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Lecture:
Neuroscience and Meditation
Gaelle Desbordes, PhD
Boston University
Feb 12, 2011
Scientificstudyofmeditation:Exchanges
betweenscientistsandcontemplatives
Aquickhistoryofthescientificstudyof
meditation:theearlystages
TranscendentalMeditation(TM)
HerbertBenson(1975):Meditation(andothercontemplativepractices)
induceaRelaxationResponse,whichistheoppositetothestress
response
Bodychangesduringstress
Imagesource:
http://www.atomicmeme.com/_imgs/learninghub/stressbiol/body_fight_flight2.png
H.Benson(1975):theRelaxationResponse
[iswhatmeditationdoes]
From:http://hubpages.com/hub/RXforStressTheRelaxationResponse
SympatheticNervousSystem:
Fightorflight
Imagesource:www.medicalook.com
ParasympatheticNervous
System:Restanddigest
butrecentresearchsuggeststhatthereismoretomeditationthanthe
relaxationresponse.
Aquicktourofthebrain
FromRickHanson(2009)Buddha'sBrainp.54
Prefrontalcortex(PFC):setsgoals,makesplans,directsaction;shapes
emotions,inpartbyguidingandsometimesinhibitingthelimbic system
Anteriorcingulate cortex(ACC):steadiesattentionandmonitorsplans;helps
integratethinkingandfeeling
Insula:interoception (sensestheinternalstateofthebody),includinggut
feelings;linkedtoempathy
Thalamus:majorrelaystationforsensoryinformation
Corpuscallosum:bundleoffiberspassinginformationbetweenthetwobrain
hemispheres
Limbicsystem:includesthebasalganglia,hippocampus,amygdala,
hypothalamus,andpituitarygland;centraltoemotionandregulation
Basalganglia:involvedwithrewards,stimulationseeking,andmovement
Hippocampus:formsmemories,detectsthreats,
Amygdala:respondsveryquicklytoemotionallychargedstimuli(especially
negativeones);actslikeanalarmbell todetectdangerintheenvironment
Hypothalamus:regulatesprimaldrivessuchashungerandsex;produces
oxytocin;activatespituitarygland
Pituitarygland:makesendorphins(i.e.internalopiate);triggerssex
hormones;storesandreleasesoxytocin.
Pleasenote:theabovelistisanoversimplification!Eachofthesebrainareasis
involvedinmanyotherfunctionsaswell.Neuroscienceisstillaveryyoung
science,andweareonlybeginningtounderstandhowthebrainworks.
FromRickHanson(2009)Buddha'sBrainpp.5355
Recentfindingsinneuroscience
aboutmeditation
Longtermchangesinbrainanatomy:
Meditationpractitionersmayhavethickercortexinbrainregionsassociated
withattention,interoception andsensoryprocessing,includingthe
prefrontalcortexandrightanteriorinsula.Meditationmightoffsetage
relatedcorticalthinning.
Insula
Prefrontal cortex
Recentfindingsinneuroscience
aboutmeditation:MBSR
TheeightweekMindfulnessBasedStressReduction(MBSR)Programhas
manybeneficialeffectsonmentalhealth,demonstratedinrandomized
controlledstudies
Forexample,ithelpswithchronicpain,autoimmunediseases(psoriasis),
anxiety,depression
[SeeupcominglectureonMindfulnessandDepression]
However,themechanisms bywhichMBSRworksarestilllargelyunknown
andunderinvestigation.
Forexample,arecentstudyfoundsmallchangesinthebrainafter8
weeksofMBSR(seenextslide)
Hlzel etal.,2011:Mindfulnesspracticeleadsto
increasesinregionalbraingraymatterdensity
Participantswhomeditatedfor
about30minutesadayforeight
weekshadmeasurablechangesin
graymatterdensityinpartsofthe
brainassociatedwithmemory,sense
ofself,empathyandstress.
M.R.I.brainscanstakenbeforeand
aftertheparticipants meditation
regimenfoundincreasedgraymatter
inthehippocampus,anarea
importantforlearningandmemory.
Theimagesalsoshowedareduction
ofgraymatterintheamygdala,a
regionconnectedtoanxietyand
stress.Acontrolgroupthatdidnot
practicemeditationshowednosuch
changes.
From:http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/howmeditationmaychangethebrain/
Recentfindingsinneuroscience:lovingkindness
andcompassionmeditation
Mostmeditationresearchhasfocusedonpracticesthatemphasize calming
themind(e.g.TM),improvingfocusedattention,ordeveloping
mindfulness(e.g.MBSR).
Morerecently,neuroscienceresearchhasturnedtocompassionandloving
kindnessmeditation.
Inlovingkindnesscompassionmeditation,expertpractitioners (comparedto
novices)showmore,notless,emotionalreactivitytosoundsofpeoplein
distress:fasterheartbeat,andstrongerresponseintheinsula (linkedto
interoception andempathy),whichcannotbeexplainedbytherelaxation
responsehypothesis.
experts
novices
From Lutz et al., 2008, PLoS ONE, Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of
Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise
PureCompassion meditationcaninducestrongEEGpatternspreviously
associatedwithpositiveemotionalityandenhancedadaptiveimmune
functioning:
(Lutzetal.,2004,ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,Long
termmeditators selfinducehighamplitudegammasynchronyduring
mentalpractice)
EEGbrainwavesduringcompassionmeditation
Phenomenology
vs.
hypothesisdrivenresearch
Atthispointintime,meditationneuroscienceisstillatthestageof
observinganddescribingwhathappensphenomenologically.Thereisno
scientifictheoryquiteyet,butthisisthetopicofactiveresearch.
OngoingresearchatEmoryUniversity
Physiologicalmechanismslinkedwith
meditation:
Meditationmayimproveemotional
andphysicalhealthbyreducing
inflammatoryreactivitytostressand
illness
Depression itselfischaracterizedby
increasedinflammation(Raisonetal.,
TrendsinImmunology, 2006)
Alsoinflammatory:fibromyalgia,
neuropathicpain,heartdisease,
stroke,Alzheimersdisease,etc.
Benefitsofcompassionmeditation:
pilotstudyoncollegestudents
Compassionmeditation
effectsonreductionsin
inflammationandemotional
distressinresponseto
psychologicalstress
TrierSocialStressTest(TSST)
publicspeakinginamockjobinterview formatinfrontofapanelof
expertsinbehavioralanalysis andvideocamera
mentalarithmetic
anticipatorystress/anxiety
HeartRateVariabilityandSkinConductanceLevel
Intravenouslinetotestseveralbloodmarkers(IL6,cortisol,NE,E,NPY,VIP,
NFNB,PBMC)at15minintervals,before,duringandafterthestressor
TrierSocialStressTesteffects
onimmuneandinflammatorymarkers
Inflammationmarkers(thelower,thebetter)beforeandafter
compassionmeditationtraining
Doseresponserelationshipforimmune
responseafterstressor
Doseresponserelationship
foremotionaldistressafterstressor
Basedontheabovepilotstudies,alargescalerandomizedclinicaltrialtotest
thephysiologicaleffectsofmeditationiscurrentlyunderwayat Emory
UniversityandBostonUniversity(incollaborationwithHarvardandthe
MassachusettsGeneralHospital):
TheCompassionandAttentionLongitudinalMeditationstudy
TheCompassionAttentionLongitudinal
Meditation(CALM)study
Compassionmeditationanditseffectoninflammatoryresponsestoacute
andchronicstress
NIH(R01)fundedstudyatEmoryUniversity,Atlanta,GA
PrincipalInvestigator:Dr.CharlesRaison
Compassionvs.MindfulnessAttentionvs.Controls
Targetedenrollment:N=360adultsover5years
Studyparticipants
Healthy,age2555
Targetedenrollment:N=360peopleover5years:
120MindfulnessAttention
120Compassion
120controls
Racial/ethnicdiversityrepresentativeofthelargerpopulation
Whatdoesthestudyconsistof?
Iterativetrainingover8weeks
Twiceaweekonehourmeetings/teachings
Meditationsubjectsareaskedtomeditate2030mineveryday(Practice
timeistrackedbyaportablemeditationlog device)
Controlsubjectsareaskedtokeepadailyjournalofhealthdiscussions
ThereisNOphysicalexercise(e.g.,yoga)ordietarychangeinvolved;
peoplekeeptheirhabituallifestyle.
Meditationtraininginthefirstgroup:
MindfulnessAttentionTraining(MAT)
Protocoloutlineoverthecourseof8weeks:
Settlingthebodyandrespirationintheirnaturalstate
Mindfulnessofbreathingwithrelaxationandstabilityofattention
Mindfulnessofbreathingwithrelaxation,stabilityandvividness
Settlingthemindinitsnaturalstate
Awarenessofawareness
TheMATprotocolwasdesignedbyAlanWallace(SantaBarbaraInstitute
forConsciousness)andGeshe Lobsang Tenzin Negi (EmoryUniversity)
basedonTibetanBuddhism,butcompletelysecularincontent
Meditationtraininginthesecondgroup:
lovingkindnessandcompassionmeditation
Protocoloutlineoverthecourseof8weeks:
Developingattentionandstabilityofmind,asinMAT(includedinall
subsequentsteps)
Developingcompassionforoneselfthroughmindfulnessofsensations,
feelingsandemotions
Cultivatingequanimityandappreciationforothers
Developingaffectionandempathy
Wishingandaspirational compassion
Activecompassionforothers
TheCompassionmeditationprotocolwasdesignedbyGeshe Lobsang
Tenzin Negi (EmoryUniversity)
basedontraditionalTibetanlojong =mindtraining techniques,but
completelysecularincontent
Control:Healthdiscussiongroup
Protocoloutlineoverthecourseof8weeks:
Onehourtalkonahealthrelatedtopicbyalocalexpert
Onehouractiveparticipationinsmallgroupdiscussions,roleplaying,and
friendlydebatesdesignedtomakethehealthtopicscoveredpersonally
relevant
Asasubstitutefordailymeditationpractice,thesecontrolsubjectsare
keepingadailylogoftheirreflectionsonhowtoincorporatethecurrent
healthtopicintodailylife
(Logswillnotbecollected,butaveragetimespentonitperdaywillbe
recorded)
Pre andpostinterventionassessments
TrierSocialStressTest(TSST):
publicspeakinginamockjobinterview formatinfrontofapanelof
expertsinbehavioralanalysis andvideocamera
mentalarithmetic
anticipatorystress/anxiety
HeartRateVariabilityandSkinConductanceLevel
IntravenouslinetotestIL6,cortisol,NE,E,NPY,VIP,NFNB,PBMC
at15minintervals,before,during,andafterthestressor
Neuropsychiatric,psychosocialandlifestyleassessments
12differentselfreportandclinicianbasedassessments
Brainimaging(atMGH):structural,diffusionbased,andfunctionalMRI
Onasubsetofthesubjects(targetN=48,or16pergroup)
FundedseparatelybyanNIHResearchChallengegrant(ARRA)toProfessor
EricSchwartzatBostonUniversity
Recapofpreviousneuroimaging studies
SaraLazar,MGH:
corticalthicknesslargerinmeditators in
regionsassociatedwithattention,
interoception andsensoryprocessing,
includingprefrontalcortexandright
anteriorinsula
Longitudinalstudy:Stressreduction
(followingMBSRintervention)correlates
withdecreaseinamygdala greymatter
density
AntoineLutz,RichieDavidson(U.of
WisconsinMadison):compassionmeditation
inexperts
Highamplitudegammasynchrony(EEG)
enhancedactivationofinsula,cingulate
cortices,amygdala,etc.(fMRI)
andothers
Motivationsforbrainimaging
Changesinstressresponseinvolvethebrain,esp.limbicandsubcortical
structures(e.g.Hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal(HPA)axis)
Thewhere question:Whichneuralregionsandcircuitsareinvolved?
Neuroplasticity:Useitorloseit;canwetrainthebraintobemore
Attentive?Mindful?
Compassionate?
Differentreactionstoemotionalstimuli,linkedtobetterqualityoflife
(changeintrait)
Neuralcorrelatesofmeditativestates asalteredstatesofconsciousness
Hypothesesonlongitudinaleffectsof
meditationtraining
Structuralchanges:corticalthickness,greymatterdensity
Changesinanatomicalconnectivity
Changesinfunctionalconnectivity(indefaultmodenetwork+other
networks)
Physiologicaltrait changesintherestingstate
longitudinaldifferencesinbaselinebrainactivation
Changesinautonomicphysiology
Changesinresponsetoemotionalstimuli
longitudinaldifferencesinbrainresponsetostimuli
Changesinautonomicphysiology
Neuralcorrelatesofmeditation:mindfulnessvs.compassionvs.rest
probablyactivatedifferentregionsofthebrain(state changes)
Brainimagingexperimentaldesign
Siemens3Twith32channelheadcoil
Simultaneousrecordingsofautonomicphysiologicaldata:
ECG,breathingbelt,pulseoxymeter,GSR
Anatomical(structuralanddiffusionbased)scans:
corticalthickness,greymatterdensity,whitematterconnectivity
fMRI inrestingstatetomeasurefunctionalconnectivity
fMRI task:passiveviewingofemotionalvisualstimuli
Photographsofhumanbeingsinvarioussituations(fromIAPS
database)
3emotionalvalences:positive,negative,neutral,presentedinrandom
order
Thanksto:
BostonUniversity:
EricSchwartz
EmoryUniversity:
ChuckRaison
Geshe Lobsang Tenzin Negi
Harvard/MGH:
LamaWillaMiller
TedKaptchuk
BruceFischl
LarryWald
Vitaly Napadow
SaraLazar
andmanyothersforinspirationandfeedback!
Funding:NIH:NCCAMRC1AT005728(E.Schwartz)
andNCCAMR01AT004698(C.Raison)
MindandLifeInstituteVarelaAward(G.Desbordes)
Thankyou!
Pleasefeelfreetocontactmeifyouhaveanyquestions:gdesbord@bu.edu