Presented By:

- Gassab Oussama.

Dedication

I dedicate this humble work to my

adorable parents whom help me and stand with
me in every moment in my life , to my sisters for
their support and their advices to my friends and
specially to my wife whom I love so much , to all
my teachers .
Oussama Gassab

Acknowledgement
I would like first to thank all my teachers for their help, guide,
and suggestions and all members of Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering.

II

Contents

Dedication..I
Acknowledgment ..II
Contents.III
Abstract.IV
IntroductionV

1 Solving any Non-homogenous PDE Equations...1

1.1 Homogenous Coordinate Transformation ....3
2 Solving Quasi-linear PDE equation.7
3 Solved problems....11
Conclusion ....25
References......26

III

Abstract
In this work our purpose is to represent effective methods to solve
PDE equations , the basic powerful method is obtained when we combine
between RCE ( Relativistic Conversion Equation ) and homogenous
coordinate transformation . the RCE method help us to change the format
of the PDE equation by controlling the concepts of the variables
(independent , dependent ) means we can change the concept of the
variable if it is independent we can converted to dependent . also RCE
help us to solve homogenous PDE equations by using continuous
algebraic steps .

When we introduce the concept of homogenous coordinate

transformation , we can change the format of PDE equation to another
easy format and that gives the RCE the ability to solve non-homogenous
PDE equations .

In these work we have explained all the needed concepts with high
details, and we have introduced examples how to apply this method.
in order to enhance understanding we have introduced some solved
problems. And this report can be used as a small reference for PDE
course.

IV

introduction
This world around us contains concepts and realties that are
amazing , why because all the phenomena that happens in this world can
be understand it and formulated mathematically , that is mean everything
happens in this world it happens for a reason and under a reason and it
happen under organized manner formulated mathematically .
So our universe it consists from two different worlds : the
mathematical world and the physical world, the mathematical world is
vast than physical world and we can say that the physical world exist
inside the mathematical world . and there is a relation between, the
physical world ,the mathematical world and the human mind . the human
mind can interact with the mathematical world by thinking and the human
can interact with physical world by the sensors.
In reality the mathematic is another amazing world that we can
feel it by our mind. We can understand this world deeply by using our
logical thinking. to make this mathematical world easy to understand and
easy to handle it have been formulated in papers by using logical
symbols. In reality if we haven't use any symbols for math it would be
just a complicate logical thinking in mind and we would not understand it
deeply. Because we are human we understand the realities by our mind
and our sensors , so if we formulate the mathematical world in handily
symbols this we will enhance our understanding because in this case we
are able to use our vision , writing with mind not mind alone .
To understand a such phenomena in complete way we need to see
it from different sides . also mathematic in order to understand it deeply
we have to handle with its concepts by using different methods .

1 Solving any Non-homogenous PDE Equations

We are familiar to solve non-homogenous PDE equations by predicting

its particular solution
For example :
If we take the following equation

+
= + +

It is non-homogenous linear PDE equation so it has a solution in the form

= wH + where

+
=0

+
= + +

For the homogenous solution

=
For the particular solution

= 0 is given by

= + + we can predict

that = + where is function depend only on and is

function depend only on y
So we have

= + +

+ = + +

So that must :

=
= +

= +

= 2 2

= 2 2 +

we don't need to add the integration constant

because it is inside the homogenous solution

So the general solution is in the form

= +

2 2
+ +
2
2

What if the equation is in the form

+ = 2 the solution is in the form = wH + where

+
=0

+
= 2

''In this case we are not able to predict the particular solution ''
Because we can predict the particular solution only for the following case
,

+ ,

= 1 + 2 and for other very special cases

like constant coefficient equation

But our purpose is to find the general solution for the equation that has
the form

+ ,
= 1 , + 2 ,

To find the solution the best way is to perform the homogenous

coordinate transformation

1.1 Homogenous Coordinate Transformation

Let's take the following equation

,

+ ,
= 1 , + 2 ,

How we would find the general solution to above equation ?

The best method is to perform Homogenous coordinate transformation
, is the original coordinate

, is the new coordinate

The transformation can be written as

= (, )
= (, )

= (, )
= (, )

By using the chain rule the transformation of partial derivatives takes the
following form
(, ) (, ) (, )
=
+

(, ) (, ) (, )
=
+

Question : how do we choose the coordinate transformation

in order to make the equation easy to solve
Answer : we choose the homogenous solution
The homogenous solution satisfy the equation
,
=
So =

=
= (, )

+ ,
=0

=
= (, )

= (, )
= (, )

Remake : we have make change only in the variable and we let the
variable as the same variable at the two coordinate ( the origin and the
new coordinate )
Where the variable satisfy the following

,
+ ,
=0

When we make the change

, = , ,

(, ) so ,

= (, ) where is new function depend on

+ ,
,

= 0 can be written in the form

+ ,
=0

The transformation equation become

(, ) (, ) (, )
=
+

(, ) (, ) (, )
=
+

Since = so is independent of so = 0 so we have

(, ) (, ) (, )
=
+

(, ) (, )
=

So we have
,
,

+ ,
= 1 , + 2 ,

(, ) (, )
(, )
+
+ ,
= 1 , + 2 ,

(, ) (, )

+
,
+ ,
= 1 , + 2 ,

Where ,

+ ,

= 0 that is why we have chosen the

homogenous solution be the coordinate transformation variable in order

to make a term in the equation go to zero
And the equation become simpler as follows
,

(, )
= 1 , + 2 ,

So we have obtained 1st order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE)

and is just constant parameter
It is in the form ( + = )

(, )

= 1 + 2

By multiplying by the integrating factor

, =

+ ()

+ ()

After we perform the integration we determine , by returning to

=
the original coordinate = (, )

Example : we return to our first example

+
= 2

To solve that equation we perform homogenous coordinate

transformation
First we determine the homogenous solution

+ = 0

= + 1
1 = +

+ = 0

+ =0

= + 1

= ( + )

We choose the simplest non-zero solution which is = +

= +

= so the transformation equations are

=

=

+ = 2 by performing the homogenous transformation

we got

= 2

= 2

= 2 2

=
=

+ ()
2
2

2 + ()
2

Where = +
6

+ ( + )
2
2

= + + + 2 (1 )

If we look to the particular solution = + 2 (1 ) so it is hard

to predicted from the non-homogenous term 2
So homogenous coordinate transformation is the best method to solve
non-homogenous PDE equations

2 Solving Quasi-linear PDE Equation

The quasi-linear PDE equation has the general form

,

+ ,
= (, , )

We perform homogenous coordinate transformation

First we determine the homogenous solution where
,

+ ,

=0

The transformation equations are

=
= (, )
So ,
,

+ ,

=
= (, )

= (, , )

= (, , ) where is just constant parameter

, = (, , ) which is the general form of first order

ODE . and we solve it by using the ODE techniques.

Remark :
We can make the following transformation
= (, )
=

+ ,

= (, )
=

= (, , )

= , ,

, = , ,

And we obtain ODE

, = , ,

We can summarize that ideas in the following diagram :

+ ,
= (, , )

The homogenous equation

,

+ ,
=0

The transformation equations

=
= ,

=
= ,

= (, , )

(2)

= (, )
=

= (, )
=

= , ,

And then we solve the obtained ODE equations

We choose the coordinate transformation (1) or (2) under the

concept of simplification
If , is more complicated than , we use the coordinate
transformation equation (1) in order to eliminate the term , and we
use (2) if the , is the complicated term

Example :
Let's take the quasi-linear equation

+
= 2 + 1

The homogenous equation is

+
=0

+
=0

+ =0

= ln + 11
= 1 ln

+=0

11 = ln ln = ln

we choose the simplest homogenous transformation equation by putting

= so we have =
=

=
=

By performing the transformation equation we have

+
= 2 + 1

=
2 + 1

= tan +

Where =

= 2 + 1

=
2 + 1

arctan = +
so the general solution is given by
= tan +
10

3 Solved Problems
In order to explain how we use the concepts of RCE (independent
dependent Relativistic Conversion Equation ) and the homogenous
coordinate transformation , we have introduced some organized
problems.
Because the concept of solving problems explains easily the realities .

11

Problem 01 : we have the following quasi-linear equation

( 2 )
+
=

1- why the homogenous coordinate transformation is not applicable ?

2- by using RCE ( independent dependent Relativistic Conversion Equation )
convert the equation to another simpler form .
3- solve the resulting PDE equation by using homogenous coordinate
transformation.
4- what do you conclude ?
5- from above results deduce the general solution of the following PDE equation

2
+
+
=0

Solution :

1- we can apply the homogenous coordinate transformation if the equation is in the

form

(, )
+ (, )
= (, , )

But the equation ( 2 ) + = has the dependent variable inside

the factor 2
2- we can use the RCE to make change between the dependent and independent

variables , if we look to our equation ( 2 ) + = we found that the

variable does not exist in all the coefficients , so it is better to make as the
dependent variable and (, ) as the independent variables .
2

2 +

+ =

2 =

+
= 2

Relative to as the dependent variable the obtained equation is linear equation

which is more simpler than the original one , so we can apply the homogenous
coordinate transformation

12

3- first we determine the homogenous solution

+
=0

By using the RCE + = 0

+ = 0

= 11

+ 11

= 1

= 11

We choose the simplest non-zero homogenous solution which is

=

= so the coordinate transformation equation are

=
=

1
=

When we perform the transformation we have the following

= 2

= 2 2

= ( 2 )

= 1

+ when we return to original coordinate =

we have = 2

can write it as 2 2 +

so the solution is expressed in implicit form we

we can express the solution in other form by using the concept of dependent and
independent variables.
If we have = , = ,
And we can express one variable function as = (, 0) so we have
1

2 2 +

2 2 +

,0

so there exist function

with two independent variables such that

1 2

+
; =0
2

4- we can conclude the following results :

By using the RCE we can change the format of PDE equation
We are able to express the solution of PDE to infinite different
representation
5- deducing the solution of the equation :

2
+
+
=0

13

By applying the RCE we have

2 + + = 0
2

+ = 0

+ = 0 the conversion happened between the variables

where became the dependent variable and , , become the independent

variables
We have the following equation

( 2 ) + = it is looks like that is equivalent to our first equation

but there is only one different is that is an independent variable
1

So when we perform the integration at the step = 1 we have to add

a function of two variables
1

= 2 2

+ ,

2 2 +

So there exist a function with two variables such that

1

= 2 +
;
2

Which is the general solution

Problem 02 : we have the following PDE equation :

+
+
=0

1- the above equation is expressed as is the dependent variable and , , are the
independent variables , by using the RCE express the equation in another form
where is the dependent variable and , , are the independent variables
2- solve the obtained equation ( don't forget that w is independent variable )
3- deduce the solution of the equation

+
=

4- express the solution in other different format

14

Solution:
1- expressing the equation in format such that is the dependent variable and
, , are the independent variables
By applying the RCE we have

+ + = 0
+ + = 0

+ = 0

+
=

where is the dependent variable and , , are the independent variables

Remark : we can express the equation as

(, , )
(, , )
+
= (, , )

2- solving the obtained equation

first we determine the homogenous solution

+
=0

The homogenous solution is given by =
=

We choose the simplest non-zero solution in order to make the coordinate
transformation
1

So we take =
= + so the coordinate transformation

equations are

=
1

= +

By performing the coordinate transformation we have

=
=

+ =

= / where are independent variables

+ (, ) we add function of two variables because

we have two independent variables so we have

= + ,
, = so there is exist a function with two
variables such that = ( ; ) so the general solution is given by
= ;

15

3- deducing the solution of the equation

+
=

This equation means

(, )
(, )

+
= (, )

Before we have solved the following equation

(, , )
(, , )

+
= (, , )

If we take = 0 we will obtain

(,,0)
(,,0)
(,)
(,)
+ = , , 0
+ = (, )

So the general solution of is given by

; = 0
4- expressing the solution in other format
; = 0 so there is function 1 such that
= 1 ( ; 0) = 2 ( )
1
ln = + 3 ( ) we take the exponential of the both side we get
1

= 3 ( )

= ( )

So the general solution can be expressed in beautiful representation as

1

= ( )

16

Problem 03
We have the following equation :

+
=

When we need to solve linear ODE in the form

+ = ()

We use the concept of integrating factor , we multiply the both sides by the
integrating factor than we obtain the following equation

+ = ()

Where we observe that

+ =

So we have

= = +

1- we observe that we can write the equation in the form

1

=


Use the concept of integrating factor to solve the PDE equation

Solution :
1- solving the PDE equation

+
=

1

= by multiplying by the integrating factor

+ =
1

we have

=
1

We call = so we have =

17

+ = 0 which have solution in the form

=
1

Where = so we have = so the general solution is given

by
1

=
which is as we found in problem 2
remark: we can use the integrating factor to solve ''some'' PDE equations

Problem 04:
Let's take the following equation :

+
=0

1-From the following what is the functions that are solution to above PDE equation
2

= 2
= 4 2 4 + 2
= (cos 2 + 2 )
= + 2
= 2

= 2 2

2
=
1 + 2
2- what do you conclude? Write a procedure to show how to play ( change) with
the solution format ( how to write it in highly different format '' seems totally
different'')

18

Solution :
1 For the function = 2

= 2

2 + = 2 2 + 2 2 = 0

= 2 2

So the equation is satisfied so = 2 is solution to PDE equation

For the function = 4 2 4 + 2
Without calculating the partial derivates we can observe that
= 4 2 4 + 2 = 2

= (2 ) so it is a solution

For the function = (cos 2 + 2 )

= (cos 2 + 2 ) = (cos 2 ) = (2 ) so it is a solution

For the function = + 2

= + 2

= 2 + 2

2 + = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 4 + 2 0

= + 2 it is not solution
For the function = 2
= 2 = 2 = (2 ) so it is a solution

For the function = 2 2

= 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 =
So it is a solution
2
For the function = 1+ 2
+

We know that tan + = 1

2
= tan 2 = tan 2 = (2 )
1 + 2
So it is a solution
=

2- we see that the general solution of PDE equation can be represented in highly
different formats
How we can change the format of the PDE general solution ?
We know that the general solution is represented by any general function
In our example = 2 the general function is

19

Since F is any general function so if we operate a another function on F

= so the resulting function H it is equivalent to F

= 2 = tan 2 = tan
Since is any function so we can write it in any format we want
= tan
= . . .
We can change the format of the solution to many different representation
'' we have to realize that when we comparing a solution to another solution"

Problem 05:
Lets take the following equation

+
= 2

this equation is linear so its solution represented by = +

1- determine the homogenous solution and predict the particular solution

Don't use the homogenous coordinate transformation
2- by introducing the change of variable = deduce the solution of the following
PDE equation

+
= 2

20

Solution :
We have the following equation

+
= 2

Its solution is represented as = +

Where

+
=0

+
= 2

Finding the homogenous solution

+ = 0
+ = 0 + = 0

+ 1

1
2

2 = 2 2 + 1

2 = 2 + 1

So the homogenous the solution is given by

= 2 2

Predicting the particular solution

+
= 2

We can predict that = ()

=0

= ()

So we have = 2

= 2 our prediction is correct

So = 3 3 so the particular solution is given by

1
= 3
3

21

The general solution is given by

1
= 2 2 + 3
3
2- deducing the solution of the equation

+
= 2

By make a change of variable =

We have

+
= 2

+
= 2

+
= 2

From above results the equation + = 2 is equivalent to above equation

1

So it has solution in the form = 2 2 + 3 3 our purpose is to determine

2

1 3

1 3

= = +3 = 3
So the general solution can be written in beautiful representation as

= 3 ( 2 2 )

22

Problem 06:
We have the following PDE equation

+ ( + + + 1)
=

1- show that this equation can be written in the form

(, )
+ (, )
= (, , )

2- solve it by using the homogenous coordinate transformation

3- what is your remark
+1

Solution:
1- showing that the equation can be written in the form

(, )
+ (, )
= (, , )

We observe that + + + 1 = + 1 ( + 1)

+ 1 + + + + 1 =
+ 1 + + 1 ( + 1) =

+ +1
=

+ 1
2- solving the equation

Finding the homogenous solution

+ +1

=0

+ 1 + 1

+ +1
=0

+ +1 =0
+ + 1 = 0
1

= 2 2 + + 1

= +1

= 2 2
1

We choose the simplest non-zero solution = 2 2 so the homogenous

transformation equation are
=
=
1 2
1
=
= + 2 +
2
2

23

When perform the transformation we have gotten the following equation

1 2
+ 2 +
=

+1
1
1
+ 1 = + 2 +
+ 1 =
+ 2 + + ()
2
2
1 2
1 3 1 2
+ = + + +
2
6
2
1 2
1 2
1 3 1 2
1
+ = + + + 2
2
2
6
2
2
1 2
1 3 1 2
1 2
+ = +
2
3
2
2
We can write the solution in the form
1
1
1
1
2 = 2 + + 3 + 2
2
2
3
2
So there is function such that
1
1
1
1
2 ; 2 + + 3 + 2 = 0
2
2
3
2
3- our remark that we have to handle the PDE equation in order to simplified to
another simpler form .

24

Conclusion
The mathematical world is very wide and it contains infinite deep ideas , all these
ideas are interconnected with each other . we can say that the mathematical world is
unlimited, it has no beginning and no ending. in reality the mathematics is not just how to
deal with equations and formulas or how to apply methods to solve problems, the
mathematics is the basic organization concept of our physical world ; look to the Sun and its
spherical shape , look to the planets and their elliptical path , look to the light and its straight
path and look to the all things that happen in this huge world , you will realize that you have
some feeling that you can understand this realities that happens in this world , also you will
realize that your mind can organize these realities inside logical concepts , the amazing thing
that we are able to write these logical concepts in symbols inside papers which have been
called mathematical equations .

Our mind has the ability to understand the logical concept of our physical world
which is the mathematics , since the mathematics is wider than our physical world ,we can
under the concept of logical thinking and generalizations to reach abstract realities (( called
abstract because we haven't "observed" them in our world , I have said we haven't observed
them , may they are exist because our world contains realities more than we expected,
because modern physics shows strange unexpected realities)).

When we are dealing with mathematics we have to realize that the mathematics is the
language of our physical world and our world is working under highly organized manner that
can be formulated mathematically, and we have to realize that our mind have the ability to
understand the mathematical concepts.

(( .
. ))
(( .

) 17 (




(( . ))

) 18(


) 19 (

) 190 (


. ) )) 191 (

25

References

[1] A.D. Polyanin, Y.F Zaitsev and A. Moussiaux . Volume 1 Hand Book of First
Order Partial Differential Equations , 2002 Taylor and Francis.
[2] Ron Larson, Bruce H .Edwards . Calculus ninth edition , 2010 , 2006 brooks/cole,
cengage learning.
[3] N.H.Asmar. Partial Differential equations with Fourier series and boundary value
problem second edition . Pearson Prentice Hall c2000.
[4] Murray R . Spiegel, Ph.D, SCHUM'S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND
PROBLEMS OF FOURIER ANALYSIS with Applications to Boundary Value
Problems. 1974 by McGraw-Hill,Inc .

26