Drilling Rig

DRILLING
Lesson 2
Drilling Systems
Drilling Rigs
Drilling a Well
Definitions
From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, January 13, 2002

4
Noble
Drillings
Cecil
Forbes
A JackUp Rig
5
Sonats
George
Washington
A SemiSubmersible
Rig
Zapatas
Trader
A
Drillship
TENSION LEG PLATFORM

9
Shells
Bullwinkle
Worlds tallest
offshore
structure
1,353 water
depth
Production
began in 1989
45,000 b/d
80MM scf/d
10
Fig. 1.4
The
rotary
drilling
process
11
Fig. 1.5
Classification of
rotary drilling rigs
12
Fig. 1.13
Engine
power
output
P=F.V
Power = Force * Velocity
13
TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE

OF VARIOUS FUELS
Fuel
Type
diesel
gasoline
butane
methane
Density
(lbm/gal)
7.2
6.6
4.7
---
Heating Value
(Btu/lbm)
19,000
20,000
21,000
24,000
14
Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output

torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200
rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr,
what is the output power and overall efficiency of
the engine?
Solution:
The angular velocity, , is given by
= 2 (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)

The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1
7,539.8 (1,740) ft - lbf/min

P = T =
= 397.5hp
(33,000 ft - lbf/min )/hp
15
Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2

lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000
Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption
rate w f is:
1 hour
w f = 31.5 gal/hr (7.2 lbm/gal)
60 minutes
wf = 3.78 lbm/min.
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is

given by Eq. 1.2:
16
Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in)

Qi = w f H
Qi =
3.78 lbm/min (19,000Btu/lbm) (779 ft - lbf/Btu)

33,000 ft - lbf/min/hp
Qi = 1,695.4 hp
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200
rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is
P
397.5
Et =
=
= 0.234 or 23.4%
Q i 1,695.4
17
Drilling a Well
Steps in Drilling a Well
Duties of Drilling Engineer
Making a Connection
Making a Trip
Rig Selection Criteria
Derrick Loading
Definitions (Lesson 2B) (separate)

18
Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well

1. Complete or obtain seismic, log,
scouting information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best
data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout,
proceed with well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/
national authority.
19
Steps to Drill a Well - contd

6. Prepare drilling and completion
program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or
combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8.
If necessary, modify program to fit

selected contractor equipment.
20

9. Construct road, location/platforms and
other marine equipment necessary for
access to site.
10. Gather all personnel concerned for
meeting prior to commencing drilling
(pre-spud meeting)
11. If necessary, further modify program.
12. Drill well.
21

13. Move off contractor if workover unit is
to complete the well.
14. Complete well.
15. Install surface facilities.
16. Analysis of operations with concerned
personnel.
22
Drilling Operations
Field Engineers, Drilling Foremen

A. Well planning prior to SPUD
B. Monitor drilling operations
C. After drilling, review drilling results and
recommend future improvements
- prepare report.
D. General duties.
What are the well requirements?

Objectives, safety, cost
23
Making
a
Connection
Making
a
Trip
24
Making a mouse hole connection

25
Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole
Stabbing
the Pipe
Single
Added.
Ready to
Drill
Making a mouse hole connection - contd

26
Making a trip
Put Kelly in
Rathole
Why
trip?
Use
Elevators
for
tripping
27
Tripping
one stand
at a time
60-90 ft
Making a trip - contd
28
Criteria for determining

depth limitation
Derrick
Drawworks
Mud Pumps
Drillstring
Mud System
Blowout Preventer
Power Plant
29
W
T
FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System
T=W
Derrick Load = LD = 2W
(assumes no friction in sheave)
30
n = number
of lines,
Crown block
To
Travelling
block
W = weight
(hook load)
LD = load
on derrick
FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System
Assuming no friction
W=4T
T = W/4
LD = 6 T = 6 W/4
Why n + 2?
n+2
LD =
W
n
31
Example 1.1
(no friction)
The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch
casing for a deep well is determined to be
400,000 lbs. Since this will be the heaviest
casing string run, the maximum mast load
must be calculated. Assuming that 10
lines run between the crown and the
traveling blocks and neglecting buoyancy
effects, calculate the maximum load.
32
Solution (no friction):

The tension, T, will be distributed equally
between the 10 lines. Therefore,
T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbf
The tension in the fast line and dead line
will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total load is
40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf
n+2
10 + 2
LD =
W =
400,000 = 480,000 lbf
n
10
33
Solution, cont.
Example 1.1 demonstrates two additional
points.
1. The mast load decreases
with additional lines.
2. The total mast load is always
greater than the load being lifted.
34
A Rotary Rig
Hoisting
System
Note:
Generally we
need to consider
friction in the
sheaves
35
Projection of
Drilling Lines
on Rig Floor
E = efficiency = Ph/Pi = W/(n Ff ) or Ff = W/(nE)
(1.7)
TOTAL
36
Load on Derrick
(considering friction in sheaves)
Derrick Load = Hook Load + Fast Line Load
+ Dead Line Load
Fd = W + Ff + Fd
Fd
W
= W +
En
W
+
n
1 + E + En
=
W
En
E = overall efficiency:
E = en
e.g., if individual sheave efficiency = 0.98 and n = 8, then E = 0.851

37
Example 1.2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The
drawworks can provide an input power to the
block and tackle system as high as 500 hp.
Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line
when upward motion is impending,
2. the maximum hook horsepower
available,
38
Example 1.2, cont.

3. the maximum hoisting speed,
4. the actual derrick load,
5. the maximum equivalent derrick load,
and,
6. the derrick efficiency factor.
Assume that the rig floor is arranged as
shown in Fig. 1.17.
39
Solution
1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given
as 0.841 in Table 1.2. The tension in the
fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.
W
300,000
F=
=
= 44,590 lb
E n 0.841 * 8
( alternatively, E = 0.988 = 0.851 )
40
Solution
2. The maximum hook horsepower
available is
Ph = Epi = 0.841(500)
Ph = 420.5 hp.
41
Solution
3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by
33,000 ft - lbf/min
420.5 hp
hp
Ph
=
vb =
300,000 lbf
W
vMAX = 46.3 ft/min

42
Solution to 3., cont.

To pull a 90-ft stand would require
s
90 ft
t =
=
v
46.3 ft/min
t = 1 . 9 min .
43
Solution
4. The actual derrick load is given by
Eq.1.8b:
1 + E + En
Fd =
W
En
1 + 0.841 + 0.841(8)
=
(300,000)
0.841(8)
= 382,090 lbf.
44
Solution
5. The maximum equivalent load is given
by Eq.1.9:
8+ 4
n+ 4
Fde =
* 300,000
W=
8
n
Fde = 450,000 lbf
45
Solution
6. The derrick efficiency factor is:
Fd 382,090
=
Ed =
Fde 450,000
E d = 0.849 or 84.9%
46
RIG COMPONENTS-Definitions
1. Gin Pole - An A frame structure
located at the top of standard derricks used
to list and lower the crown block into
position.
2. Water Table -The water table is the walkaround at the top of standard derricks which
supports the crown block.
3. Crown Block - A series of sheaves
affixed in the top of the derrick used to
change the direction of pull from the
drawworks to the traveling block.
4. Derrick - Vertical structure that allows
vertical clearance and strength to raise and
lower the drill string. This structure withstands two types of loading: compressive
loading and wind loading.
Types of Derricks:
Triple- has the capacity of pulling 90
stands of pipe
Double- has the capacity of pulling 60
stands of pipe
Single- has the capacity of pulling
30stands of pipe (one 30-ft joint)
Standard Derricks - Four sided structures
that must be assembled and disassembled
when transporting.
Portable Derricks - Telescoping and
jackknife types. The telescoping derrick is
raised and lowered in an extending and
collapsing fashion and lowered in one piece,
but may be disassembled to some degree
after being lowered.
5. Stand - A stand generally consists of two
to four joints of made-up drill pipe. The
stand is generally used when running or
pulling the drill string in and out of the hole.
6. Monkey board - (Stabbing board) The
platform on which the derrick man works
when tripping pipe.
7. Racking Fingers - Fingers or members
where the stands are racked and secured
while tripping pipe.
8. A Frame - The A frame structure on
a jackknife used to raise and lower the mast.
It also supports the derrick in the raised
position.
9. Bull line and Sheaves - The large line and
sheaves located on the A frame of a
jackknife used to raise and lower the
derrick.
10. Traveling Block - The block and tackle
which is rigged with the crown block by
multiples of drilling line strung between the
crown block and the traveling block. The
efficiency, En, can be computed as
E
sheave
(0
98
pairs
)n
where
in the
crown
is
the
number
and
of
traveling
blocks.
n
En = 0.98
where
En is the overall hoisting efficiency
n is the number of lines strung
between the crown block and
travelling block, and (in this case)
0.98 is the efficiency of each sheave
11. Swivel - That part of the drill sting
which connects the rotary hose to the drill
string and allows circulation and rotation at
the same time.
12. Kelly - The square or hexagonal
member at the upper most part of the drill
string (immediately below the swivel) that
passes through a properly fitting bushing
known as the kelly bushing or drivebushing.
The drive bushing transmits rotary motion
to the kelly which results in the turning of
the drill string.
13. Kelly Bushing/Drive Bushing - That
bushing which fits inside the rotary bushing
and transmits rotary torque to the kelly.
14. Rotary Bushing - The bushing that fits
inside of the rotary table opening. This is
where the drill pipe and collar slips seat
when the drill string is suspended from the
rotary table for connections or tripping pipe.
15. Rotary - Transmits the rotary motion or
torque from the power source to the drive
bushing.
16. Kelly Cock - Safety valves located above
and/or below the kelly. These valves are of a
ball type and must be manually operated. Their
primary purpose is to prevent flow up the drill
string in case of emergencies. A third kelly cock
is generally kept on the drill floor to be used in
the drill string in the event flow up the drill
string occurs while making a connection or
tripping pipe.
16. Kelly Cock, cont. - (Federal leases,
USGS, requires two kelly cock valvesabove and below the kelly- and a third one
on the drill floor in the opened position.) A
secondary use of the kelly cock valve below
the kelly is to prevent the loss of mud from
the kelly while making a connection. This
should be discouraged to prevent wear on
the kelly cock valve.
BOP Valve - This valve is also
17. Inside POB
used to prevent flow up the drill string when
the well kicks and a connection or tripping
operations are under way. This valve
operates like a check valve and is always
kept in open position on the rig floor. This
valve is required to be on the rig floor in the
open position for Federal leases.
18. Kelly Saver Sub - A sub located blow
the lower kelly cock valve. The function of
this sub is to prevent wear on the kellys
threads and to centralize the kelly by means
of a rubber protector, thus preventing wear
on the kellys hexagonal or square shape.
19. Elevators - The elevators are used for latching
on to the tool joint or lift sub of the drill pipe or
drill collars. This enables the lifting and lowering
of the drill string while making a trip. The
elevators are connected to the hoisting system
(traveling block) by means of bails.
20. Bails - The bails connect the traveling block
and elevators. They are solid steel bars with eyes
at both ends.
21. Hook - The hook is located beneath the
traveling block. This device is used to pick
up and secure the swivel and kelly.
22. Slips - Latch around the drill pipe and
seat in the rotary bushing in the rotary table.
The slips support and transmit the weight of
the drill string to the rotary table while
making a connection or tripping pipe.
22. Slips, cont. A. Drill Pipe
B. Drill Collar
C. Casing
23. Drawworks - The principal parts of the
drawworks are the drum, the drum brakes,
transmission, and cathead.
23. Drawworks, cont. - The principal
function is to convert the power source into
a hoisting operation and provide braking
capacity to stop and sustain the weights
imposed when lowering or raising the drill
string.
23. Drawworks, cont. A. the drum is housed in the drawworks
and transmits the torque required for
hoisting and braking. It also stores the
drilling line required to move the
traveling block the length of the derrick.
23. Drawworks, cont. B. The cathead is a shaft with a lifting
head that extends on either side of the
drawworks and has two major functions.
It is used in making up and breaking out
tool joints in the drill string. It is also
used as a hoisting device for heavy
equipment on the drill floor.
23. Drawworks, cont. B. This is done by wrapping the catline
(catline is generally made of rope and is
connected to a piece of chain used to tie
on to equipment) around the lifting head.
The number of turns of rope on the head
and the tension provided by the operator
controls the force of the pull.
23. Drawworks, cont. C. The drawworks contains all of the
controls to divert the rig power to
needed operations.
24. V-Door Ramp - The ramp which
connects the V door to the cat walk.
25. Sandline - The sandline is a small
drawworks system. The line is generally used for
running surveys or fishing for lost surveys. These
units are usually integral parts of the drawworks.
26. Kelly Spinner - A pneumatic operated spinner
located above the kelly. It is used to spin the kelly
to make up tool joints when making connections.
The kelly spinner can generally spin clockwise to
speed up connections.
27. Tongs - Large wrench-like devices that
are used to tighten up and break out tool
joints or connections. The tongs are
connected to the break out and make up
catheads. Hydraulic tongs are generally
used to make up casing and tubing, deriving
power from a hydraulic unit.
28. Auxilliary Brakes - The drawworks
generally have two braking systems; the
band-type brakes on the drawworks drum,
and the auxiliary brakes. The auxiliary
brakes are used only when going in the hole
on a trip. These are used to prevent burning
the band-type brakes. The auxiliary brakes
are of two types: hydro-dynamic or
electromagnetic.
28. Auxilliary Brakes, cont. A. The hydro-dynamic type braking is
provided by water being impelled in a
direction opposite to the rotation of the
drum. The brake is mounted on a shaft
that can be engaged to the drawworks.
28. Auxilliary Brakes, cont. B. The electromagnetic type braking is provided
by two opposing magnetic fields. The magnitude
of the magnetic fields is dependent on the speed
of rotation and the amount of external excitation
current supplied. In both types of auxiliary
braking systems, the heat development must be
dissipated using a liquid cooling system.
29. Deadline Reel and Clamp - The drilling
line strung through the traveling block and
to the drawworks is secured by the deadline,
which is wrapped around the deadline reel
and clamped. This prevents the line from
slipping and the traveling block from
falling.
30. Mud Pumps - Mud pumps are used for
circulating the drilling fluid down the drill pipe and
out of the annulus. These are high-pressure and
high-volume pumps. They can be double-acting
duplex pumps or single-acting triplex pumps.
A. The double-acting duplex pump has
four pumping actions per pump cycle.
B. The single-acting triplex pump has
three pumping actions per pump cycle.
31. Shale Shaker - The shale shaker is a
contaminant removing device. It is used to
remove the coarser drill cuttings from the
mud. This is generally the first solidsremoving device and is located at the end of
the flow line. The shale shaker is composed
of one or more vibrating screens though
which mud returns pass.
32. Desander - Desilter- The desander and
desilters are for contaminant or solids removal
purposes. These devices separate sand-size
particles from the drilling mud. Both devices
operate like a hydrocyclone. The mud is pumped
in at the top of the cyclone. This causes the mud
stream to hit the vortex finder which forces the
mud down the cyclone in a whirling fashion
towards the apex of the cyclone.
32. Desander - Desilter- The heavier
particles are forced outward faster than the
smaller particles. The heavier particles on
the outside of the whirling fluid are
deposited out of the apex while the much
smaller particles follow the path of the
liquid and reverse their path in the center
and flow out of the cyclone through the
vortex finder.
32. Desander - Desilter cont. - If used as a
desander or desilter, the waste product is
deposited at the bottom and the fluid
moving trough the vortex finder is returned
to the active system. If used as a clay
ejector, the under-flow contains barite
particles which are returned to the mud
system, while the fluid moving out of the
vortex is deposited as waste.
32. Desander - Desilter cont. - The
difference between the various operations of
the desander, desilter, and clay ejector relate
to the size of the cyclone.
Cyclone Size
Desander
6 or larger
Desilter
4 or larger
Clay Ejector
2 or larger
33. Decanting Centrifuge - A solids-control
device which consists of a rotating coneshaped drum which has a screw conveyer
attached to its outer surface. Rotation of the
cone creates a centrifugal force that throws
the heavier particles to its outer housing.The
screw conveyer moves the separated
particles to the discharge.
33. Decanting Centrifuge, cont. - This
device has to be monitored closely in a
water-based mud because it allows
discharge of bentonite (gel). The bentonite
controls viscosity and fluid loss. If allowed
to operate for long periods of time without
adding bentonite to the mud system,
filtration control will be lost.
34. Degasser - This vessel is used for gas
contamination removal. It consists of a vessel
which has inclined flat surfaces in thin layers and
a vacuum pump. The mud is allowed to flow over
the inclined thin layers which helps break out
entrained gas in the mud. The vacuum pump
reduces the pressure in the vessel to about 5 psia
which extracts the gas from the mud. This device
is about 99% efficient.
35. Mud Gas Separator - This is generally
the first device available to extract gas from
the mud. It consists of a tower with baffle
plates, which are flat plates that force the
fluid through a certain path. The mud is
allowed to flow in the tower over the baffle
plates which separates some of the
entrained gas. This device generally can
extract 50% to 60% of the gas.
36. Accumulator - The accumulator is a
hydraulic system that maintains and stores
enough high-pressured fluid to operate every
function of the blow-out preventors (BOPs) at
least once and still have a reasonable reserve, as
defined by the governing agency rules. The
system has a pump which pumps the hydraulic
fluid into storage bottles.
36. Accumulator, cont. - The storage
bottles have floats which separate the
hydraulic fluid from the gas (nitrogen) in
the upper part of the chamber. As fluid is
pumped into the chamber bottles, the gas is
compressed, resulting in the pressure
needed to move the hydraulic fluid to
operate the BOPs.
37. Bag-Type Preventers (Annular Preventers)
This preventer is used the most because the rubber
sealing element can conform to any shape or size
conduit in the hole. The annular preventer can
further collapse completely and seal the annulus
with no conduit to the hole. (This is not
recommended.)
37. Bag-Type Preventers (Annular Preventers)
The annular preventers consist of a rubbercovered, metal-ribbed sealing element. This
element is caused to collapse and seal by
allowing the pressurized hydraulic fluid from
the accumulator to move a tapered, form-fitted
cylinder against the rubber which causes
collapse.
37. Bag-Type Preventers
(Annular Preventers) cont.
This type preventer is the most versatile
because the drill string can be raised,
lowered, and rotated while closed. There are
two types of rubber sealing elements:
37. Bag-Type Preventers (Annular
Preventers) cont.A. Real rubber sealing elements which
wear much longer but should not be
used with oil-base muds or known oil
fields because of the adverse effect of
the oil on the rubber.
37. Bag-Type Preventers
(Annular Preventers) cont.
B. Synthetic rubber sealing elements
which do not last as long as the real
rubber, but can be used with oil-base
muds or in known oil fields.
38. Ram Preventers - This type BOP is used
mainly as a backup to the bag-type preventer or
for high-pressure situations.
A. The pipe rams have two rams on
opposite sides that close by moving
towards one another. The rams themselves have
semicircular openings which match the diameter
of pipe being used. Each different size pipe
requires correctly sized rams.
38. Ram Preventers, cont. B. If a tapered string is being used to
drill a well, such as a 5 drill pipe and a
3-1/2 drill pipe, then two ram-type
preventers must generally be used. This
type preventer cannot allow the pipe to
be worked through it.
38. Ram Preventers, cont. C. The blind rams do have the semicircular
opening of the pipe rams. Instead, the front
surface of the blind rams is flat, and they can
only be used to seal the annulus when there is no
pipe in the hole.
D. The shear blind rams are designed to cut
through the drill pipe and seal the hole. this type
of preventer should only be used as a last resort.
39. Diverter System - The diverter system is
used in conjunction with the annular
preventer to divert the path of mud flow
either overboard or through the mud gas
separation facilities. This system is
generally only used when drilling at shallow
depths where the formation has a weak
fracture gradient.
39. Diverter System, cont. - This system
generally consists of a drilling spool with
two 4 outlets. Attached to the outlets is a
valve or valves which connect to a line
leading away from the rig.
40. Choke Manifold- This is a system of
valves and lines which are attached to the
choke line, and in some cases, kill line. The
manifold is used to help control a well that
has kicked by diverting the flow to various
functions such as an adjustable choke. It is
designed for versatility in diverting the mud
flow after experiencing a kick.
41. Adjustable Choke - The adjustable choke is
usually hydraulically controlled from a remote
panel located on the rig floor. The purpose of the
adjustable choke is to hold the correct back
pressure on a well when controlling a kick so as
not to allow any more formation fluid into the
hole and/or prevent breaking the formation down
while controlling the well.
42. HCR Valve - the HCR valve is a
hydraulically operated gate valve. This
valve is used on diverter systems and choke
lines leading from the blow out preventers.
The advantage of the valve is that it can be
operated remotely.
43. Float - The float is a check valve run in
a special sub in the bottomhole assembly. It
prevents any back-flow up the drill pipe.
This should be run in shallow drilling
operations to help control shallow kicks.
44. Underreamer - The underreamer is to
increase the diameter of the hole without
running a full gauge tool into the hole. It is
hydraulically operated. As the pump
pressure increases, a piston inside is driven
down, thus forcing three arms with cones to
extend. With arms extended, the hole can be
opened to the designated size.
45. Hole Opener - The hole opener serves
the same purpose as the underreamer, which
is to enlarge the previously drilled hole.
Unlike the underreamer, the hole opener is
full-gauged.
46. Rat Hole - The steel casing extending
below the rig floor where the kelly and
swivel are stored while tripping.
47. Mouse Hole - A section of steel casing
that extends below the rig floor where drill
pipe is placed to be made up in the drill
string or to the kelly. It is further used in
laying down drill pipe. The joint of drill
pipe is broken off in the mouse hole, picked
up with the sir hoist or catline, and moved
out the V-door down to the catwalk.
48. Drill Collars - The drill collars are thickwalled heavy steel tubulars used to apply
weight to the bit. The drill collars should
take all of the compressive loading, leaving
the drill pipe in tension.
49. Drill Pipe - The major part of the drill
string is composed of drill pipe. Drill pipe is
hot-rolled, pierced, seamless tubing. Drill
pipe is specified by its outside diameter,
weight per foot, steel grade, and range
(length). The drill pipe transmits rotation,
vertical movement and drilling fluid to the
bit.
50. Heavyweight Drill Pipe - Thick-walled
heavy drill pipe is used in lieu of drill
collars. It is generally used in high-angled
well where too many drill collars hamper
drilling operations.
51. Standpipe - The standpipe is that pipe
which carries mud from the rig floor into
the derrick to the kelly hose. It must be
pressure-tested to the working pressure of
the BOPs.
52. Kelly Hose - The kelly hose is a section
of high-pressured hose connecting the
standpipe and the swivel. The kelly hose
allows for the vertical movement of the drill
string as well as circulation of fluid down
the drill string.
53. Substructure - the substructure provides
the support for the derrick and derrick
loading. It also provides the necessary
clearance beneath the rig floor for he
preventor stack.
54. Keyway - The keyway is the opening on
an inland barge or offshore jackup in which
the drilling operations are performed.
56. Moonpool - The hole through a floater
or semi-submersible structure is which the
drilling operations are performed.
57. Motion Compensator - A pneumatic,
hydraulic surface unit that compensates for
the heave of a drillship or semi-submersible.
This allows the drill string and bit to remain
stationary with respect to the earth.
57. Bumper Subs - The bumper sub is a
downhole motion compensator. It operates
as a slip joint. Most bumper subs have a 3-5
feet stroke and can be run in tandem for
motion exceeding 3-5 feet. The bumper sub
is used on floating operations to reduce the
heaving motion of drillships or semisubmersibles on the bits.
57. Bumper Subs, cont. - A disadvantage of
the bumper sub is maintenance costs both
for the tool itself and lost time due to
tripping pipe when one fails. Furthermore,
the position of the bumper sub is not ever
really known while drilling operations are
being carried out, so its effectiveness can be
limited.
58. Pods and Control Lines - The pods and
control lines are used in subsea operations;
the control lines run from the accumulator
to the pods which are located on the subsea
BOP stack. These two devices are
responsible for transmitting the hydraulic
pressure from the accumulator to actuate the
various functions of the subsea BOP stack.
59. Cat Walk - The cat walk is where the
pipe is laid down from the drill floor. Any
elevated walkway may be referred to as a
catwalk.
Drilling Engg
Lesson 3
Drilling
Equipment, Costs, Problems
1
Schematic
of Rig
Circulating
System for
liquid
drilling fluid
Example 1.3
Compute the pump factor in units of
barrels per stroke for a double-acting
duplex pump having 6.5-inch liners, 2.5
inch rods, 18-inch strokes and a volumetric
efficiency of 90%.
Eq. 1.10
Fp = L s E v 2 d L2 d r2
2
2
2
= (18 )(0 . 9 ) 2 (6 . 5 ) (2 . 5 )
2
= 1991
in 3 / stroke
Recall:
There are 231 in.3 in an U. S. gallon and 42
U.S. gallons in a U.S. barrel. Thus
converting to the desired field units yields:
1991 in.3/stroke * gal/231 in.3 * bbl/42 gal.
= 0.2052 bbl/stroke.
Thus: Pump Factor = 0.2052 bbl/stroke
5
Pump Factor = 3 * /4 dL2 LS EV/(231 * 42)

6
Example:
Pump Factor for Triplex Pump
2
= 3 d L L S E
4
in
2
= 3 6 (12 )0 . 90
stroke
4
= 0 . 09442 bbl/stroke
( )
bbl
in .
231 42
Example: Pump Rate

Pump Rate = Pump Factor * Strokes/min
bbl
stks
80
= 0.09442
min
stk
= 7.554 bbl/min
Pump Rate = 317.3 gal/min
8
Hydrocyclone
desander
desilter
* Pressure drop
* Diameter
* No moving parts
* Low cost
Decanting Centrifuge
Use?
10
Fig. 1.33
Schematic of
Rotary
System
11
Fig. 1.34
Cutaway
View of
Swivel
ROTATING
* Seals
* Bearings
12
PIN
BOX
TJ
Shoulder
Fig. 1.38
Cutaway View and
Dimensions for
Example Tool Joint
13
Fig. 1.39
Stabilizer
* Keeps pipe in center of hole

* Aids in drilling straight hole
* Prolongs bit life
14
Fig. 1.41
Kick Detection During
Drilling Operations
3
GAIN IN PIT
VOLUME EQUAL
TO KICK VOLUME
KICK 2
1
15
CHOKE
Fig. 1.46
Remote
Control
Panel for
operating
Blowout
Preventers
What to do if KICK occurs?

16
DP
TJ
DC
OH
Press
Fig. 1.44 Annular Blowout Preventer
17
Ram Blowout Preventer

18
SHEAR / BLIND
RAM ASSEMBLY
Ram Blowout Preventer - contd
19
Kick
Fig. 1.51
HighPressure
Circulating
System for
Well
Control
Operations
Keep BHP const.
20
Fig. 1.58
Schematic of
Equipment
for Marine
Drilling
21
Fig. 1.63 Subsea Equipment

Installation Procedure
22
Typical Casing Strings

Water Level
Seafloor
Conductor pile
Depth
Below ML
36 30 200
Conductor Casing 26 20 1000
Surface Casing
17 1/2 13 3/8
4000
Hole Csg. Depth23
Some Typical Casing Strings

Depth
Below ML
Conductor pile
36 30 200
Conductor Casing 26 20 1000

Surface Casing
17 1/2 13 3/8
4000
Hole Csg. Depth

24
What is the capacity of 10,000 ft of 5

OD, 19.50 lb/ft drillpipe?
Capacity = Area * Length
Area = /4 d2 = /4 * 4.2762 = 14.36 in2
Length = 10,000 ft = 120,000 in
Capacity = 14.36 *120,000 in3 /(231*42 in3 /bbl)
Capacity = 177.6 bbls

25
Drilling Cost and Drilling Rate
The AFE
Drilling Cost and Bit Change
Factors Affecting Drilling Rate
Bit Weight, Rotary Speed
Bottom-hole Cleaning
Mud Properties, Solids Content
Hydrostatics
26
Before getting approval to drill a well the

Drilling Engineer must prepare an AFE
- a detailed cost estimate for the well
DRY
HOLE
COMPLETED
INTANGIBLE COSTS
TANGIBLE COSTS
TOTAL COST
$
27
AUTHORIZATION FOR EXPENDITURE (AFE)

EXPENDITURE
DRY HOLE
COMPLETED
(24.5 DAYS)
(32.5 DAYS)
INTANGIBLE COSTS
LOCATION PREPARATION
DRILLING RIG AND TOOLS
DRILLING FLUIDS
RENTAL EQUIPMENT
CEMENTING
SUPPORT SERVICES
TRANSPORTATION
SUPERVISION AND ADMIN.
SUB-TOTAL
30,000
298,185
113,543
77,896
49,535
152,285
70,200
23,282
814,928
65,000
366,613
116,976
133,785
54,369
275,648
83,400
30,791
1,126,581
TANGIBLE COSTS
TUBULAR EQUIPMENT
WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT
COMPLETION EQUIPMENT
SUB-TOTAL
406,101
16,864
0
422,965
846,529
156,201
15,717
1,018,447
1,237,893
1,423,577
2,145,028
2,466,782
SUB-TOTAL
+ CONTINGENCY (15% ??)
28
Drilling Cost vs. Time
DEPTH
ft
TD
DAYS or DOLLARS
29
The Drilling Engineer

Examples of routine rig operations
drilling fluid treatment
pump operation
bit selection
problems during the drilling process
30
The Drilling Cost Equation:

C b + C r( tb + tc
Cf =
D
tt )
Cf = drilling cost, $/ft
$
ft
Eq. 1.16
Cb= cost of bit, $/bit
Cr= fixed operating cost of rig, $/hr

tb= total rotating time, hrs
tc= total non-rotating time, hrs
tt= trip time (round trip), hrs
D
= footage drilled with bit, ft
31
Example 1.5
A recommended bit program is being prepared
for a new well using bit performance records
from nearby wells. Drilling performance records
for three bits are shown for a thick limestone
formation at 9,000 ft. Determine which bit gives
the lowest drilling cost if the operating cost of
the rig is $400/hr, the trip time is 7 hours, and
connection time is 1 minute per connection.
32
Example 1.5 contd

Assume that each of the bits was operated at near
the minimum cost per foot attainable for that bit.
Bit
Bit
Cost
($)
A
800
B 4,900
C 4,500
Rotating
Time
(hours)
Connection
Time
(hours)
14.8
57.7
95.8
0.1
0.4
0.5
Mean
Penetration
Rate
(ft/hr)
Which bit would you select?
13.8
12.6
10.2
33
Solution:
The cost per foot drilled for each bit type can
be computed using Eq. 1.16. For Bit A, the
cost per foot is
C b + C r( tb + tc
Cf =
D
tt )
$
ft
800 + 400 (14 . 8 + 0 . 1 + 7 )

Cf =
= $ 46 . 81/ft.
13 .8(14 . 8 )
34
Solution, contd
Bit A:
Bit B:
Bit C:
$46.81 /ft
$42.56 /ft
$46.89 /ft
The lowest drilling cost was obtained using

Bit B. - Highest bit cost but intermediate life and intermediate ROP...
35
Drilling Costs
Tend to increase exponentially with depth.
Thus, when curve-fitting drilling cost data,
it is often convenient to assume a
relationship between total well cost, C, and
depth, D, given by
C = aebD
..(1.17)
36
Fig. 1-65. Least-square curve fit of 1978 completed well costs

37
for wells below 7,500 ft in the south Louisiana area.
Drilling Time contd

Plotting depth vs. drilling time from past
drilling operations:
A. Allows more accurate prediction of time and
cost for drilling a new well
B. Is used in evaluating new drilling
procedures (designed to reduce drilling
time to a given depth).
38
Cost per ft for one entire bit run
Minimum Cost
39
An increase in
TORQUE may
indicate that a bit
should be pulled.
Experience often
dictates when to
pull bit (footage or
hours).
40
Factors that affect Penetration Rate

Variables:
Drill bit
Bit weight
Rotary speed
Bottom-hole cleaning
Mud properties
Fixed Factors:
4 Rock hardness
4 Formation pore pressure
41
Bit Selection is based on

Past bit records
Geologic predictions of lithology
Drilling costs in $/bit
Drilling cost in $/ft
42
Bit Weight and Rotary Speed

Increasing bit weight and rotary speed
boosts drilling rate
These increases accelerate bit wear
Field tests show that drilling rate
increases more or less in direct
proportion to bit weight
43
40,000 lbf
Consider 10 hole
Drilling Rate, ft/hr
(dont overdo!!)
Bit Weight x 1,000 lb/in
44
Dont overdo!
Casing wear,
bit life ...
Rotary Speed, RPM
45
EFFECT OF BACK PRESSURE

0 - 5,000 psi
Hydrostatic Pressure, 1,000s of psi
46
Depth, ft
EFFECT OF DRILLING FLUID

water vs. air
Rotating Time, hours
47
EFFECT OF SOLIDS IN THE MUD
48
Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient

Fresh Water Pressure Gradient = 0.433 psi/ft
Density of Fresh Water
= 8.33 lb/gal
Hydrostatic Pressure (at 12,000 ft depth):
with water:
p = Gw * Depth (vertical depth)

= 0.433 psi/ft * 12,000 ft
= 5,196 psi
49
Hydrostatic Pressure
with 14 lb/gal mud:
p = GM * Depth
Mud
=
* 0 . 433 psi/ft * Depth
8.33
Pressure = 0.052 * Mud Weight * Depth
= 0.052 *14.0 *12,000

= 8,736 psig
With water: 5,196 psi 50
Hydrostatic Pressure Required

What mud weight is required to
balance a pore pressure of 10,000 psig
at a vertical depth of 12,000 ft?
Pressure
Required Mud Weight =
0.052 * Depth
10,000
Required Mud Weight =
0.052 * 12,000
MW = 16.03 lb/gal
51
Hole Problems
Lost Circulation
Stuck Pipe
Keyseat- Crooked Hole
Differential Sticking
Mechanical Sticking
Junk in Hole
Kicks and Blowouts
Crooked Hole
52
Hole Problems - Lost Circulation

Indication:
Flow out < Flow in
(e.g 400 < 500)
Drop in mud Return Rate

Drop in Mud Pit Volume
Blowout
53

Causes:
High Formation Permeability
(e.g. fractures)
Low Formation Pore Pressure

Poor Drilling Fluid Characteristics
Induced Fracturing of Formation
From Rapid Pipe Movement
54

Results:
Costly Mud Makeup
Loss of Production
Fire
Loss of Permit to Drill
55

Preventive Measures:
4 Crew Education
4 Good Mud Program
4 Study Wells in Area
to be prepared
56

Remedial Measures:
4 Use Lost Circulation Material
as Mud Additive (fibrous or granular)
4 Drill Through Troublesome
Interval and Case Off
4 Decrease Mud Weight
4 Decrease Circulation Rate
57
Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

(drill pipe, drill collars, casing)
Indication:
Cannot Pick Up Pipe
(Venezuela case)
Causes:
4Cave - ins
4Keyseat - Crooked Hole
58

Causes, contd:
4 Differential Pressure Sticking
4 Filter Cake
4 Deposited AFTER Circulation Stops
- While Still on Bottom
59

Results:
Fishing Operations
Back off, POH, RIH w/fishing string
Loss of Hole
or at least part of the hole
60

Use Minimum Mud Weight Required
to Control Formation Pressures.
Use Special Drill Collars
(spiral)
Use Centralizers on Casing

Periodically Establish Circulation
while Running Casing or Drillpipe
in Deep Hole
61

Remedial Measures:
If Circulation Can Be Established:
Erode Mud Filter Cake - at High Fluid
Velocity (speed up pumps)
Spot Special Fluid; Oil, Acid
Reduce Mud Weight as Far as Possible
Rotate Pipe - Keep Moving Pipe
62

Remedial Measures:
If Circulation Cannot Be
Established:
4Cut Pipe or Unscrew Joint
- and Fish
63
KEY
SEAT
64
P1 >> P2
P1
P2
65
F = N
Thick Filter Cake
N = P A
Thin Filter Cake
F = P A
How is filter cake formed?
Pipe Stuck in Wall Cake

66
Hole Problems - Junk in Hole

Indication:
Bit Parts Missing
Items from Surface Dropped into Hole
Erratic Torque
67

Cause:
4Negligence of Crew
Result:
4Fishing Operation
68

Preventive Measure:
Crew Education
Remedial Measures:
4Run Junk Basket
4Run Basket with Collapsible Teeth
(Poor Boy Basket)
4Run Magnet
69
Hole Problems - Blowout

(oil, gas or water)
Indication:
Returns to Surface after Circulation is
Stopped (KICK!)
Well Out of Control - Big Problem!
Lost Circulation . . .
70

(oil, gas or water)
[surface or underground]
Causes:
4Loss of Hydrostatic Head
due to Lost Circulation
4Poor drilling Fluid
4Swabbing Effect while Pulling Drillpipe
4Insufficient Mud Weight
71

Results:
4Possible Loss of Life and Property
4Legal and Financial Problems
72

Crew Education
Be Alert
Blowout Control Equipment on RIG
including Pit Volume Indicators
73

Remedial Action:
If on Bottom:
4Use proper Mud Weight
4Add Lost Circulation Materials
In Extreme Case of Blowout:

4May Have to Directionally
Drill a Relief Well
74
Relief Well
For Controlling
a Blowout
75
Hole Problems - Crooked Hole

Indication:
Periodic Directional Surveys
Stuck Drill String
Casing Problems
76

Causes:
4 Too much Weight on Bit
4 Dipping Formation
4 Anisotropic Formation
4 Too Small Drill Collars
4 No Stabilizers
77

Results:
4 Uneven Spacing (on bottom)
4 Legal Problems
4 Production Problems
4 Cementing Problems
78

Preventive Action:
Avoid Buckling of Drill Pipe by using
sufficient number of drill collars
Use Oversize Drill Collars
Use Reamers and Stabilizers
Start the Hole Vertically
79

Remedial Action:
Plug Back and Sidetrack
Use Whipstock
Use Reamers in 3 Locations
80
Lost Circulation Example

This Example shows how to determine the mud weight
that can be supported by the formation and also the mud
weight that will control the subsurface pressure.
Well depth = 16,000 ft

Protective casing seat = 12,500 ft
Mud Weight = 17.0 lb/gal
Drillpipe size = 4.5 in.
Hole size, casing I.D. = 8.5 in.
Annulus volume = 0.05 bbl/ft
Water required to fill hole = 20 bbl
81
Before Water
After Water Addition

Water - 20 bbls
400 ft
Mud - 17.0 lb/gal
12,500 ft
16,000 ft
BHP = ?
BHP = 13,963 psig
82
Example - Solution
Determine: The effective hydrostatic head
and equivalent mud weight
in lb/gal.
Solution:
20 bbl
VWATER
=
= 400 ft of water
v ANNULUS
0 .05 bbl / ft
83
G = 0.052 *
GW = 0.052 * 8.33
GM = 0.052 * 17
Example 3.1
Pressure imposed at total depth:
400 ft of water x 0.433 psi/ft
= 173 psi
15,600 ft of mud x 0.884 psi/ft = 13,790 psi

Total pressure at 16,000 ft
= 13,963 psi
13,963
Effective mud weight =
= 16.78 lb/gal
(16,000)(0 .052)
84
Example 3.1
Pressure imposed at the casing seat:
400 ft of water x 0.433
12,100 ft of mud x 0.884
Total pressure at 12,500 ft
=
173 psi
= 10,696 psi
= 10,869 psi
10,869
Effective mud weight =
= 16.72 lb/gal
(12,500)(0.052)
85
Before Water
After Water
Water - 20 bbls
400 ft
Mud - 17.0 lb/gal
10,869 psig
BHP = 13,963 psig
12,500 ft
EMW = 16.72 lb/gal
16,000 ft
EMW = 16.78 lb/gal
86
Drilling
Lesson 4
Wellbore Hydraulics,
Pressure Drop Calculations
1
Wellbore Hydraulics
Hydrostatics
Buoyancy
Pipe Tension vs. Depth
Effect of Mud Pressure
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Bingham Plastic Model
API Power-Law Model
2
Fig. 4-3.
A Complex
Liquid
Column
p = 0.052 D + p0
p = 0.052 D
p = p 0 + 0 . 052
i =1
( D i D i 1 )
PPUMP = ?
Fig. 4-4. Viewing the Well as a Manometer (U-Tube)
Figure 4.4
p = 0.052 D
pa = p0 + 0.052 { 10.5(7,000) + 8.5(300) + 12.7(1,700)

+ 16.7(1,000) 9.0(10,000) }
p0 = 0 psig
p a = 1, 266 psig
5
Buoyancy Force = weight of fluid displaced

(Archimedes, 250 BC)
Figure 4-9. Hydraulic forces acting on a submerged body6
Effective (buoyed) Weight

We = W Fb
= W fV
= W f
We
W=V
We = buoyed weight
W = weight in air
Fb = buoyancy force
V = volume of body
f = fluid density
s = body density
= W 1
s
Buoyancy Factor
Valid for a solid body or an open-ended pipe!
Example
For steel,
s = 65.5 lbm / gal
immersed in mud,
(= 490 lbm/ft3 )
( f = 15.0 lbm / gal)
the buoyancy factor is:
15 . 0
f
1
= 1
= 0 . 771
65 . 5
s
A drillstring weighs 100,000 lbs in air.

Buoyed weight = 100,000 * 0.771 = 77,100 lbs
What causes buoyancy?
Axial Forces in Drillstring

Fb = bit weight
F1 & F2 are pressure forces
Simple Example - Empty Wellbore

Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft
OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in
A=
OD 2 ID 2
4
195,000 lbf
DEPTH, ft
0 lbf
10,000 ft
A = 5.265 in2
AXIAL TENSION, lbf
W = 19.5 lbf/ft * 10,000 ft = 195,000 lbf

10
Example - 15 lb/gal Mud in Wellbore

Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft
OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in
A=
OD 2 ID 2
4
153,900 195,000 lbf
DEPTH, ft
- 41,100
10,000 ft
A = 5.265 in2
AXIAL TENSION, lbf
F=P*A
= 7,800 * 5.265
= 41,100 lbf
Pressure at bottom = 0.052 * 15 * 10,000 = 7,800 psi

W = 195,000 - 41,100 = 153,900 lbf
11
Axial Tension in Drill String

Example
A drill string consists of
10,000 ft of 19.5 #/ft drillpipe and
600 ft of 147 #/ft drill collars
suspended off bottom in 15 #/gal mud
(Fb = bit weight = 0).
What is the axial tension in the

drillstring as a function of depth?
12
Example
A1
Pressure at top of collars

= 0.052 (15) 10,000 = 7,800 psi
Pressure at bottom of collars
= 0.052 (15) 10,600 = 8,268 psi
10,000
Cross-sectional area of pipe,

19 . 5 lb / ft 144 in 2
2
A1 =
*
=
5
.
73
in
490 lb / ft 3
ft 2
10,600
13
Example contd
A1
Cross-sectional area of collars,
147
2
A2 =
* 144 = 43 . 2 in
490
A2
Differential area = A 2 A1
= 43.2 5.73 = 37.5 in
14
Example - contd
1. At 10,600 ft. (bottom of drill collars)

Compressive force = p A
lbf
2
= 8 , 268
*
43
.
2
in
in 2
3
2
= 357,200 lbf
[ axial tension = - 357,200 lbf ]
15
Example - contd
2. At 10,000 ft+ (top of collars)

FT = W2 - F2 - Fb
Fb = FBIT = 0
3
= 147 lbm/ft * 600 ft - 357,200

1
= 88,200 - 357,200
= -269,000 lbf
16
Example - contd
3. At 10,000 ft - (bottom of drillpipe)

FT = W1+W2+F1-F2-Fb
= 88,200 + 7,800 lbf/in2 * 37.5in2 - 357,200
= -269,000 + 292,500
= + 23,500 lbf
17
Example - contd
4. At Surface
FT = W1 + W2 + F1 - F2 - Fb
= 19.5 * 10,000 + 88,200
+ 292,500 - 357,200 - 0
= 218,500 lbf
3
2
1
(= 23,500 + 195,000)
Alternatively: FT = WAIR * BF
= 283,200 * 0.7710 = 218,345 lbf
18
Fig. 4-11. Axial tensions as a function of depth for Example 4.919
Example - Summary
1. At 10,600 ft
FT = -357,200 lbf [compression]
2. At 10,000 + ft
FT = -269,000 lbf [compression]
3. At 10,000 - ft
4. At Surface
FT = +23,500 lbf [tension]

FT = +218,500 lbf [tension]
20
Axial Load with
FBIT = 68,000 lbf
21
22
For multiple nozzles in parallel

Vn is the same for each nozzle
even if the dn varies!
This follows since p is the same
across each nozzle.
vn = c d
q
& v n = 3 .117 A
t
p
4
8.074 * 10
8.311 * 10 q
-5
p bit =
2
d
C A
2
t
Cd = 0.95
23
Hydraulic Horsepower
of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power, in field units:
qp
HHP =
1714
400 * 3 ,000
HHP =
1714
Hydraulic Horsepower of Pump = 700 hp
24
What is Hydraulic Impact Force

developed by bit?
If:
C D = 0 . 95
q = 400 gal/min
= 12 lb/gal
p
= 1,169 psi
Fj = 0.01823 c d q p
25
Impact = rate of change of momentum
q vn
(mv ) m
= v =
Fj =
t
32.17 * 60
t
Fj = 0.01823 c d q p
Fj = 0.01823 * 0.95 * 400 12 * 1,169 = 820 lbf
26
Laminar Flow
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power-Law (ADE & API)
Rotational Viscometer
Laminar Flow in Wellbore
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Fluid Flow in Annuli
27
Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids
Experimentally:
F
A
V
L
28
Newtonian Fluid Model

In a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is directly
proportional to the shear rate (in laminar flow):
F
A
i.e.,
V
=
L
dyne
1
=
2
cm
sec
The constant of proportionality, is the

viscosity of the fluid and is independent of shear
rate.
29
Newtonian Fluid Model
dyne sec
2
cm
Viscosity may be expressed in poise or centipoise.

g
dyne - s
=1
1 poise = 1
2
cm s
cm
1 centipoise
= 0.01 poise
30
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate for a

Newtonian Fluid
Slope of line =
31
Apparent Viscosity
Apparent viscosity = /
is the slope at each shear rate,
1, 2 , 3 .
32
(Plotted
on linear paper)
Typical Drilling Fluid
Vs. Newtonian,
Bingham and Power Law Fluids
0
33
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid:
= shear stress
= absolute viscosity
= shear rate
2. Bingham Plastic Fluid:
= y + p
What if
= 0?
y = yield point
p = plastic viscosity
34
Rotating
Sleeve
Viscometer
35
Rotating
Viscometer
We
determine
rheological
properties
of drilling
fluids in
this device
Figure 3.6
Rheometer
Infinite
parallel
plates
36
Rheometer (Rotational
Viscometer)
sleeve
BOB
fluid
= f ( )
Shear Stress = f (Dial Reading)
Shear Rate = f (Sleeve RPM)
Shear Stress = f (Shear Rate)
( TAU ), the Shear Stress depends on the

value of (GAMMA), the Shear Rate
37
Rheometer - base case

N (RPM)
3
6
100
200
300
600
(sec-1)
5.11
10.22
170
340
511
1022
RPM * 1.703 = sec-1

38
Example
A rotational viscometer containing a Bingham plastic
fluid gives a dial reading of 12 at a rotor speed of 300
RPM and a dial reading of 20 at a rotor speed of 600 RPM
Compute plastic viscosity and yield point
Plastic Viscosity:
p = 600 300
600 = 20
300 = 12
= 20 - 12
p = 8 cp
See Appendix A
39
600 = 20
300 = 12
Example - contd
Yield Point:
y = 300 p
(See Appendix A)
= 12 - 8
y = 4 lbf/100 ft
40
Gel Strength
41
Gel Strength
= shear stress at which fluid movement begins
The yield strength, extrapolated from the
300 and 600 RPM readings is not a good
representation of the gel strength of the fluid
Gel strength may be measured by turning the
rotor at a low speed and noting the dial
reading at which the gel structure is broken
(usually at 3 RPM)
42
Gel Strength
The gel strength is the maximum dial reading
when the viscometer is started at 3 rpm.
In field units,
g = 1.06
lbf / 100 ft 2
In practice, this is often approximated to
g = max,3
lbf / 100 ft
2
43
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
Fig. 4-26. Velocity profiles for laminar flow:

(a) pipe flow and (b) annular flow
44
3D View of Laminar Flow in a pipe

- Newtonian Fluid
It looks like concentric rings of fluid

telescoping down the pipe at different velocities 45
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations for

Newtonian Model
or
a = 300
300
a =
N
N
5 . 066
=
N
2
r
46
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations for

Bingham Plastic Model
p = 600 300
y = 300 p
oror
300
p =
( N 2 N1 )
N 2 N1
or
or
N1
y = N1 p
300
g = max at 3 rpm
47
Example 4.22
Compute the frictional pressure loss for a 7 x 5
annulus, 10,000 ft long, using the slot flow
representation in the annulus. The flow rate is 80
gal/min. The viscosity is 15 cp. Assume the flow
pattern is laminar.
6
7
48
Example 4.22
The average velocity in the annulus,
q
80
=
v =
2
2
2
2
2.448(7 5 )
2.448(d 2 d1 )
_
v = 1.362 ft/s
_
dp f
v
=
2
dL
1000 (d 2 d1 )
49
Example 4.22
_
dp f
v
=
2
dL
1000 (d2 d1 )
p f
(15 ) (1 .362 ) (10 ,000 )

dp
=
D =
1000 ( 7 5) 2
dL
p f = 51 psi
(= 51.0750 )
50
Total Pump Pressure

Pressure loss in surf. equipment
Pressure loss in drill pipe
Pressure loss in drill collars
Pressure drop across the bit nozzles
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
collars and the hole wall
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
pipe and the hole wall
Hydrostatic pressure difference
( varies)
51
Types of flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow52
Turbulent Flow Newtonian Fluid
N Re =
928 v d
= fluid density, lbm/gal
where
_
v = avg. fluid velocity, ft/s

d = pipe I.D., in
= viscosity of fluid, cp.
We often assume that fluid flow is

turbulent if Nre > 2100
53
Turbulent Flow Newtonian Fluid
Turbulent Flow Bingham Plastic Fluid

In Pipe
_ 1 . 75
dp f
=
dL
1800 d 1 . 25
0 . 75
0 . 25
_ 1 . 75
p
dp f
=
dL
1800 d 1 . 25
0 . 75
0 . 25
In Annulus
_ 1 . 75
dp f
=
1 . 25
dL
1,396 (d 2 d 1 )
0 . 75
0 . 25
_ 1 . 75
0 . 25
p
v
dp f
=
1 . 25
dL
(
)
1,396 d 2 d 1
0 . 75
54
API Power Law Model

K = consistency index
n = flow behaviour index
API RP 13D
=K n
SHEAR
STRESS
psi
0
SHEAR RATE, , sec-1

55
Rotating Sleeve Viscometer

(RPM * 1.703)
VISCOMETER
RPM
SHEAR RATE
3
100
ANNULUS
5.11
170.3
300
600
DRILL
STRING
511
1022
BOB
sec -1
SLEEVE
56

Example
Calculate the pump pressure in

the wellbore shown on the next page, using the
API method.
The relevant rotational viscometer readings

are as follows:
R3 = 3
R100 = 20
R300 = 39
R600 = 65
(at 3 RPM)
(at 100 RPM)
(at 300 RPM)
(at 600 RPM)
57
Pressure Drop
Calculations
PPUMP
Q = 280 gal/min
= 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD
58
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe

Power-Law Constant (n):
R 600
n = 3 . 32 log
R 300
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
65
= 3 . 32 log
= 0 . 737
39
Fluid Consistency Index (K):
K =
5.11 R600
n
1,022
5.11 * 65
dyne sec n
=
= 2.017
0.737
1,022
cm 2
Average Bulk Velocity in Pipe (V):

0 . 408 Q
V =
D2
0 . 408 * 280
ft
=
= 8 . 00
2
3 . 78
sec
59
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft

Effective Viscosity in Pipe (e):
96V
e = 100 K
D
n 1
3n + 1
4n
0.7371
96 * 8
e = 100 * 2.017
3.78
3 * 0.737 + 1
4 * 0.737
0.737
= 53 cP
Reynolds Number in Pipe (NRe):

NRe
928 D V
=
e
928 * 3.78 * 8.00 * 12 .5

=
= 6,616
53
60

NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so
Friction Factor in Pipe (f):
a=
b=
So,
log n + 3.93
1.75 log n
NRe
1.75 log 0.737

=
= 0.2690
7
a
NRe
log 0.737 + 3.93

=
= 0.0759
50
50
f =
f =
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
0 .0759
=
= 0 .007126
0 .2690
6,616
61

Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL) :
2
f V
dP
=
25 .81 D
dL
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
0.007126 * 8 2 * 12.5
psi
=
= 0.05837
25.81 * 3.78
ft
Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Pipe :

dP
P = L
dL
= 0.05837* 11,400
Pdp = 665 psi

62
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars

R 600
n = 3 . 32 log
R 300
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
65
= 3 . 32 log
= 0 . 737
39

K=
5.11R 600
1,022
5.11 * 65
dyne sec n
=
= 2.017
0.737
1,022
cm 2
Average Bulk Velocity inside Drill Collars (V):

0 . 408 Q
V=
D2
0 . 408 * 280
ft
=
= 18 .28
2
2 .5
sec
63

Effective Viscosity in Collars(e):
96V
e = 100 K
n 1
3n + 1
4n
96 * 18.28
e = 100 * 2.017
2.5
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
0.7371
3 * 0.737 + 1
4 * 0.737
0.737
= 38.21cP
Reynolds Number in Collars (NRe):

NRe =
928 D V
e
928 * 2.5 * 18 .28 * 12 .5

= 13,870
38 .21
64

NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so
Friction Factor in DC (f):
f =
a
NRe
log n + 3.93
a=
50
log 0.737 + 3.93

=
= 0.0759
50
1.75 log n
1.75 log 0.737

=
= 0.2690
7
b=
So,
a
f =
b
NRe
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
0.0759
=
= 0.005840
0.2690
13,870
65

Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL) :
2
f V
dP
=
25 .81 D
dL
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
0.005840 * 18 .28 2 * 12 .5
psi
=
= 0.3780
25 .81 * 2.5
ft
Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Collars :

dP
P =
L
dL
= 0.3780 * 600
Pdc = 227 psi

66
Pressure Drop across Nozzles

P =
156 Q
(D
N1
P =
+ DN2 + DN3
DN1 = 11 32nds (in)

DN2 = 11 32nds (in)
DN3 = 12 32nds (in)
156 * 12.5 * 280 2
(11
+ 11 + 12
2
2 2
PNozzles = 1,026 psi

67
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE
Annulus
Q = 280 gal/min
= 12.5 lb/gal
8.5 in
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDC = 6.5 in
L
= 600 ft
68
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
R 100
n = 0 . 657 log
R3
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDC = 6.5 in
L
= 600 ft
20
= 0 . 657 log
= 0 . 5413
3

K =
5.11R100
170 .2
dyne sec n
5.11 * 20
=
= 6.336
0.5413
cm 2
170 .2
Average Bulk Velocity in DC/HOLE Annulus (V):

0 . 408 Q
0 . 408 * 280
ft
V =
=
= 3 . 808
2
2
2
2
8 .5 6 .5
sec
D 2 D1
69
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDC = 6.5 in
L
= 600 ft
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (e):

144V
e = 100 K
D2 D1
n 1
2n + 1
3n
144 * 3.808
e = 100 * 6.336
8 .5 6 .5
0.5413 1
2 * 0.5413 + 1
3 * 0.5413
0.5413
= 55.20 cP
Reynolds Number in Annulus (NRe):

NRe =
928 (D2 D1 ) V
e
928 (8.5 6.5) * 3.808 * 12.5

=
= 1,600
55.20
70
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDC = 6.5 in
L
= 600 ft
NOTE: NRe < 2,100

Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
f =
24
NRe
24
= 0 .01500
1,600
2
f V
dP
=
dL 25.81(D 2 D1 )
0.01500 * 3.808 2 * 12.5

psi
=
= 0.05266
25.81 (8.5 6.5 )
ft
dP
P =
L
dL
So,
= 0 .05266 * 600
Pdc/hole = 31.6 psi

71
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
q = 280 gal/min
= 12.5 lb/gal
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDP = 4.5 in
L
= 11,400 ft
72
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDP = 4.5 in
L
= 11,400 ft

R 100
n = 0 .657 log
R3
20
= 0 .657 log
= 0 .5413
3
K =
5.11R100
n
170.2
dyne secn
5.11* 20
=
= 6.336
0.5413
cm2
170.2
Average Bulk Velocity in Annulus (Va):
0.408 Q
V = 2
2
D2 D1
0.408* 280
ft
=
= 2.197
2
2
8.5 4.5
sec
73
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (e):
144V
e = 100 K
D2 D1
144 * 2.197
e = 100 * 6.336
8
.
5
4
.
5
n1
0.5413 1
2n + 1
3n
2 * 0.5413 + 1
3
*
0
.
5413
0.5413
= 97.64 cP
Reynolds Number in Annulus (NRe):

NRe =
928 (D2 D1 ) V
e
928 (8.5 4.5) * 2.197 * 12.5

= 1,044
97.64
74
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: NRe < 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
f=
24
NRe
24
= 0 .02299
1,044
fV
dP
=

dL 25.81(D2 D1 )
psi
0.02299 * 2.1972 * 12.5
=
= 0.01343
25.81(8.5 4.5)
ft
dP
P =
L
dL
So,
= 0 . 01343 * 11,400
psi psi
Pdp/hole = 153.2
75
Pressure Drop Calcs.

- SUMMARY PPUMP = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN + PHYD
PPUMP = 665 + 227 + 1,026
+ 32 + 153 + 0
PPUMP = 1,918 + 185 = 2,103 psi

76
PPUMP = PDS + PANN + PHYD
PDS = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES

= 665 + 227 + 1,026 = 1,918 psi
2,103 psi
P
=
0
PANN = PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN

= 32 + 153 = 185
PHYD = 0
PPUMP = 1,918 + 185

= 2,103 psi
77
"Friction" Pressures
"Friction" Pre ssure , psi
2,500
2,103
2,000
DRILLPIPE
1,500
DRILL COLLARS
1,000
BIT NOZZLES
500
ANNULUS
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
25,000
78
H ydrostatic Pre ssure , psi
Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore

9,000
8,000
BHP
7,000
6,000
5,000
DRILLSTRING
ANNULUS
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
79
Pressures, psi
Pressures in the Wellbore

10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
CIRCULATING
2,103
STATIC
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
80
Wellbore Pressure Profile

2,103
0
2,000
DRILLSTRING
Depth, ft
4,000
6,000
ANNULUS
8,000
10,000
(Static)
12,000
BIT
14,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Pressure, psi
8,000
10,000
81
Pipe Flow - Laminar

In the above example the flow down the
drillpipe was turbulent.
Under conditions of very high viscosity, the flow
may very well be laminar.
NOTE: if NRe < 2,100, then
Friction Factor in Pipe (f):
Then
16
f =
N Re
and
f V
dP
=
25.81 D
dL
82
Annular Flow - Turbulent

In the above example the flow in the
annulus was laminar.
Under conditions of very low viscosity, the
flow may very well be turbulent.
NOTE: if NRe > 2,100, then
Friction Factor in the Annulus (f):
Then
f =
a
NRe
and
f V
dP
=
dL 25.81 (D2 D1 )
2
83
84
n = 1.0
_
2
dp
f v
=
dL 25 .8 d
85
Drilling
Casing Design
Casing Design
Why Run Casing?
Types of Casing Strings
Classification of Casing
Wellheads
Burst, Collapse and Tension
Example
Effect of Axial Tension on Collapse Strength
Example
2
Casing Design
What is casing?
Casing
Why run casing?
Cement
1. To prevent the hole from caving in

2. Onshore - to prevent contamination of
fresh water sands
3. To prevent water migration to
producing formation
3
Casing Design
4. To confine production to the wellbore
5. To control pressures during drilling
6. To provide an acceptable environment for
subsurface equipment in producing wells
7. To enhance the probability of drilling to total
depth (TD)
e.g., you need 14 ppg mud to control a lower zone,
but an upper zone will fracture at 12 lb/gal.
What do you do?
4
Types of Strings of Casing

Diameter Example
1. Drive pipe or structural pile
{Gulf Coast and offshore only}
150-300 below mudline.
16-60
30
2. Conductor string. 100 - 1,600
16-48
20
8 5/8-20
13 3/8
(BML)
3. Surface pipe. 2,000 - 4,000

(BML)
Types of Strings of Casing

Diameter Example
4. Intermediate String
5. Production String (Csg.)
7 5/8-13 3/8
4 1/2-9 5/8
9 5/8
7
6. Liner(s)
7. Tubing String(s)
6
Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Hole Size
36
26
Pipe Size
Structural casing
Conductor string
17 1/2
Surface pipe
12 1/4
IntermediateString
8 3/4
Production Liner
30
20
13 3/8
9 5/8
7
7
Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Structural casing
Mudline
Conductor string
250
1,000
Surface pipe
IntermediateString
Production Liner
4,000
Classification of CSG.
1. Outside diameter of pipe
(e.g. 9 5/8)
2. Wall thickness
(e.g. 1/2)
3. Grade of material
(e.g. N-80)
4. Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API
LCSG)
5. Length of each joint (RANGE) (e.g. Range 3)

6. Nominal weight
(Avg. wt/ft incl. Wt. Coupling)

(e.g. 47 lb/ft)
9
10
Length of Casing Joints
RANGE
16-25 ft
RANGE
25-34 ft
RANGE
> 34 ft.
11
Casing Threads and Couplings

API round threads - short
{ CSG }
API round thread - long
{ LCSG }
Buttress
{ BCSG }
Extreme line
Other
{ XCSG }
See Halliburton Book...

12
API Design Factors (typical)

Required
Design
10,000 psi
Collapse 1.125
11,250 psi
100,000 lbf
Tension
1.8
180,000 lbf
Burst
1.1
11,000 psi
10,000 psi
13
Abnormal
Normal Pore Pressure

0.433 - 0.465 psi/ft
Abnormal Pore Pressure

gp > normal
14
Design from bottom 15
Press. Gauge
Wing Valve
X-mas Tree
Choke Box
Master
Valves
Wellhead
Hang Csg. Strings
Provide Seals
Control Production
from Well
16
Wellhead
17
Wellhead
18
Casing Design
Tension
Tension
Depth
Burst
Collapse
Collapse
Burst:
Burst
Collapse:
Tension:
STRESS
Assume full reservoir pressure all along the wellbore.
Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest at top
19
Casing Design - Collapse
Collapse pressure is affected by axial stress
20
Casing Design - Tension
21
Casing Design - Burst

(from internal pressure)
4 Internal Yield Pressure for pipe
4 Internal Yield Pressure for couplings
4 Internal pressure leak resistance
Internal
Pressure
22
Casing Design - Burst

Example 1
Design a 7 Csg. String to 10,000 ft.
Pore pressure gradient = 0.5 psi/ft
Design factor, Ni=1.1
Design for burst only.
23
Burst Example
1. Calculate probable reservoir pressure.
p res
psi
= 0 .5
* 10 ,000 ft = 5,000 psi
ft
2. Calculate required pipe internal yield

pressure rating
p i = p res * N i = 5 ,000 * 1 . 1 = 5 ,500 psi
Ni = API Design Factor for BURST = 1.1
24
Example
3. Select the appropriate csg. grade and wt.
from the Halliburton Cementing tables:
Burst Pressure required = 5,500 psi
7, J-55, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 4,980 psi
7, N-80, 23 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 6,340 psi
7, N-80, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 7,249 psi
Use N-80 Csg., 23 lb/ft
25
26
23 lb/ft
26 lb/ft
N-80
27
Collapse Pressure
The following factors are important:
4 The collapse pressure resistance of a pipe
depends on the axial stress
4 The API Design Factor
28
Casing Design
Collapse pressure - with axial stress
1.
YPA
1/ 2
2
SA
S A
= YP 1 0.75 0.5
YP
YP
YPA = yield strength of axial stress

equivalent grade, psi
YP = minimum yield strength of pipe, psi
SA = Axial stress, psi (tension is positive)
29
Example 3
Determine the collapse strength for a 5 1/2 O.D.,
14.00 #/ft, J-55 casing under axial load of 100,000 lbf
The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure
as follows:
Y PA
= 1 0 . 75
SA
Y
p
SA
0 .5
Y
p
YP
FA
100,000
SA =
=
= 24,820 psi
Area 5.5 2 5.012 2
4
30
Example 3 contd
Y PA
S
S
= 1 0 . 75 A 0 . 5 A Y P
Y
Y
The axial tension will reduce the collapse

pressure rating to:
YPA
24,820
24,820
= 1 0.75
0 .5
55,000
55,000
55,000
= 38,216 psi
Here the axial load decreased the J-55

rating to an equivalent J-38.2 rating
31
Example 3 - contd
The Halliburton Cementing Tables list the
collapse resistance of 5 -in, 14.00 lb/ft J-55
casing at 3,120 psi.
The axial tension in this case would derate the
collapse strength to about 2,550 psi.
We shall be using API Tables to correct for the
effect of axial tension on collapse strength of
casing.
32
33
34
Casing Design Example

Example Problem
API Design Factors
Worst Possible Conditions
Iteration and Interpolation
Design for Burst, Collapse and Tension
35
Casing Design Example

Design a 9 5/8-in., 8,000-ft combination
casing string for a well where the mud wt.
will be 12.5 ppg and the formation pore
pressure is expected to be 6,000 psi.
Only the grades and weights shown are
available (N-80, all weights). Use API
design factors.
Design for worst possible conditions.
36
Casing Design - Solution

Before solving this problem is it necessary to
understand what we mean by Design Factors
and worst possible conditions.
API Design Factors

Design factors are essentially safety factors
that allow us to design safe, reliable casing
strings. Each operator may have his own set
of design factors, based on his experience,
and the condition of the pipe.
37
Casing Design
In PETE 661, well use the design factors
recommended by the API unless otherwise
specified.
These are the API design Factors:

Tension and Joint Strength:
NT = 1.8
Collapse (from external pressure): Nc= 1.125
Burst (from internal pressure):
Ni = 1.1
38
Casing Design
What this means is that, for example, if we
need to design a string where the maximum
tensile force is expected to be 100,000 lbf,
we select pipe that can handle 100,000 * 1.8
= 180,000 lbf in tension.
Note that the Halliburton Cementing Tables
list actual pipe strengths, without safety
factors built in.
39
Casing Design
Unless otherwise specified in a particular
problem, we shall also assume the following:
Worst Possible Conditions
1. For Collapse design, assume that the
casing is empty on the inside (p = 0 psig)
2. For Burst design, assume no backup
fluid on the outside of the casing (p = 0 psig)
40
Casing Design
Worst Possible Conditions, contd
3. For Tension design,
assume no buoyancy effect
4. For Collapse design,
assume no buoyancy effect
The casing string must be designed to stand up to the
expected conditions in burst, collapse and tension.
Above conditions are quite conservative. They are also
simplified for easier understanding of the basic concepts.
41

Burst Requirements (based on the expected pore
PB = pore pressure * Design Factor
= 6,000 psi *1.1
PB = 6,600 psi
Depth
pressure)
Pressure
The whole casing string must be capable of

withstanding this internal pressure without failing in
burst.
42

Collapse Requirements
For collapse design, we start at the bottom of
the string and work our way up.
Our design criteria will be based on
hydrostatic pressure resulting from the 12.5
ppg mud that will be in the hole when the
casing string is run, prior to cementing.
43
Depth
Casing Design
Collapse Requirements, contd
Pressure
Pc = 0.052 * mud weight * depth * design factor

= 0.052 * 12.5 * 8,000 * 1.125
Pc = 5,850 psi req' d at the bottom.
Further up the hole the collapse requirements
are less severe
44
Casing Design
Reqd: Burst: 6,600 psi
Collapse: 5,850 psi
45
Casing Design
Note that two of the weights of N-80 casing
meet the burst requirements, but only the
53.5 #/ft pipe can handle the collapse
requirement at the bottom of the hole (5,850
psi).
The 53.5 #/ft pipe could probably run all the
way to the surface (would still have to check
tension), but there may be a lower cost
alternative.
46
To what depth might we

be able to run N-80, 47
#/ft? The maximum
annular pressure that this
pipe may be exposed to,
is:
Depth
Casing Design
Pressure
Collapse pressure of pipe 4,760

Pc =
=
= 4,231 psi
design factor
1.125
47
Casing Design
First Iteration
At what depth do we see this pressure (4,231
psig) in a column of 12.5 #/gal mud?
Pc = 0 . 052 * 12 . 5 * h 1
Pc
4 , 231
h1 =
=
= 6 ,509 ft
0 . 052 * 12 . 5 0 . 052 * 12 .5
48
Casing Design
This is the depth to which the pipe
could be run if there were
no axial stress in the pipe
6,509
8,000
But at 6,509 we have (8,000 - 6,509) =

1,491 of 53.5 #/ft pipe below us.
The weight of this pipe will reduce the
collapse resistance of the 47.0 #/ft pipe!
49
Casing Design
Weight, W1 = 53.5 #/ft * 1,491 ft
= 79,769 lbf
This weight results in an axial
stress in the 47 #/ft pipe
weight
79 ,769 lbf
of S1 =
=
= 5,877 psi
2
end area 13.572 in
50
Casing Design
The API tables show that the above
stress will reduce the collapse resistance
from 4,760 to somewhere between
4,680 psi (with 5,000 psi stress)
and 4,600 psi (with 10,000 psi stress)
51
Casing Design
Interpolation between these values shows
that the collapse resistance at 5,877 psi
axial stress is:
S S1
(P1 P2 )
Pc1 = P1
S 2 S1
(5,877 5,000)
Pc1 = 4,680
* ( 4,680 4,600 ) = 4,666 psi
(10,000 5,000)
With the design factor,
4,666
Pcc1 =
= 4,148 psi
1.125
52
Casing Design
This (4,148 psig) is the pressure at a
depth
4,148
h2 =
= 6,382 ft
0.052 * 12 .5
Which differs considerably from the

initial depth of 6,509 ft, so a second
iteration is required.
53
54
55
Casing Design
Second Iteration
Now consider running the 47 #/ft
pipe to the new depth of 6,382 ft.
W 2 = ( 8,000 6,382 ) * 53 . 5 = 86 ,563 lbf
86 ,563 lbf
= 6,378 psi
S2 =
2
13 . 572 in
56
Casing Design
Interpolating again,
S S1
1
(P1 P2 )
Pc1 =
P1
D.F.
S 2 S1
6,378 5000
pcc2 =
* (4,680 4,600) = 4,140 psi
4,680
1.125
5000
This is the pressure at a depth of

4,140
h3 =
= 6,369 ft
0 .052 * 12 .5
57
Casing Design
This is within 13 ft of the assumed value. If
more accuracy is desired (generally not
needed), proceed with the:
Third Iteration
h 3 = 6,369 '
W 3 = ( 8,000 6,369 ) * 53 . 5 = 87 ,259 lbf
87 ,259
S3 =
= 6,429 psi
13 . 572
Pcc3 = ?
58
Casing Design
Third Iteration, contd
1
6,429 5,000
thus Pcc3 =
* (4,680 4,600)
4,680
1.125
5,000
= 4,140 psi = Pcc 2
59
Casing Design
Third Iteration, contd
This is the answer we are looking for, i.e.,
we can run 47 #/ft N-80 pipe to a depth of
6,369 ft, and 53.5 #/ft pipe between 6,369
and 8,000 ft.
Perhaps this string will run all the way to the
surface (check tension), or perhaps an even
more economical string would include some
43.5 #/ft pipe?
60
Casing Design
At some depth the 43.5 #/ft pipe would be
able to handle the collapse requirements,
but we have already determined that it will
not meet burst requirements.
NO!
61
N-80
43.5 #/ft?
Depth = 5,057?
5,066?
5,210?
N-80
47.0 #/ft
N-80
53.5 #/ft
Depth = 6,369
6,369
6,382
6,509
8,000
62
Tension Check
The weight on the top joint of casing
would be
(6,369 ft * 47.0# / ft ) + (1,631 ft * 53.5# / ft )
= 386,602 lbs actual weight
With a design factor of 1.8 for tension, a

pipe strength of
1.8 * 386,602 = 695,080 lbf is required
63
Tension Check
The Halliburton cementing tables give a
yield strength of 1,086,000 lbf for the pipe
body and a joint strength of 905,000 lbf for
LT & C.
47.0 # / ft is OK to surface
64
Drilling
Lesson 6
Casing Design - contd
1
Casing Design
Casing Threads
Using the Halliburton Cementing Tables
Yield Strength of Casing (in tension)
Burst Strength
Effect of Pipe Bending
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide
Selection of Casing Settling Depths
2
N-80
43.5 #/ft?
Depth = 5,057?
5,066?
5,210?
N-80
47.0 #/ft
N-80
53.5 #/ft
Depth = 6,369
6,369
6,382
6,509
8,000
3
Casing Design Review

We have 4 different weights of casing available to
us in this case:
1. Two of the four weights are unacceptable
to us everywhere in the string because
they
do not satisfy the burst
requirements.
2. Only the N-80, 53.5 #/ft pipe is capable of
withstanding the collapse requirements
at the bottom of the string
4

3. Since the 53.5 #/ft pipe is the most
expensive, we want to use as little of it
as
possible, so we want to use as
much
47.0 #/ft pipe as possible.
4. Dont forget to check to make sure the
tension requirements are met; both for pipe
body, and for threads and
couplings
(T&C).
5

The collapse resistance of N-80, 47 #/ft will
determine to what depth it can be run. Two
factors will reduce this depth:
Design Factor
Axial Stress (tension)
Halliburton collapse resistance: 4,760 psi
Apply design factor: 4,760 = 4,231 psi
1.125
6

To determine the effect of axial stress requires
an iterative process:
1. Determine the depth capability without
axial stress
4,231
depth =
= 6,509 ft
0.052 * 12.5
2. Determine axial stress at this point

7

3. Determine corresponding collapse resistance
4. Determine depth where this pressure exists
5. Compare with previous depth estimate
6. Repeat steps 2-6 using the new depth
estimate
7. When depths agree, accept answer
(typically 2-4 iterations) (agreement to
within 30 ft will be satisfactory)
8
Linear Interpolation
y = mx + c
P = mS + C
(i)
P1 = mS 1 + C
(ii)
P 2 = mS 2 + C
(iii)
9
(iii) (ii)
(i) (ii)
P2 P1 = m(S2 S1 )
P2 P1
m=
S2 S1
P2 P1
(S S1 )
P P1 = m(S S1 ) =
S2 S1
10
S S1
(P2 P1 )
P = P1 +
S 2 S1
With design factor:
S S1
1
(P1 P2 )
Pcc =
P1
D.F.
S2 S1
where
and
D.F. = 1.125
(S2 S1) = 5,000 psi
11
12
13
Rounded Threads
* 8 per inch
~ Square Threads
* Longer
* Stronger
Integral Joint
* Smaller ID, OD
* Costs more
* Strong
14
15
16
<--- BURST ---> <--- TENSION --->
Tensional force balance on pipe body

Example 7.1:
Compute the body-yield
strength for 20-in., K-55
casing with a nominal
wall thickness of 0.635
in. and a nominal weight
per foot of 133 lbf/ft.
Ften = yield * A s 17

K55
Solution:
This pipe has a minimum
yield strength of 55,000 psi
and an ID of:
Ften = yield * A s
d = 20 .00 2 ( 0 .635 ) = 18 .730 in .

18

Thus, the cross-sectional area of steel is
As =
( 20 18 . 73 ) = 38 . 63 sq .in .
2
and a minimum pipe-body yield

is predicted by Eq. 7.1 at
an axial force of:
Ften = yield * A s
Ften = 55,000 (38.63) = 2,125,000 lbf
19
Pipe Body Yield Strength

Py =
(D2 d2 )Yp
where
Py = pipe body yield strength, lbf
Yp = specified minimum yield strength, psi
D = outside diameter of pipe, in
d = inside diameter of pipe, in
20
Pipe Body Yield Strength

Example
What is yield strength of body of 7, 26 #/ft, P110 casing?
2
Py = (D d2 )Yp
4
( 7 2 6 .276 2 )110 ,000 = 830 , 402
Py 830,000 lbs
(nearest 1000 lbs).

agrees with Halliburton
21
Internal Yield Pressure for Pipe (Burst)

2 Yp t
P = 0.875
D
where
P = internal yield pressure, psi
Yp = minimum yield strength, psi
t = nominal wall thickness, in
D = O.D. of pipe, in
FT
FP
FP = DLP
FT = 2tLYP
DLP = 2tLYP
2Y p t
P=
22
Example
For 7, 26 #/ft P-110 pipe
2 Yp t
P = 0.875
(7 - 6.276)
= 0.875 * 2 * 110,000 *
2*7
= 9,955
P = 9,960 psi
(nearest 10 psi)
agrees with Halliburton Tables.
23
Ellipse of
Plasticity
24
COLLAPSE
TENSION
25
= dogleg severity, deg/100 ft

= angle build rate, deg/100 ft
Build Radius =
18,000
26
Length of arc, L = RR
L = (R + r) - R
R+r
dn
L = r =
2
dn
L dn

=
=
=
L
2 L
2(12 ) 100 180
30 * 10
= E =
2,400
= 218 dn
dn
180
= 218dn
F = 218 dn A s
(7.14a)
27
Figure 7.14 - Incremental stress caused by

bending of casing in a directional well
The area of steel, As, can be expressed
conveniently as the weight per foot of pipe
divided by the density of steel. For
common field units, Eq. 7.14a becomes
Fab = 64 d n w.............................(7.14b)
where Fab , , d n , and w have units of
lbf, degrees/100 ft, in., and lbf/ft, respectively.
28
Example
= 5 deg/100 ft
d n , = 7 in
w = 35 lbf / ft
Fab = 64 d n w.............................(7.14b)
Fab = 64 * 5 * 7 * 35 = 74,400 lbf

Fab = 74,400 lbf
29
Rc = 22
30
31
32
33
34
Production casing design load for burst.

35
Production casing design load for collapse.

36
Tensile Strength of Casing

What is the maximum
length of N-80 casing that
can hang in an air-filled
wellbore
without exceeding the
minimum yield strength
of the pipe?
37
Tensile Strength of Casing

What is the maximum length of N-80
casing that can hang in an air-filled
wellbore without exceeding the
minimum yield strength of the pipe?
FMAX = 80,000 As = As LMAX 490/144

LMAX = 80,000 * 144/490
LMAX = 23,510 ft
{ With a 1.8 design factor, LMAX = 13,060 ft }

38
Drilling Info
Lesson 9
Well Control Concepts
1
Well Control Concepts

The Anatomy of a KICK
Kicks - Definition
Kick Detection
Kick Control
(a) Dynamic Kick Control
(b) Other Kick Control Methods
* Drillers Method
* Engineers Method
2
Casing Design
Causes of Kicks
Causes of Kicks
Causes of Kicks
What?
What is a kick?
An unscheduled
entry of
formation
fluid(s) into the
wellbore
10
Why?
Why does a kick occur?
The pressure inside the
wellbore is lower
than the formation
pore pressure (in a
permeable formation).
pw < pf
11
How?
How can this occur?
( p W < pF )
Mud density is too low

Fluid level is too low - trips or lost circ.
Swabbing on trips
Circulation stopped - ECD too low
12
What ?
What happens if a kick is not

controlled?
BLOWOUT !!!
13
Typical Kick Sequence

1. Kick indication
2. Kick detection - (confirmation)
3. Kick containment - (stop kick influx)
4. Removal of kick from wellbore
5. Replace old mud with kill mud (heavier)
14
Kick Detection and Control
Kick Detection
Kick Control
15
1. Circulate Kick out of hole
Keep the BHP constant throughout
16
2. Circulate Old Mud out of hole
Keep the BHP constant throughout
17
Kick Detection
Some of the preliminary events that may
be associated with a well-control
problem, not necessarily in the order of
occurrence, are:
1. Pit gain;
2. Increase in flow of mud from the well
3. Drilling break (sudden increase in
drilling rate)
18
Kick Detection
4. Decrease in circulating pressure;
5. Shows of gas, oil, or salt water
6. Well flows after mud pump
has been shut down
7. Increase in hook load
8. Incorrect fill-up on trips
19
Dynamic Kick Control

[Kill well on the fly]
For use in controlling shallow gas kicks
No competent casing seat

No surface casing - only conductor
Use diverter (not BOPs)
Do not shut well in!
20
Dynamic Kick Control

1. Keep pumping. Increase rate!
(higher ECD)
2. Increase mud density
0.3 #/gal per circulation
3. Check for flow after each

complete circulation
4. If still flowing, repeat 2-4.
21
Conventional Kick Control

{Surface Casing and BOP Stack are in place}
Shut in well for pressure readings.
(a) Remove kick fluid from wellbore;
(b) Replace old mud with kill weight mud
Use choke to keep BHP constant.
22

1. DRILLERS METHOD
** TWO complete circulations **
4 Circulate kick out of hole
using old mud
4 Circulate old mud out of hole
using kill weight mud
23

2. WAIT AND WEIGHT METHOD
(Engineers Method)
** ONE complete circulation **
4 Circulate kick out of hole
using kill weight mud
24
Drillers Method - Constant Geometry

Information required:
Well Data:
Depth
= 10,000 ft.
Hole size = 12.415 in. (constant)
Drill Pipe = 4 1/2 O.D., 16.60 #/ft
Surface Csg.: 4,000 ft. of 13 3/8 O.D. 68 #/ft
(12.415 in I.D.)
25
Drillers Method - Constant Geometry

Additional Information required:
Kick Data:
Original mud weight
Shut-in annulus press.
Shut-in drill pipe press.
Kick size
= 10.0 #/gal
= 600 psi
= 500 psi
= 30 bbl
(pit gain)
26
Constant
Annular
Geometry.
Initial
conditions:
Kick has just
entered the
wellbore
Pressures
have
stabilized
SIDPP = 500 psi

SICP = 600 psi
DP OD
= 4.5 in
Hole dia
= 12.415 in
4,000 ft
Annular
Capacity
= 0.13006
bbl/ft
231 ft
10,000 ft
BHP = 5,700 psig

27
Successful Well Control

1. At no time during the process of
removing the kick fluid from the
wellbore will the pressure exceed the
pressure capability of
4 the formation
4 the casing
4 the wellhead equipment
28
Successful Well Control

2. When the process is complete the wellbore
is completely filled with a fluid of
sufficient density (kill mud) to control the
formation pressure.
Under these conditions the well will not flow
when the BOPs are opened.
3. Keep the BHP constant throughout.
29
Calculations
From the initial shut-in data we can
calculate:
Bottom hole pressure
Casing seat pressure

Height of kick
Density of kick fluid
30
Calculate New Bottom Hole Pressure

PB = SIDPP + Hydrostatic Pressure in DP
= 500
+ 0.052 * 10.0 * 10,000
= 500 + 5,200
PB = 5,700 psig
31
Calculate Pressure at Casing Seat

P4,000 = P0 + PHYDR. ANN. 0-4,000
= SICP + 0.052 * 10 * 4,000
= 600 + 2,080
P4,000 = 2,680 psig
32
Calculate EMW at Casing Seat

This corresponds to a pressure gradient of
2,680 psi
= 0.670 psi/ft
4,000 ft
Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW) =
0.670
psi/ ft
= 12.88 lb/gal
0.052 (psi/ ft)(lb / gal)
( mud = 10.0 lb/gal )
33
Calculate Initial Height of Kick

Annular capacity per ft of hole:
vx =
(D H D P )L
gal
bbl
= (12 .415 4.5 ) * 12 in *
3
4
231 in 42 gal
2
= 0.13006 bbls/ft
34
Calculate Height of Kick
Height of kick at bottom of hole,

VB
30 bbl
hB =
=
= 230 .7 ft
0.13006 bbl/ft
vx
hB
= 231 ft
35
Calculate Density of Kick Fluid

The bottom hole pressure is the pressure at
the surface plus the total hydrostatic pressure
between the surface and the bottom:
Drill String
Annulus
PB = SICP + PMA + PKB = SIDPP + PMD
600 + 0052
. *10
*(10,000-231) + PKB = 500 + (0.052*10*10,000)
600 + 5,080 + PKB = 500 + 5,200

36
Density of Kick Fluid
PKB = 20 psi
KB
20
=
1 .67 lb/gal
0 .052 * 231
(must be primarily gas!)
37
Circulate Kick Out of Hole

NOTE:
The bottom hole
pressure is kept
constant while the kick
fluid is circulated out of
the hole!
In this case
BHP = 5,700 psig
38
Constant
Annular
Geometry
Drillers Method.
Conditions When
Top of Kick Fluid
Reaches the Surface
BHP = const.
39
40
Top of Kick at Surface

As the kick fluid moves up the annulus, it
expands. If the expansion follows the gas
law, then
P0 V 0
PB VB
=
Z 0 n 0 RT 0
Z B n B RT B
[ surface ]
[bottom]
41

Ignoring changes due to compressibility
factor (Z) and temperature, we get:
P0 V 0 = PB V B
P0 v 0h 0 = PB v B h B
i. e .
P0h 0 = PB h B
Since cross-sectional area = constant
(v
= v B = const
.)
42

We are now dealing two unknowns, P0 and
h0. We have one equation, and need a
second one.
BHP = Surface Pressure + Hydrostatic Head
5,700 = Po + PKO + PMA
5,700 = Po + 20 + 0.052 * 10 * (10,000 - hO )
PB hB
5,700 - 20 - 5,200 = Po - 0.52 *
Po
43

480 P 0 = P 0
P0
0 . 52 * 5700
480 P 0 684684
P0 =
480
480
* 231
= 0
+ 4 * 684 , 684
2
P 0 = 240 862 = 1,102 psi

44
1,200
50
2,000
40
2,000/40
800
1,100
40
1,200 + 800
2,000
800 / (0.052 * 14,000)
1.10
13.5
14.6
1,200 * 14.6 / 13.5

1,298
psi45
1,298
0
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2,000
200
bbls 46
DrillPipe Pressure
Csg
DS DS
Csg
Pressure When Circulating
Static Pressure
First Circulation
Drillers
Method
Second Circulation
47
Casing Pressure
Csg
DS DS
Csg
Drillers
Method
Drillpipe Pressure
Volume Pumped, Strokes
48
Engineers
Method
6
49
Drilling
Lesson 10
Well Control, contd
1
Well Control, contd

g Shut-in Procedures after Taking a Kick
4 Kick Occurs While Drilling
4 Kick Occurs While Tripping
g Casing Pressures During

Well Control Operations
4 Kick on Bottom
4 Kick at surface
g Kick Migration During Shut-in Conditions

2
Controlling A Kick when On Bottom

Procedure:
1. Raise the kelly to clear
the tool joint
above the rotary
2. Shut down the pump
3. Check for well flow
3
Controlling A Kick when On Bottom

4. If well is flowing, immediately close the
blowout preventer and shut in the well
completely, (except on shallow gas
kicks).
5. Notify supervisory personnel.
6. Read and record the stabilized shut-in
drill-pipe pressure. (SIDPP)
4
Controlling A Kick When On Bottom

casing pressure (SICP)
8. Read and record the pit gain
(pit-level increase = kick size)
9. Record the time
10. Record depth
11. Record mud weight
5
Controlling A Well Kick While

Making A Trip
1. Stop trip operations. Set slips
with tool joint at rotary.
2. Install inside blowout
preventer and release
valve stem or close the
valve if drill-stem valve is
employed.
6

Making A Trip
3. Immediately close the blowout
preventer and shut in the
well completely (except on
shallow gas kicks).
4. Install kelly, open drill-pipe
valve, or pump through
back-pressure valve.
7
Controlling a Well Kick While

Making A Trip
5. Notify supervisory personnel
drill-pipe pressure or equivalent
(SIDPP)
casing pressure (SICP)
8

Making A Trip
8. Read and record the pit gain
(Kick Size)
9. Record the time
10. Record the current well depth
11. Record the current mud weight
9
Well Control
g Avoid kicks if possible
g Catch them early if they do occur
g Know how to control kicks
if they do occur
10
Avoiding Kicks While Tripping:
g Keep the hole full.

g Avoid excessive surge pressures.
g Avoid excessive swab pressures
11
Tripping Out Of Hole

If well is not taking enough fluid to replace
volume of steel pulled from hole, fluid may
have been swabbed into well.
Measure fluid volume to fill hole:
1. By counting pump strokes, or
2. By direct measurement from trip tank.
Note: The second method is best.
12
Recommendations
g Do not break circulation with bit and
BHA just above the casing seat.
When breaking circulation,
4 Start the pumps slowly,
4 Rotate the drill string,
4 Pick up on the drillstring at the same time
This will reduce the initial pressure

required to get the mud moving
13
Well Control-Variable Geometry

g Initial Shut-In Conditions
Drillers Method
4 Kick at Casing Seat
4 Kick at Surface
Wait and Weight Method
4 Kick at Casing Seat
4 Kick at Surface
14
Example Problem
1. Determine the pressure at the casing seat
at 4,000 when using the old mud
(Drillers) versus using the kill mud
(Wait and Weight) to circulate a gas
kick out of the hole.
2. Determine the casing pressure at the
surface when the top of the gas
bubble has just reached the surface,
for the same two mud weights used
above.
15
Example Problem
Well depth
= 10,000
Hole size
= 10.5
Drill pipe
= 4.5, 16.60 #/ft
Drill Collars
= 8 * 3.5 * 500 ft
Surface casing = 4,000, 13-3/8, 68 #/ft
Mud Weight
= 10 ppg
Fracture gradient @ 4,000 = 0.7 psi/ft

16
Example Problem
1. Drillers Method
(two circulations)
Drop the Z terms

but consider Temperature
T at surface = 70 deg. F
Temperature gradient = 1.2 deg.F/100 ft
17
Initial (Closed-In) Conditions:
SIDPP = 200 psi

SICP = 400 psi
Pit Level Increase = 20 bbl
Initial Mud Weight = 10 # /gal
Initial mud gradient = 0.520 psi/ft
(0.052 * 10 = 0.520)
18
Initial (Closed-In) Conditions:

Bottom Hole Pressure,
psi
P10,000 = (10,000 ft ) * (0.520
) + 200 = 5,400 psi
ft
Annular Vol/ft outside Drill Collars,
gal bbl
v dc,ann = (10.5 8 )in (12 in)

2
4
231 in 42 gal
= 0.04493 bbl/ft
2
19
vdp.csg = 0.13006 bbl/ft

4,000
vdp,hole = 0.08743 bbl/ft
9,500
vdc,hole = 0.04493 bbl/ft
10,000
20
Height of Kick Fluid,

h10,000
20 bbl
=
= 445 ft
0.04493 bbl/ft
Hydrostatics in the Annulus,

BHP = P0 + PMA + PK0
5,400 = 400 + 0.520 * 9,555 + Pkick_10,00 0
Hydrostatic Pressure across Kick Fluid,

Pkick_10,00 0 = 5,400 400 0.520 * 9,555
Pkick_10,00 0 = 31. 4 psi

21
Drillers Method - kick at bottom

Weight of Kick Fluid = Pressure * area
lb
2
2
2
= 31.4 2 * (10.5 8 ) in
in
4
W = 1,141 lb
F = P * A = W
22
SICP = 400 psi
4,000
SIDPP = 200 psi
9,555
9,500
445
10,000
31.4
psi
PB = P 10,000 = 5,400 psi

23
Drillers Method - kick at csg. seat

What is the pressure at 4,000 ft when the
top of the kick fluid first reaches that point?
V4,000 = V10,000
0.08743 * h4,000
h 4,000
P10,000 T4,000
*
*
T
P
4,000 10,000
5,400 70 + 48 + 460
*
= 20 *
650
P4,000
1,098,444
=
P4,000
24
Drillers
Method
Top of
Kick at
Casing
Seat
4,000
9,500
10,000
25

Again,
BHP = P4,000 + PK_4,000 + PMA
PK_4,000
weight
1,141 lbs
=
=
area
2
2
10.5 4.5 in
4
P K_4,000 = 16.1 psi

26

BHP = P4,000 + PK_4,000 + PMA
5,400 = P4,000 + 16 + 0.52 * (6,000 h4,000 )
5,384 = P4,000 + 3,120 0.52 * h 4,000

2,264 = P4,000
1,098,444
(0.52) *
P
4,000
27

This results in the quadratic Eqn:
2
4,000
2,264 P4,000 571,191 = 0
With the solutions:

P4,000
2,264 2,264 + 4 * 571,191

=
2
2
P4,000 = 2,493 psi => 0.6233 psi/ft
0.5
< 0.7
28
Drillers Method - Top of Kick at Casing Seat

P0,ann = ?
P4,000 = 2,493 psi
4,000
h4,000 = 441 ft
P = 16 psi
9,500
10,000
BHP = 5,400 psi
1,098,444
h4,000 =
P4,000
29
Drillers Method - kick at surface

When the bubble rises, it expands. The
volume of the bubble at the surface is given by:
P10,000 T0
V0 = V10,000
T
P
0 10,000
(Z = const.)
5400 70 + 460

(0.13006 ) h0 = 20
P0 70 + 120 + 460
677,084
h0 =
- - - (1)
Po
30
Drillers
Method
Top of
Kick at
Surface
4,000
9,500
10,000
31

PK,0
weight
1,141 lb
=
=
area
12.415 2 4.5 2 in2
4
PK0 = 10.85 11 psi
32
From Eq. (2),
BHP = P0 + PK0 + PMA
5,400 = P0 + 11 + 0.52 * (10,000 h0 )
But, from Eq. (1),
677,084
h0 =
P0
33

So,
677,084
5,400 = P0 + 11 + 0.52 10,000

P0
(5,400 5,200 11) P0 = P0 352,084

2
P0 189 P0 352 ,084 = 0

Quadratic equation . . .
34
189 189 + ( 4 )( 352 ,084 )

P0 =
2
2
1
2
P0 = 695 . 34 psi 695 psi

677 ,084
h0 =
= 973 . 74
695 . 34
h 0 974 ft
35

P4,000 = P0 + 0.52 * (4,000 974) + PKO
= 695 + 1,574 + 11
= 2,280 psi
( = 0.57 psi/ft )
Alternativ ely,
P4,000 = P10,000 (0.52) * (10,000 4,000 )
= 5,400 - 3,120
= 2,280 psi
36
Drillers Method. Top of Kick at Surface

P0,ann = 695 psi
h0 = 974 ft
PK,0 = 11 psi
4,000
P 4,000 = 2,280 psi
9,500
10,000
P10,000 = ?
37
Wait and
Weight
Method
Top of
Kick at
Casing
Seat
Old Mud
Kill Mud
4,000
9,500
10,000
BHP = 5,400 psi
38

- Density of Kill Mud
SIDPP
Kill mud weight =
+ Old Mud Wt.
0.052 *10,000
#
= 0.38 + 10.00 = 10.38
gal
39

- Capacity of Drillstring
Capacity inside drill string = DP_cap. + DC_cap.
bbl
bbl
= 0.01422
* 9,500 ft + 0.0119
* 500 ft
ft
ft
= 141 bbl
#
= Quantity of 10.0
mud below the bubble.
gal
40

- kick at casing seat
Calculate the pressure at 4,000 ft when the
top of the bubble reaches this point.
Volume of bubble at 4,000 ft
V4,000 = V10,000
P10,000
P
4,000
T4,000
T
10,000
41
W&W - Pressure at top of kick at 4,000 ft

(0.08743)h4,000
h 4,000
5,400
= 20
P
4,000
578
650
1,098,444
=
P4,000
But,
BHP = P4,000 + PK_4,000 + PM + PM1
- - - (6)
- - - (7)
42
W&W - Pressure at top of kick

- kick at 4,000 ft
141
PM1 = 0.052 *10.38* 6,000 h 4,000
0.08743
BHP = P4,000 + PK_4,000 + PM + PM1
- - - (7)
5,400 = P4,000 + 16 + 839 + 2,368 (0.5398) h 4,000

43

- kick at 4,000 ft
As before,
PK_4,000 = 16 psi
141 bbl
PM = 0 . 052 * 10 *
0.08743 bbl/ft
= 839 psi
44

- kick at 4,000 ft
2,177 = P4 000
2
4,000
1,098,444
(0.5398)
P4,000
2,177 P4,000 592,940 = 0
45

- kick at 4,000 ft
P4,000
2,177 2,177 + 4 * 592,940

=
2
= 2,422 psi
0 ,5
=> 0.61 psi/ft
46
Wait and
Weight
Method
Top of
Kick at
Surface
4,000
9,500
Old Mud
Kill Mud
10,000
47

- kick at surface
Volume of gas bubble at surface:
P10,000
V0 = V10,000
P0
T0
T
10,000
5,400 530
0.13006 * h 0 = 20
P0 650
677,084
h0 =
P0
- - - (4)
48

(Engineers Method) - kick at surface
P10,000 = P0 + PK0 + PM + PM1
As before,
- - - (5)
PK,0 = 11 psi
Assume all 10 lb mud is inside 13 3/8 csg.

Then the height of 10 lb mud
141.0 bbl
hM =
= 1,084 ft
0.13006 bbl/ft
49

(Engineers Method) - kick at surface
Hydrostatic head across the mud columns:
PM = 0.52 *1,084 = 564 psi
(old mud)
PM1 = 0.052 *10.38 * (10,000 h 0 1,084)

(kill mud)
50
Hydrostatics in Annulus
W&W Method - kick at surface
P10,000 = P0 + P K0 + P M + P M1
5,400 = P0 + 11 + 564 + 0.5398 * (8,916 h 0 )
12.14 = P0 (0.5398)h
51

kick at surface
From Eq. 4, substituting for h0
677,084
12 = P0 (0.5398)
P0
P02 12P 0 365,490 = 0
P0 =
12 12 + 4 * 365,490
P0 = 610.59
1
2
2
611 psi
52

- kick at surface
Height of Bubble at Surface
677,084
677,084
=
h0 =
P0
610.59
= 1,109 ft
53
Check Pressure at 4,000 ft

- kick at surface
P4,000 = P0 + PK0 + PM + PM1

= 611 + 11 + 569 +
+ 0.052 *10.38 * (4,000 - 1,109 - 1,093)
= 2,161 psi
=> 0.54 psi/ft

Looks OK
54

Old Mud
Kill Mud
4,000
9,500
10,000
P0,ann = 611 psi

h0 = 1,109 ft
PK,0 = 11 psi
POld Mud = 569 psi
P 4,000 = 2,161 psi
P10,000 = ?
55
Summary
Bubble at 10,000 ft
Drillers
Method
P4,000
P0
Engineers
Method
2,480
2,480
400
400
56
Summary
Top of Bubble at 4,000 ft
Drillers
Method
P4,000
P0
Engineers
Method
2,493
2,422
413
342
57
Summary
P4,000
P0
Top of Bubble at surface
Drillers
Method
Engineers
Method
2,280
2,161
695
611
58
59
Why the difference?
60
Maximum Casing Pressure, psi
Kick Intensity, ppg
61
Casing Pressure, psi
Kick Intensity, ppg
Pump Strokes
62
CASING PRESSURE, psi
1,998 psi
50 bbl kick
20 bbl kick
1,266 psi
989 psi
10 bbl kick
BARRELS OF KILL MUD PUMPED

63
Well is Shut In
Gas
Bubble
Will
Rise
!
Bubble
Rise
Velocity
?
64
400 psi
200 psi
Variable
Geometry
4,000
Kick On Bottom
- Well Shut In
9,500
10,000
hB = 445
PB = 5,700 psi
65
Variable Geometry
1. Calculate new BHP:
PB = (0.052 * old * depth) + SIDPP

2. Calculate height of kick
(check geometry).
3. Calculate density of kill mud:
kill
PB
=
0 .052 * depth
SIDPP
=
0.052 * depth
66
Variable Geometry
4. Calculate the density of kick fluid:
KICK = OLD
SICP SIDPP
MUD
0.052 * Kick Height B
KICK = OLD
MUD
SICP SIDPP

0.052 * Kick Height B
How would you derive this equation?

67
Engineers
Method Gas Kick
at surface
Gas Bubble
ho
D*
10.0 lb/gal
10.38 lb/gal
PB = (0.052 * old * depth) + SIDPP
PB = const = 0.052 * kill * depth

68
1. Calculate expansion
of gas bubble
PB Tx Z x
Vx = VB
Px TB Z B
. BHP == Press
toptop
of kick
+ PHYD,
Annulus
2.2BHP
Pressatat
of kick
+ P HYD,Annulus
BHP = Px + PKICK + Pm,old + Pm,kill
3. Solve the resulting quadratic equation to get
the pressure
69
Drilling
Lesson 11
Cementing
1
Cementing
Cementing Processes
Casing
Liner
Squeeze
Plug
Density of Mixtures
Cementing Equipment
2
Cementing contd
Large-Hole Cementing
Through Casing
Through Drill Pipe
Through Grout Pipe
Cementing from Floater

Multistage Cementing
Cement Bond Log
3
Cement is used in Drilling

Operations to...
Support and protect the casing
Prevent the movement of fluid through the
annular space outside the casing
Stop the movement of fluid into vugular or
fractured formations
Close an abandoned well or a portion of a
well
Sidetracking
4
Types of Cementing Processes

I. Primary Cementing
1.
2.
3.
4.
Full String
Liners
Large Pipe
Stage
A. Survey and perforate
B. Stage collars
5
Primary Cementing
Steel
Casing
Borehole
Cement
Steel Liner
Full String Cementing
Liner Cementing
6
II. Squeeze Cementing

1. Shoe
2. Casing (up-hole)
3. Open-hole (lost-circulation)
NEW SLURRY

III. Plugging
1. Open-hole plug back
A. Fishing Operations
B. Abandonment
2. Casing
9
10
IV. Special Techniques

1. On Land
2. Off-shore
11
Mixing Cement
(basis is 1 sk. of cmt.)
The density-volume formula:
W w + Wc + Wb + ... + Wn = Wmix
w v w + c v w + n v b + ... + n v n = mix v mix
Slurry Yield (volume of mixture/sk):

gal vmix cu.ft.
vw + vc + vb + ... + vn = vmix
=
sk 7.48 sk
12
Rotary Drilling Cementing

Density of Each Component in Slurry:
e.g. Density of Barite =
Specific Gravity of Barite * Density of Water
b = 4 .23 * 8 .33 lb/gal

b = 35.2 lb/gal
13
From Halliburton Cementing Tables, p.14, Grey Pages
14
Rotary Drilling Cementing

Density of Cement Slurry:
mix
mix mix
=
mix
mass
volume
15
16
17
18
Wiper Plugs
Wiper plugs are equipped with rubber-cupped
fins which wipe mud from the walls of the
casing ahead of the cement and clean the
walls of casing behind the slurry.
Examples of wiper plugs are shown in the next
slide. The top plug also serves as a means of
determining when the cement is in place.
19
Diaphragm
Moulded
Rubber
Bottom Cementing Plug
Top Cementing Plug

20
Mud film thickness
Feet of fill per 1000

5 1/2
1/16
1.6mm
50.6
40
1/32
0.8mm
25.5
20
1/64
0.4mm
12.6
10
21
22
23
24
25
Float Valve
26
Cementing
After
Cementing
(check valve)
27
28
Large-Hole
Cementing
Normal
Displacement
Method
Down the inside of the Csg.
Use two wiper plugs
Takes a long time . . .
Large surface area exposed
to the cmt.
29
Large-Hole
Cementing
Inner
String
Cementing
Down the inside of the DP
Use top wiper plug
Stab-in adapter
Much shorter displ. time
30
Large-Hole
Cementing
Outside
Cementing
1. Down the inside

2. Small-dia. pipe outside
Cmt and gradually
remove the pipes
Alternative:
Pipes attached
(for large pipes)
31
Drilling Liners
Liners are commonly used to seal the openhole
below a long intermediate casing string to:
1. Case off the open hole to enable deeper
drilling.
2. Control water or gas production
3. Hold back unconsolidated or sloughing
formations.
4. Case off zones of lost circulation and/or
zones of high pressure encountered
during drilling operations.
32
Drill
Pipe
Liner
33
34
Displ.
Mud
dart
cmt
ball
mud
35
Multi-Stage
Cementing
Pump first stage
Displace cmt.
Open stage tool
Pump second stage
Displace cmt
Last plug closes tool
36
Opening
Bomb
Closing
Plug
Stage
Collar
Cementing
Basket
37
Cmt
Mud
Cmt
38
BAD
GOOD
39
Before
Squeeze
After
Squeeze
40
41
Tieback liner showing sealing nipple
42
Liner and sealing nipple

1. Reinforcing the intermediate casing
worn by drilling.
2. Providing greater resistance to
collapse stress from abnormal
pressures.
3. Providing corrosion protection.
4. Sealing an existing liner which may
be leaking gas.
43
Delayed
Set
Cementing
44
Reverse
Circulating
Cementing
45
Scratchers and Wall Cleaners

for Removal of Filter Cake
46
Centralizers to keep Pipe away from Wall

47
Drilling

Primary and Secondary Well Control
What Constitutes a Kick
Why Kicks Occur
Kick Detection Methods
Kicks while Tripping

Shut-in Procedures
Soft Shut-in
Hard Shut-in
Water Hammer

The focus of well control theory is to
contain and manage formation
pressure.
Primary well control involves efforts at
preventing formation fluid influx into
the wellbore.
Secondary well control involves
detecting an influx and bringing it to
the surface safely.
Kicks
A kick may be defined as an unscheduled
influx of formation fluids.
Fluids produced during underbalanced
drilling are not considered kicks
Fluids produced during a DST are not
considered kicks
Kicks
For a kick to occur, we need:
Wellbore pressure < pore pressure
A reasonable level of permeability
A fluid that can flow
Kicks
Kicks may occur while:
Drilling
Tripping
Making a connection
Logging
Running Casing
Cementing
N/U or N/D BOP, etc.
Causes of Kicks
Insufficient wellbore fluid density
Low drilling or completion fluid density
Reducing MW too much
Drilling into abnormally pressured
formations
Temperature expansion of fluid
Excessive gas cutting
Causes of Kicks - contd

Reduction of height of mud column
Lost circulation because of excess
static or dynamic wellbore pressure
Fluid removal because of swabbing
Tripping pipe without filling the hole
Causes of Kicks - contd

Excessive swab friction pressure
while moving pipe
Wellbore collision between a
drilling and producing well
Cement hydration
Kick indicators
Indicator
Significance
Drilling break
Medium
Increase in mud
return rate
High
Pit gain
High
Flow w/ pumps off
Definitive
Kick indicators
Indicator
Pump pressure
decrease
/ rate increase
Significance
Low
Increase in
drillstring weight
Low
Gas cutting or
salinity change
Low
Kick Influx Rate

q=
kh( pe pw )
ln(re rw )
This equation would

where
rarely be strictly
q = influx flow rate,
applicable in the
event of a kick since
k = formation permeability
fluid compressibility
h = formation thickness,
is not considered
p e = pore pressure at the drainage radius
and transient
p w = pore pressure at the wellbore
relationships better
= influx viscosity
describe influx flow
re = drainage radius
behavior.
rw = wellbore radius
Kick Influx Rate

Extremely important to detect a
kick early, to minimize its size.

If a kick is suspected,
run a flow check!!!
Circulation
path for
Drilling
Fluid
What goes
in Must
come out
unless a
kick
occursor
As drilling
proceeds, mud
level in pit drops
slowly.
Why?
Mud Return Rate

Set alarm for high
or low flow rate
If a kick occurs, flow
rate from the well
increases - an early
indicator
Pit Volume
Totalizer, PVT
shows pit gain
or loss.
Pit level is a
good kick
indicator
System should detect a 10 bbl kick

under most conditions onshore
Kick size
Under most conditions a 10 bbl kick
can be handled safely.
An exception is slimhole drilling, where
even a small kick occupies a large
height in the annulus.
In floating drilling, where the vessel
moves, small kicks are more difficult to
detect
Mud pulse telemetry - pressure pulses

detected at the surface
High
amplitude
positive pulse
Compare
signals
from
drillpipe
and
annulus
Low amplitude
negative pulse
Acoustic kick detection
Gas in the annulus will attenuate a pressure signal,

and will reduce the velocity of sound in the mud
Kick volume, bbl
Minimum kick size that can be

detected by an acoustic system
Temperature = 212 degrees F.
Mud density
= 16.7 lbm/gal
Influx rate
= 32 gal/min
Pump rate
= 317 gal/min
Collar diameter =
6 inches
Hole diameter =
8-1/2 inches
Pressure, psi
Delta
flow
indicator
Delta flow indicator

Delta Flow Indicator
Delta flow = qout - qin

Upper Alarm
Threshold
Kick
detected
Lower Alarm
Threshold
Time
Delta flow indicator

Field Examples of Kick Detection and Final
Containment Volumes using the Delta
Flow Method
Hole
Size
in.
5 7/8
5 7/8
5 7/8
Depth
ft.
Influx
Rate
gal/min
Volume
Detected
bbl
Volume
Contained
bbl
15,770
14,005
17,152
35
7
60
0.72
0.70
1.00
2.0
1.5
5.0
BOP
stack
BOP
Control
Panel
Choke
Manifold
Choke
panel
If a kick is suspected
Lift the drillstring until a tool joint is
just above the rotary table
Shut down the mud pumps
Check for flow
If a kick is suspected
If flowing - shut the annular, open the
HCR valve, and close the choke
Record SIDPP and SICP
Record pit gain and depth
(MD and TVD)
Note the time
Hard Shut-In
Assure beforehand the choke manifold
line is open to preferred choke and
choke is in closed position.
After a kick is indicated, hoist the
string and position tool joint above
rotary table.
Shut off pump
Observe flowline for flow.
Hard Shut-In
5. If flow is verified, shut the well in by
using annular preventer and open the
remote-actuated valve to the choke
manifold.
6. Notify supervisor (company drilling
supervisor, toolpusher or rig manager).
7. Read and record shut-in drillpipe
pressure (SIDPP).
Hard Shut-In
8. Read and record shut-in casing
pressure (SICP).
9. Rotate the drillstring though the
closed annular preventer if feasible.
10. Measure and record pit gain.
Hard Shut-In
Water hammer ?
Soft Shut-In
Assure beforehand choke manifold
line is open to preferred choke and
choke in in open position.
After kick is indicated, hoist string &
position tool joint above rotary table.
Shut off pump.
Soft Shut-In
Observe flowline for flow.
If flow is verified, open remoteactuated valve to choke manifold and
close annular preventer.
Shut well in by closing choke.
Notify supervisor (company drilling
supervisor, toolpusher, rig manager).
Soft Shut-In
Read and record SIDPP.
Read and record SICP.
Rotate drillstring through closed
annular preventer if feasible.
Measure and record pit gain.
Soft Shut-In
Larger Kick !
Example 5.1
A kick is detected while drilling at 13,000 ft.
The well is shut-in by the ram preventer in
5 seconds.
1. Determine water hammer load at surface if
influx flow rate is 3.0 bbl/min,
the muds acoustic velocity is 4,800 ft/s and
mud density is 10.5 lbm/gal
Example 5.1, continued

For the same conditions:
2. Compute velocity assuming the annulus flow
area corresponds to 5.0 in. drillpipe inside

8.921 in. inner diameter casing.
Ignore effect of influx properties on wave travel
time and amplitude.

v a v
pc =
gc
. (5.2)

The relationship is only valid if valve is fully
closed before the shock wave has time to
make the round trip from surface to total
depth. If this condition is not met, closure is
defined as slow as opposed to rapid and
resultant pressure surge will be lower.
Regardless of method, some pressure
increase, however minor, cannot be avoided
and the soft shut-in procedure may in fact
be considered rapid in some cases.
Example 5.1, contd
v a v
pc =
gc
Solution: The time for the pressure wave to

traverse the system is
t = dist/vel = (2)(13,000)/4,800 = 5.4 sec
Hence this would be characterized as a
rapid shut-in and Equation 5.2 is
appropriate.
Example 5.1 contd
v a v
pc =
gc
2. The velocity change in the annulus is

computed as:
q (3.0 bbl/min)(5 .615 ft /bbl)(144 in /ft )
=
=
2
2
2
(60 s/min) /4(8.921 - 5 ) in

3
v = 0.94 ft/s
Example 5.1 contd
v a v
pc =
gc
The surface pressure increase is given by

equation 5.2
(
10.5 lbm/gal)(7.48 gal/ft 3 )(4,800 ft/s)(0.94 ft/s)
=
32.17 lbm - ft / lbf - s2
c = 11,015 lbf/ft = 76 psi.

2
Off Bottom Kicks

Slugging of drillpipe
Hole fill during trips
Surge and Swab pressures
Kick detection during trips
Shut-In Procedures
Blowout Case History
Pbh = g1h1 + g2h2

= g2h3
Hydrostatic
Balance
Off Bottom
Kicks
When stopping
circulation, ECD is
lost. Always check for
flow.
Slugging of Drillpipe
to prevent Wet Trip
AFTER Flow Check
Failure to keep
the hole full
When pipe if removed
from the wellbore the
fluid level drops
resulting in loss of
HSP.
To prevent kicks the
hole must be re-filled
with mud.
Nominal Dimensions-Displacement
Factors for API Drillpipe
Outside Nominal Nominal
Average Displacement
Diameter
Inside
Weight Approximate
Factor
in.
Diameter, in. lbm/ft
Weight
bbl/ft
2-3/8
1.995
1.815
4.85
6.65
5.02
6.80
0.00182
0.00247
2-7/8
2.441
2.151
6.85
10.40
7.09
10.53
0.00258
0.00383
3-1/2
2.992
2.764
2.602
9.50
13.30
15.50
10.15
13.86
16.39
0.00369
0.00504
0.00596
Nominal DimensionsDisplacement factors for API

Drillpipe
Outside Nominal Nominal
Diameter
Inside
Weight Approximate
Factor
in.
Weight
bbl/ft
4
3.476
3.340
3.240
11.85
14.00
15.70
12.90
15.14
17.13
0.00469
0.00551
0.00623
4-1/2
3.958
3.826
3.640
3.500
13.75
16.60
20.00
22.82
14.75
17.70
21.74
24.33
0.00537
0.00644
0.00791
0.00885
Nominal DimensionsDisplacement factors for API

Drillpipe
Outside Nominal
Nominal
Diameter
Inside
Weight Approximate
Factor
in.
Weight
bbl/ft
5
4.276
4.000
19.50
25.60
21.58
27.58
0.00785
0.01003
5-1/2
4.778
4.670
21.90
24.70
23.77
26.33
0.00865
0.00958
6-6/8
5.965
5.901
25.20
27.70
27.15
29.06
0.00988
0.01057
Displacement Factors for

High Strength Drillpipe
Outside
Diameter
in.
Nominal
Weight
lbm/ft
Average
Approximate
Weight, lbm/ft.
Displacement
Factor
bbl/ft
2-3/8
2-7/8
6.65
10.40
6.95
11.01
0.00253
0.00400
3-1/2
13.30
15.50
14.51
17.02
0.00528
0.00619
14.00
15.70
15.85
17.50
0.00577
0.00637
4-1/2
16.60
20.00
22.82
18.65
22.40
25.21
0.00678
0.00815
0.00917
Displacement Factors for High

Strength Drillpipe
Outside
Diameter
in.
Nominal
Weight
lbm/ft
Average
Approximate
Weight, lbm/ft.
Displacement
Factor
bbl/ft
19.50
25.60
22.34
28.60
0.00813
0.01040
5-1/2
21.90
24.70
25.14
28.13
0.00914
0.01023
6-5/8
25.20
27.70
28.33
30.58
0.01031
0.01112
Displacement Factors for

Heavy-Wall Drillpipe
Outside Nominal Connection Approx.
Diameter Inside
Weight
in.
Diameter, in.
lbm/ft
Displacement
Factor
bbl/ft
3-1/2
2.063
2.250
NC38
NC38
23.20
25.30
0.00844
0.00920
2.563
NC40
29.70
0.01080
4-1/2
2.750
NC46
41.00
0.01491
3.00
NC50
49.30
0.01793
Example 5.2
Drill a well to 9,500 total depth with a 10.0
lbm/gal mud. 8.097 in. ID casing has been set
at 1,500 ft.
Determine the hydrostatic pressure loss if ten
90 ft stands of 4 1/2 in., 16.60 lbm/ft Grade E
drillpipe are pulled without filling the hole.
Also determine the losses after pulling ten
stands of drillpipe if the bit is plugged and after
pulling one stand of 6 1/4 x 2 1/2 in drill collars.
Example 5.2
Solution
The displacement factor for open
drillpipe is obtained from Table 5.5 and
the displacement volume is computed
as:
Vd = (0.00644) (10) (90) = 5.80 bbl
Example 5.2
To determine the drop in fluid level, we must
have capacity factors for the drillpipe and
annulus. These can be obtained directly from
a published table or by calculation.
Inside Drillpipe:
Ci = 3.8262/1,029.4 = 0.1422 bbl/ft. and
Inside Annulus:
Cc = (8.0972 - 4.52)/1,029.4 = 0.04402 bbl/ft.
Example 5.2
These values are only approximate since
the effect of the pipe upsets and tool joints are
not considered. The mud level will fall by
h = 5.80/(0.01422 + 0.04402) = 99.6 ft.
and the corresponding hydrostatic pressure
loss is
p = 99.6(10.0/19.25) = 52 psi.
Example 5.2
Tripping out with a plugged bit implies the
string is pulled wet and, if no mud falls back in
the hole, the drillstring inner capacity is being
evacuated along with the steel. The volume
removed after pulling ten stands wet is
V = Vi + Vd = (0.00644 + 0.01422)(10)(90)
= 18.59 bbl
(inside drillpipe + steel in drillpipe)
Example 5.2
The mud level drop in the annulus and
pressure loss are thus
h = 18.59/0.04402 = 422.3 ft.
and
p = (422.3)(0.519) = 219 psi.
Example 5.2
For drill collars, we compute the displacement
factor and displacement volume as
Cd = (6.252 - 2.52)/1,029.4 = 0.03188 bbl/ft.
and
Vd = (0.0318) (1)(90) = 2.87 bbl.
Example 5.2
The pressure loss is determined in the same
manner as the open drillpipe case.
Ci = 2.52/1,029.4 = 0.00607 bbl/ft
Ca = (8.0972- 6.252)/1,029.4 = 0.02574 bbl/ft
h = 2.87/(0.00607 + 0.02574) = 90.2 ft
and
p = (0.519) (90.2) = 47 psi
Lesson 22
Introduction to
Underbalanced
Drilling Technology
UB DRILLING - JOBS
1997 Underbalanced Drilling Jobs

Geographic Distribution
Canad a
M id d le Eas t
Euro p e
So uth America
US
Far Eas t
1998 Spears & Assoc.
Underbalanced
Underbalanced Drilling
Drilling in
in the
the United
United States
States
16,000
LOW
TOTAL UNBDERBALANCED WELLS
14,000
HIGH
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
95
96
97
98
99
00
YEAR
01
02
03
04
05
Underbalanced Drilling
Wells by Region
2 ,0 0 0
1 ,8 0 0
Intl
US
1 ,6 0 0
Canada
1 ,4 0 0
1 ,2 0 0
1 ,0 0 0
800
600
400
200
UBD Definition
Formation Pressure is
equal to or greater than
Circulating Pressure
UBD - Types
Normally Pressured Reservoirs
Applications for normal to above normal
pressured reservoirs utilizing fluid systems in a
controlled flow (mudcap) drilling technique.
Depleted Reservoirs
Where a multi-phase circulating fluid is
necessary to achieve required Bottom Hole
Circulating Pressure (BHCP) - underbalanced or
with minimal overbalance.
REGULATORY BARRIERS
to
UnderBalance Drilling
The regulators
need assurance
and details
BARRIERS TO UB D&C
Regulatory
Lack
of Standards
Lack of knowledge
Little statistical history
Concern about well control
Environmental questions
OPERATORS BARRIERS
The Operator
needs
experience and
confidence.
OPERATORS PROBLEMS
Unfamiliar
risk
Lack
with the system
of the new
of experienced people
Economics - Too expensive
Concern- liability
Concern- well bore stability
REASONS FOR UB GROWTH
There are
driving
economic
reasons
UBD Forecast by Region

US
UBD Forecast by Region
Can
Eur
1,200
SoAm
ME/Afr
1,000
FE
Wells
800
600
400
200
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

Depleted
reservoirs
Awareness of skin damage
Limits of lost circulation matl.
Cost of differential sticking

Service
co. competition
Trade journal publications
Horizontal drilling
Consultants available
TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS
We were not
ready to put all
of this together
until the 1990s
Compressor
Evolution
Hammer drills
Nitrogen
Increased
availability
Reduced cost
On site generation
Recyclable
foam systems
Better gas separators
Closed loop circulation
Hydraulics models
Improved rotating heads
Wire line wet connect
Improved
MWD
Rig assist snubbing units
Coiled tubing equipment
Non-damaging drilling fluids
Top drive
WORKING ON
Well
Control Concepts
Deployment valves
Casing Drilling
Expandable casing
Expandable sand screens
Retractable bit
COMPLETION TECHNIQUES
Improved
gravel packing fluids

Improved completion fluids
General technique
improvement
Reasons for UB drilling
Lost circulation

Lost circulation
Faster Drilling

Lost circulation
Faster Drilling
No Differential
Sticking

...
Reduce
Reservoir
Damage

...
Reduce
Reservoir
Damage
Improve Prod.
Evaluation
Effect of Skin on Production Rates

BOPD
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
-3 -2 -1 0
SKIN
10
15
Physical Limits to UB Drilling

Borehole
Instability
Poor Casing
Point
Physical Limitation to UBD
Borehole Instability
Unconsolidated Sands
Weak Formations
Geopressured Shales
Salt Beds
Inadequate Casing
UBD is another tool in the toolbox,
not a Panacea.
Production Limits to UBD

Permeability is
so low the zone
needs to be
fraced.
Zones must be
isolated
Types of Flow Regimes
LIQUID
AERATED
LIQUID
FOAM
MIST
GAS
Fluid
Fluid Phase
Phase Continuity
Continuity
AIR/GAS
WATER
FOAM
(0-97% AIR)
MIST
(97-100% AIR)
Generalized
Fluid Systems
Equipment - Rotating Head
Shaffer Rotating Blow-Out Preventor

2,500 psi rotating - 5,000 psi static
Closed
Closed Loop
Loop Circulation
Circulation
System
System
FLARESTACK
SEPARATOR
SAMPLE
CATCHERS
OIL
TANKS
TOP
DRIVE
SYSTEM
NITROGEN
PUMPERS
CHOKE
MANIFOLD
R-BOP
WATER
TANKS
RETURN
CUTTING
RIG
MUD
TANKS
RIG
PUMPS
N2 / FLUID
MIX
Choke
Choke Manifold
Manifold
Equipment - Separators
Equipment - Chokes
Equipment - Gas Source
Stainless Steel
Carbon Steel
Vaporizer
Liquid Nitrogen
(-320OF)
Pump
Gaseous nitrogen
to well
80OF, 0-10,000
psi
6.11.3
Equipment - Lots More

To shale shaker
ESD
Manifold
Sample
catchers
Willis choke
Flare
Separator
200 psi vessel
Rig Manifold
Choke
Oil storage/transport
HCR
Water returned to tanks

Choke
Flare pit
AIR DRILLING
A brief summary
Air Drilling
Air/Gas drilling (dust) is a technique used in
areas where the formations are Dry i.e., there

is no influx of water or liquid hydrocarbons.
This medium requires significant compressed

gas volumes to clean the well with average
velocities of over 3,000 ft per minute.
Air Drilling Benefits

Increased Rate of Penetration
Reduced Formation Damage
Improves Bit Performance
Lost Circulation Control
Continuous Drill Stem Test
Air/Dust Drilling Layout
Air
Air Drilling
Drilling Waited
Waited upon
upon
Large
Large Portable
Portable Compression
Compression
Simple and convenient to drill with air inexpensively and anywhere.
Misting
Addition
of 6 to 30 bbl/hr of
fluid to the air stream.
Clean and lubricates the bit
Carries the cuttings to the
surface as a mist or more
normally in a modified two
phase flow.
FOAM
FOAM DRILLING
DRILLING
Basic Comments
TT96-86
46
Foam Drilling
The most versatile of the gas-generated
systems.
Effective operating range from 0.2 to 0.6 s.g.

Mixture of gas phase and foaming solution.
Foam flow varies with depth in the hole.
Adjustable effective BHP.
Enhanced lifting and well bore cleaning.
A displacing medium, not a propelling
medium.
Foam (Heading)
Improved Hole Cleaning
Foam Drilling Benefits
Faster Penetration rate

Low Air requirements
Low fluid requirements
Low Hydrostatic head
No damage to formation
Continuous Drill Stem test
Best for large holes
Mist or Foam Drilling Layout
GASEATED
OR
AERATED
DRILLING
Mist
Water
Gas
Transition
Gaseated
Aerated Fluid
Gasification of Primary Drilling Fluid.
Initially designed as a technique to lighten
mud to reduce lost circulation.

Methods
Standpipe injection
Jet Sub
Parasite String
Dual Casing String
As an UB fluid, it is easiest to control in small
holes.
Parasite String
Small injection string run simultaneously
with intermediate casing.
Injected gas does not affect
bit hydraulics.
Injected gas does not effect
MWD
Jet Sub
Similar to Parasite String
Gas induced thru drill pipe
Selective jet sizing dictates
amount of air to be injected
Jets are Similar to Bit Jets
Parallel
Parallel Casing
Casing String
String
(Teichrob)
(Teichrob)
N2 /air
N2 /water
N2 /air/water/oil
150 m TVD, 150 m MD
89-mm (3-1/2 in.) Drill Pipe
244.5-mm (9-5/8 in.) Intermidiate Casing
o
177.8-mm (7 in.) Tie Back Liner

724 m MD at
64 o inclination
12 m Slotted
Joint
892 m MD
at 90 o Inclination
694 m TVD
159-mm (6-1/4 in.)

Hole Diameter
Foam Cement
o
TD = 1,440 m MD at 90 o
Inclination, 696 m TVD
Aerated Fluid Layout
Aerated Drilling Problems

Compressor/N2
Cost
Rotating BOPs
Solid/Liquid/Gas
Separation
Corrosion
Hydraulic Calculations
Vibration
High Torque/
Drag
Borehole Stability
Cuttings Lifting
Fluid Influx
Fire/
Explosions
Underbalanced
Completion
MWD Transmission
UB Drilling & Completions Manual
Candidate Selection
Air/Gas/N2/Mist Drilling
Foam Drilling
Aerated Fluid Drilling
Flow Live Drilling
Surface Equipment
Downhole Equipment
Field Operations
Downhole Problems
Environment, Safety, Reg.

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DRILLING

From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, January 13, 2002

From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, January 12, 2003

From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, January 12, 2003

TENSION LEG PLATFORM

Power = Force * Velocity

TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE

Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output

The angular velocity, , is given by

= 2 (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)

7,539.8 (1,740) ft - lbf/min

Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2

The total heat energy consumed by the engine is

Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in)

3.78 lbm/min (19,000Btu/lbm) (779 ft - lbf/Btu)

Steps in Drilling a Well

Duties of Drilling Engineer

Rig Selection Criteria

Definitions (Lesson 2B) (separate)

Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well

Steps to Drill a Well - contd

If necessary, modify program to fit

Steps to Drill a Well - contd

Steps to Drill a Well - contd

Field Engineers, Drilling Foremen

What are the well requirements?

Making a mouse hole connection

Making a mouse hole connection - contd

Making a trip - contd

Criteria for determining

FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System

Solution (no friction):

E = efficiency = Ph/Pi = W/(n Ff ) or Ff = W/(nE)

e.g., if individual sheave efficiency = 0.98 and n = 8, then E = 0.851

Example 1.2, cont.

vMAX = 46.3 ft/min

Solution to 3., cont.

Pump Factor = 3 * /4 dL2 LS EV/(231 * 42)

Example: Pump Rate

* Keeps pipe in center of hole

What to do if KICK occurs?

Fig. 1.44 Annular Blowout Preventer

Ram Blowout Preventer

Ram Blowout Preventer - contd

Fig. 1.63 Subsea Equipment

Typical Casing Strings

Conductor Casing 26 20 1000

Hole Csg. Depth23

Some Typical Casing Strings

Conductor Casing 26 20 1000

Hole Csg. Depth

What is the capacity of 10,000 ft of 5

Capacity = 177.6 bbls

Drilling Cost and Drilling Rate

Before getting approval to drill a well the

AUTHORIZATION FOR EXPENDITURE (AFE)

Drilling Cost vs. Time

The Drilling Engineer

The Drilling Cost Equation:

Cf = drilling cost, $/ft

Cb= cost of bit, $/bit

Cr= fixed operating cost of rig, $/hr

= footage drilled with bit, ft

Example 1.5 contd

= 0.052 14.0 12,000