Matplotlib (By Devert Alexandre)

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA
Matplotlib
A tutorial
Devert Alexandre
School of Software Engineering of USTC
30 November 2012 Slide 1/44
Table of Contents
1
First steps
Curve plots
Scatter plots
Boxplots
Histograms
Usage example
Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 2/44
Curve plot
Lets plot a curve
i m p o r t math
import m a t p l o t l i b . pyplot as p l t
# Generate a s i n u s o i d
n b S a m p l e s = 256
xRange = (math . p i , math . p i )
x , y = [] , []
f o r n i n xrange ( nbSamples ) :
k = ( n + 0 . 5 ) / nbSamples
x . append ( xRange [ 0 ] + ( xRange [ 1 ] xRange [ 0 ] ) k )
y . append ( math . s i n ( x [ 1 ] ) )
# Plot the s i n u s o i d
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )
Curve plot
This will show you something like this
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0.5
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numpy
matplotlib can work with numpy arrays
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
n b S a m p l e s = 256
xRange = (math . p i , math . p i )
x , y = numpy . z e r o s ( n b S a m p l e s ) , numpy . z e r o s ( n b S a m p l e s )
k = ( n + 0 . 5 ) / nbSamples
x [ n ] = xRange [ 0 ] + ( xRange [ 1 ] xRange [ 0 ] ) k
y [ n ] = math . s i n ( x [ n ] )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )
numpy provides a lot of function and is efficient

numpy
zeros build arrays filled of 0
linspace build arrays filled with an arithmetic
sequence
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
x = numpy . l i n s p a c e (math . p i , math . p i , num=256)
y = numpy . z e r o s ( n b S a m p l e s )
y [ n ] = math . s i n ( x [ n ] )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )
numpy
numpy functions can work on entire arrays
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
y = numpy . s i n ( x )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )
PDF output
Exporting to a PDF file is just one change
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
y = numpy . s i n ( x )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . s a v e f i g ( s i n p l o t . p d f , t r a n s p a r e n t=True )
Table of Contents
1
First steps
Curve plots
Scatter plots
Boxplots
Histograms
Usage example
Multiple curves
Its often convenient to show several curves in one figure
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
#
x
y
z
G e n e r a t e a s i n u s o i d and a c o s i n o i d
= numpy . l i n s p a c e (math . p i , math . p i , num=256)
= numpy . s i n ( x )
= numpy . c o s ( x )
# Plot the curves

plt . plot (x , y)
plt . plot (x , z)
p l t . show ( )
Multiple curves
Its often convenient to show several curves in one figure
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
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Custom colors
Changing colors can help to make nice documents
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
#
x
y
z
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , c= #FF4500 )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= #4682B4 )
p l t . show ( )
Custom colors
Changing colors can help to make nice documents
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Line thickness
Line thickness can be changed as well
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
#
x
y
z
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , l i n e w i d t h =3 , c= #FF4500 )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= #4682B4 )
p l t . show ( )
Line thickness
Line thickness can be changed as well
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0.5
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Line patterns
For printed document, colors can be replaced by line
patterns
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# L i n e s t y l e s can be , , . ,
#
x
y
z
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , l i n e s t y l e = , c= #000000 )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= #808080 )
p l t . show ( )
Line patterns
For printed document, colors can be replaced by line
patterns
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Markers
It sometime relevant to show the data points
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# M a r k e r s can be
#
x
y
z
. ,
,,
o ,
1 and more
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , m a r k e r= 1 , m a r k e r s i z e =15 , c= #000000 )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= #000000 )
p l t . show ( )
Markers
It sometime relevant to show the data points
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Legend
A legend can help to make selfexplanatory figures
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# l e g e n d l o c a t i o n can be b e s t ,
#
x
y
z
center ,
left ,
right , etc .
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , c= #FF4500 , l a b e l= s i n ( x ) )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= #4682B4 , l a b e l= c o s ( x ) )
p l t . l e g e n d ( l o c= b e s t )
p l t . show ( )
Legend
A legend can help to make selfexplanatory figures
1.0
sin(x)
cos(x)
0.5
0.0
0.5
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Custom axis scale

Changing the axis scale can improve readability
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
#
x
y
z
center ,
left ,
right , etc .
# Axis setup
f i g = plt . figure ()
a x i s = f i g . add subplot (111)
a x i s . s e t y l i m ( 0.5 math . p i , 0 . 5 math . p i )
# Plot the curves
p l t . show ( )
Custom axis scale

Changing the axis scale can improve readability
1.5
sin(x)
cos(x)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Grid
Same goes for a grid, can be helpful
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
#
x
y
z
center ,
left ,
right , etc .
# Axis setup
a x i s . g r i d ( True )
# Plot the curves
p l t . show ( )
Grid
Same goes for a grid, can be helpful
1.5
sin(x)
cos(x)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Error bars
Your data might come with a known measure error
import
import
import
import
math
numpy
numpy . random
m a t p l o t l i b . pyplot as p l t
# Generate a noisy s i n u s o i d
y = numpy . s i n ( x + 0 . 0 5 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( l e n ( x ) ) )
y e r r o r = 0 . 1 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( l e n ( x ) )
# Axis setup
# Plot the curves
p l t . p l o t ( x , y , c= #FF4500 )
p l t . e r r o r b a r ( x , y , y e r r=y e r r o r )
p l t . show ( )
Error bars
Your data might come with a known measure error
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Table of Contents
1
First steps
Curve plots
Scatter plots
Boxplots
Histograms
Usage example
Scatter plot
A scatter plot just shows one point for each dataset entry
i m p o r t numpy
i m p o r t numpy . random
# G e n e r a t e a 2d n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
n b P o i n t s = 100
x = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
y = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
# Plot the points
plt . scatter (x , y)
p l t . show ( )
Scatter plot
A scatter plot just shows one point for each dataset entry
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2
1
0
1
2
3
43
Aspect ratio
If can be very important to have the same scale on both
axis
i m p o r t numpy
n b P o i n t s = 100
y = 0 . 1 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
# Axis setup
a x i s = f i g . a d d s u b p l o t ( 1 1 1 , a s p e c t= e q u a l )
# Plot the points
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x , y , c= #FF4500 )
p l t . show ( )
Aspect ratio
If can be very important to have the same scale on both
axis
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
3
Aspect ratio
Alternative way to keep the same scale on both axis
i m p o r t numpy
n b P o i n t s = 100
y = 0 . 1 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
# Axis setup
cmin , cmax = min ( min ( x ) , min ( y ) ) , max ( max ( x ) , max ( y ) )
cmin = 0 . 0 5 ( cmax cmin )
cmax += 0 . 0 5 ( cmax cmin )
a x i s . s e t x l i m ( cmin , cmax )
a x i s . s e t y l i m ( cmin , cmax )
# Plot the points
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x , y , c= #FF4500 )
p l t . show ( )
Aspect ratio
Alternative way to keep the same scale on both axis
2
1
0
1
2
2
Multiple scatter plots

As for curve, you can show 2 datasets on one figure
i m p o r t numpy
c o l o r s = ( #FF4500 , #3CB371 , #4682B4 , #DB7093 , #FFD700 )
n b P o i n t s = 100
x , y = [] ,
[]
x += [ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) ]
y += [ 0 . 2 5 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) ]
x += [ 0 . 5 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) + 3 . 0 ]
y += [ 2 numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) + 2 . 0 ]
# Axis setup
# Plot the points
f o r i in xrange ( len ( x ) ) :
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x [ i ] , y [ i ] , c=c o l o r s [ i % l e n ( c o l o r s ) ] )
p l t . show ( )
Multiple scatter plots

As for curve, you can show 2 datasets on one figure
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6
4
2
0
2
43
1 0
Showing centers
It can help to see the centers or the median points
i m p o r t numpy
c o l o r s = ( #FF4500 , #3CB371 , #4682B4 , #DB7093 , #FFD700 )
n b P o i n t s = 100
x , y = [] ,
[]
# Axis setup
# Plot the points
col = colors [ i % len ( colors )]
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x [ i ] , y [ i ] , c=c o l )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( [ numpy . median ( x [ i ] ) ] ,
[ numpy . median ( y [ i ] ) ] , c=c o l , s =250)
p l t . show ( )
Showing centers
It can help to see the centers or the median points
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6
4
2
0
2
43
1 0
Marker styles
You can use different markers styles
i m p o r t numpy
m a r k e r s = ( + , , . )
n b P o i n t s = 100
x , y = [] ,
[]
# Axis setup
# Plot the points

m = markers [ i % l en ( markers ) ]
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x [ i ] , y [ i ] , m a r k e r=m, c= #000000 )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( [ numpy . median ( x [ i ] ) ] , [ numpy . median ( y [ i ] ) ] , m a r k e r=m, s =250 , c= #000000
p l t . show ( )
Marker styles
You can use different markers styles
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6
4
2
0
2
44 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Table of Contents
1
First steps
Curve plots
Scatter plots
Boxplots
Histograms
Usage example
Boxplots
Lets do a simple boxplot
i m p o r t numpy
# Generate normal d i s t r i b u t i o n data

x = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 2 5 6 )
# Show a b o x p l o t o f t h e d a t a
plt . boxplot (x)
p l t . show ( )
Boxplots
Lets do a simple boxplot
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
Boxplots
You might want to show the original data in the same
time
i m p o r t numpy

x = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 2 5 6 )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( [ 0 ] l e n ( x ) , x , c= #4682B4 )
p l t . boxplot (x , p o s i t i o n s =[0])
p l t . show ( )
Boxplots
You might want to show the original data in the same
time
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
Multiple boxplots
Boxplots are often used to show side by side various
distributions
i m p o r t numpy

data = [ ]
f o r i in xrange ( 5 ) :
mu = 10 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( )
s i g m a = 2 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( ) + 0 . 1
d a t a . append ( numpy . random . n o r m a l (mu , sigma , 2 5 6 ) )
p l t . boxplot ( data )
p l t . show ( )
Multiple boxplots
Boxplots are often used to show side by side various
distributions
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10
8
6
4
2
Orientation
Changing the orientation is easily done
i m p o r t numpy

data = [ ]
f o r i in xrange ( 5 ) :
mu = 10 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( )
p l t . b o x p l o t ( data , v e r t =0)
p l t . show ( )
Orientation
Changing the orientation is easily done
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4
3
2
1
6
10
12
Legend
Good graphics have a proper legend
i m p o r t numpy

l a b e l s = [ m e r c u r y , l e a d , l i t h i u m , t u n g s t e n e , cadnium ]
data = [ ]
f o r i in xrange ( len ( l a b e l s ) ) :
mu = 10 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( ) + 100
# Axis setup
axis . s e t t i t l e ( Alien nodules composition )
xtickNames = p l t . setp ( axis , x t i c k l a b e l s = l a b e l s )
a x i s . s e t y l a b e l ( c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( ppm ) )
p l t . boxplot ( data )
p l t . show ( )
Legend
Good graphics have a proper legend
Alien nodules composition
112
concentration (ppm)
110
108
106
104
102
100
mercury
lead
lithium
tungstene
cadnium
Table of Contents
1
First steps
Curve plots
Scatter plots
Boxplots
Histograms
Usage example
Histograms
Histogram are convenient to sum-up results
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
d a t a = numpy . a b s ( numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 3 0 ) )
# Show an h i s t o g r a m
p l t . b a r h ( r a n g e ( l e n ( d a t a ) ) , data , c o l o r= #4682B4 )
p l t . show ( )
Histograms
Histogram are convenient to sum-up results
30
25
20
15
10
5
00.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Histograms
A variant to show 2 quantities per item on 1 figure
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
data = [ [ ] , [ ] ]
f o r i i n xrange ( l e n ( data ) ) :
d a t a [ i ] = numpy . a b s ( numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 3 0 ) )
l a b e l s = range ( l e n ( data [ 0 ] ) )
p l t . b a r h ( l a b e l s , d a t a [ 0 ] , c o l o r= #4682B4 )
p l t . b a r h ( l a b e l s , 1 d a t a [ 1 ] , c o l o r= #FF4500 )
p l t . show ( )
Histograms
A variant to show 2 quantities per item on 1 figure
30
25
20
15
10
5
03
Labels
Very often, we need to name items on an histogram
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
names = [ Wang Bu , Cheng Cao , Zhang Xue L i , Tang Wei , Sun Wu Kong ]
marks = 7 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 3
# Axis setup
a x i s . s e t x l i m (0 , 10)
p l t . y t i c k s ( numpy . a r a n g e ( l e n ( marks ) ) + 0 . 5 , names )
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( Datam i n i n g marks )
a x i s . s e t x l a b e l ( mark )
p l t . b a r h ( r a n g e ( l e n ( marks ) ) , marks , c o l o r= #4682B4 )
p l t . show ( )
Labels
Very often, we need to name items on an histogram
Data-mining marks
Sun Wu Kong
Tang Wei
Zhang Xue Li
Cheng Cao
Wang Bu
0
mark
10
Error bars
Error bars, to indicate the accuracy of values
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
names = [ 6809 , 6502 , 8086 , Z80 , RCA1802 ]
s p e e d = 70 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 30
e r r o r = 9 numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 1
# Axis setup
p l t . y t i c k s ( numpy . a r a n g e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 0 . 5 , names )
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( 8 b i t s CPU benchmark s t r i n g
axis . set xlabel ( score )
test )
p l t . b a r h ( r a n g e ( l e n ( names ) ) , s p e e d , x e r r=e r r o r , c o l o r= #4682B4 )
p l t . show ( )
Error bars
Error bars, to indicate the accuracy of values
8 bits CPU benchmark - string test
RCA1802
Z80
8086
6502
6809
0
20
40
score
60
80
100
Table of Contents
1
First steps
Curve plots
Scatter plots
Boxplots
Histograms
Usage example
Old Faithful
Lets display some real data: Old Faithful geyser
Old Faithful
This way works, but good example of half-done job
i m p o r t numpy
# Read t h e d a t a
d a t a = numpy . l o a d t x t ( . / d a t a s e t s / g e y s e r . d a t )
# Axis setup
# Plot the points
p l t . s c a t t e r ( d a t a [ : , 0 ] , d a t a [ : , 1 ] , c= #FF4500 )
p l t . show ( )
Old Faithful
This way works, but good example of half-done job
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5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.530
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Old Faithful
Lets make a more readable figure
i m p o r t numpy
d a t a = numpy . l o a d t x t ( . / d a t a s e t s / g e y s e r . d a t )
# Axis setup
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( Old F a i t h f u l g e y s e r d a t a s e t )
a x i s . s e t x l a b e l ( w a i t i n g t i m e (mn . ) )
a x i s . s e t y l a b e l ( e r u p t i o n d u r a t i o n (mn . ) )
# Plot the points
p l t . show ( )
Old Faithful
Lets make a more readable figure
Old Faithful geyser dataset
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5.0
eruption duration (mn.)
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4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.530
40
50
60
70
waiting time (mn.)
80
90
100
Mercury & fishes
Lets display more complex data: fishes and mercury

poisoning
Mercury & fishes

A first try
i m p o r t numpy
d a t a = numpy . l o a d t x t ( . / d a t a s e t s / f i s h . d a t )
# Axis setup
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( North C a r o l i n a f i s h e s mercury c o n c e n t r a t i o n )
a x i s . s e t x l a b e l ( weight (g . ) )
a x i s . s e t y l a b e l ( m e r c u r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( ppm ) )
# Plot the points
p l t . show ( )
Mercury & fishes

A first try
4.0
North Carolina fishes mercury concentration
mercury concentration (ppm)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.51000
1000
2000
weight (g.)
3000
4000
5000
Mercury & fishes

Show more information with subplots
mercury concentration
mercury
(ppm)concentration (ppm)
weight (g.)

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
100020
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.51000
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.520
30
40
1000
30
length (cm.)
50
2000
weight (g.)
40
length (cm.)
60
3000
50
4000
60
70
5000
70
Mercury & fishes

Data from one river with its own color
mercury concentration
mercury
(ppm)concentration (ppm)
weight (g.)

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
100020
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.51000
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.520
30
40
1000
30
length (cm.)
50
2000
weight (g.)
40
length (cm.)
60
3000
50
4000
60
70
5000
70

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SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

30 November 2012 Slide 1/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 2/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 3/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 4/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

numpy provides a lot of function and is efficient

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 6/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 7/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 8/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 9/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 10/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 10/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 11/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 11/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 12/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 12/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 13/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 13/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 14/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) Matplotlib Slide 14/44

SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC