduseUpdatetoupdateallgroupsandclearthe
warnings.ThenewpointswillthenbeincludedinallCivil3DPointgroupsinthedrawing,andtheir
displaycanbecontrolledbythegroupswiththeirsettingsandoverrides.
ExaminingSurveyNetworkDataintheDrawing
OnceCivil3DSurveydataareimportedtheycanbeexaminedandcheckedforerrorsbyexploringthe
surveynetworkin3D.Ifthenetworktopologyisnotdisplayedautomatically,Right-Clickonthe
networkintheProspector,useProperties,andchangethenetworkObject Styleonthe
Information tab.
Thenetworkobjectshowsthedataandspatialconnectivityofsetupsandsideshots.Errorscanoften
beidentifiedbydetectingsideshotvectorstoohighortoolow,oftenidentifyingrodheighterrors.In
Figure14twoviewportsarebeutilized,examiningthesamesetupinplanandelevationview.
Figure14SurveyNetworkinPlanandElevationView
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EditingObservedData
Anexaminationofthenetworkdatawilloftenrevealsetupandobservationdetailsthatneedtobe
corrected.Theseeditscanbeperformedatseverallevels:editingandcorrectingthefieldbook,editing
individualsetupsoreditingindividualobservationsorshots.
EditingtheFieldbook
Makingeditsandcorrectionswithinthefieldbook
itselfissimplifiedinCivil3DbytheImportEvent
thatcaptureditsimport.Toeditthefieldbook,
usetheEdit Fieldbookoptionfromthe
menubelowthenetworkasdescribedabove.
Save thefieldbookandexit fromtheeditor.
Toimportthechanges,returntotheImport
Eventcreatedwhenitwasfirstimported,RightClickontheImport Event,anduseReImport fromthemenu.Allpointsand
observationsassociatedwiththeeventare
removed,andtheeditedfieldbookisreimported
intothedatabaseanddrawing.
Figure14ReImportImportEvent
EditinganIndividualSetup
Civil3Dsurveycapturesandorganizeseachsetuptransferredfromthefieldbook,includingobservations
recordedfromit.Editinganindividualsetupexposestheinstrumentheight,whichcanbechanged,but
theSetupsEditoralsoservesasavehicletogettoallobservationsturnedfromthesetup.Toaccessthe
SetupsEditor,Double-ClickontheSetups levelunderthenetworkontheSurveytab.Asthe
SetupsEditoropensinthePanorama,scrolltothedesiredsetup.Right-clickonthesetupanduse
Zoom Totoshiftthedisplayinthecurrentviewport(occupying10,backsighting11infigure15).
Figure15SetupsEditor
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Mostfieldsinthesetuparenoteditable,buttheinstrumentheightcanbechanged.
AftermakingchangesintheSetupsEditorsavethechangeswiththe iconintheupperrightcorner.
Sinceboththenetworkandsurveypointsaresettoupdateautomaticallythesurveydatabaseand
drawingwillupdatetoreflectthechange.
If the automatic updates are not turned on be sure to update the network and
survey points levels manually.
EditingIndividualObservationsFromSetupsEditor
ToeditobservationsfromtheSetupsEditorRight-ClickonthedesiredsetupanduseEdit
Observationsfromthemenu.Civil3DopensasecondtabinthePanoramafortheObservation
Editor,andhighlightsallobservationsfromthesetupinthecurrentviewport.Clickingonanindividual
observationhighlightsitsdatainthedrawing,andindividualelementsoftheobservationcanbeedited,
includingtheprismheight.
Figure16ObservationEditor
AswiththeSetupsEditor,savethechangesintheobservationeditorwiththe iconintheupper
rightcorner.Sinceboththenetworkandsurveypointsaresettoupdateautomaticallythesurvey
databaseanddrawingwillupdatetoreflectthechange.
If the automatic updates are not turned on be sure to update the network and
survey points levels manually.
01/06/2016v1.04Copyright(2012)CivilTraining,LLC,adivisionofWetlandStudiesandSolutions,Inc.Donotreproducewithoutpermission.
10
EditingIndividualObservationsFromDrawing
AnalternativemethodforaccessingtheobservationdataforanindividualpointistoRight-Clickon
thepointinthedrawinganduseBrowse to Survey Datafromthemenu.Thismethodopens
theObservationEditorasdescribedabove,andhighlightsthecurrentobservationinthedrawinginthe
samefashion.TheobservationdatafortheselectedpointwillbemadecurrentintheObservation
Editorautomatically.UsethesameproceduredescribedaboveforsavingchangesintheObservation
Editor.
Civil3DTraverseConcepts
Civil3Dmanagesdatafortraverseanalysisbystoringobservationinformationoneachpoint.Shots
returningtoapreviouslystoredpoint,eitherasacheckshotortocloseatraverse,shouldusethesame
pointnumberasoriginallystored.Civil3Dusesthecoordinateofthefirstshottosetthepoint
temporarilyinthedrawing,butallsetupdataarecapturedandcanbeseeninthesurveynetwork
object.InFigure17point11isrepresentedinthedrawingbythetraversesymbolshown(setby
descriptionkeys).Inaddition,tworedcirclescanbeseen.Thefirstcircle,concentricwiththeinsertion
pointofthesymbol,representsthecoordinateofthefirstobservationtopoint11.Thesecondredcircle
representsthecoordinateofthesecondobservationtopoint11,takenlater.Thedistancebetweenthe
twois14hundredths,whichresultedinoneofthetoleranceerrorsdisplayedearlierintheEvent
Viewer.WhentraverseanalysisiscompleteinCivil3Dthefinalcoordinateofpoint11willbe
determinedbythemethodchosen,andthecoordinateofpoint11willbeupdatedintheSurvey
Database.AtthattimeitiscriticalthatSurveyPointsbesettoUpdateAutomaticallyasdescribedabove
toinsurethatthedrawingupdatesaswell.
Figure17MultipleObservationstoPointinSurveyNetwork
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11
OperatorsusingCivil3DSurveymustalwaysconsiderthedefinitionofaclosedtraverseintheprogram,
whichrequiresestablishingaclosingangle(orangletoknowndata).
IntheexampleinFigure18below,1001representsthefirstoccupiedstationinatraverse.Anazimuth
isestablishedthrough1002,and1002isshotandrecordedestablishingdistance.Traversesetupsthen
advancetraditionallythroughasetupon1004,backsighting1003andshooting1001.Ifthefieldcrew
packsupatthispointthetraversecannotbeanalyzedbyCivil3D.therequiredfinalsetupison1001,
backsighting1004andturninginto1002toestablishclosingangle.
Figure18TraverseExampleforCivil3D
DefiningaTraverse
TodefineatraverseRight-ClickonTraverses
underthenetworklevelanduseNew.IntheNewTraverse
dialogenteraName,theinitial occupied station
pointnumber,initial backsight,remaining
occupied stationsandfinal foresight.Press
OK.
Figure18NewTraverse
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12
PerformingTraverseAnalysis
ToperformtraverseanalysisinCivil3DRight-ClickontheTraverse intheTraverselistinthe
bottompaneoftheSurveytabanduseTraverse Analysis.
IntheTraverseAnalysisdialogturnTraverse Analysis andBalance Angleson.Select
thedesiredHorizontal Adjustment MethodandVertical Adjustment Method.
Checktheclosure limitspassedinfromtheSurveydatabasesettings,adjustingthemifdesired.
TurnUpdate Survey Databaseon.PressOK.
Figure19TraverseAnalysis
Fourtextfilesarecreatedbythetraverseanalysisprocess,displayedautomaticallybyCivil3D.These
reportsarestoredbydefaultinthenetworkfolderudnerthesurveyprojectfolder,belowtheSurvey
WorkingFolder.
TheRawClosurereportcontainsclosureinformationforthetraversepriortoadjustment:
Angular error
Angular error/set
Elevation error :
Error North
:
Error East
:
Absolute error :
Error Direction :
Perimeter
:
Precision
:
Number of sides :
Area
:
= 0-00-15.04
= 0-00-01.07 Over
-0.0715
0.0721
-0.0225
0.0755
N 17-19-41.98 W
3104.8427
1 in 41097.1331
14
609309.9 sq. ft. , 13.9878 Acres
01/06/2016v1.04Copyright(2012)CivilTraining,LLC,adivisionofWetlandStudiesandSolutions,Inc.Donotreproducewithoutpermission.
13
8
0.0086
9
0.0049
10
0.0127
11
0.0305
12
0.0414
13
0.0572
14
0.0691
1
0.0674
2
0.0755
Possible distance error in leg : 9 - 10
Angular error (if any) most probable at point 9
TheBalancedAnglesreportcontainsclosureinformationforthetraversewithbalanceangles
adjustmentonly:
RAW
TRAVERSE
Coordinates
N
5000.0000
E
5000.0000
N 77-58-27.07 W Dist:180.6502
3
N
5037.6398
E
4823.3145
N 85-08-05.16 W Dist:143.0982
4
N
5049.7778
E
4680.7321
N 71-04-34.23 W Dist:173.2896
5
N
5105.9801
E
4516.8095
N 78-36-41.31 W Dist:103.3959
6
N
5126.3988
E
4415.4498
N 87-12-48.39 W Dist:244.5185
7
N
5138.2926
E
4171.2208
S 18-13-26.54 W Dist:357.2116
8
N
4799.0018
E
4059.4982
S 20-00-12.46 W Dist:183.9537
9
N
4626.1479
E
3996.5655
S 13-08-24.60 E Dist:111.6234
10
N
4517.4461
E
4021.9368
S 64-36-25.69 E Dist:304.9377
11
N
4386.6690
E
4297.4079
S 72-52-01.75 E Dist:164.8099
12
N
4338.1098
E
4454.9018
N 88-30-39.16 E Dist:259.5104
13
N
4344.8388
E
4714.3249
S 81-07-19.92 E Dist:170.2861
14
N
4318.5485
E
4882.5693
N 03-29-34.01 E Dist:556.2378
1
N
4873.7507
E
4916.4945
N 33-29-59.94 E Dist:151.3195
2
N
4999.9279
E
5000.0225
Angular error
= 0-00-00.00
Angular error/set = 0-00-00.00 Over
Elevation error : -0.0715
Error North
: 0.0354
Error East
: -0.0051
Absolute error : 0.0358
Error Direction : N 08-13-56.14 W
Perimeter
: 3104.8427
Precision
: 1 in 86796.3070
Point
2
Delta
0.0000
N
E
5037.6389
4823.3143
0.0009
N
E
5049.7754
4680.7317
0.0024
N
E
5105.9751
4516.8083
0.0051
N
E
5126.3917
4415.4482
0.0073
N
E
5138.2791
4171.2189
0.0136
N
E
4798.9849
4059.5068
0.0190
N
E
4626.1287
3996.5805
0.0244
N
E
4517.4279
4021.9563
0.0267
N
E
4386.6638
4297.4335
0.0262
N
E
4338.1127
4454.9299
0.0283
N
E
4344.8566
4714.3527
0.0330
N
E
4318.5768
4882.5988
0.0408
N
E
4873.7813
4916.4863
0.0317
N
E
4999.9646
5000.0051
0.0406
01/06/2016v1.04Copyright(2012)CivilTraining,LLC,adivisionofWetlandStudiesandSolutions,Inc.Donotreproducewithoutpermission.
14
Number of sides : 14
Area
: 609290.8 sq. ft. , 13.9874 Acres
TheLoopreportcontainsclosureinformationforthetraversewithselectedadjustment:
Point
2
N 77-58-24.84 W
3
N 85-08-02.85 W
4
N 71-04-32.12 W
5
N 78-36-39.07 W
6
N 87-12-46.06 W
7
S 18-13-27.60 W
8
S 20-00-13.58 W
9
S 13-08-24.81 E
10
S 64-36-27.67 E
11
S 72-52-03.90 E
12
N 88-30-36.80 E
13
S 81-07-22.20 E
14
N 03-29-33.53 E
1
N 33-29-58.36 E
2
Area
RAW
TRAVERSE
COMPASS RULE - Balanced Angles
Coordinates
Coordinates
Delta
N
5000.0000
N
5000.0000
0.0000
E
5000.0000
E
5000.0000
Dist:180.6510
N
5037.6398
N
5037.6410
0.0012
E
4823.3145
E
4823.3140
Dist:143.0986
N
5049.7778
N
5049.7791
0.0015
E
4680.7321
E
4680.7312
Dist:173.2905
N
5105.9801
N
5105.9808
0.0021
E
4516.8095
E
4516.8075
Dist:103.3963
N
5126.3988
N
5126.3986
0.0026
E
4415.4498
E
4415.4472
Dist:244.5190
N
5138.2926
N
5138.2888
0.0051
E
4171.2208
E
4171.2175
Dist:357.2080
N
4799.0018
N
4798.9986
0.0074
E
4059.4982
E
4059.5048
Dist:183.9519
N
4626.1479
N
4626.1445
0.0131
E
3996.5655
E
3996.5782
Dist:111.6222
N
4517.4461
N
4517.4450
0.0171
E
4021.9368
E
4021.9538
Dist:304.9357
N
4386.6690
N
4386.6843
0.0273
E
4297.4079
E
4297.4306
Dist:164.8091
N
4338.1098
N
4338.1351
0.0356
E
4454.9018
E
4454.9267
Dist:259.5101
N
4344.8388
N
4344.8820
0.0495
E
4714.3249
E
4714.3490
Dist:170.2855
N
4318.5485
N
4318.6041
0.0612
E
4882.5693
E
4882.5948
Dist:556.2440
N
4873.7507
N
4873.8150
0.0656
E
4916.4945
E
4916.4814
Dist:151.3208
N
4999.9279
N
5000.0000
0.0755
E
5000.0225
E
5000.0000
: 609272.1 sq. ft. , 13.9870 Acres
TheVerticalAdjustmentreportcontainsadjustmentinformationforthetraversewithselectedvertical
adjustment:
Point
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
RAW
Elevation
1000.0000
990.6025
979.0493
960.9368
954.3999
952.9086
962.9272
965.1329
966.3297
Delta
0.0000
-0.0042
-0.0075
-0.0115
-0.0138
-0.0195
-0.0277
-0.0319
-0.0345
01/06/2016v1.04Copyright(2012)CivilTraining,LLC,adivisionofWetlandStudiesandSolutions,Inc.Donotreproducewithoutpermission.
15
11
12
13
14
1
2
971.4943
974.5624
983.3547
987.2983
995.3320
1000.0715
971.4527
974.5171
983.3034
987.2430
995.2639
1000.0000
-0.0415
-0.0453
-0.0513
-0.0552
-0.0681
-0.0715
Thedrawingwilldisplayawarningdialogif
userspecifiedtoleranceshavenotbeen
met.PressingOKfromthisdialog(if
present)advancesthroughtheprocessand
thesurveydatabaseisupdated.Sinceboth
thenetworkandsurveypointsaresetto
updateautomaticallythesurveynetwork
objectandpointsinthedrawingwillupdate
toreflectthechange.
VerifythattheSurveyPointsinthedrawing
aresettoupdateautomaticallybychecking
theAutomatic Updatesettingmade
earlier.IfthecheckmarkseeninFigure20
isnotpresent,forceanupdateoftheSurvey
pointsbyusingPoints Update as
seeninFigure20.
Figure20SurveyPointUpdate
Verifythatthepointsinthedrawinghaveupdatedtothechangeinthenetworkobjectasseenbythe
concentriccirclesonpoint11seeninFigure21.
Figure21SurveyPointUpdatedinDrawing
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16
Data Requirements
Thedrawingwe'reworkingwithhereistheExisting Basedrawingasitwasleftattheconclusionofthe
lastchapter.Thedrawingcontainsthepointsthatwillbeusedinthesurveysurface,andthepoints
themselvesarereallytheonlydatarequirementtomoveforward.ThepointscanbeCivil3DPoints,or
DrawingPoints,althoughtheoneshereareactuallySurveyPoints,havingbeenaddedtotheSurvey
PointDatabaseattheendofthelastchapter.Thereisnolineworkthroughthepointsforthe
centerline,edgesofpavement,shouldersorbottomsofbank;we'regoingtodevelopthelineworkhere
foruseasbreaklinesthroughthesefeatures.TheParcel1,2and3outboundpointsarealsodisplayed,
althoughtheywillnotbeusedinthesurface.
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11121
ThepointsintheExisting BasedrawingareorganizedinanumberofPointGroupsasseeninFigure
1112.01;thesePointGroupsprovideOverrideswhichspecifythePointStyleandPointObjectStyle
necessaryforreliablebreaklineconstructionaswe'llseeshortly.
TheExisting BasedrawingalsocontainstheEXISTING AERIALsurfaceproducedpreviouslyfromthe
aerialdrawing,andwe'llbemergingournewsurveysurfaceintoacopyofthissurfaceshortly.The
surfaceisnotvisibleinthedrawingatthemomentasitsSurfaceStyleissetto_No Display;the
contoursvisibleinthedrawingpresentlyaretheoriginalpolylinecontoursfromtheaerialdrawing.
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11122
Creating Breaklines
Sincetheorderinwhichdataareselectedforthesurfaceisimportant,we'regoingtofocusonthe
breaklinesfirst.Thebreaklinesformthemoreimportantdataforthesurface,generatingtheoverall
shapeofthesurfaceasdefinedinthiscasebythecrown,edgesofpavementandshoulders,thenthe
individualpointsdeflectthesurfaceupordownwithinthisshapeinareaswheremanholes,watershut
offs,inletsorotherfeaturesarepresent.
The same points used to create the breaklines will also be added to the surface as points, leading
to some duplication of data. This doesnt create any issue, provided the breaklines are created the right
way. In fact, once these points are represented by the vertices of the breaklines they need not be added
to the surface as point data, but excluding them is usually more trouble than it's worth.
ThereareanumberofwaystocreatebreaklinesinCivil3D.Breaklinescanbecreateddirectlythrough
toolsintheProspectorfromdrawingentities,polylinesand3Dpolylines.Breaklinescanbegenerated
fromtheFigurescreatedbytheSurveysideofCivil3D,orindirectlyfromaddonproductssuchas
Smartdraft.ComparedwithLandDesktop,somebreaklinecreationtoolsseemtobeabsent,notably
CreatebyPointorCreatebyPointNumber.ThisisreflectiveofashiftinthinkinginCivil3Dawayfrom
databasesandtowarddrawingdata;whilebreaklinesresidedinadatabaseinLandDesktoptheyreside
inthedrawinginCivil3D.Assuch,theprimarytoolforcreatingabreaklineinCivil3DistheAutoCAD3D
polyline.
Civil 3D can create an AutoCAD 3D polyline by point number, using the 'PN Transparent
command.
MostmanualbreaklinecreationinCivil3DinvolvesthecreationofAutoCAD3Dpolylines.We'retalking
hereaboutthebasicconnectthedotstypeofprocessingofsurveyworkfrompoints,withoutanyField
toFinishautomationsuchassurveyfiguresorSmartdraft.Whilebreaklinescouldbecreatedthrough
aninterfacethroughtheTerrainModelExplorerinLandDesktop,theyaredrawnasAutoCAD3D
polylinesinCivil3D.
Weshouldtakeamomenttotalkaboutanexceptiontothisrule:Proximitybreaklines.Proximity
breaklinesarestillaroundinCivil3D,thoughwewishtheyweren't.TheProximitybreaklineistheonly
breaklinethatcanaccepta2Dpolylinewithoutelevationasitssource.TheproblemwithProximity
breaklinesismostpeopledontreallyunderstandhowtheywork.AProximitybreaklineisnotreallya
breaklinebypolyline,it'sabreaklinebypoints.WhenyouselectapolylinefordefinitionasaProximity
breaklinetheprogram(eitherCivil3DorLandDesktop)searchesforthenearestavailablepointselected
inthesurfacetoeachvertexofthepolyline.Ifthere'sarealgoodmatchtopointsselectedforthe
surfaceateveryvertexofthepolylineaProximitybreaklineworksgreat.Unfortunately,eithermanyof
thepointsinthedrawingaren'tselectedfortheTIN,orthereisntagoodcorrespondingpointforeach
vertexofthepolyline,andthebreaklinejustdoesntworkwell.We'vehadthisdiscussionmanytimesin
thepasttwentysomeyears,butProximitybreaklinesarenotthepanaceatheyappeartobe.It'smuch
bettertoconstruct3Dpolylinebreaklinesorconvertfigurestobreaklinesdirectly.
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11123
Foruseincreatingconnectthedot3Dpolyline
breaklinesthepointsneedtobedisplayedinthe
drawingattheiractualelevation.Thisisamatterof
displayingthemthroughoneormorePointGroups
wherePointGroupOverridesspecifyaPointStyle
configuredtodisplaythePointDisplayModeasUse
Point Elevation,describedindetailinChapter
1211.TheBottom of Bank,Centerline,Edge of
PavementandShoulderPointGroupsintheExisting
Basedrawingallusethe0.05 X 3Dpointstyle,asshown
bythetooltipbyhoveringoverthegroupnameinthe
ProspectorasseeninFigure1112.03
Aneasywaytoseethedifferenceinpointdisplaymodes
istorockthedrawinguponitsedge.Whilethiscanbe
accomplishedanumberofways,we'regoingtogoold
schoolagainhere:typeDDVPointatthecommand
lineandpressEnter.
DDVPoint,whichstandsforDynamicDialogViewPoint,is
afastwaytoresetthepointfromwhichadrawingis
viewed,withoutthevertigothatcanaccompanythe
Orbit,SteeringWheelorViewCube.
IntheViewpointPresetsdialogclickinthe10position
abovethehorizontalinthehalfwheelontherightthis
willinstructAutoCADtolookdownonthedrawingfrom
10abovetheXYplane.PressOK.
Figure 1112.04 - DDVPoint Dialog
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11124
Lookingatthedrawingin3D,onecanseehowtheroadsectionpointsarefloatingupin3Dspacewith
thecontours;theyarethe3Ddatainthedrawingatthemoment.Theparcelpointsaredownin2D
spaceatelevation0inthedrawing,withtheroad,buildingsandwaterfeatures.
A3Dviewlikethisisexcellentforevaluatingdatawhichshouldhaveelevationvalues,andforchecking
workwhiledrawingin3D.Inactualfact,theproductionofthe3Dpolylinebreaklinesrunsariskof
missingasnapandaccidentallydroppingpolylinevertexdowntoelevation0,andthatwouldbe
immediatelydetectedinthe3Dview.Theproblemisthatit'sprettydifficulttoworkina3Dviewlike
this,butAutoCADcansimultaneouslydisplaymultipledockedviewportsinModelSpacewejustdon't
tendtodothatmuchinCivildrawings.
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11125
Atthecommandline,typeVports and
pressEnter.
IntheViewportsdialogclickon
Two:HorizontalandpressOK.
AutoCADsplitstheModelSpacescreenintotwoviewports,bothdisplayingthecurrent3Dview.
Click intotheupperviewporttomakeitcurrent,andtypePlanatthecommandlineandhit
Enter.WhenthecommandpromptsEnter an option [Current ucs/Ucs/World]
<Current>: pressEnterforthecurrentcoordinatesystem.
Zoomasdesiredintheplanviewport,thenclickbackintothe3Dviewportandzoomasdesired
there.
ClickbackintotheplanviewportandSavethedrawing.
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11126
Thisestablishesanoptimalconfigurationforworkingin3D.Anythingdrawnintheplanviewportwill
showupinthe3Dviewportaswell;ifanerrantelevationisuseditwillbeimmediatelyapparent.In
Figure1112.08a3Dpolylinehasbeendrawnthroughafew
points,snappingtonodesonthefirstthreeverticesbut
missingthesnaponthefourth;noticehowitshowsup
immediatelyasanerrorinthe3Dview.
Layer Considerations
Producingthebreaklineswillnecessitatedrawing3Dpolylines;thepolylinesshouldbeontheirown
layer.Again,thereisasignificantdifferencefromLandDesktophere,asthesepolylinesmustremainin
thedrawingsincethereisnobreaklinedatabaseinCivil3D:thebreaklinesinthesurfaceare
dynamicallylinkedtothepolylinesinthedrawing.Createalayerforthebreaklinesandmakeitcurrent;
we'veusedV-TOPO-BRKL-ROADShere.
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11127
3Dpolylinebreaklinesneedtobedrawnthroughthecenterlinepoints,edgeofpavementpoints,
shoulderpointsandbottomofbankpoints,workingwitheachindividualsetinturn.Itwillbealot
easiertoisolatethedisplayofonesetofdataatatimetoworkwith,andthereareacoupleofoptions
availableatthemoment.
OneoptionwouldbetousethePointGroup
DisplayOrdersetinPointGroupPropertiesas
describedearlier.ShufflingtheEdge of
Pavement,Shoulder andBottom of Bankgroups
below_No DisplayasseeninFigure1112.10will
workjustfine.
Theotheroptionistouselayermanagement.
TheDescriptionKeysinuseinthisdrawingdidFigure 1112.10 - Point Group Display Order
averygoodjobofroutingthepointsthatmatched
totheirownindividuallayers.AswesaidinChapter1211,relyingonlayermanagementasthesole
methodtosuppresspointdisplayisnotagoodidea,butitwillworkjustfinefortemporarydisplay
control.KnowingthelayersusedbytheDescriptionKeysobviouslyhelps,butthiscanbeafastwayto
isolatethepointsweneed.
IntheLayerPropertiesManagerFreezetheV-BOTBANK-P,V-EP-PandV-GRAVEL-Playersto
isolatethecenterlinepoints.Thelayersmustbefrozen;offingthemwillnotwork.Rememberthat
Civil3Dobjectshavethesamebehaviorasblocks,andyoumustfreezethelayerofinsertiontosuppress
thedisplayofablock.
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11128
DrawingthebreaklinesisanotheroneofthoserefreshinglyeasytasksinCivil3D.Turnonarunning
Osnap ofNode,takethephoneoffthehook,turnonsomesmoothjazzandtype3Dpolyatthe
commandline;it'sliterallyjustconnectthedotsfromthere.
IfyoudonotnormallyusethemiddlemousebuttonforaPaninAutoCAD,thisisagoodtimetohaveit
turnedontemporarilywithMButtonpan;it'saloteasiertomovealongthepoints.
Dontbephasedwhenthelastsegmentyou'vedrawndisappearsasyouPan;itwillcomerightbackas
youclickonthenextpoint.
Alwayskeepaneyeonthe3Dviewportbelow;whenyoufindyourselfdroppeddownto0justusethe
Undooptioninthecommandlineandbackupavertexatatimeuntilyou'rebackwhereyoubelong.
(Youcanalsogripsnapavertexuptothenodeofapointifnecessary.)
Ifyouignoredouradvicetotakethephoneoffthehookyoucanenteroutofthecommandand
resumeagainlaterfromthesamepoint.There'snoneedtojointhepolylines,whichisnteasytodo
witha3Dpolylineanyway.
Whenthecenterlinesaredone,freezetheirlayerandthawthenextone,continuingonuntilall
breaklinesaredrawn.
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11129
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111210
ThePConnectcommandcanbepicked
fromtheSmartdrafttabintheCivil3D
ribbonifloaded,andthedialoginFigure
1112.14displays.
Thelibraryofdescriptionshasalreadybeen
createdinSmartdraft,anditisasimplematter
ofselectingtheDescriptions Keysto
use,togglingonthe3D Polylinesoption
andpressingOK.
CreatedeithermanuallyorthroughSmartdraft,theresulting3Dpolylinesshouldlooklikethis:
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111211
AddingBreaklineDatatotheSurface
ExpandthelevelbelowtheROAD SECTIONSsurfacein
theProspector,expandtheDefinitionlevel,and
right-clickonBreaklines.ClickAddfromthe
menu.
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111212
IntheAddBreaklinesdialogentera
Descriptiontoidentifythedata.
TheTypeshouldbeleftatStandard,whichis
theselectionmethodfor3Dpolylines.
TheWeeding Factorsand
Supplementing Factorscanbeleftoff;
thesebehaveforbreaklinesexactlyasdescribed
forContourDatainChapter1111.
PressOK.
Figure 1112.18 - Add Breaklines Dialog
AttheSelect objects:promptthesamelayerhocuspocususedinChapter1111willberepeatedto
temporarilyisolatethe3Dpolylines:
AttheSelect objects:prompttype'LAandpressEnter;theLayerPropertiesManagerappears
inside,andwithoutinterrupting,theAutoCADselection.IntheLayerPropertiesManager,turnoffall
layersexceptthebreaklinelayerV-TOPO-BRKL-ROADSinthiscase.PressOK toexittheLayer
PropertiesManager,returningtotheSelect objects:prompt.
SelectallofthebreaklineswithaWindoworCrossingselection,butdonothitEntertoclose
theselection.
AutoCADisstillattheSelect objects:prompt;againtype'LAandpressEntertoredisplaythe
LayerPropertiesManager.Turnthelayersbackon(orrestorealayersnapshottobereallytricky),and
againpressOK toexittheLayerPropertiesManagerandreturntotheSelect objects:prompt.
Atthispoint,theselectionandlayerhocuspocusaredone;pressEnter toendtheselection,andCivil
3Daddsthebreaklinesandrebuildsthesurface.
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111213
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111214
ReturningforasecondtothebreaklinetypesdisplayedintheAddBreaklinesdialog,therewereseveral
otheroptions.
InadditiontoStandard,theotherbreaklinetypesare:
Proximityalreadydescribed,usestheselectionofa2Dpolyline,andcreatesabreaklinethroughthe
surfacepointsinnearestproximitytoeachpolylinevertex.
Wallcreatesasecondbreaklinefromaselected3Dpolyline;promptsforanoffsetdirectionandawall
heightfromtheverticesofthepolyline,eithergloballyorindividually.
FromFile:allowstheimportofa.FLTfilecreatedinanotherprogram,suchasCarlson.ABreakline
fromfilecanbeconfiguredtomaintainalinktothefilewithinthesurface,allowingthesurfaceto
updatewithchangesmadetothefaultfile,ortobreakthelink
NondestructiveaddsnewtrianglestoaTINwithoutchangingtheslopesofTINfacesalreadyinplace.
ANondestructivebreaklineistheonlytypethatdoesnotalterthedirectionofcontoursorchangeTIN
slopes.NondestructivebreaklinesarebestsuitedtoaddingfeaturessuchassidewalkstoTIN'sfor
renderingpurposes.
ThemechanismtoaddpointdatatothesurfaceistheselectionofoneormorePointGroups;whether
Civil3DPointsorSurveyPoints,pointsgetaddedtothesurfacethroughPointGroups.
InthisprojecttherearetwoPointGroupsthatcanbeusedinthesurface,theChestnut Ridge Road
SectionsandWeybridge Road Sectionsgroups.Bothofthesegroupscontainpointsalreadyusedin
thedevelopmentofthebreaklines,whichwillnotcauseanyproblems,aswellasotherdesirable
featurespickedupontheroadsurface.TheASCIIfilesimportedinthiscasewere"clean",inthatthey
didnotincludeanyshotsonthetopsoffirehydrantsortheinvertsofpipesininlets,butamechanismis
neededtofiltertheseshotsoutiftheydidexist.Inanyevent,thetwoPointgroupsalreadycreatedwill
sufficeinthiscase.
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111215
ToaddthesepointsRight-clickonPoint GroupsundertheDefinitionlevelbelowthe
ROAD SECTIONS surfaceintheProspector,andclickAdd fromthemenu.
InthePointGroupsdialogselect thedesiredgroupsandpressOK.Thesurfaceisrebuilttoinclude
thepoints.
Aswedescribed,thetwoPointGroupscreatedastheASCIIpointfileswereimportedcouldbeusedin
thesurfaceherebecausethefieldworkcontainednoshotsthatshouldbeexcludedfromthesurface.
Thisisnotalwaysthecase;infactitrarelyis.Manyshotswillbetakeninthefieldthatshouldnotbe
includedinasurface:shotsonfirehydrantsandinvertsareexamplesalreadymentioned,butothers
includestumps,lightstandardbases,occasionallytrees;thelistisextensive.Thesepointsneedtobe
excludedfromPointGroupscreatedforthepurposeofaddingtosurfaces,andthebestmechanismfor
thisisDescriptionKeys.
AsdiscussedinChapter1211,thebasiclayerstandardintheCivilTraining.comtemplatedrawingplaces
pointsonlayersoftheformatV-DESC-P,whereVdenotessurveydataandPdenotesapoint.The
layersforthedataincludedherewereV-BOTBANK-P,V-CL-P,V-EP-PandV-GRAVEL-P.Thebestway
toexcludetheundesirablepointsistogetthemondifferentlayers,whichcanbefrozenbeforecreating
aPointGroupforthesurface.IftheDescriptionKeysforhydrants,inverts,stumpsandelectricutilities
routetheirpointstoV-HYDR-X,V-INV-X,V-STUMP-XandV-ELEC-Xthelayerscanbereadily
identifiedasExcludelayers.Whentheseshotsareinthedrawingonthe-X layers,Freezethe-X
layerstosuppressthedisplayoftheExcludepoints,thenbuildanewPointgroupforthesurfaceby
selectingtheremainingpointsfromthedrawing.
Thismethodworkswellwhenthefieldcrewsfollowthescriptandthingsgetcodedthewaytheyshould
be.Inrealitybadpointsslipintothesurface,andwe'llshowhowtodeletethemfromitshortly.
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111216
Figure 1112.23 - Surface Properties Dialog, Definition tab, Before Changing Order
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111217
Thetwoaffectedpointgroupsimmediatelyget glyphs(aswouldanydatabelowthem),andanother
dialogappears,warningthatthesurfaceneedstoberebuilt.Therebuildcanbeperformednowor
queued;presstheRebuild the Surface"button"toexecutetherebuildnow.Hadtherebuild
beenpostponed,thesurfacewouldhavebeenmarkedwitha glyphintheProspectorindicatingthat
therebuildwasneeded.
AdjustingtheSurfaceDefinitionBuildOrdercanbeimportantwhendataareaddedoutofsequence,or
whensurfaceeditsneededtobeprocessedbeforeotherdataareaddedinthebuildprocess.
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111218
Notice how we're not telling you where all of these commands are anymore?
Zooming intotheintersectionoftheroads,theBottomofBank3Dpolylinesthatneedtobecopied
andconvertedto2DarehighlightedinFigure1112.25
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111219
MapDrawingCleanupisastepbystepWizard;ontheSelectObjectspageclicktheoptiontoSelect
manually,andusethe
buttontoselecttheBottomofBank3Dpolylinesinthedrawing,
returningtotheWizard.
WhentheWizardreturns,donotpressNexttoadvancetothenextpage;thenextpageinthewizard
hastoolsforGeometricCleanupActionsthatarenotneededinthisapplication.Instead,jumpinthe
WizardtotheCleanupMethodspagebyclickingonCleanup Methods inthepaneontheleftside.
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111220
ChangebacktotheCivil 3D Workspace.
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111221
IsolatetheV-TOPO-BNDY-ROADSlayertoworkonthepolylines.
Thepolylinescreatedareall2D,buttheyareeachatdifferentelevations.(Mapusestheelevationofthe
firstvertexofeach3Dpolylineastheconstantelevationofeach2Dpolylinecreated.)Changeallofthe
polylinestoelevation0inProperties.
Inordertobeusedasaboundary,thepolylinesneedtobeturnedintoaclosedpolyline,without
duplicatevertices.Drawclosingsegmentsacrosstwoofthethreeopenends,butnotthethird.Close
thewestendofWeybridgeRoadandthenorthendofChestnutRidgeRoad,butnottheeastendof
WeybridgeRoad.Useeitherpolylinesorlines,drawnendpointto endpoint.
TurnthewholeboundaryintoonepolylineusingthePedit command.
WhenPeditpromptsSelect polyline or [Multiple]: pickanyonepolyline.
AttheEnter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype
gen/Reverse/Undo]:prompttypeJtojoin,andselectallofthepolylinesdrawn.
WhenthepolylinesarejoinedandtheEnter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit
vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Reverse/Undo]:promptreturnstypeCforcloseto
closetheeastendofWeybridgeroad,thenEnteroutofthecommand.
LeavetheV-TOPO-BNDY-ROADSlayerisolated;donotturntheotherlayerson.
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111222
Whytheinstructionstokeeptheboundarylayerisolatedandthesurfaceoutofviewwhileaddingthe
boundary?Everyothertimewe'veaddeddatatoasurfacewe'vetakenpainstobeabletoshowyou
theresultimmediatelywhat'sdifferent?
WhenaddingBoundariestoasurfaceCivil3Dseemstobecome"confused"whenoneobjectisdirectly
ontopofanother.This"confusion"manifestsitselfinmeaninglesserrorsinthEventViewer.Ifthe
otherlayershadbeenturnedonandthesurfacedisplayedtherewouldhavebeenseveralobjects
presentwheretheboundarywasselected,the2Dpolyline,the3DpolylineandaTINlinefromthe
surface.EvenwithDisplayOrdersetcorrectlythiswouldhaveresultedin"confusion".Isolatingthe
layerandsuppressingthesurfacedisplaypreventedtheerrors,andtheappearanceoftheEventViewer.
Restorethepreviouslayerstate,andchangetheSurface Style inSurface Properties
backto_Triangles Only; theimpactoftheboundaryshouldbeimmediatelyevident.
Savethedrawingbeforecontinuing.
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111223
Surface Editing
Therewillusuallybeinstanceswhenasurfaceneedstobeeditedoncebuilt;pointsgetincludedinthe
surfacethatshouldnotbe,TINlinesrunacrossslopesoffeaturesratherthanwithslopes,orpointsfail
tobeincludedthatshouldbe.Generally,themoreeffortisputintobreaklinesforasurfacetheless
editingwillberequired,butsomeminoramountusuallyis.Addingaboundaryaroundtheoutsideedge
eliminatestheneedforlaboriousdeletingoflinesthereprovidedtheboundaryworks.
TIN Line and Vertex Editing
InordertoedittheTINthesurfacemustbedisplayedusingaSurfaceStylethatshowsthetriangles.The
trianglescanbetheonlyelementshown,asisthecaseatthemoment,orthetrianglescanbeshown
alongwithotherelements,suchasthecontours.TheCivilTraining.Comtemplatedrawingincludestwo
Proposed Contours - Edit Surfacestylesthatdisplaycontoursandtrianglesforthispurpose.
TheEditSurfacecommandsthemselvescanbeaccessedeitheroftwoways:Right-clickingonthe
Edits levelbelowDefinitionbelowtheSurface NamerevealsanEdit Surface Menu,
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111224
RememberthatCivil3DsuppressesAutoCAD'sSelectionSetAutomaticinEditSurfacecommandslike
DeleteLinepickinginblankspaceinthedrawingshouldstartanautomaticWindoworCrossing,but
doesn't.ACrossingselectioncanbestartedwithinthecommandbytypingC,oraFence
selectionbytypingF.Theadvancedselectionoptionswork,butwon'tstartautomatically.
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111225
TheareanumberoflocationsaroundtheROAD SECTIONSsurfacewhereTINlinesrunacross,rather
thanwith,slopes.ThesearegoodcandidatesfortheSwapEdgecommand,whichchangesthedirection
oftriangulationinthesurface.PickingSwap Edge fromeithertheribbonormenushownabove,
pickindividualsubentityTINlinesinthesurfacetoflipthem.ThesurfacechangesasseeninFigure
1112.36.Iftherealotofthesetopotentiallychangeit'softenagoodideatoexaminethesurfaceinone
ofthetwoProposed Contours - Edit Surfacestylesthatdisplaycontoursandtriangles;sometimesit
lookslikefaceswillneedtobeflippedbutdoingsoreallywon'taffectacontour.
ThesurfaceeditingcommandsinvolvingPoints,AddPoint,DeletePoint,ModifyPointandMovePoint,
necessitatethatSurfacePoints,oractuallysurfacevertices,bedisplayed.Todisplaythesurfacevertices
useSurface Properties,fromaRight-clickonthesurfaceineitherthedrawingorthe
Prospector.IntheSurfacePropertiesdialogclicktotheInformation tab,,andpressthe button
totherightoftheSurface styleselection,pickingEdit Current Selectionfromthe
menu.
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111226
IntheSurfaceStyledialogclicktotheDisplaytab.ClickOnthevisibilityofthePointsinthe
dialog,changingtheglyphintheVisiblecolumnfrom
dialogandOKfromtheSurfacePropertiesdialog.
to
.PressOKfromtheSurfaceStyle
WiththesurfacePointsdisplayedasshowninFigure1112.40thesurfacepointeditcommandscanbe
used,indcludingDeletePoint;remembertoturnthedisplayofsurfacePointsbackoffbeforesavingthe
drawing.
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111227
Thehistoryofsurfaceeditsperformedisaddedtothesurfacedefinitioninthesamedisplayasthe
additionofdataintheSurfacePropertiesdialog,andindividualeditscanbeturnedoff,deletedfromthe
processingofthesurface,ormovedupordownintheorder.Changesmadeareprocessedwhenthe
surfaceisrebuilt.
IntheProspector,Right-clickontheROAD SECTIONSsurfaceandclickSurface
Properties fromthemenu.IntheSurfacePropertiesdialogclicktotheDefinitiontab.
ThebottompaneoftheSurfacePropertiesdialogshowsthedatapresentlyinthesurface,includingthe
edits.Thecheckboxesinfrontofeachlineallowsanedittobeturnedoff,andarightclickonan
individualeditwouldallowittobedeletedfromthesurfaceprocessing.Itisfrequentlynecessaryto
processsomeeditsbeforeaddingadditionaldatatoasurface,sothemanipulationoftheordercan
becomeincreasinglyimportantasmoredataareaddedtothesurface.PressOKtoclosethedialog,
leavingtheeditsinplace.
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111228
Smoothing Surfaces
Contoursmootingisaconceptthatmostoperatorsarefamiliarwith,butCivil3Dcanalsosmooth
surfaces.Smoothingasurfaceactuallymodifiesthesurfaceitself,reducingitstendencytoproduce
contoursthatareextrememlyirregular.Theresultisacontourthathasmoreofahanddrawn
appearance.ExtremecareshouldbetakeninhowandwhereSurfaceSmoothingisapplied,asthe
processchangesthesurface,notthecontours.Ifsurfacesaretobethesourceofstakeoutpointdata,
accuracycouldbelost.Surfacesmoothingdoeslenditselfbettertoproposedsurfaceapplications,and
we'lldealwithitindetailinlaterchapters.
Briefly,theSmoothSurfacecommandfromeitherthemenuorribbondisplaysthedialogboxshownin
Figure1112.42.SurfaceSmoothinginCivil3Dcanuseeitheroftwomethods,Naturalneighbor
interpolation,orKriging.
Naturalneighborinterpolation,orNNI,effectivelyoverlaysthesurfacewithnewpointsatadesiredgrid
spacinganddensity.Theprogramthencalculatesnewelelvationsforeachgridpointbasedonexisting
TINverticesinclosestproximity.
Krigingisafarmoreintensivemathematicalanalysisthatusesanyoffivestatisticalmodelstoevaluate
datatrendsinthesurface,andcanevenextendasurfacebeyondtheoriginallimitsofthedata.Agood
understandingoftheKrigingprocessisimportantbeforeapplyingthemethod,andsomeresearchon
thewebintoKrigingisstronglyrecommendedbeforeventuringintoitsapplication.
If the phrase "model the covariance or semivariogram of the spatial process" isnt familiar, do
some Reading before doing some Kriging.
Figure 1112.42 - Smooth Surface Dialog, with NNI and Kriging Selections
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Simplifying Surfaces
SimplifyingSurfacescanbeusedtoreducetheoverallsizeanddrawingfootprintofasurface,witha
minimalamountofaccuracydegradation.SimplifyingSurfacescanbeespeciallyimportantwith
surfacespreparedfromLIDARdata,whichisbecomingmorecommonwithaerials.SimplifyingSurfaces
isalsoatopicaddressedindetailinlaterchapters,butagainanoverviewispresentedhere.
TheSimplifySurfacecommandfromthemenuorribbondisplaysthedialogshowninFigure1112.43,
andagaintherearetwomethods,EdgeContractionandPointRemoval.
EdgeContractionlooksatthetriangleswithinasurfaceandchangesmultipletriangleswiththesame
slopetoasinglepoint,reducingthenumberoffaces.
PointRemovalexaminesthenumberofactualverticesinthesurface,andthinsthesurfacebyreducing
thenumberofpoints.
SimplifyingaSurfacecanbehelpfulwhenasurfacehasexceeded2.5millionvertices,resultinginthe
creationofasurface .mmsfile(MemoryMapSurfacefile).Civil3Dwritesthesurfacetoa.mmsfile,
placingitinthesamelocationasthedrawing,ifthesurfaceexceedsthe2.5millionvertexlevel.Ifthe
surfaceisthenSimplified,andtheresultingsurfacefallsbelow2.5millionvertices,thesurfaceispulled
backintothedrawingfileandthe.mmsfileisdeleted.
Figure 1112.43 - Simplify Surface dialog, with Edge Contraction and Point Removal Selections
Pasting Surfaces
Pasting,ormergingsurfacesbringsdatafromonesmaller(child)surfaceintoandreplacesdataina
larger(parent)surface.Theprocedureresultsinacombinedsurface,andisoftenusedtocombine
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111230
gradingwithexistingconditions,orhigheraccuracyexistingwithloweraccuracyexisting,aswewilldo
here.
Manyoperatorshavedifficultieswithpastingsurfaces,bothinCivil3Dandinpreviousproducts.In
orderforonesurfacetobepastedintoanotherthesmallerchildsurfacemusthavelogicalconnections
withtheparentsurfaceitmustactuallymeettheparentsurfacealongitsperimeterandcannotfloat
aboveorbelowit.Whenonesurfaceispastedintoanothertheprocessmustbeabletoform
reasonableTINtrianglesbetweenthetwo.Thesetrianglescannotbevertical,astheTINgeneratorin
Civil3Dcannothandleverticalfaces.Ifthechildsurfacesitsaboveorbelowtheparenttoany
significantdegreeverticalfaceswouldbeformedandtheprocesswillfail.Whatisa"significant
degree?"It'slargelyamatteroftrialanderror,butthebetterachildsurfacematchesintotheparent
alongitsouterboundarythebetteritwillpaste.
CopyingasurfaceinCivil3DactuallytakesplaceusingaregularAutoCADcopycommand,astheobject
beingcopiedisadrawingentity.Someconsiderationneedstobemadetothedestinationlayerofthe
newsurface,though,soavariationontheAutoCADcommandwillbeused.
Inordertobecopied,theEXISTING AERIALsurfaceneedstobeselectable,anditispresentinthe
drawinginthe_No Displaystyleatthemoment.
UseSurface PropertiesfromtheProspector tochangetheSurface Styleofthe
EXISTING AERIALsurfacetoBorder Only.Whileyou'rethere,changetheSurface Styleofthe
ROAD SECTIONSsurfaceto_No Display.
ThelayersusedfortheboundaryandbreaklinesfortheROAD SECTIONSsurfacearestilldisplayed;
freeze theV-TOPO-BNDY-ROADSandV-TOPO-BRKL-ROADSlayers,settinganyotherlayer
currentforthemoment.AlsofreezetheR-BOUNDARY,R-CONTOURS-10andR-CONTOURS-2
layers,whichweretheoriginalaerialdata.
Sincewewantthenewsurfacecreatedbythisprocesstobeonanewlayer,executethecopyofthe
surfacewiththeCopytolayercommand.ThiscommandcanbefoundontheCivil 3Dribbon's
Home tab,Layer panel,accessingthedropdownandpickingtheiconasshowninFigure1112.44.
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Therewillbeanoticeablepauseasthesurfaceiscopied.Whenthepromptappears:
1 object(s) copied and placed on layer "V-TOPO-EXISTING COMBINED".
Specify base point or [Displacement/eXit] <eXit>:
PressEnter tokeepthecopyinthesamelocationastheoriginal.
ThenewsurfaceappearsintheProspectoras
EXISTING AERIAL (2),andislocked,astheoriginal
waslockedwhencopied.
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AtthispointitisimportanttochangetheSurfacestyleoftheEXISTING AERIALsurfacebackto_No
Displaytopreventaccidentallyselectingit.
Severalthingsneedtobedonewiththenewsurface.Right-click ontheEXISTING AERIAL (2)
surfaceintheProspector,andbringupSurface Properties.
Unlockthesurface;itcannotberenameduntilunlocked.
ChangethesurfaceName toEXISTING COMBINED. ChangetheDescriptionasappropriate.
ChangetheSurface Styleto Triangles Only.
PressOK.
Zoomintotheareaoftheintersectionofthetworoadsinthedrawing,andSavethedrawing.
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111233
TheSelectSurfacetoPastedialog
displays.PicktheROAD SECTIONS
surfaceandpressOK.
Theimpactisimmediateanddramatic.
Savethedrawing.
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111234
Contouring Surfaces
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111235
Contouringthesurfaceincivil3DissimplyamatterofchangingtoaSurfacestylesettodisplay
contours.Right-click ontheEXISTING COMBINED surfaceintheProspectorordrawing,and
useSurface PropertiestochangetheStyletoExisting Contours 2' and 10'.Thedrawing
appearancechangestocontours,asseeninFigure1112.55.
That group of circular contours in Figure 1112.55 is an American Indian burial mound.
TheformatofthecontoursinaSurfaceStyleiscontrolledwithinthepropertiesofthestyle.Toexamine
theproperties,Right-click againontheEXISTING COMBINED surfaceintheProspectoror
drawing,andaccessSurface Properties,andusethe buttontotherightofthesurfaceStyle
selectiontoEdit Current Selection.
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111236
ChangingtotheDisplay tabintheSurfaceStyledialogtheComponentsturnedonaretheMajor
contourandMinorContour.ThisstyleusesColorControllayersforthecontours,sothelayer
assignmentsforthecontoursareV-TOPO-MAJRandV-TOPO-MINRasseen.Changingthecolorand
linetypeofthesetwolayersinthedrawingcontrolsthedisplayoftheexistingcontours.PressOKtwice
toreturntothedrawing.
Surface Labeling
Surfaceinformationcanbelabeledavarietyofways,includingcontourlabelsandspotelevationlabels.
Thecommandstoinvoketheselabelscanbeaccessedinavarietyofways,butthebestplacetoaccess
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111237
thecommandsisthroughthegeneral`interfaceinCivil3D,asonlytherecanallofthestyleoptionsbe
adjusted.
TodisplaytheAddLabelsdialog,changetotheAnnotatetabintheCivil 3Dribbon.Thereisan
Add Labels buttonontheupperleftquadrantoftheLabels & Tablespanelasshownin
Figure1112.58.
Contour Labels
Tosetstylesandcreatecontourlabels,accesstheAdd Labelstoolasdescribedabove.IntheAdd
LabelsdialogchangetheFeature TypetoSurface.
TherearethreecontourlabelingcommandsintheAddlabelsdialog:Contour - Single,
Contour - Multiple andContour Multiple at Interval.Allthreecommandswork
essentiallythesameway,placingeitherlabelsonindividualcontours,groupsofcontoursoratrepeating
intervalsongroupsofcontoursrespectively.Use Contour - Multipleforthisexample.
IndividualMajor Contour Label StyleandMinor
Contour Label Styleselectionscanbemade.The
CivilTraining.comtemplatedrawinghasalargenumberof
optionstoselectfrom;chooseEX Major L100 Even Planfor
themajorstyleandEX Minor L60 Even Planfortheminor
style.ThesestyleslabelwithslantedtextattheL100andL60
sizes(0.10"and0.06"),labelevencontourintervals(no
decimal),andareplanreadable(notupslope).
Withthestylesselected,pressAddtoplacethelabels;the
dialogremainsonscreen.
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111238
Eachofthecontourlabelscreatedinoneoperationofthecommandislinkedwithaninvisiblelinethat
controlstheirposition.Clickingonalabelrevealsthisline,andthelabelpositionscanbeadjustedby
adjustingthislinewithitsgrips.EventhelabelsproducedbytheContourSinglecommandhavealabel
controllineofthistypeandcanbesimilarlyadjusted.
TheexistingcontourlabelstylesintheCivilTraining.comtemplateusethecolorcontrollayersareVTOPO-MAJR-LABLandV-TOPO-MINR-LABLfortheirvisibilitysettings.
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111239
Spot Elevation Labels
Toplaceaspotelevationlabel,changetheLabel TypeintheAddLabelsdialogtoSpot
Elevation.ChangetheSpot Elevation Label StyletoExisting,andtheMarker
StyletoSpot Elev.PresstheAdd button.
AsthecommandpromptsSelect a surface <or press enter key to select from list>:
picktheEXISTING COMBINED surfaceinthedrawingbypickingoneofthecontours.
ThecommandpromptsSelect a Point:;pickanywhereonthesurfacetoplacealabel.Continue
pickingpointsforlabels,orpressEntertoendthecommand.
TheexistingspotelevationstyleintheCivilTraining.comtemplateusesthecolorcontrollayersareVTOPO- LABLforitsvisibilitysettings.
Asitisamodelessdialog,theAddLabelsdialogcanremainonscreenwhileothercommandsareused;it
canbeclosedwiththeClosebuttonwhendonewithlabeling.
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111240
TurnoffalllayersexcepttheV-TOPO-EXISTING COMBINEDlayeronwhichthesurfaceresides,
usingeither LayisoortheLayer Properties Manager.
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111241
TypeOrbit atthecommandline;astheorbitcommand
initializesslowlyrotatethemodelintoa3Dview.Onceina3D
position,right-click intheorbitcommand,andselect
Visual Styles Realistic.
Asthedisplaysstabilizes,right-clickagainintheorbit
commandandchooseExit.
Atthecommandprompt,typeVSEdges,andchangethesetting
to0tosuppressedgedisplay.
ReturntotheOrbit command,andexplorethesurfaceas
desired.
ItmaybehelpfultochangethecoloroftheV-TOPO-EXISTING
COMBINEDlayerforeasierviewing.
The3Ddisplayofthesurfacewilloftenshowdetailandpotentialerrorsthatwouldbedifficulttodetect
inanyotherfashion.
Whendonewiththe3Dexamination,returntoanormalvisualstylebytypingVSCurrentand
changingto2D,andtoaplanviewbytypingPlanandreturningtoaplanviewofthecurrent
coordinatesystem.Thepreviouslayerscanberestored,andtheSurfaceStylesetbacktoExisting
Contours 2' and 10'.
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111242
Asthecommandprompts:
Select object or [by Points]: ptypePforpickedpoints,Enter
Select first point or [by Object]:pickthefirstpointacrossthestream
Specify second point:pickasecondpointontheoppositesideofthestream
Specify next point or [hit enter to end]:press Entertoend(althoughmorepoints
couldbepicked).
TheCreateQuickProfilesdialogdisplays.
TurnofftheoptiontoSelect all
surfaces,andselectonlythe
EXISTING COMBINEDsurface.
ChangetheProfile View Styleto
Longitudinal Profile 5:1;this
selectionwillprovidea5:1vertical
exaggerationinthesection.PressOK.
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111243
TheEventViewerappears,warningthattheQuickProfileisatemporaryobjectthatwillnotremainin
thedrawingpermanently.Clear All Events fromtheEvenVieweranddispatchitintheusual
fashion.
TheresultingQuickProfileinthedrawinggivesaclearindicationoftheconditionsmodeledbythe
surface;theexaminationisfacilitatedbytheverticalexaggerationinthesectionorprofile.
ThelabelingoftheQuickProfileisderivedfromthealignmentandprofilesettingselsewhereinthe
program.
TheQuickSectioncanbemovedaroundthedrawing,andcanbeplotted.Itwill,however,notsurvivea
drawingSave,anddisappears.
Try it.
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111244
ChangetotheAnalysistabintheSurfacePropertiesdialog.
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111245
OntheAnalysistabchangetheAnalysis typetoSlopes.
Forthisprojectthedesireistohighlightslopes10%orgreaterandthose25%orgreater.Accordingly,
changetheNumberofrangesto2;wedontwanttocolorcodetheslopeslessthan10%atall.
TurnofftheoptiontoScale scheme to fit,allowingmanualadjustmentoftherangevalues.
Pressthe
buttontoadd2rangestothewindowatthebottomofthedialog.
BeginningwiththeMinimumSlopevalueforthehighestrange,adjusttheMinimum Slopeand
Maximum Slope valuesforeachrangeasshowninFigure1112.70.DontadjusttheMaximum
Slopevalueofthelastrange;itisthesteepestslopesintheTINandshouldbeleftalone.
Many people change the Maximum Slope value on the last range to 100%.
PressOKtocreatetheanalysis.
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111246
Thecompletedslopeanalysislookslikethis:
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111247
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