North Mesquite High School

Ms. Taylors Biology Class

Spring 2017
S-105
Ltaylor2@mesquiteisd.org
Teacher Schedule
Period
1A
2A
3A
4A
1B
2B
3B
4B

Course
Biology
Biology
Biology
Conference
Biology
Conference
Biology
Biology

Course Goals
We will study various subjects, including biomolecules, the role of DNA,
plant and body systems, taxonomy and ecology.
Tutoring
Tutoring is available every day before school, 8:00 8:30, and
Wednesdays. This is an excellent resource to help you be successful, so
please take advantage of it.
Grading Policy
Tests and daily work are equally important in my class. Completing notes
and daily work such as homework, quizzes, and labs will help you to be
successful on tests. You will be required to maintain a binder to keep past
work and notes. Grades are calculated on weighted percentages.
40% Daily work (classwork, quizzes, bellringers, etc)
40% Tests
20% Six weeks project or exam

Make-up work will be given for excused absences only. If you miss one day,
you have one day to make up the work. All late work must be completed in
my classroom while Im present. NO LATE WORK IS ACCEPTED!
Supplies
Because we will be spending a lot of time building on concepts previously
covered, you will be required to maintain a binder specifically for this class.
In this binder you will be expected to keep your notes, graded papers,
bellringers, and other daily work organized. You will be graded on this.
Please bring the following supplies to class. Other supplies may be
required throughout the year.

Three ring binder

Dividers
Pen/pencil (black and blue ink only)
Notebook paper

6 Weeks Test
*IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT YOU HAVE A BINDER WITH DIVIDERS*
Each 6 weeks the students will turn in their biology binder for a grade that
will count as a test. The purpose of the notebook is to teach students how
to keep their information organized in such a way to better utilize the
information they receive in class. This syllabus must be kept in your folder
for you to reference.
Assignment Requirements
All assignments must be on the paper specific to that assignment. Only
one copy will be given, DO NOT LOSE IT!
Restroom passes
Two passes will be given per six weeks. They are only to be used in the S
wing restrooms. During my class, leaving the S-wing without express
permission will result in consequences being assigned.

Restroom Pass: Fourth Six Weeks 2016-2017

Restroom Pass: Fourth Six Weeks 2016-20

Student _____________________________
Date: _______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom

Student ____________________________
Date: ______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom

Pass is only valid for S-wing restrooms or water fountains. If

student leaves S-wing without express permission,
consequences will be assigned.

Pass is only valid for S-wing restrooms or w

student leaves S-wing without express perm
consequences will be assigned.

Restroom Pass: Fifth Six Weeks 2016-2017

Restroom Pass: Fifth Six Weeks 2016-2017

Student _____________________________
Date: _______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom

Student ____________________________
Date: ______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom

Pass is only valid for S-wing restrooms or water fountains. If

student leaves S-wing without express permission,
consequences will be assigned.

Pass is only valid for S-wing restrooms or w

student leaves S-wing without express perm
consequences will be assigned.

Restroom Pass: Sixth Six Weeks 2016-2017

Restroom Pass: Sixth Six Weeks 2016-201

Student _____________________________
Date: _______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom

Student ____________________________
Date: ______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom

Pass is only valid for S-wing restrooms or water fountains. If

student leaves S-wing without express permission,
consequences will be assigned.

Pass is only valid for S-wing restrooms or w

student leaves S-wing without express perm
consequences will be assigned.

Name: ______________________________

Date: _____________________

Notes: The Structure of Viruses

List the 5 major characteristics of living things:
1. __________________________________________________

Cells Only

Cells Only

Cells Only

Cells Only

Cells Only

Viruses & Cells

2. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells

3. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells

4. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells

5. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells

Are viruses considered to be alive?

_________________________________________________
Over the next few slides, determine if each characteristic applies
only to cells or to both cells
and viruses. Check the appropriate box next to the characteristic.
Describe how eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells and viruses compare to each
other in size.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What do all viruses contain?
______________________________________________________
What do we call the shell of a virus?
________________________________________________
What kind of biomolecule are capsids made from?
____________________________________
What shapes can capsids take?
____________________________________________________

What is a viral envelope?

_________________________________________________________
Where would viruses get this membrane from?
_______________________________________
What covers the viral capsid?
_____________________________________________________
What do these proteins allow the virus to do?
________________________________________
How many different kinds of cells will a virus attach to?
________________________________
What is the main purpose of viruses?
_______________________________________________
What do viruses need in order to reproduce themselves?
_______________________________
Why do viruses make you sick as they reproduce themselves?
______________________________________________________________________________

Adenovi

Bacterioph

Relative
Sizes

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic
Cell

Virus

Surface
Markers
Capsid
Genetic
Material
Envelop
e

10

11

12

13

14

Viruses
The student is expected to compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.

Viruses are microscopic parasites that infect every type of living cell. Viruses are
not made of cells. Each virus particle, called a virion, is made up of only a few
parts. Each virus particle contains genetic material, and this genetic material is
either in the form of DNA or RNA. The genetic material is kept inside of a protein
shell called a capsid. Capsids are usually in the shape of a helix or an icosahedron.
The viral capsid can also be surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope.
Along the surface of the virus particle are protein projections that allow the virus to
attach to cells. These surface markers can attach to the receptor proteins found
in the membranes of specific cells like a key fitting into a lock. Because these
surface markers only attach to certain receptor proteins, specific viruses will only
infect certain types of cells.
Bacteriopha
Surface
ge
Markers
Capsid
Genetic
Material
Envelope

Comparing Viruses to Cells

Viruses are much smaller than cells. Even the largest virus is still much smaller
than the smallest cell. There is much debate about whether or not viruses should
be considered living things. This is mainly
Prokaryotic
because viruses are not made of cells, and
Cell
they cannot carry out the metabolic
processes that happen within cells. Viruses
cannot perform energy conversions or
synthesize new proteins or nucleic acids on
Virus
Eukaryotic
their own.
Cell
One characteristic that viruses share with cells is that they both store information in
the form of genetic material (DNA and RNA). The genetic material in a virus carries
the instructions needed to make more copies of the virus. Like cells, viruses
replicate themselves, but viruses can only do this with the assistance of a host
cell. This is because viruses do not have a metabolism, so they must take over a
host cell and use its machinery to make more copies of themselves.

15

Name:

______________________________ Date: _________________

Period: ______

Viruses Writing Sample

Write a short paragraph comparing viruses to cells.

Include the following sentence stems:
Viruses are like cells because
Viruses and cells are different because

16

17

An adenovirus is an example of a virus that does not have an envelope. Like other viruses, adenoviruses cont

Around the virus are surface markers that allow the virus to attach

18

Herpesv

A herpesvirus is an example of a virus that has a viral envelope. The viral envelope is a piece of the host cel

The genetic material of the cell is found within the protein capsid. The envelope is c

Name: ______________________________

Date:

_______________________

Homework: Viral Structure

Unique to Living Things

Living Thing

Unique to Viruses

Shared Traits

Virus

1. Write each of these facts into the correct spot in the graphic
organizer shown above.

19

A. Made of cells
D. Reproduces

B. Contains genetic material

C. Metabolizes
nutrients
E. Requires host cell to replicate

Virus
Particl
es
2. Place the letter in the blank that is correctly labeling each viral
part listed below.
_______ 1. Genetic Material

_______ 3. Envelope

_______ 2. Surface Markers

_______ 4. Capsid

Answer the following questions about the structure of viruses.

3. Some viruses are surrounded by an envelope. This viral envelope contains
lipids and surface proteins, and it was originally a part of the cells
A cytoplasm
B membrane
C genome
D
cytoskeleton
4. Viruses contain genetic material which carries the instructions for the
construction of new virus particles. This genetic material is primarily
composed of
A phospholipids B polysaccharides
C nucleic acids
D
polypeptides
5. The outer shell of a virus is called its capsid. The capsid is primarily
composed of
A proteins
B carbohydrates C fatty acids
D mRNA

6. How are the sizes of eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells and viruses related?
(Answer using
complete sentences.)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
20

7. The diagrams to the left represent viruses with their surface

markers. The diagrams on the right represent sets of animal and
plant cells with their receptor sites. Decide which cell out of each
set would be infected by the virus to their left.

Answer the following questions comparing viruses and living things.

8. Which of the following characteristics is shared by both viruses and
bacteria?
A metabolizes food for energy
C composed of cells
B performs binary fission
D contains genetic material
9. Scientists debate whether or not viruses should be considered to be alive.
One of the main arguments against viruses being alive is that they are not
A found in nature B made of cells C organic in nature
D able to
reproduce
10. Viruses are able to reproduce themselves, but only through the actions of

A decomposers B other viruses C a host cell

D solar energy
Name: ______________________________

Date: _____________________

Notes: Viral Reproduction

Comparing Viruses and Cells:
List the 2 reasons below that viruses are NOT considered to be alive.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
21

List the 2 things below that viruses have IN COMMON with living cells.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
What do viruses need in order to reproduce themselves?
_______________________________
The genetic material of a virus can be found in what 2 forms?
___________________________
How are the sizes of eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells and viruses related?
______________________________________________________________________________

The Structure of Viruses:

What do all viruses contain?
______________________________________________________
What do we call the shell of a virus?
________________________________________________
What organic molecule are viral capsids made from?
___________________________________
What is the viral envelope made from?
______________________________________________
Where did this piece of membrane come from?
_______________________________________
What covers the viral capsid?
_____________________________________________________
What do surface markers allow viruses to do?
________________________________________

Viral Reproduction: The Lytic Cycle

Step 1:
________________________________________________________________________
What do surface markers attach to on the cell?
_______________________________________
What analogy describes how surface markers and receptor proteins go
together?
22

______________________________________________________________________________
Step 2:
________________________________________________________________________
#4

Step3:

#5
________________________________________________________________________

Lytic
Cycle

#3

#1

#2

Step 4:
________________________________________________________________________
Step 5:
________________________________________________________________________
What happens to cells when their membranes break apart?
_____________________________
During the lytic cycle, do symptoms appear quickly or after a long period of
time?
______________________________________________________________________________

#1

Lysogenic Cycle
#2
#5

#3
This cycle is
repeated many
times.

#4
23

Which steps are similar to the lytic cycle?

____________________________________________
What does it mean for the viral DNA to be dormant?
__________________________________
How is the viral DNA reproduced during the lysogenic cycle?
____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
When the viral DNA becomes active, what life cycle does it enter?
________________________
When viruses reproduce via the lysogenic cycle, how long does it take for
symptoms to appear?
______________________________________________________________________________

24

25

26

27

28

29

Viruses
The student is expected to compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.

Viral Reproduction
Viruses primarily reproduce themselves
through a process called the lytic cycle.
Viruses infect host cells so that the cell can
produce more virus particles. The first step
of a viral infection involves the virus
attaching to the host cell. This is done
through the interaction of surface markers on
the virus and receptor proteins in the host
cells membrane. Once the virus has
attached itself to the host cell, it inserts its
genetic material into the cell. This genetic
material provides the instructions for making
more viruses. The virus then takes over the
cells machinery, and the cell makes new
virus particles including copies of the genetic
material and more protein capsids. The
production of new viruses disrupts the cell
and damages the cells ability to maintain homeostasis. The new virus particles
assemble themselves inside the host cell. Once assembled, the new viruses break
through the host cells membrane. As the viruses leave the host cell, they damage
and destroy the cell. It is this destruction of cells that leads to many of the
symptoms associated with viral infections.
Viruses can also reproduce through the lysogenic cycle. This process starts in the
same basic way with a virus attaching to a host cell and inserting its genetic
material. This genetic material is incorporated into the host cells genome, but the
virus does not immediately take over the host cells machinery. Instead, the viral
DNA remains dormant inside of the host cell. The host cell does not usually
experience any harmful effects, and the viral DNA is copied along with the cells
DNA during cell division. After each cell divides, each new daughter cell contains
the viral DNA within its genome. This allows the virus to be reproduced while it
hides within the cell. Eventually, the viral DNA will become active and will take over
the cells machinery causing it to make more viruses. At this point, the virus moves
into the lytic cycle. The cell makes more virus particles which assemble themselves
and break out of the cell. This causes damage and destruction of the host cells and
allows the virus particles to be free to infect more cells.
When cells are attacked by a virus that reproduces through the lytic cycle, the
symptoms appear within just a few days. This is because the virus immediately
30

begins taking over the cell and using it to produce more virus
particles. However, viruses that reproduce through the
lysogenic cycle can remain dormant inside the host cell for
long periods of time. Some viral diseases, like herpes and
hepatitis, can reproduce through the lysogenic cycle and
remain hidden for months at a time. Because some cells still
contain the viral DNA even after the symptoms of the disease have passed, the
symptoms of the disease can reappear when this viral DNA becomes active.
Viruses that reproduce in this way are difficult to completely destroy, and they may
remain in the body for the life of the individual.

Herpes simplex
virus

Lytic vs Lysogenic Cycle

31

Name: ______________________________

Date:

_______________________

Homework: Viral Reproduction

1. Place the letter in the blank that matches the part of the virus.
_______ 1. Capsid
_______ 2. Envelope

B
C

_______ 3. Surface Markers

_______ 4. Genetic Material

2. Below are several statements that summarize the life cycle of a

virus. Place these
statements in the correct order in which they occur (1-5).
______ The virus takes over the cells machinery and causes it to make new
virus particles.
______ The cell breaks apart and the new viruses are released to infect other
cells.
______ The viral DNA is inserted into the host cells genome.
______ The new viruses spontaneously assemble themselves inside the host
cell.
______ The virus attaches itself to the host cell and inserts its genetic
material.
Answer the following questions about viruses and the viral life
cycle.
3. Viruses are unique because they are forced to reproduce A using leathery eggs
C asexually through mitotic
divisions
B inside host cells
D via binary fission
4. What would you be able to find in both an animal cell and a virus?
A internal membranes
C genetic material
B ribosomes
D mitochondria
5. One reason that viruses are harmful to living cells and classified as
pathogens is that they
A cause organisms to produce daughter cells through the process of mitosis
B stimulate the production of ATP in mitochondria within host cells
C damage the cells used in the production of new virus particles
D reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood of people with heart disease
6. One reason that viruses are not considered to be a living thing is that
viruses A cannot reproduce
C do not have genetic material
32

B are not made of cells

D contain different kinds of proteins

7. If a doctor wanted to completely prevent a virus from infecting a cell, the

doctor should determine how to prevent the virus from
A breaking apart the cell membrane
C attaching to the host cell
B assembling new virus particles
D inserting its DNA into the host
genome
8. Viral DNA is inserted into the genome of its host cell. This causes the cell
to
A synthesize new virus particles
C metabolize more lipid molecules
B become a new form of virus
D revert back to an
undifferentiated cell
There are two main types of viral reproduction: the LYTIC CYCLE and
the LYSOGENIC CYCLE. Answer the following questions about viral
reproduction using complete sentences.
9. During the lytic cycle, host cells are damaged and destroyed. What
happens during this form of viral reproduction that causes so much harm to
cells?

10. What happens during the lysogenic cycle that distinguishes it from the
lytic cycle?

11. Viral infections are the result of viruses using host cells to replicate
themselves. What are the first steps of all viral infections?

33

12. Which of the following facts would best Plant

be used to replace X in the Venn diagram?
Made of cells
A contains DNA and/or RNA
Contains chloroplasts
B metabolizes nutrients
X
C contains organic compounds
D can infect bacterial cells

Virus
Y

Requires a host
cell to replicate

13. Which of the following facts would best be used to replace Y in the Venn
diagram?
A performs energy conversions
C contains genetic material
B reproduces via mitosis
D synthesizes polysaccharides
Name: ______________________________
Date: _____________________

Notes: Viral Infections

What are the main components of the immune system?
_______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What do we call anything that infects a living thing?
___________________________________
Why are viruses called pathogens?
_________________________________________________
What is found inside of every virus?
________________________________________________
What is the capsid?
_____________________________________________________________
What helps the virus attach to cells?
________________________________________________
Why are viruses are NOT considered to be alive?
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
What do viruses and cells have IN COMMON?
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
34

What do viruses need in order to reproduce?

_________________________________________
Viruses use cells to reproduce; why does this make you sick?
____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What are 2 diseases caused by viruses?
_____________________________________________
What do antibiotics kill?
_________________________________________________________
Antibiotics do not kill viruses because viruses are not made of what?
______________________
What type of medicine is used to fight viruses?
_______________________________________
What are the two main ways antiviral drugs work?
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
What is the best way to prevent a viral infection?
_____________________________________
What do vaccines contain?
_______________________________________________________
What does your body make when exposed to the vaccine?
______________________________
What does it mean if a person is immune to a viral infection?
______________________________________________________________________________
What makes a disease spread quickly?
______________________________________________
What do we call the rapid transfer of an infectious disease?
_____________________________
Types of Outbreaks:

35

Epidemic:
______________________________________________________________________
Pandemic:
______________________________________________________________________
Why is the risk of epidemics and pandemics greater now more than ever?
______________________________________________________________________________
What type of outbreak is H.I.V. classified as?
_________________________________________
About how many people in America carry H.I.V.?
______________________________________
H.I.V. stands for _______________________________________________________
What syndrome does the H.I.V. virus cause?
_________________________________________
What type of cells do H.I.V. viruses attack?
___________________________________________
What body system do T cells belong to?
_____________________________________________
What do the viruses do to the Helper T cells?
_________________________________________
What kills patients with AIDS?
_____________________________________________________

36

37

38

39

40

Viruses
The student is expected to compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.

The Role of Viruses in Disease

Viruses are pathogens that lead to a wide variety of diseases.
Viruses cause diseases because of the way that they replicate
themselves. As viruses take over the machinery of a host cell,
they damage the cell since the cell is no longer able to perform
all of the necessary processes it needs to stay healthy. And
once the virus particles are produced, they break through the
membrane of the cell leading to the damage and destruction of
the cell. It is very important to understand that viruses
damage and destroy cells as they are reproduced by the cells.

Influenza virus

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an example of a virus that causes a

serious disease through the destruction of cells in the body. HIV is a virus that
infects helper T cells. These helper T cells are a part of the immune system. HIV
takes over these helper T cells and causes them
to make more HIV particles. The helpter T cells
are damaged and destroyed as they produce
more of these HIV particles. Eventually, the
destruction of these helper T cells causes the
immune system to no longer work properly. At
this point, the infected individual has an acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Without
an immune system that works properly, people
with AIDS are very susceptible to secondary
HIV budding from a
infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis.
helper T cell
The best way to prevent viral infections is through the use of vaccines. Vaccines
expose the body to an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen. This allows the
body to make antibodies against the specific pathogen, like a particular virus. Once
the immune system has made antibodies against a virus, it is easier for the immune
system to recognize the virus and defend the body against an infection. However,
because viruses reproduce so rapidly, mutations in the genetic material of the virus
are relatively frequent. These mutations can cause slight changes in the surface
markers and protein capsid of the virus. These changes may make the virus
unrecognizable to the immune system even after a vaccine has been administered.
Influenza, also called the flu, is a viral disease that damages and destroys tissues in
the respiratory tract. Mutations in the genetic material of the flu cause it change
from year to year. These changes can make last years flu vaccine completely
ineffective against the flu this year. To combat this, scientists must make new
vaccines each year that contain these new forms of the virus. This is why doctors
recommend getting a flu vaccine each year.
U.S. Navy personnel receiving the
flu vaccine

41

Once a person has been

infected with a viral
disease, there is little
that can be done about
it. The antibiotics that
are commonly used to
treat bacterial infections
are completely ineffective
against viral diseases.
Tamiflu is an antiviral drug used to treat influenza infections
This is because
antibiotics usually attack some part of the bacterial cells metabolism, and viruses
are not made of cells and do not have a metabolism that can be disrupted. There
are some antiviral drugs for diseases like HIV and influenza, but these antiviral
drugs are difficult and costly to develop. These antiviral drugs are aimed at
disrupting some stage in the life cycle of the virus or disrupting a protein that is
associated with the virus.

42

Name: ______________________________

Date:

_______________________

Homework: Viral Infections

It is very important that students understand when antibiotics
would and would not be helpful in the treatment of an illness. The
misuse of antibiotics is creating antibiotic resistant bacteria which
are a huge medical problem facing the world.
1. Can antibiotics kill viruses? ________
bacteria? ________

2. Can antibiotics kill

Based on the facts above, decide whether the following diseases are
caused by a virus or a bacterium based on their response to
antibiotic treatment.
3. The common cold causes fever, congestion, headaches and a runny nose.
While these common symptoms can be treated by over the counter drugs,
the common cold cannot be cured with antibiotics. Are colds caused by
bacteria or viruses? ________________
4. Diphtheria is serious illness in which toxins deteriorate nervous tissue.
Antitoxins can be used to counteract these affects and antibiotics can be
used to rid the body of any remaining parasites. Based on these facts, is
diphtheria caused by bacteria or viruses? ________________
5. Chicken pox is an infectious disease which causes the patients body to be
covered in blisters. Chicken pox does not respond to treatment with
antibiotics. Is chicken pox a bacteria or a virus? ________________
6. Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infection can cause chills,
sore throat, muscle aches, pain and fever. The flu cannot be controlled by
antibiotics. Is Influenza a bacteria or a virus? ________________

Unique
to

Unique
to

Shared
Traits

Viruses

Bacteria

43

7. Write each of these facts into the correct spot in the graphic
organizer shown above
comparing viruses and bacteria.
A. Contains genetic material
B. Metabolizes Nutrients
Made of Cells
D. Requires host cell to replicate
E. Reproduces

C.

Answer the following questions about the spread of viral diseases.

8. A medical researcher has developed a drug that attaches to the surface
markers of a specific virus preventing them from functioning correctly. This
drug would most likely disrupt the viruss ability to
A mutate into a new viral strain
C maintain the integrity of its
capsid
B attach to its target host cell
D have its genetic
material transcribed
9. One of the most harmful aspects of viral reproduction is the
A destruction of host cells
C use of the cells ribosomes
B reaction of cells to viral proteins
D misuse of the cells
receptor proteins
10. When a new disease is introduced to a population, it is common for an
epidemic to occur as the disease spreads quickly from person to person.
This is primarily because individuals A do not have responsive immune systems
C do not understand
how germs are spread
B always have poor personal hygiene habits
D lack immunities to
the new disease
11. Why is it important for people to understand whether a virus is spread
through the air or through direct contact with bodily fluids?
A To prevent it from being spread to new hosts C So that the food supply is
not disturbed
B So that people can identify the virus
D To create immunities in the
population
12. Anything that leads to the infection of an individual, like a bacterium or a
virus, can be referred to as a/an
A pathogen
B eukaryote
C stomach bug
D
vaccine
13. Vaccines can prevent viral infections by giving people immunity to the
disease before they
44

are infected. What do vaccines contain that allow the body to produce
antibodies for a virus?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

14. What type of cell does the HIV virus attack?

_______________________________________
15. What body system do all types of T cells belong to?
_________________________________
16. What syndrome does HIV cause?
________________________________________________
17. People who have been infected with HIV are much more likely to die of
A malnutrition
B dehydration
C secondary infections D
blood clotting
18. HIV demonstrates that viral infections are harmful to host organisms
because
A viruses digest nutrients for energy that would have been used by host cells
B the proteins in viral capsids interfere with the enzymes that produce
antibodies
C host cells are damaged during the production of new virus particles
D viruses produce harmful toxins that interfere with the cells energy
conversions
Name: ______________________________

Date:

_______________________

Homework: Viruses Review

Fill in the labels for the capsid, genetic material, envelope and
surface markers in the diagram.

45

Answer these questions about the structure of viruses and how

viruses compare to cells.
1. What function to do the protein projections (surface markers) around the
surface of the virus particle serve?
A They protect the virus from antibodies C They help the virus attach to a
cell
B They provide camouflage for the virus D They allow viruses to recognize
each other
2. The genetic material found inside of viruses carry the information needed
to do what?
A Perform energy conversions
C Produce toxins against a host cell
B Turn host cells into virus particles
D Replicate more virus particles
3. Viruses are made up of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a coating of
protein. When the two main substances that make up a virus are broken into
smaller fragments, these fragments are
A fatty acids and amino acids
C amino acids and nucleotides
B amino acids and simple sugars
D fatty acids and glycerol
4. Which of the following facts would best
Viruses
be used to replace X in the Venn diagram?
Requires a host
A contains ribosomes for protein synthesis
cell to replicate
B synthesizes new lipid molecules
X
C composed of organic compounds
D keeps genetic material inside a capsid

Bacteria
Y

Composed of cells
Performs respiration
for energy

5. Which of the following facts would best be used to replace Y in the Venn
diagram?
A can be treated with antibiotics
C carries information in the form of
nucleic acids
B can reproduce via the lysogenic cycle D converts solar energy into
chemical energy
6. Which of the following facts would best be used to replace Z in the Venn
diagram?
A has a membrane-bound nucleus
C replicates itself through the lytic
cycle
B contains genetic information
D can be killed with antibiotic
drugs

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7. One of the primary arguments against viruses being classified as living is

that they are not
A organic in nature
B found in the wild
C composed of cells
D
able to reproduce
A

8. The diagrams above represent the life cycle of a bacteriophage. Which of

the following sets of letters represents the correct order that these steps
would occur?
F B, C, D, E, A
H C, A, D, E, B
G C, D, A, E, B
J D, C, A, E, B
9. Does this sequence represent the lytic or lysogenic cycle?
_____________________________
10. Using complete sentences, explain why viruses are harmful to their host
cells.

11. When a new strain of a virus is introduced into a population, it often

spreads quickly and can even have more serious symptoms than previous
strains. This is mainly because people
A lack immunities to the new disease
C do not wash their hands
regularly
B are afflicted with autoimmune disorders
D stop making new
viral antibodies
12. A tomato plant in a greenhouse was found to be infected with tobacco
mosaic virus. A few weeks later, nearby plants were also found to be
infected with the virus. Which of the following best describes how the virus
reproduced?
A The virus made its own spores.
B The virus produced seeds in the tomatoes.
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C The virus used the host plants resources and machinery to reproduce.
D The virus immediately killed the host plant and was free to reproduce.
13. Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are
infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
F Helper T cells G Liver cells
H GABA-receptor cells
J Red
blood cells
14. A variety of respiratory diseases in humans can be caused by
adenoviruses. Which of the following describes the structure of an
adenovirus?
A a prokaryotic cell that is propelled by a flagellum
B a nucleic acid core that is surrounded by a protein coat
C a set of ribosomes that is held together by microtubules
D a single cell that contains a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome
Name: ______________________________
Date: _____________________

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