,,

(Sumerians) 4,000 ..

(Pharaoh Akhenton) 1400 ..


(Incas)
( )

(Aztecs)


(Universe)

1
( 1


1
1 9.5 )

15,000 15,000


(Nebula)

(N b l )

(steady
( d
state theory) (Big-Bang theory)

 ( Fred Hoyle ) ( Herman Bondi )

( Thomas Gold )

 Lemaitre

singularity

 supernova
150,000
,
.. 1987
150,000

2.73

Edwin Powell Hubble

 2 2.73
(cosmic Microwave Background Radiation; CBR)

2 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson (.. 1965, ..
2508)

3 (-270 C) .. 1991
COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) CBR 2.73

 1,000 14,000

Spirall Galaxy
l

Bar-Spiral Galaxy

Elliptical
ll
l Galaxy
l

Irregular Galaxy

 (Milky Way Galaxy)

100,000
100 000

15,000

 ( Orion)
30,000
,
((Large
g Magellanic)
g
)
(Small Magellanic)
150,000

2.4
2 4

(Andromeda Galaxy)

30

4 Local
group

88

 (Coordinate System)

1. (Horizontal Coordinate System)

- (Altitude)
-
(Azimuth)
2. (Equatorial Coordinate System)

-
(Declination)
- (Right Ascension)


()()

-

(

(Ursa Major))
- (
(Cassiopia))
-

(
( Orion))
O i ))
- (Zodiac)

 ()

( )

(
( )

 ()

( )

12
(Ecliptic)

1.1

2.

3.



4.4

(pegasus)

1
1

2

1.
? (

( )
2.
?
( )
(
)
3.
? (
)
4.
?(11 )

11.
(Star)
(St )
2. (Planet)
3. (Milky Way)
4. (Stars Cluster)
5.
(Nebula)
6. (Galaxy)

 (Star)

 (Globular Cluster)

 (Emission Nebula)

 : (galaxies)

: (Cluster of Galaxies)




1.1

2. (Protostar)
3. (Star)
( )
4.
- (Red Giant)/
(Supergiant)
- (Planetary Nebula)/

(Supernova)
- (White Dwarf)/
(N
(Neutron
Star)/
S )/ (Black
(Bl k HHole)
l)

 UFO 1947 .. 2490

1947 "Roswell
"R ll IIncident"
id "

The Face on Mars

 (Solar System)

(Solar system)

(Solar
( l system))

(Sun)
(Sun)

800

, ,

,.....

 600

(Pythagoras)
(Pythagoras)

(Celestial sphere)

...

(Calendar)

((Day)
y)
(Month)

 (Retrograde
(
motion))





(Star) (Constellations)

-
(Zodiac)

(Planets)


(Astrology) ()

 350 (Aristotle)


()

(Force)
(Force)

(Natural motion)

eocentric)

 ..125 (Claudius Ptolemy)

(Almagest)

( )
(Retrograde)

(Epicycle)

...


1,400 .. 1514

(Nicolaus Copernicus)

20

NicolausCopernicus

...


1.

2.

3.

4. ((Retrograde
g motion))

(
)

400,000
,

 (Astronomical Unit)
1 (AU) =
= 149,597,870
, ,

5.2 AU
777,908,900

1 AU
149,597,870 Km


1.

1.1
-

-
1.2
-
(Inner
(I Planets)
Pl t )
- (Outer Planets)
2.
- (Terrestrial Planets)
(Jovian Planets)
-

 (Terrestrial Planets)

 (Terrestrial Planets)

 (Jovian Planets)