Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Building Loads
CE 636 - Design of Multi-Story Structures
T. B. Quimby
UAA School of Engineering
1
Course Objective
The objective of the course is to give entry level
structural engineers an understanding of the
principles associated with the structural design of
building systems.
Expected Outcomes
At the conclusion of this course, the students will have:
an understanding of the engineering design process as it relates to building
structural design, including an appreciation for:
the iterative nature of the design process
the concept that there are more than one way to solve most engineering problems
Course Content
The emphasis of the course will be slightly different than
the text. We will be considering all multi-story structures,
not just Tall buildings.
Load computations
Preliminary calculation methods
Computer modeling
Different GFRS and LFRS
Calculations and Contract Documents
Tall Buildings
Author: A tall building .... is one that, because of its
height, is affected by lateral forces due to wind or
earthquake actions to an extent that they play an important
role in the structural design.
History
Defense
Ecclesiastical
Commercial (from 1880 to current)
Residential (from 1880 to current)
The Elevator
Made upper stories attractive to rent
Made tall buildings financially viable
Construction Technology
Increase Speed
More efficient equipment
Improved methods
Office vs Residential
Office/Commercial buildings
Large entrances and open lobbies
Reconfigurable space (large column free open
areas)
Residential buildings
Partitions are frequent and the same from story
to story
Owner
Architect
Structural Engineer
Services Engineer (Mechanical & Electrical)
Design Criteria
Architectural
Internal layout to meet functional requirements
Aesthetic qualities
Structural
Strength (Elastic vs. Plastic)
Serviceability (deflections, vibrations, etc....)
Services
Power
Ventilation
10
11
Loading
Buildings are designed to carry all gravity loads and lateral
loads to be seen during construction and service.
Must consider sequential loading (particularly during
construction) in buildings where the sequence is important.
Types of Loading:
Dead
Occupancy (Live)
Impact
Snow
Wind
Seismic
1997 UBC Chapter 16
12
13
Tributary Areas
Useful for determining member forces due
to UNIFORMLY APPLIED loads (dead,
live, pressure, etc....) on SIMPLY
SUPPORTED members.
Use structural analysis theory to find the
path that loads take as they find their
way down to the foundation through the
structural members.
15
Example #1
Applied load
is uniformly
distributed.
16
Reaction of Joist
Trib. width of joist along beam
Lj 2 s p
s cos
17
Lj
2 cos p
Beam AB
L1
Lj =
x1
L2
x1 is 0 at end B.
L1
w =
x1p
2 L2
w max
18
L1
L1
=
L2 p = p
2 L2
2
Beam BC
L1
Lj =
cos x2
L2
x 2 is 0 at end B.
L1
w =
x 2 cos2 p
2 L2
w max
19
L1
=
2 L2
L2
L1
2
cos p
cos p =
cos
2
1
TotalLoad wL
2
1 1
1 wx
wL x
3 2
2 L
x
20
L
3
Example #2
Identify the
Tributary Areas
for:
For each beam
For each column
21
22
23
24
25
26
Supported Areas
Roof
Roof , 4th f loor
Roof , 3rd & 4th f lr
Roof , 2nd, 3rd, 4th
239
478
717
956
f t^2
f t^2
f t^2
f t^2
Example #4
27
29
DL Calculation #1
30
1.5
1.5
1.8
3.3
2.8
1.8
10
2.3
25
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
DL Calculation #2
31
Slope/12
6
6
6
6
6
0
Flat
2.5
1.8
3.3
3.6
2.8
1.8
Slope f act
Adjusted
1.12
2.8
1.12
2.0
1.12
3.7
1.12
4.0
1.12
3.1
1.00
1.8
1.5
19.0
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
psf
Live Loads
Live loads are any loads that are not permanently attached
to the structure.
Live loads may be expressed in term of area loads or point
loads.
Live loads are placed for maximum effect.
Tabulated code values result from experience and typical
field surveys.
See 1997 UBC 1606 & 1607
Live loads may be reduce for design of members that have
large tributary areas. 1994 UBC 1607.5
32
33