10 Complete Practice Tests - Ebook

Contents
TEST 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
TEST 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
TEST 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
TEST 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 71
TEST 5 ....................................................................................................................................................... 93
TEST 6 ..................................................................................................................................................... 118
TEST 7 ..................................................................................................................................................... 141
TEST 8 ..................................................................................................................................................... 163
TEST 9 ..................................................................................................................................................... 185
TEST 10 ................................................................................................................................................... 207
AUDIOSCRIPTS .................................................................................................................................... 228
LISTENING & READING ANSWER KEYS ...................................................................................... 309
MODEL ANS SAMPLE ANSWERS FOR WRITING TASKS ......................................................... 337
MODEL AND SAMPLE ANSWERS FOR SPEAKING TASKS ...................................................... 349
TEST 1
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1-4
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Which documents could Sam use as proof of her name?
Example
passport
1..................................
2..................................
Which could she use as proof of her address?
council tax bill
3..................................
phone bill (fixed line)
4..................................
Questions 5-7
Complete the notes below.
Write NO Complete the notes below.
MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR NUMBERS for each answer.

Name of bank?
Savings Bank
Open which days?
Monday-Friday
Opening hours?
5..................................
Where?
6..................................
Free gift?
7..................................
Questions 8-10
Match the places in Questions 8-10 to the appropriate letters A-H on the map.
8 Royal Bank
________
9 Northern Bank.
________
10 National Bank.
________
SECTION 2
Questions 11-14
Complete the table below.
Preparing for the interview
What to do
How to do it
Step 1: Prepare things to Gather all documents, e.g. copies of resume.

Choose 11 e.g. designs, drawings, written work.
take.
Step
2:
Get
more Check you have pen and paper.
information.
Ask firm for a 12

See profiles at Chamber of Commerce, library.
Step 3: Focus on you and Contact 13.. of this or related firms.

the job.
Compare yourself with what is required.

Imagine likely questions and your answers.
Decide how to make up for any 14.. you lack
Questions 15-20
At the interview
Arrive no more than 15..................................before the time of the interview.

After you hear the question, you can 16..................................before you reply.
You can 17..................................if you dont understand what theyre asking you.
Wait for them to offer you the job before you say what 18.................................. you want.
Learning from the experience will make you more 19..................................in future interviews.
Pay attention to your 20..................................- it shows you have a positive attitude.
SECTION 3
Questions 21-24
Complete the summary below by writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in the spaces
provided.
To many employers, academic success and personal development as a result of being at
21..................................can
be
as
important
as
course
content,
so
choose
22..................................modules that you may do well in. You should, however, think more
carefully about your choice if your course is 23 ................................... In this case the course
normally includes all the modules necessary for professional training, but if you are in any doubt
check with your academic department or the 24..................................at the university.
Questions 25-29
Write the appropriate letters A-C against questions 25-29.
Which modules have the following features?
A. Applied Chemical Engineering
B. Fluid Mechanics
C. Chemical Engineering: Science 1
25
developing computer skills
............
26
exemption from part of a module
............
27
assessment by formal examination
............
28
developing speaking and writing skills
............
29
learning through problem-solving
.............
Question 30
30 Which chart shows the percentage of private study time on the Spanish 1A module?
SECTION 4
Questions 31-33
Label the diagram. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
Questions 34-36
Choose from letters A-C and write them on your answer sheet.
34 The crater at Acraman is
A
nowadays entirely covered by sea water.
one of the most beautiful on Karth.
less spectacular than others in Australia.
35 Williams realised what had happened at Acraman when he

A
saw pictures of the area taken from above.
visited Acraman for the first time in 1980.
noticed a picture of the crater in a textbook.
36 Where was rock from Acraman found?

A
Only in the Flinders Mountains.
At several placcs over 300 km from Acraman.
At a place 500 km from Acraman, but nowhere else.
Questions 37-40
37
What made the sea water shake? ..................................
38
What threw the pebbles into the air? ..................................
39
What was mixed with silt to form a layer of rock? ................
40 What shaped the ripples on top of the rock? .........................
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five sections, A-E.
Choose the correct headings for sections A-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Mushrooms that glow in the dark
ii. Bright creatures on land and in the sea
iii. Evolutions solution
iv. Cave-dwelling organisms
v. Future opportunities in biological engineering

vi. Natures gift to medicine
vii. Bioluminescence in humans
viii. Purposes of bioluminescence in the wild
ix. Luminescent pets
1. Section A
2. Section B
3. Section C
4. Section D
5. Section E
Bioluminescence
A. In the pitch-black waters of the oceans aphotic zone depths from 1,000m to the sea floor
Rood eyesight does not count for very much on its own. Caves, in addition, frequently present a
similar problem: the complete absence of natural light at any time of the day. This has not stopped
some organisms from turning these inhospitable environments into their homes, and in the process
many have created their own forms of light by developing one of the stunning visual marvels of
the biological universe bioluminescence.
B. Many people will encounter bioluminescence at some point in their life, typically in some form
of glowworm, which is found on most continents. North and South America are home to the
firefly, a glowing beetle which is known as a glow-worm during its larvae stage. Flightless
glowing beetles and worms are also found in Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Less
common flies, centipedes, molluscs, and snails have bioluminescent qualities as well, as do some
mushrooms. The most dramatic examples of bioluminescence, however, are found deep below the
oceans surface, where no sunlight can penetrate at all. Here, anglerfish, cookie-cutter sharks,
flashlight fish, lantern fish, gulper eels, viperfish, and many other species have developed
bioluminescence in unique and creative ways to facilitate their lives.
C. The natural uses of bioluminescence vary widely, and organisms have learnt to be very creative
with its use. Fireflies employ bioluminescence primarily for reproductive means their flashing
patterns advertise a fireflys readiness to breed. Some fish use it as a handy spotlight to help them
locate prey. Others use it as a lure; the anglerfish, for example, dangles a luminescent flare that
draws in gullible, smaller fishes which get snapped up by the anglerfish in an automated reflex.
Sometimes, bioluminescence is used to resist predators. Vampire squids eject a thick cloud of
glowing liquid from the tip of its arms when threatened, which can be disorientating. Other species
use a single, bright flash to temporarily blind their attacker, with an effect similar to that of an
oncoming car which has not dipped its headlights.
D. Humans have captured and utilized bioluminescence by developing, over the last decade, a
technology known as Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI). BU involves the extraction of a DNA
protein from a bioluminescent organism, and then the integration of this protein into a laboratory
animal through trans-geneticism. Researchers have been able to use luminized pathogens and
cancer cell lines to track the respective spread of infections and cancers. Through BLI, cancers and
infections can be observed without intervening in a way that affects their independent
development. In other words, while an ultra-sensitive camera and bioluminescent proteins add a
visual element, they do not disrupt or mutate the natural processes. As a result, when testing drugs
and treatments, researchers are permitted a single perspective of a therapys progression.
E. Once scientists learn how to engineer bioluminescence and keep it stable in large quantities, a
number of other human uses for it will become available. Glowing trees have been proposed as
replacements for electric lighting along busy roads, for example, which would reduce our
dependence on non-renewable energy sources. The same technology used in Christmas trees for
the family home would also eliminate the fire danger from electrical fairy lights. It may also be
possible for crops and plants to luminesce when they require watering, and for meat and dairy
products to tell us when they have become contaminated by bacteria. In a similar way, forensic
investigators could detect bacterial species on corpses through bioluminescence. Finally, there is
the element of pure novelty. Childrens toys and stickers are often made with glow-in-the dark
qualities, and a biological form would allow rabbits, mice, fish, and other pets to glow as well.
Questions 6-9
Choose FOUR letters. AG.
Write the correct letters in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
Which FOUR uses are listed for bioluminescence in nature?
A. ways of attracting food
B. tracing the spread of diseases
C. mating signals
D. growing trees for street lighting
E. drug trials
F. defensive tactics
G. a torch to identify food
Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet
10. The luminescent fluid that a vampire squid emits has a effect on its
predator.
11. In order to use bioluminescence in a trans-genetic environment, . must first

be removed from a bioluminescent creature.
12. One advantage of BLI is that it could allow researchers to see how a treatment is working
without altering or disturbing .
13. In the future, may be able to use bioluminescence to identify evidence on
dead bodies.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1426, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
CHANGES IN MALE BODY IMAGE
A. The pressures on women to look slender, youthful, and attractive have been extensively
documented, but changing expectations for womens bodies have varied widely. From voluptuous
and curvy in the days of Marilyn Monroe to slender and androgynous when Twiggy hit the London
scene in the mid-1960s, and then on to the towering Amazonian models of the 1980s and the
heroin chic and size-zero obsession of today, it is not just clothes that go in and out of fashion
for women. The prevailing notion of the perfect body for men, however, has remained remarkably
static: broad shoulders, a big chest and arms, and rippling, visible abdominal muscles and powerful
legs have long been the staple ingredients of a desirable male physique.
B. A growing body of evidence suggests this is changing, however. Rootsteins, a mannequin
design company in Britain, has released its newest male model the homme nouveau with a
cinched-in 27-inch waist. To put that into perspective, says one female fashion reporter, I had
a 27-inch waist when I was thirteen _ and I was really skinny. The company suggests that
the homme nouveau redresses the prevailing beefcake figure by carving out a far more
streamlined, sinuous silhouette to match the edgier attitude of a new generation.
C. Elsewhere in the fashion industry, the label American Apparel is releasing a line of trousers in
sizes no larger than a 30-inch waist, which squeezes out most of the younger male market who
have an average waistline over five inches larger. Slender young men are naturally starting to
dominate the catwalks and magazine pages as well. No one wanted the big guys, model David
Gandy has said, describing how his muscled physique was losing him jobs. It was all the skinny,
androgynous look. People would look at me very, very strangely when I went to castings.
D. Achieving such a physique can be unattainable for those without the natural genetic make-up.
I dont know that anyone would consider my body archetypal or as an exemplar to work towards,
notes model Davo McConville. You couldnt aim for this; its defined by a vacuum of flesh, by
what its not. Nevertheless, statistics suggest it is not just an obsession of models, celebrities, and
the media more and more ordinary men are prepared to go to great lengths for a slender body.
One indication is the growing number of men who are discovering surgical reconstruction. Male
breast-reduction has become especially popular, in 2009, the year-on-year growth rate for this
procedure rose to 44 per cent in the United Kingdom. Liposuction also remains popular in the
market for male body reconstructive surgery, with 35,000 such procedures being performed on
men every year.
E. Additionally, more men now have eating disorders than ever before. These are characterized by
normal eating habits, typically either the consumption of insufficient or excessive amounts of food.
Eating disorders are detrimental to the physical and mental condition of people who suffer from
them, and the desire to achieve unrealistic physiques has been implicated as a cause. In 1990, only
10% of people suffering from anorexia or bulimia were believed to be male, but this figure has
climbed steadily to around one quarter today. Around two in five binge eaters are men. Women
still make up the majority of those afflicted by eating disorders, but the perception of it being a
girly problem has contributed to men being less likely to pursue treatment. In 2008, male eating
disorders were thrust into the spotlight when former British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott,
admitted to habitually gorging on junk food and then inducing himself to vomit while in office. I
never admitted to this out of the shame and embarrassment, he said. I found it difficult as a man
like me to admit that I suffered from bulimia.
F. In some respects, the slim male silhouette seems to be complementing, rather than displacing,
the G. I. Joe physique. Mens Health, one of the only titles to weather the floundering magazine
market with sales increasing to a quarter of a million per issue, has a staple diet of bulky men on
the cover who entice readers with the promise of big, powerful muscles. Advertising executives
and fashion editors suggest that in times of recession and political uncertainty, the more robust
male body image once again becomes desirable. Academic research supports this claim, indicating
that more feminine features are desirable for men in comfortable and secure societies, while
masculine physical traits are more attractive where survival comes back to the individual. A
University of Aberdeen study, conducted using 4,500 women from over 30 countries, found a
pronounced correlation between levels of public healthcare and the amount of effeminacy women
preferred in their men. In Sweden, the country considered to have the best healthcare, 68 per cent
of women preferred the men who were shown with feminine facial features. In Brazil, the country
with the worst healthcare in the study, only 45 per cent of women were so inclined. The results
suggest that as healthcare improves, more masculine men fall out of favour, the researchers
concluded.
G. Ultimately, columnist Polly Vernon has written, we are left with two polarized ideals of
masculine beauty. One is the sleek, slender silhouette that exudes cutting-edge style and a wealthy,
comfortable lifestyle. The other is the strong, muscular, austerity-resistant form that suggests a
man can look after himself with his own bare hands. These ideals co-exist by pulling men in
different directions and encouraging them to believe they must always be chasing physical
perfection, while simultaneously destabilizing any firm notions of what physical perfection
requires.
H. As a result, attaining the ideal body becomes an ever more futile and time-consuming task.
Vernon concludes that this means less time for the more important things in life, and both sexes
should resist the compulsive obsession with beauty.
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14. an opinion on whether body image changes have positive or negative effects
15. a historical comparison of gendered body images
16. a humiliating confession of overeating by a public figure
17. a cosmetic operation that has become increasingly popular
18. a health condition afflicting increasing numbers of men
19. the effect of changing body ideals on a male model
20. an explanation of how living standards affect the desirability of male physiques
Questions 21-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 2126 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts with the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
21. A thin body is achievable for men regardless of their genes.

22. Male liposuction is more popular than male breast-reduction.
23. Rating disorders harm the mind and body.
24. Women seek help for eating disorders more often than men.
25. Mens Health has suffered from a downturn in magazine sales.

26. As public healthcare improves, men become more feminine.
READING PASSAGE 3
below.
EATS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES
A Book Review
The title of Fats, Shoots and Leaves refers to a famously misplaced comma in a wildlife manual
that ended up suggesting a panda rather violently eats, shoots and leaves instead of eating shoots
and leaves. The author of this book, journalist Lynne Truss, is something akin to a militant linguist,
dedicating this zero tolerance manifesto on grammar to the striking Bolshevik printers of St.
Petersburg who, in demanding the same remuneration for punctuation as they received for letters,
ended up setting in motion the first Russian Revolution.
Some of the book involves humorous attacks on erroneous punctuation. There is the confused
Shakespearian thespian who inadvertently turns a frantic plea: Go, get him surgeons! into the
cheerful encouragement of Go get him, surgeons! Street and shop signs have a ubiquitous
presence. A bakery declares FRESH DONUTS SOLD HERE and a florist curiously announces
that Pansys here! (Is she?). The shameless title of a Hollywood film Two Weeks Notice is reeled
in for criticism Would they similarly call it One Weeks Notice?, Truss enquires and
sometimes, as in the case of signs promoting ANTIQUES and Potatoes one questions
whether we are bearing witness to new depths of grammar ignorance, or a postmodern caricature
of atrocious punctuation.
Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not just a piece of comedy and ridicule, however, and Truss has plenty
to offer on the question of proper grammar usage. If you have ever wondered whether it is
acceptable to simply use an em dash1 in place of a comma the verdict from Truss is that you
can. The dash is less formal than the semicolon, which makes it more attractive, she suggests.
It enhances conversational tone; and it is capable of quite subtle effects. The author
concludes, with characteristic wry condescension, that the em dashs popularity largely rests on
people knowing it is almost impossible to use incorrectly. Truss is a personal champion of the
semicolon, a historically contentious punctuation mark elsewhere maligned by novelist Kurt
Vonnegut Jr., as a transvestite hermaphrodite representing absolutely nothing. Coming to the
semicolons defence, Truss suggests that while it can certainly be overused, she refers to the dying
words of one 20th century writer: I should have used fewer semicolons, the semicolon can
perform the role of a kind of Special Policeman in the event of comma fights.
Truss has come under criticism on two broad points. The first argument criticises the legitimacy
of her authority as a punctuation autocrat. Louis Menand, writing in the New Yorker, details Eats,
Shoots and Leaves numerous grammatical and punctuation sins: a comma-free non-restrictive
clause; a superfluous ellipsis; a misplaced apostrophe; a misused parenthesis; two misused
semicolons; an erroneous hyphen in the word abuzz, and so on. In fact, as Menand notes, half
the semicolons in the Truss book are spuriously deployed because they stem from the authors
open flouting of the rule that semicolons must only connect two independent clauses. Why would
a person not just vague about the rules but disinclined to follow them bother to produce a guide to
punctuation? Menand inquires. Ultimately, he holds Truss accused of producing a book that
pleases those who just need to vent and concludes that Eats, Shoots and Leaves is actually a
tirade against the decline of language and print that disguises itself, thinly and poorly, as some
kind of a style manual.
Linguist David Chrystal has criticised what he describes as a linguistic purism coursing through
Truss book. Linguistic purism is the notion that one variety of language is somehow more pure
than others, with this sense of purity often based on an idealised historical point in the languages
development, but sometimes simply in reference to an abstract ideal. In The Fight for English:
How Language Pundits Ate, Shot and Left, Chrystal a former colleague of Truss condemns the
no-holds-barred approach to punctuation and grammar. Zero tolerance does not allow for
flexibility, he argues. It is prescriptivism taken to extremes. It suggests that language is in a state
where all the rules are established with 100 per cent certainty. The suggestion is false. We do not
know what all the rules of punctuation are. And no rule of punctuation is followed by all of the
people all of the time.
Other detractors of Truss prescriptivism are careful to disassociate needless purism from robust
and sensible criticism, an oppositional stance they call descriptivism. Dont ever imagine,
Geoffrey K. Pullum on the Language Log emphasizes, that I think all honest attempts at using
English are just as good as any others. [Bad] writing needs to be fixed. But lets make sure we fix
the right things. In other words, we do not require a dogmatic approach to clean up misused
language. Charles Gaulke concurs, noting that his opposition to prescriptivism does not require
contending with the existence of standards themselves, but questioning whether our standards
should determine what works, or whether what works should determine our standards.
Ultimately, it is unlikely the purists and pedagogues will ever make absolute peace with those who
see language as a fluid, creative process within which everyone has a role to play. Both sides can
learn to live in a sort of contentious harmony, however. Creativity typically involves extending,
adapting and critiquing the status quo, and revising and reviving old traditions while constructing
new ones. Rules must exist in order for this process to take place, if only for them to be broken.
On the flip side, rules have an important role to play in guiding our language into forms that can
be accessed by people across all manner of differences, so it is vital to acknowledge the extent to
which they can be democratic, rather than merely autocratic in function. Nevertheless, all the
regulations in the world cannot stem the natural spring of language, which bursts through rivets
and snakes around the dams that linguistic authorities may try to put in place. We should celebrate
rather than curse these inevitable tensions.
Questions 27-32
Look as the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people below. Match each
statement with the correct person A-E.
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27. Mistakes should be corrected on the basis of common sense.

28. No one has legitimacy as an ultimate authority on punctuation use.
29. Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not the type of book it claims to be.
30. The idea that some forms of language can be better than others is wrong.
31. The semicolon has no real purpose.
32. We can ask whether rules are helpful without undermining the need for rules.
List of people
A. Kurt Vonnegut Jr.
B. Louis Menand
C. David Chrystal
D. Geoffrey K. Pullum
E. Charles Gaulke
Questions 33-37
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
Eats, Shoots and Leaves is a book on punctuation by journalist Lynne Truss, who could be
described as a 33 She dedicates the book to the Bolshevik printers who started
the 34 . by protesting for better pay conditions. The book is partly a humorous
criticism of incorrect punctuation. Some of the examples are so bad it is possible that they are
actually a 35 .
Truss also guides the reader on correct punctuation usage. She likes the em dash because it is not
as 36 . as the semicolon, for example, but remains a 37 .
of the latter due to its ability to discipline areas of text that are crowded with commas.
Questions 38-40
Choose THREE letters, AG. Write the correct letters in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following statements form part of the authors conclusion?
A. Rules prevent the creation of new things.
B. A centralised point of control can effectively guide the flow of language.
C. Both the descriptivists and prescriptivists have important roles to play in language evolution.
D. Disputes over matters of language rules need not be condemned.
E. Prescriptivists and descriptivists are both wrong.
F. Rules help everyone use language and do not merely prescribe usage.
G. An essential part of creativity is the rejection of that which has come before.
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The line graph below shows the average daily maximum temperatures for Auckland and
Christchurch, two cities in New Zealand, and London and Edinburgh, two cities in the United
Kingdom.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this topic.
Write about the following topic:
Children nowadays watch significantly more television than those in the past, which reduces their
activity levels accordingly. Why is this the case?
What measures can you suggest to encourage higher levels of activity among children?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Introduction and Interview (4-5 minutes)
Introduction (compulsory)
Good morning/afternoon. My name is. Can you tell me your full name, please?
What should I call you?
Could you tell me where youre from?
Can I see your identification, please?

Thank you. Now in this first part, Id like to ask you some questions about yourself.
Interview (choose 1)
Let's talk about where you live.
Have there been any recent improvements to your home town0
Are there any other areas which you think could be improved? Why?
Which area of your home town is the most attractive? Why?
Let's talk about your studies.
What are you studying at present?
What type of career do you hope to have after completing your
Alter graduating,, do you intend doing any further study:?
studies?
Now lets talk about free time.
Tell me about what you like to do in your free time.
Does it cost much money to do this activity?
Do many of your friends enjoy the same types of activities?
Do you think you will have more or less free time in the future? Why?
Now let's talk about seasons.
Which season of the year is your favourite? Why?
What is the weather typically like where you live during the season?
Do you think you will always prefer this season? Why?
Wbat types of things do you enjoy doing during this season? Why?
Now let's talk about the outdoors.
Which outdoor places or locations do you enjoy going to? Why?
Do you prefer to spend time indoors or outdoors? Why?
What are some of your outdoor hobbies?
Do some parts of your country have more beautiful outdoor spaces than others?
PART 2
Individual Long Turn (3-4 minutes)
Now, Im going to give you a topic and Id like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before
you talk, youll have one minute to think about what youre going to say. You can make some
notes if you wish. Do you understand?
Heres some paper and a pencil for making notes and heres your topic:
Id like you to talk about a traditional story which is popular in your country.
Describe a traditional story that is popular in your country.
You should say:
what the story' is about
why the story is well known
how you came to know this story
and explain what you learnt from this story.
Rounding- off questions:
Would you recommend this story to others?
Do you enjoy traditional stories?
PART 3
Two-way Discussion (4-5 minutes)
We've been talking about a story which is well known in your country and now I'd like to discuss
with you one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of
traditional stories.
Many people believe that traditional stories are irrelevant to modem society. Do you agree
or disagree?
What type of traditional stories do children generally enjoy? Vhy do you think this is so?
What can traditional stories tell us about a culture?
Now, let's talk about preserving and protecting traditions.
In what ways have traditions changed in your country, if at all, over the last fifty or so
years?
Many societies are losing aspects of their culture and tradition as time passes. What are
some of the solutions to this issue?
Do you think the current generation is more or less interested in tradition than previous
generations? Why might this be so?
TEST 2
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1 - 10
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Tom's Computer Maintenance
Customer Information Form
Date: Sunday, 12th May
Example:
Reason for call:
Answer.
computer problem
What happened: the screen 1..............................

Troubleshooting checklist:
Restarted computer
The computer is 2................... not running on battery
Activity when the problem occurred: 3...............................................
Possible diagnosis: a virus
Anti-virus programme: 4..............................................
Appointment
Location: 5......................................
Time scheduled for visit: 6..........................................
Street address: 14 7........................................ Crescent, 2F3
Customer name: Sandra 8..........................................
Name on buzzer: the same as above
Fee: 9........................................for the first hours work, then 40 per hour
Estimated time for job: less than 10............................................
SECTION 2
Questions 11 - 17
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
11 The speaker's job requires
A. a great deal of walking. B extensive travel.
B. extensive travel.
C. clean water.
12 Why is this story being told?
A. to promote Charity-Water B for entertainment purposes C to encourage Helen
B. for entertainment purposes C to encourage Helen
C. to encourage Helen
13 Why do the charity workers usually surprise communities?
A. It makes people happy.
B. It is difficult to spread news.
C. It makes their work easier.
14 When villagers heard of the charity workers arrival, they
A. had a party.
B. were suspicious.
C. took no notice.
15 Helen is feeling
A. ecstatic about her new life.
B. curious about the charity workers.
C. nostalgic about her old life.
16 What did the speaker notice about Helen?
A. that she had bathed recently
B. the care she took with her appearance C that she was wearing a green uniform
C. that she was wearing a green uniform
17 Making someone feel beautiful was
A. part of the speakers job description.
B. an unexpected bonus for the speaker.

C. of little importance to the speaker.
Questions 18 - 20
In what THREE ways did the new well improve Helen's life?
Choose THREE letters A - G.
18.........................
19...............................
20...................................
A. Her children enjoyed better health
E. She had more choices and options
B. It increased her household income
F. She made new friends in her village
C. It gave her more free time
G. It allowed her to go to school
D. She got a leadership position
SECTION 3
Questions 21 - 25
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
21 Jessica is interviewing Dr Kitching for ...................................... for the school newspaper.
22 Everyone Jessica knows is rather ........................................ about how to ask for references.
23 Dr Kitching gives Jessica permission ................................... to their conversation.
24 Dr Kitching writes more than ..................................... a year.
25 The majority of ...................................... are in the spring or early summer when students start
thinking about their future.
Questions 26 - 30
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter A - G next to questions 26 - 30.
STEPS TO TAKE WHEN ASKING FOR A REFERENCE AFTER GRADUATION
Start with a(n) 26.......................
Say what 27............................... you took and when you took it.
Give any 28 ............................. to identify yourself.
Follow up with a(n) 29.......................
Ask for a(n) 30..............................
A. message
B. meeting
C. information
D. exam
E. telephone call
F. course
G. email
SECTION 4
Question 31 - 40

Date: 6th November
Lecture Topic Primate Behaviour
Review - Last lecture we talked about how physical features apply to:
living primates
classification
31...........................
Human evolution is not just about how people have 32.......................... but also about how
our behaviour evolved.
The most notable thing about humans is not just that they walk on two legs but that they can
33............................
Primate Cognitive Abilities
Cognition = the amount of 34........................... that goes into a behaviour.
It's difficult to come up with 35......................... to measure cognition.
How sentient are the 36..................................
Sentient = there is 37.............................. conscious thought
Behaviours that support the presence of conscious thought in primates:
Various sorts of 38................................ (helping others without benefit)
"Machiavellian Intelligence" or deliberate 39......................................
Chimps can be language-trained - highly intelligent
Cognition and intelligence in primates has deep 40................................... ramifications.
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
below.
Communicating in Colour
There are more than 160 known species of chameleons. The main distribution is in Africa and
Madagascar, and other tropical regions, although some species are also found in parts of southern
Europe and Asia. There are introduced populations in Hawaii and probably in California and
Florida too.
New species are still discovered quite frequently. Dr Andrew Marshall, a conservationist from
York University, was surveying monkeys in Tanzania, when he stumbled across a twig snake in
the Magombera forest which, frightened, coughed up a chameleon and fled. Though a colleague
persuaded him not to touch it because of the risk from venom, Marshall suspected it might be a
new species, and took a photograph to send to colleagues, who confirmed his suspicions.
Kinyongia magomberae, literally the chameleon from Magombera, is the result, and the fact it
was not easy to identify is precisely what made it unique. The most remarkable feature of
chameleons is their ability to change colour, an ability rivalled only by cuttlefish and octopi in the
animal kingdom. Because of this, colour is not the best thing for telling chameleons apart and
different species are usually identified based on the patterning and shape of the head, and the
arrangement of scales. In this case it was the bulge of scales on the chameleons nose.
Chameleons are able to use colour for both communication and camouflage by switching from
bright, showy colours to the exact colour of a twig within seconds. They show an extraordinary
range of colours, from nearly black to bright blues, oranges, pinks and greens, even several at once.
A popular misconception is that chameleons can match whatever background they arc placed on,
whether a chequered red and yellow shirt or a Smartie box. But each species has a characteristic
set of cells containing pigment distributed over their bodies in a specific pattern, which determines
the range of colours and patterns they can show. To the great disappointment of many children,
placing a chameleon on a Smartie box generally results in a stressed, confused, dark grey or
mottled chameleon.
Chameleons are visual animals with excellent eyesight, and they communicate with colour. When
two male dwarf chameleons encounter each other, each shows its brightest colours. They puff out
their throats and present themselves sidc-on with their bodies flattened to appear as large as
possible and to show off their colours. This enables them to assess each other from a distance. If
one is clearly superior, the other quickly changes to submissive colouration, which is usually a
dull combination of greys or browns. If the opponents are closely matched and both maintain their
bright colours, the contest can escalate to physical fighting and jaw-locking, each trying to push
each other along the branch in a contest of strength. Eventually, the loser will signal his defeat
with submissive colouration.
Females also have aggressive displays used to repel male attempts at courtship. When courting a
female, males display the same bright colours that they use during contests. Most of the time,
females are unreceptive and aggressively reject males by displaying a contrasting light and dark
colour pattern, with their mouths open and moving their bodies rapidly from side to side. If the
male continues to court a female, she often chases and bites him until he retreats. The range of
colour- change during female displays, although impressive, is not as great as that shown by males.
Many people assume that colour change evolved to enable chameleons to match a greater variety
of backgrounds in their environment. If this was the case, then the ability of chameleons to change
colour should be associated with the range of background colours in the chameleons habitat, but
there is no evidence for such a pattern. For example, forest habitats might have a greater range of
brown and green background colours than grasslands, so forest-dwelling species might be expected
to have greater powers of colour change. Instead, the males whose display colours are the most
eye-catching show the greatest colour change. Their displays are composed of colours that contrast
highly with each other as well as with the background vegetation. This suggests that the species
that evolved the most impressive capacities for colour change did so to enable them to intimidate
rivals or attract mates rather than to facilitate camouflage.
How do we know that chameleon display colours are eye-catching to another chameleon or, for
that matter, to a predatory bird? Getting a view from the perspective of chameleons or their bird
predators requires information on the chameleon s or birds visual system and an understanding of
how their brains might process visual information. This is because the perceived colour of an object
depends as much on die brains wiring as on the physical properties of the object itself. Luckily,
recent scientific advances have made it possible to obtain such measurements in the field, and
information on visual systems of a variety of animals is becoming increasingly available.
The spectacular diversity of colours and ornaments in nature has inspired biologists for centuries.
But if we want to understand the function and evolution of animal colour patterns, we need to
know how they are perceived by the animals themselves or their predators. After all, camouflage
and conspicuousness are in the eye of the beholder.
Questions 1-4: Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfrom
the passage for each answer.
1. What kind of climate do most chameleons live in? .
2. Which animal caught a chameleon from an undiscovered species? ..
3. What was the new species named after?
4. Which part of the body is unique to the species Kinyongla magomberae?..
Questions 5-13: Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
1?
In boxes 5-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
5. Few creatures can change colour as effectively as cuttlefish.

6. Chameleons can imitate a pattern provided there are only two colours.
7. Chameleons appear to enjoy trying out new colours.
8. Size matters more than colour when male chameleons compete.
9. After a fight, the defeated male hides among branches of a tree.
10. Females use colour and movement to discourage males.
11. The popular explanation of why chameleons change colour has been proved wrong.
12. There are more predators of chameleons in grassland habitats than In others.
13. Measuring animals visual systems necessitates removing them from their habitat.
READING PASSAGE 2
below.
The Pursuit of Happiness
A. In the late 1990; psychologist Martin Seligman of the University ol Pennsylvania urged
colleagues to observe optimal moods with the same kind of focus with which they had for so long
studied illnesses: we would never learn about the full range of human functions unless we knew
as much about mental wellness as we do about mental illness. A new generation of psychologists
built up a respectable body of research on positive character traits and happiness-boosting
practices. At the same time, developments in neuroscience provided new clues to what makes us
happy and what that looks like In the brain. Self appointed experts took advantage of the trend
with guarantees to eliminate worry, stress, dejection and even boredom. This happiness movement
has provoked a great deal of opposition among psychologists who observe that the preoccupation
with happiness has come at the cost of sadness, an important feeling that people have tried to
banish from their emotional repertoire. Allan Horwitz of Rutgers laments that young people who
are naturally weepy after breakups are often urged to medicate themselves instead of working
through their sadness. Wake Forest Universitys Eric Wilson fumes that the obsession with
happiness amounts to a craven disregard for the melancholic perspective that has given rise to
the greatest works of art. The happy man, he writes, is a hollow man.
B. After all people are remarkably adaptable. Following a variable period of adjustment, we
bounce back to our previous level of happiness, no matter what happens to us. (There are some
scientifically proven exceptions, notably suffering the unexpected loss of a job or the loss of a
sjiou.se. Both events tend to permanently knock people back a step.) Our adaptability works in
two directions. Because we are so adaptable, points out Professor Sonja J.yubomirsky of the
University of California, we quickly get used to many of the accomplishments we strive for in life,
such as lauding the big job or getting married. Soon alter we reach a milestone, we start to feel that
something is missing. We begin coveting another worldly possession or eyeing a social
advancement. But such an approach keeps us tethered to a treadmill where happiness is always
just out of reach, one toy or one step away. Its possible to get off the treadmill entirely by focusing
on activities that arc dynamic, surprising, and attention-absorbing. and thus less likely to bore us
than, say, acquiring shiny new toys.
C. Moreover, happiness is not a reward tor escaping pain. Russ Harris, the author of The Happiness
Trap, calls popular conceptions of happiness dangerous because they set people up for a struggle
against reality*. They dont acknowledge that real life is full of disappointments, loss, and
inconveniences.If youre going to live a rich and meaningful life.* Harris says, youre going to
feel a full range of emotions. Action toward goals other than happiness makes people happy. It is
not crossing the finish line that is most rewarding, it is anticipating achieving the goal. University
of Wisconsin neuroscientist Richard Davidson has found that working hard toward a goal, and
making progress to the point of expecting a goal to be realized, not only activates positive feelings
but also suppresses negative emotions such as fear and depression.
D.We are constantly making decisions, ranging from what clothes to put on. to whom we should
marry, not to mention all those flavors of ice cream. We base many of our decisions on whether
we think a particular preference will increase our well-being. Intuitively, we seem convinced that
the more choices we have, the better off we will ultimately be. But out world of unlimited
opportunity imprisons us more than it makes us happy. In what Swarthmore psychologist BarrsSchwartz calls the paradox of choice. lacing many possibilities leaves us stressed out and less
satisfied with whatever we do decide. Having too many choices keeps us wondering about all the
opportunities missed.
E. Besides, not everyone can put on a happy face, Rirlxira Held, a professor of psychology at
Bowdoiu College, rails against the tyranny of the positive attitude. Looking on the bright side
isnt possible for some people and is even counterproductive, she insists. When you put pressure
on people to cope in a way that doesnt fit them, it not only doesnt work, it makes them feel like
a failure on top of already feeling bad. The one-size-fits-all approach to managing emotional life
is misguided, agrees Professor Julie Norem, author of The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. In
her research, she has shown that the defensive pessimism that anxious people feel can be harnessed
to help them get things done, which in turn makes them happier. A naturally pessimistic architect,
for example, can set low expectations for an upcoming presentation and review all of the bad
outcomes that shes imagining, so that she can prepare carefully and increase her chances of
success.
F. By contrast, an individual who is not living according to their values, will not be happy, no
matter how much they achieve. Some people, however, are not sure what their values are. In that
case Harris has a great question: Imagine I could wave a magic wand to ensure that you would
have the approval and admiration of everyone on the planet, forever. What, in that case, would you
choose to do with your life? Once this has been answered honestly, you can start taking steps
toward your ideal vision of yourself. The actual answer is unimportant, as long as youre living
consciously. The state of happiness is not really a state at all. Its an ongoing personal experiment.
Questions 14-19: Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F. Which paragraph mentions the
following?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. the need for individuals to understand what really matters to them
15. tension resulting from a wide variety of alternatives
16. the hope of success as a means of overcoming unhappy feelings
17. people who call themselves specialists
18. human beings capacity for coping with change
19. doing things which are interesting in themselves
Questions 20 and 21: Choose TWO letters A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on
your answer sheet
Which TWO of the following people argue against aiming for constant happiness?
A. Martin Seligman
B. Eric Wilson
C. Sonja Lyubomirsky
D. Russ Harris
E. Barry Schwartz
Questions 22 and 23: Choose TWO letters A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 22 end 23 on
your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following beliefs are identified as mistaken in the text?
A. Inherited wealth brings less happiness than earned wealth.
B. Social status affects our perception of how happy we are.

C. An optimistic outlook ensures success.
D. Unhappiness can and should be avoided.
E. Extremes of emotion are normal in the young.
Questions 24-26: Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORDfrom
24. In order to have a complete understanding of how peoples minds work, Martin
Seligman suggested that research should examine our most positive . as
closely as it does our
psychological problems.
25. Soon after arriving at a in their lives, people become accustomed to what
they have achieved and have a sense that they are lacking something.
26. People who are .. by nature are more likely to succeed if they make thorough
preparation for a presentation.
READING PASSAGE 3
below.
The Deep Sea
At a time when most think of outer space as the final frontier, we must remember that a great deal
of unfinished business remains here on earth. Robots crawl on the surface of Mars, and spacecraft
exit our solar system, but most of our own planet has still never been seen by human eyes. It seems
ironic that we know more about impact craters on the far side of the moon than about the longest
and largest mountain range on earth. It is amazing that human beings crossed a quarter of a million
miles of space to visit our nearest celestial neighbor before penetrating just two miles deep into
the earths own waters to explore the Midocean Ridge. And it would be hard to imagine a more
significant part of our planet to investigate a chain of volcanic mountains 42,000 miles long
where most of the earths solid surface was born, and where vast volcanoes continue to create new
submarine landscapes.
The figure we so often see quoted 71% of the earths surface understates the oceans
importance. If you consider instead three-dimensional volumes, the land dwellers share of the
planet shrinks even more toward insignificance: less than 1% of the total. Most of die oceans
enormous volume, lies deep below the familiar surface. The upper sunlit layer, by one estimate,
contains only 2 or 3% of the total space available to life. The other 97% of the earths biosphere
lies deep beneath the waters surface, where sunlight never penetrates. Until recently, it was
impossible to study the deep ocean directly. By the sixteenth century, diving bells allowed people
to stay underwater for a short time: they could swim to the hell to breathe air trapped underneath
it rather than return all the way to the surface. Later, other devices, including pressurized or
armored suits, heavy metal helmets, and compressed air supplied through hoses from die surface,
allowed at least one diver to reach 500 feet or so. It was 1930 when a biologist named William
Beebe and his engineering colleague Otis Barton sealed themselves into a new kind of diving craft,
an invention that finally allowed humans to penetrate beyond the shallow sunlit layer of the sea
and the history of deep-sea exploration began. Science then was largely incidental something
that happened along the way. In terms of technical ingenuity and human bravery, this part of die
story is every bit as amazing as the history of early aviation. Yet many of these individuals, and
the deep-diving vehicles that they built and tested, arc not well known.
It was not until the 1970s that deep-diving manned submersibles were able to reach the Midocean
Ridge and begin making major contributions to a wide range of scientific questions. A burst of
discoveries followed in short order. Several of these profoundly changed whole fields of science,
and their implications are still not fully understood. For example, biologists may now be seeing
in the strange communities of microbes and animals that live around deep volcanic vents clues
to the origin of life on earth. No one even knew that these communities existed before explorers
began diving to the bottom in submersible. Entering the deep, black abyss presents unique
challenges for which humans must carefully prepare if the wish to survive. It is an unforgiving
environment, both harsh and strangely beautiful, that few who have not experienced it firsthand
can fully appreciate. Even the most powerful searchlights penetrate only lens of feet. Suspended
particles scatter tile light and water itself is for less transparent than air; it absorbs and scatters
light. The ocean also swallows other types of electromagnetic radiation, including radio
signals. That is why many deep sea vehicles dangle from tethers. Inside those tethers, copper wires
or fiber optic strands transmit signals that would dissipate and die if broadcast into open water.
Another challenge is that the temperature near the bottom in very deep water typically hovers just
four degrees above freezing, and submersibles rarely have much insulation. Since water absorbs
heat more quickly than air. the cold down below seems to penetrate a diving capsule for more
quickly than it would penetrate, say, a control van up above, on the deck of the mother ship. And
finally, the abyss clamps down with crushing pressure on anything that enters it. I his force is like
air pressure on land, except that water is much heavier than air. At sea level on land, we dont even
notice 1 atmosphere of pressure, about 15 pounds per square inch, the weight of the earths blanket
of
air.
In
the
deepest
part
of
die
ocean,
nearly
seven
miles
down,
its
about 1,200 atmospheres. 18,000 pounds per square inch. A square-inch column of lead would
crush down on your body with equal force if it were 3,600 feet tall.
Fish that live in the deep dont feel the pressure, because they are filled with water from their own
environment. It has already been compressed by abyssal pressure as much as water can be (which
is not much). A diving craft, however, is a hollow chamber, rudely displacing the water around it.
That chamber must withstand the full brunt of deep sea pressure thousands of pounds per square
inch. If seawater with that much pressure behind it ever finds a way to break inside, it explodes
through the hole with laserlike intensity. It was into such a terrifying environment that the first
twentieth-century explorers ventured.
Questions 27-30: Write the correct letter. A. B. C or D, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27. In the first paragraph, the writer finds it surprising that .
A. we send robots to Mars rattier than to the sea bed.

B. we choose to explore the least accessible side of the moon.
C. people reached the moon before they explored the deepest parts of the earths oceans.
D. spaceships are sent beyond our solar system instead of exploring it.
28. The writer argues that saying 71 % of the earths surface is ocean is not accurate because it
.
A. ignores the depth of the worlds oceans.
B. is based on an estimated volume.
C. overlooks the significance of landscape features.
D. refers to the proportion of water in which life is possible.
29. How did the diving bell help divers?
A. It allowed each diver to carry a supply of air underwater.
B. It enabled piped air to reach deep below the surface.
C. It offered access to a reservoir of air below the surface.
D. It meant that they could dive as deep as 500 feet.
30. What point does the writer make about scientific discoveries between 1930 and 1970?
A. They were rarely the primary purpose of deep sea exploration.
B. The people who conducted experiments were not professional scientists.
C. Many people refused to believe the discoveries that were made.
D. They involved the use of technologies from other disciplines.

Questions 31-36
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO it the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
31 The Midocean Ridge is largely the same as when the continents emerged.
32 We can make an approximate calculation of the percentage of the ocean which sunlight
penetrates.
33 Many unexpected scientific phenomena came to light when exploration of the Midocean Ridge
began.
34 The number of people exploring the abyss has risen sharply in the 21st century.
35 One danger of the darkness is that deep sea vehicles become entangled in vegetation.
36 The construction of submersibles offers little protection from the cold at great depths.
Questions 37-40: Complete the summary using the list of words A-I below.
Deep diving craft
A diving craft has to be 37 enough to cope with the enormous pressure of the abyss, which is
capable of crushing almost anything. Unlike creatures that live there, which are not 38
because they contain compressed water, a submersible is filled with 39
.. If it has a weak spot in its construction, there will be a 40 ..

explosion of water into the craft.
A. ocean
B. air
C. deep
D. hollow
E. sturdy
F. atmosphere
G. energetic
H. violent
I. heavy
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The table below gives information about the percentage of land covered by forest in various
countries in 1990 and 2005 with estimated figures for 2015.
where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
Some people believe that the advent of economical air travel has been very beneficial by making
international travel more accessible, while others argue that it has had a very negative impact.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning/afternoon. My name is__________ Can you tell me your full name, please?

Gan you tell me something about the town or city you grew up/in?
Do you still live in the same town or city?
Which tourist attractions would you recommend in the town or city you grew up in?
Where are you studying at the moment?
How do you hope to use your studies in the future?
What do you like most about your studies?

Now, let's talk about morning routines.
What rime do you usually get up in the mornings? Why?
What sort of things does your morning routine include?
Have you always had a similar morning routine?
Would you say you are a person who prefers mornings or nights? Why?
Let's talk about reading.
What types of reading material do you prefer to read? Why?
Do you read as much now as you did when you were younger? Why Why not?
Where do you usually read? Why?
What do you like most about reading? Why?

Now, Lets talk about relaxing.
How do you nomarly relax? Why?
Have you always relax in the same way?
Do you prefer to relax by yourself or with other people? Why?
Do you think men and women relax different ways? Why?

PART 2
Id like you to describe an item that you bought but dont really use.
Describe something you bought-but don't really use.
You should say:
what it was
where and when you bought it
why you don't use it
and say what you finally did with the item.
Rounding-off questions:
Did it cost a lot of money?
Do you often buy things that arent useful?

PART 3
We've been talking about something you bought but did not use and now I'd like to discuss with
you one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider, first the topic of recycling.
There is a growing trend towards introducing public recycling schemes in many countries. What
are the reasons for and the results of this?
Do you believe individuals or governments should be responsible for recycling? Why?
What can be done to encourage people -to recycle more?

Now, lets talk about consumerism.
Some people think that owning the latest products and goods is extremely important. What's your
opinion?
Are there any disadvantages to having a wide array of choice of similar items?
Do you think people will buy more.or less in the future?
TEST 3
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1-8
Complete the form below.
DENHAM'S SHIPPING AGENCY
Customer quotation form
Example:
Country of destination: Ireland
Name: Tim 1..............................
Address to be collected from: 2........................................ University
Town: Brighton
Postcode: 3..........................................
Contents: books
6........................
7........................
Total estimated value: 8..................................
Questions 9 - 10
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
9 What is the minimum recommended cover by 10 the agency?
A. premium
B. standard
C. economy
10 Where docs the customer want the goods delivered?
A. port
B. home
C. business
SECTION 2
Questions 11 - 15
Label the plan below.
Questions 16 - 20
What does the tour guide tell her tour group about each of the following places on the days
itinerary?
Write the correct letter A, B, or C next to questions 16 - 20 below.
NB You may choose any letter more than once.
16 The Aquarium
17 Solheim Country Gub
18 Milltown Winery
19 The Zoological Gardens 20 the Stout Brewery
20 The Stout Brewery
A. They'll definitely go there
B. They might to go there it time allows

C. They certainly won't go there
SECTION 3
Questions 21 - 25
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Gyroscopes are used in laser devices and are found in many consumer 21.............................. The
purpose of the project is to design a functional, 22.................................... and beneficial consumer
product.
The gyroscopic exercise ball can be set in motion by movements of the 23........................ and wrist
together in synch.
The gyroscopic ball could help people in 24................................... who have lower-arm injuries.
The product could also be aimed at 25.......................................... for whom lower-arm strength is
very important.
Questions 26 - 30
Estimated Cost:
PROTOTYPE DESIGN
TESTING
3,000
26..........................
Numbers of Weeks
27..............................
Numbers of test subjects:
28.................................
Breakdown of test subjects:
5 professional athletes
29..................................
5 30...............................
SECTION 4:
Questions 31 - 35
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
31 Speakers have to know
A. their material.
B. their audience.
C. their limitations.
32 Experienced speakers
A. always try to wing it.
B. never arrive unprepared.
C. give the best presentations.
33 You should always rehearse
A. with friends who can advise you.
B. with all the equipment you plan on using.

C. more than once.
34 It is a good idea to
A. be discreet with your audience.
B. meet your fans.
C. meet and welcome your audience.
35 Taking a few deep breaths before you begin
A. will stop you having a panic attack.
B. will guarantee that you feel more relaxed.
C. will help turn your tension into enthusiasm.
Questions 36 - 40
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Useful Tips for a Successful Presentation
Try to 36........................................ yourself making a speech and imagine your voice loud and
confident.
Even if you make mistakes avoid making 37..................................
Pay attention to your 38........................................... - your words carry less meaning than your
delivery.
People usually remember less than 39.......................................... of what they hear.
Be 40.................................. about yourself; you dont become a perfect speaker overnight.
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
below.
Nature on display in American zoos

by Elizabeth Hanson
The first zoo in the United States opened in Philadelphia in 1874, followed by the Cincinnati Zoo
the next year. By 1940 there were zoos. In more than one hundred American cities. The
Philadelphia Zoo was more thoroughly planned and better financed than most of the hundreds of
zoos that would open later but in its landscape and its mission to both educate and entertain it
embodied ideas about how to build a zoo that stayed consistent for decades. Hie zoos came into
existence in the late nineteenth century during the transition of the United States from a rural and
agricultural nation to an industrial one.
The population more than doubled between 1860 and 190U. As more middle class people lived in
cities, they began seeking new relationships with the natural world as a place for recreation, selfimprovement, and Spiritual renewal. Cities established systems of public parks, and nature tourism
already popular became even more fashionable with the establishment of national parks. Nature
was thought to be good for people of all ages and classes. Nature study was incorporated into
school curricula, and natural history collecting became an increasingly popular pastime.
At the same time, the fields of study which were previously thought of as natural history grew
into separate areas such as taxonomy, experimental embryology and genetics, each with its own
experts and structures. As laboratory research gained prestige in the zoology departments of
American universities, the gap between professional and amateur scientific activities widened.
Previously, natural history had been open to amateurs and was easily popularized, but research
required access to microscopes and other equipment in laboratories, as well as advanced education.
The new zoos set themselves apart from traveling animal shows by stating their mission as
education and the advancement of science, In addition to recreation. Zoos presented zoology for
the non-specialist, at a time when the intellectual distance between amateur naturalists and
laboratory oriented zoologists was increasing. They attracted wide audiences and quickly became
a feature of every growing and forward thinking city. They were emblems of civic pride on a level
of importance with art museums, natural history museums and botanical gardens.
Most American zoos were founded and operated as part of the public parks administration. They
were dependent on municipal funds, and they charged no admission fee. They tended to assemble
as many different mammal and bird species as possible, along with a few reptiles, exhibiting one
or two specimens of each, and they competed with each other to become the first to display a rarity,
like a rhinoceros. In the constant effort to attract the public to make return visits, certain types of
display came in and out of fashion; for example, dozens of zoos built special Islands for their large
populations of monkeys. In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration funded millions of
dollars of construction at dozens of zoos, for the most part, the collections of animals were
organized by species in a combination of enclosures according to a fairly loose classification
scheme.
Although many histories of individual zoos describe the 1940s through the 1960s as a period of
stagnation, and in some cases there was neglect, new zoos continued to be set up all over the
country. In the 1940s and 1950s, the first zoos designed specifically for children were built, some
with the appeal of farm animals. An increasing number of zoos tried new ways of organizing their
displays. In addition to the traditional approach of exhibiting like kinds together, zoo planners had
a new approach of putting animals in groups according to their continent of origin and designing
exhibits showing animals of particular habitats, for example, polar, desert, or forest. During the
1960s, a few zoos arranged some displays according to animal behavior; the Bronx Zoo. for
instance, opened its World of Darkness exhibit of nocturnal animals. Paradoxically, at the same
time as zoo displays began incorporating ideas about the ecological relationships between animals,
big cats and primates continued to be displayed in bathroom like cages lined with tiles.
By the 1970s, a new wave of reform was stirring. Popular movements for environmentalism and
animal welfare called attention to endangered species and to zoos that did not provide adequate
care for their animals. More projects were undertaken by research scientists and zoos began hiring
full-time vets as they stepped up captive breeding programs. Many zoos that had been supported
entirely by municipal budgets began recruiting private financial support and charging admission
fees. In the prosperous 1980s and 1990s, zoos built realistic landscape immersion exhibits, many
of them around the theme of the tropical rainforest and. increasingly, conservation moved to the
forefront of zoo agendas.
Although zoos were popular and proliferating institutions in the United States at the turn of the
twentieth century, historians have paid little attention to them. Perhaps zoos have been ignored
because they were, and remain still, multi-purpose institutions, and as such they fall between the
categories of analysis that historians often use. In addition, their stated goals of recreation,
education, the advancement of science, and protection of endangered species have often conflicted.
Zoos occupy a difficult middle ground between science and showmanship, high culture and low,
remote forests and the cement cityscape, and wild animals and urban people.
1?
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
1. The concepts on which the Philadelphia zoo was based soon became unfashionable.
2. The opening of zoos coincided with a trend for people to live in urban areas.
3. During the period when many zoos were opened, the study of natural history became more
popular in universities than other scientific subjects.
4. Cities recognized that the new zoos were as significant an amenity as museums.
5. Between 1940 and 1960 some older zoos had to move to new sites in order to expand.
6. In the 1970s new ways of funding zoos were developed.
7. There has been serious disagreement amongst historians about the role of the first zoos.
Questions 8-13: Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the
passage for each answer.
Up to 1940
More mammals and birds exhibited than 8 ..

9 were very popular animals in many zoos
at one time.
1940s and 1950s
Zoos started exhibiting animals according to their 10
. and where they came from.

1960s
Some zoos categorized animals by 11 .
1970s
12 . were employed following protests
about animal care.

1980s onwards
The importance of 13 became greater.
READING PASSAGE 2
below.
Can we prevent the poles from melting?
A growing number of scientists are looking to increasingly ambitious technological fixes to halt
the tide of global warming Mark Rowe reports.
A. Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide we have
already released into the atmosphere, that most climate scientists agree that significant global
warming is now inevitable the best we can hope to do is keep it at a reasonable level, and even
that is going to be an uphill task. At present, the only serious option on the table for doing this is
cutting back on our carbon emissions, but while a few countries are making major strides in this
regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone
reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the
alternatives. They oil fall under the banner of geoengineering generally defined as the intentional
large-scale manipulation of the environment.
B. Geoengineering has been shown to work, at least on a small, localized scale, for decades. May
Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice,
silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to
do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. One scheme focuses on
achieving a general cooling of the Earth and involves the concept of releasing aerosol sprays into
the stratosphere above the Arctic to create clouds of sulphur dioxide, which would, in turn, lead to
a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historical volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount
Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short term cooling of global temperatures by
0.5C. The aerosols could be delivered by artillery, highflying aircraft or balloons.
C. Instead of concentrating on global cooling, other schemes look specifically at reversing the
melting at the poles. One idea is to bolster an ice cap by spraying it with water. Using pumps to
carry water from below the sea ice, the spray would come out as snow or ice particles, producing
thicker sea ice with a higher albedo (the ratio of sunlight reflected from a surface) to reflect summer
radiation. Scientists have also scrutinized whether it is possible to block ice fjords in Greenland
with cables which have been reinforced, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Veli Albert
Kallio, a Finnish scientist, says that such an idea is impractical, because the force of the ice would
ultimately snap the cables and rapidly release a large quantity of frozen ice into the sea. However,
Kallio believes that the sort of cables used in suspension bridges could potentially be used to divert,
rather than halt, the southward movement of ice from Spitsbergen. It would stop the ice moving
south, and local currents would see them float northwards, he says.
D. A number of geoengineering ideas are currently being examined in the Russian Arctic. These
include planting millions of birch trees: the thinking, according to Kallio, is that their white bark
would increase the amount of reflected sunlight. The loss of their leaves in winter would also
enable the snow to reflect radiation. In contrast, the native evergreen pines tend to shade the snow
and absorb radiation. Using ice-breaking vessels to deliberately break up and scatter coastal sea
ice in both Arctic and Antarctic waters in their respective autumns, and diverting Russian rivers to
increase cold-water (low to ice-forming areas, could also be used to slow down warming, Kallio
says. You would need the wind to blow the right way, but in the right conditions, by letting ice
float free and head north, you would enhance ice growth.
E. But will such ideas ever be implemented? The major counterarguments to geoengineering
schemes are, first, that they are a cop-out that allow us to continue living the way we do, rather
than reducing carbon emissions; and, second, even if they do work, would the side- effects
outweigh the advantages? Then theres the daunting prospect of upkeep and repair of any scheme
as well as the consequences of a technical failure. I think all of us agree that if we were to ond
geoengineering on o given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very
rapidly, and probably within 10 to 20 years, says Dr Phil Rasch, chief scientist for climate change
at the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Thats certainly something to worry
about. I would consider geoengineering as a strategy to employ only while we manage the
conversion to a non-fossil- fuel economy. The risk with geoengineering projects is that you con
overshoot, says Dr Dan Lunt, from the University of Bristol. You may bring global
temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than
they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialization.
F. The main reason why geoengineering is countenanced by the mainstream scientific community
is that most researchers hove little faith in the ability of politicians to agree and then bring in
the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations believe the subject is worth
exploring. As Dr Mortin Sommerkorn, a climate change advisor says. But human-induced climate
change has brought humanity to a position where it is important not to exclude thinking thoroughly
about this topic and its possibilities despite the potential drawbacks. If, over the coming years, the
science tells us about an ever-increased climate sensitivity of the planet and this isnt unrealistic
then v/e may be best served by not having to start our thinking from scratch.
Questions 14-18: Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F. Which paragraph contains the
following information?
14. the existence of geoengineering projects distracting from the real task of changing the way we
live
15. circumstances in which geoengineering has demonstrated success
16. maintenance problems associated with geoengineering projects
17. support for geoengineering being due to a lack of confidence in governments
18. more success in fighting climate change in some parts of the world than others
Questions 19-23: Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
thfrom the passage for each answer.
Geoengineering projects
A range of geoengineering ideas has been put forward, which aim either to prevent the melting of
the ice caps or to stop the general rise in global temperatures. One scheme to discourage the melting
of ice and snow involves introducing 19 to the Arctic because of their colour. The build-up of ice
could be encouraged by dispersing ice along the coasts using special ships and changing the
direction of some 20 . but this scheme is dependent on certain
weather conditions. Another way of increasing the amount of ice involves using 21
to bring water to the surface. A scheme to stop ice moving would use
22 . but this method is more likely to be successful in preventing the ice
from travelling in one direction rather than stopping it altogether. A suggestion for cooling global
temperatures is based on what has happened in the past after 23 .. and it
involves creating clouds of gas.
Questions 24-26: Look at the following people and the list of opinions below. Match each person
with the correct opinion A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24. Phil Rasch
25. Dan Lunt
26. Martin Sommerkorn
List of opinions
A. The problems of geoengineering shouldnt mean that ideas are not seriously considered.
B. Some geoengineering projects are more likely to succeed than others.
C. Geoengineering only offers a short-term solution.
D. A positive outcome of geoengineering may have a negative consequence elsewhere.
E. Most geoengineering projects arent clear in what they are aiming at.
READING PASSAGE 3
below.
Americas oldest art?

Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of
Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered
from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the
Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the
uproar? The art is being dated to around 25.CC0 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists,
even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge die widely field view that the America
were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000
BC, only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter.
Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to
get to, and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the
importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and
human figures dominate the an. and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting,
supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local
ancient brushwood forest. The largo mamma s are usually panted in groups and tend to he shown
a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human
and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines
represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some
numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the
rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare,
occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree,
possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance.
Due to the favorable climatic conditions, the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of
preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term
survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile
and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock
surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main
rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits.
Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in
dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the nonexistence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small
number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic
excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqi.omo da Pedra Furada, rock-art researcher Ni6de Guidon
managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted
rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36.C03 years ago. Along with toe painted
fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable
sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC, arguably the oldest dates for human
habitation in the America.
However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have
suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood
fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from
this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited
radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area
of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which
makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity
of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National
Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially
using each site over many thousands of years.
With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very
much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South
American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting
that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic
Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization
coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting
archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems
possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring
possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to
cross into the Americas.
Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human
evidence yet found in die state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this
is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and
its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role
in the discussion.
Questions 27-29: Choose the correct fetter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27. According to the first paragraph, the rock-art in Serra da Capivara may revolutionize accepted
ideas about .
A. the way primitive people lived in North America.
B. the date when the earliest people arrived in South America.
C. the origin of the people who crossed the Bering Straits.
D. the variety of cultures which developed in South America.
28. How did the ancient artists use the form of the rock where they painted?
A. to mimic the shape of the countryside nearby
B. to emphasize the shape of different animals
C. to give added light and shade to their paintings
D. to give the impression of distance in complex works
29. In the fourth paragraph, what does the winter say is unusual about the rock-artists of Serra da
Capivara?
A. They had a very wide range of subject-matter.
B. Their work often appears to be illustrating a story.

C. They tended to use a variety of styles in one painting,
D. They rarely made new paintings on top of old ones.
Questions 30-36: In boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
30. Archaeologists have completed their survey of the rock-art in Piaui.

31. The location of the rock-art suggests that the artists had a significant role in their society.
32. The paintings of animals show they were regarded as sacred by the ancient humans.
33. Some damage to paintings is most likely due to changes in the weather of the region.
34.. The fact that some paintings wore buried is useful to archaeologists.
35. The tools found near some paintings were probably used for hunting animals.
36. The North American researchers have confirmed Niede Guidons dating of the paintings.
Questions 37-40: Complete each sentence with the correct ending. A-F below.
Write the correct letter A-F on your answer sheet.
37. Materials derived from plants or animals
38. The discussions about the ancient hearths .
39. Theories about where the first South Americans originated from ..
40. The finds of archaeologists in Oregon .

A. are giving rise to a great deal of debate among palaeo-anthropologists.
B. do not support the earliest dates suggested for the arrival of people in America.
C. are absent from rock-art sites In the Serra da Capivara.
D. have not been accepted by academics outside America.
E. centre on whether or not they are actually man-made.
F. reflect the advances in scientific dating methods.
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The bar chart gives information about the number of library books borrowed from Lammertown
Public Library in 1991 and 2001, and the pie chart gives information about the librarys
membership in 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
With the increasing use and development of new technology, many machines are now able to do
the work which people used to perform.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this trend?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning/afternoon. My name is. Can you tell me your full name, please?

Do you live in a house or an apartment?
How many other people do you live with?
Do you enjoy living in this type of accommodation? Why? Why not?
What type of accommodation is common in your town? Why?
Lets talk about what you do.
What are you studying currently?
Are there any subjects which you do not enjoy as much as others? Why?
Do you have to complete a lot of homework?
What do you plan to do after you finish your studies?
Now let's talk about keeping in touch with friends.
How do you normally keep in contact with friends? Why?
What do you enjoy about the way of keeping in touch?
Is there anything you don't like about this method of keeping in touch? Why?
Do you ever find it difficult to keep in touch with friends using this method? Why, Why
not?
Let's talk about art.
Do you enjoy looking at art? Why? Why not?
What type of art do you like best? Why?
Have you ever been taught to do any type of art?
Do you know any artists?
Now, let's talk about colours.
Which colours do you like the most? Why?
Have you always liked these colours? Why?
Do most of your friends like similar colours?
Do certain colours have any spccial significance in your culture? Why?
PART 2
Id like you to describe an important decision you have made.
Describe an important decision you have made
You should say:
what the decision was and why it was important
how you made your decision
how u had an effect on your life
and say whether or not you think you made the right decision.
Do you often make decisions in this way?
Do you find it difficult to make big decisions?
PART 3

We've been talking about an important decision you made and now I'd like ro discuss with you
one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of important personal
decisions.
Describe some of the important life decisions people need to make at various points in their
lives.
Some people think that an important decision should be made quickly and based on
intuition, while others believe an informed choice is better. What's your view?
Do you think that individuals nowadays have more or fewer important choices to make
than those in the past? Why?

Now, let's talk about decision-making in general.
What kinds of decisions are more difficult: those which solely affect you or those which
also have an impact on other people?
In your opinion, is there such a thing as too much choice?
How effective do you believe it is to make decisions based on discussions with other
people?
TEST 4
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1 - 5
Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Oakham Surgery
New Patient Form
Example
NEW PATIENT'S ROAD
Answer
Dawson Road
FULL NAME
Mike (1)...................................
WIFES FIRST NAME
Janet
CHILDRENS' FIRST NAMES
1st (2)...................................
2nd
3rd
4th
ADDRESS
52 Dawson Road
(3).......................................
Melbourne
HEALTH CARD NUMBER
(4).......................................
WIFES HEALTH CARD NUMBER
will give later
PREFERRED DOCTOR SELECTED
(5).......................................
Questions 6 - 10
Circle the correct letters A - C.
6 When is Mikes wife's first appointment?
A. Friday 21st at 2.00pm.
B. Friday 21st at 2.30pm.
C. Friday 21st at 3.30pm.
7 What is the surgery's phone number?
A. 7253 9819
B. 7253 9829
C. 7523 9829
8 What is the name of the girl with whom Mike is speaking at the surgery?
A. Rachel
B. Elizabeth
C. Angela
9 Whats the night doctors mobile number?
A. 0506 759 3856
B. 0506 759 3857
C. 0506 758 3856
10 Which of the following does the surgery NOT make a charge for?
A. Travel vaccinations
B. Consultations
C.
Insurance
reports
SECTION 2
Questions 11-16
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Notes on Library
Joining Library
You will need: A completed application form.
(11)
(12)
Two passport photos.
Opening Hours
Library Reception
8am - 10om
(13)....................................
9am - 5pm (- 6.30 on (14)............................................ )
(Mon-Sat: closed on Sundays)
Borrowing
Postgraduates
Undergraduates
4 books
(15) ...........................................
Borrowing for 2 weeks + (16)......................................... books renewals (in person)

No renewals over phone
Late return penalty: 2 per week
Questions 17 - 20
Label the library layout below.
Ground Floor
reception; (17)..............................................
bathrooms; (18)...........................................
First Floor
(19).......................................... section
Second Floor
Science Section
(20)............................
Stack System
SECTION 3
Questions 21 - 24
21 When will Simon begin writing his essay?
_______________________________
22 According to Simon, what kind of problems did Jaguar have in the 1970s and 80s?
_______________________________
23 What is the word limit for the essay?
_______________________________
24 What is the preferable method for handing in the essay?
_______________________________
Questions 25 - 27
Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer.
25 Jennifer wants to write about how......................................are used by supermarkets.
26 Jennifer found some publications in the library .................................... to help her analysis.
27 The TUTOR: warned Jennifer about ............................................. in her work.
Questions 28 - 30
Complete the TUTOR:s summary notes on Melanie below.
Notes on Student Essays
Student Melanie needs an (28)........................................ as she has been unwell with the flu. She
will get a (29)................................. from the doctor. Shes going to write about
(30).................................. in the UK and their effect on housing trends. She should be on
track with the essay by the end of the weekend.
SECTION 4
Questions 31 - 33
Choose the correct letters A - C.
31 The Pacific is more prone to tsunami because...
A. it has many faults.
B. its faults undergo subduction.

C. its tectonic plates are bigger than elsewhere.
32 The biggest tsunami are usually created by...
A. undersea volcanic eruptions.
B. undersea earthquakes.
C. undersea landslides.
33 Tsunami are difficult to detect in deep water because of...
A. their wavelength.
B. their high speed.
C. their wave rate.
Questions 34 and 35
List the two ways which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has set up to detect
tsunami.
34 _____________________________
35 _____________________________
Questions 36 - 40
When Happened
Cause
Deaths Caused
Wave Height
1992
(36).............................
none
3 feet
1992
1998
1998
1896
8000 years ago
Underwater
earthquake
(38)............................
Underwater
volcanic eruption
Underwater
earthquake
Underwater
landslide
none
(37)..........................
1200
23 feet
3000
40 feet
(39)..........................
35 feet
(40).........................
30 feet
READING
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 -13. which are based on Reading Passage I
below. Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five sections, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1. Section A
2. Section B
3. Section C
4. Section D
5. Section E
i. Financial costs
ii. Decline and disuse
iii. Birth and development
iv. Political uses of Nushu
v. The social role of Nushu
vi. Last of the Nushu speakers
vii. Characteristics of written Nushu
viii. Revival and contemporary interest
Nushu
A Secret Language
A. It is sometimes said that men and women communicate in different languages. For hundreds of
years in the Jiangyong County of Hunan Province, China, this was quite literally the case.
Sometime between 400 and 1,000 years ago, women defied the patriarchal norms of the time that
forbade them to read or write and conceived of Nushu literally, womens language a
secretive script and language of their own. Through building informal networks of sworn sisters
who committed themselves to teaching the language only to other women, and by using it
artistically in ways that could be passed off as artwork (such as writing characters on a decorative
fan), Nushu was able to grow and spread without attracting too much suspicion.
B. Nushu has many orthographical distinctions from the standard Chinese script. Whereas standard
Chinese has large, bold strokes that look as if they might have been shaped with a thick permanent
marker pen, Nushu characters are thin, slanted and have a slightly scratchy appearance that bears
more similarity to calligraphy. Whereas standard Chinese is logographic, with characters that
represent words and meanings, Nushu is completely phonetic each character represents a sound;
the meaning must be acquired from the context of what is being said. Users of Nushu developed
coded meanings for various words and phrases, but it is likely that only a tiny fraction of these will
ever be known. Many secrets of Nushu have gone to the grave.
C. Nushu was developed as a way to allow women to communicate with one another in confidence.
To some extent, this demand came from a desire for privacy, and Nushu allowed women a forum
for personal written communication in a society that was dominated by a male-orientated social
culture. There was also a practical element to the rise of Nushu, however: until the
mid 20th century, women were rarely encouraged to become literate in the standard Chinese
script. Nushu provided a practical and easy-to-learn alternative. Women who were separated from
their families and friends by marriage could, therefore, send letters to each other. Unlike
traditional correspondence, however, Nushu characters were painted or embroidered onto
everyday items like fans, pillowcases, and handkerchiefs and embodied in artwork in order to
avoid making men suspicious.
D. After the Chinese Revolution, more women were encouraged to become literate in the standard
Chinese script, and much of the need for a special form of womens communication was
dampened. When the Red Guard discovered the script in the 1960s, they thought it to be a code
used for espionage. Upon learning that it was a secret womens language, they were suspicious
and fearful. Numerous letters, weavings, embroideries, and other artefacts were destroyed, and
women were forbidden to practise Nushu customs. As a consequence, the generational chains of
linguistic transmission were broken up, and the language ceased being passed down through sworn
sisters. There is no longer anyone alive who has learnt Nushu in this traditional manner; Yang
Huanyi, the last proficient user of the language, died on September 20, 2004, in her late 90s.
E. In recent years, however, popular and scholarly interest in Nushu has blossomed. The Ford
Foundation granted US$209,000 to build a Nushu Museum that houses artefacts such as audio
recordings, manuscripts, and articles, some of which date back over 100 years. The investment
from Hong Kong SAR is also being used to build infrastructure at potential tourist sites in Hunan,
and some schools in the area have begun instruction in the language. Incidentally, the use
of Nushu is also a theme in Lisa Sees historical novel. Snow Flower and the Secret Fan,which has
since been adapted for film.
Questions 6 and 7: Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write your answers in boxes 6 and 7 on your
answer sheet.
Why was there a need for Nushu? Which TWO reasons are given in the text?
A. It provided new artistic opportunities for female artisans.
B. It was a way for uneducated women to read and write.
C. Not enough women were taking an interest in literature.
D. It was a way for women to correspond without men knowing.
E. It helped women believe in themselves and their abilities.
1?
TRUE
FALSE
if the statement contradicts with the information
NOT GIVEN
8. The post-Revolution government did not want women to read or write in any language.
9. At first, the Red Guard thought Nushu might be a tool for spies.
10. Women could be punished with the death penalty for using Nushu.
11. The customary way of learning Nu shu has died out
12. There is a lot of money to be made out of public interest in Nushu.
13. Nushu is now being openly taught
READING PASSAGE 2
below.
A. Prom indigenous myths to John Wyndhams Day of the Triffids and the off-Broadway
musical Little Shop of Horrors, the idea of cerebral, carnivorous flora has spooked audiences and
readers for centuries. While shrubs and shoots have yet to uproot themselves or show any interest
in human beings, however, for some of earths smaller inhabitants arachnids and insects the
risk of being trapped and ingested by a plant can be a threat to their daily existence. Easily, the
most famous of these predators is the Venus Flytrap, one of only two types of snap traps in die
world. Though rarely found growing wild, die Flytrap has captured popular imagination and can
be purchased in florists and plant retailers around the world.
B. Fart of the Venus Flytraps mysterious aura begins with the tide itself. While it is fairly clear
that the second half of the epithet has been given for its insect-trapping ability, the origin of
Venus is somewhat more ambiguous. According to the International Carnivorous Plant Society,
the plant was first studied in the 17th and 18th centuries, when puritanical mores ruled Western
societies and obsession was rife with forbidden human impulses and urges. Women were often
portrayed in these times as seductresses and temptresses, and botanists are believed to have seen a
parallel between the behaviour of the plant in luring and devouring insects and the imagined
behaviour of women in luring and trapping witless men. The plant was thus named after die
pagan goddess of love and money Venus.
C. The Venus Flytrap is a small plant with six to seven leaves growing out of a bulb-like stem. At
the end of each leaf is a trap, which is an opened pod with cilia around the edges like stiff eyelashes.
The pod is lined with anthocyanin pigments and sweet-smelling sap to attract flies and other
insects. When they fly in, trigger hairs inside the pod sense the intruders movement, and the pod
snaps shut. The trigger mechanism is so sophisticated that the plant can differentiate between living
creatures and non-edible debris by requiring two trigger hairs to be touched within twenty seconds
of each other, or one hair to be touched in quick succession. The plant has no nervous system, and
researchers can only hypothesise as to how the rapid shutting movement works. This uncertainty
adds to the Venus Flytraps allure.
D. The pod shuts quickly but does not seal entirely at first; scientists have found that tins
mechanism allows miniscule insects to escape, as they will not be a source of useful nourishment
for the plant. If the creature is large enough, however, the plants flaps will eventually meet to
form an airtight compress, and at this point, the digestive process begins. A Venus Flytraps
digestive system is remarkably similar to how a human stomach works. For somewhere between
five and twelve days, the trap secretes acidic digestive juices that dissolve the soft tissue and cell
membranes of the insect. These juices also kill any bacteria that have entered with the food,
ensuring the plant maintains its hygiene so dial it does not begin to rot. Enzymes in the acid help
with the digestion of DNA, amino acids, and cell molecules so that every fleshy part of the animal
can be consumed. Once die plant has reabsorbed the digestive fluid this time with the added
nourishment, the trap reopens and the exoskeleton blows away in the wind.
E. Although transplanted to other locations around the world, the Venus Flytrap is only found
natively in an area around Wilmington, North Carolina in the United States. It thrives in bogs,
marshes, and wetlands and grows in wet sand and peaty soils. Because these environments are so
depleted in nitrogen, they asphyxiate other flora, but the Flytrap overcomes this nutritional poverty
by sourcing protein from its insect prey. One of the plants curious features is resilience to flame.
It is speculated that the Flytrap evolved this to endure through periodic blazes and to act as a means
of survival that its competition lacks.
F. While the Venus Flytrap will not become extinct any time soon (an estimated 3-6 million plants
are presently in cultivation), its natural existence is uncertain. In the last survey, only 35,800
Flytraps were found remaining in the wild, and some prominent conservationists have suggested
the plant be given the status of vulnerable. Since this research is considerably dated, having taken
place in 1992, the present number is considerably lower. The draining and destruction of natural
wetlands where the Flytrap lives is considered to be die biggest threat to its existence, as well as
people removing the plants from their natural habitat Punitive measures have been introduced to
prevent people from doing this. Ironically, while cultural depictions of perennial killers may persist
the bigger threat is not what meat-eating plants might do to us. but what we may do to them.
Questions 14-19: Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. An overview of how the Flytrap eats its prey
15. A comparison between human and plant behaviour
16. A measure designed to preserve Flytraps in their native environment
17. An example of a cultural and artistic portrayal of meat-eating plants
18. A characteristic of the Venus Flytrap that is exceptional in the botanical world
19. A reference to an aspect of the Venus Flytraps biology that is not fully understood
Questions 20-22: Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 2.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on
your answer sheet
20. If they are too small to provide . , the closing pod allows insects to get out.
21. Only the . is left after the Flytrap has finished digesting an insect.
22. Many plants cannot survive in bogs and wetlands owing to the lack of
Questions 23-26: Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 2?
In boxes 2326 on your answer sheet write
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
23. The Venus Flytrap can withstand some exposure to fire.

24. Many botanists would like the Venus Flytrap to be officially recognised as an endangered plant
species.
25. Only 35,800 Venus Flytraps now survive in their natural habitats.
26. Human interference is a major factor in the decline of wild Venus Flytraps.
READING PASSAGE 3
below.
Shortly after World War II, development as we now understand it was set in motion. Western
governments and donors poured money into new agencies that set about trying to stimulate the
economies of underdeveloped countries. Because of this emphasis, it is now widely regarded as
the Growth Model. Although we might expect poverty reduction to be the central objective,
planners at this stage were primarily concerned with industrial development. It was hoped that the
benefits of this would trickle down to poor people through raising incomes and providing
employment opportunities, thereby indirectly lifting them above the ascribed poverty threshold of
a dollar a day. The weaknesses of these assumptions were revealed, however, when poverty rates
and economic growth were found to rise simultaneously in many countries.
During the 1970s, a new trend took over trickle-up development. Instead of focusing on macroeconomic policy and large-scale industrial projects, planners shifted attention to the core living
requirements of individuals and communities. This became known as the Basic Needs Approach
to development. It was hoped that through the provision of services such as community sanitation
and literacy programmes, poverty could be eliminated from below. Economic growth was
desirable but superfluous Basic Needs redefined poverty from involving a lack of money to
lacking the capability to attain full human potential. The trouble with Basic Needs programmes,
however; was their expensive, resource-intensive nature that entailed continuous management and
funding
Since the 1980s, development planners have moved towards the Sustainable livelihoods Approach,
which emphasises good livelihoods (materially and socially) that, most importantly, are
independent and sustainable. Sustainable in this sense means that people are able to recover from
the shocks and stresses of daily life, absolving agencies of the need to persistently monitor their
lives. This approach emphasises a view of poverty that comes not from the rich but from
the impoverished themselves, who are considered to be most suitably positioned to determine the
poverty indicators that contribute to the multiple facets of their own deprivation. Although the
Sustainable livelihoods Approach has been criticised for lacking an environmental platform strong
enough to respond to climate change, and for disassociating aspects of power and societal status
from being a contestable part of development, it is currently the preferred model for development
projects.
Though there is some linearity to die trajectory of development practice, with paradigms shifting
in and out of fashion, vigorous scholarly debate persists around all approaches. The Growdi Model,
for example, is still defended by many theorists, particularly economists. Those who believe in the
Growth Model insist that nothing trumps economic development as a tool for poverty alleviation
for the developing countries (although there is often less enthusiasm for its applicability to the
postindustrial West). Many countries that have focused explicitly on growth have managed to
make considerable inroads into reducing poverty, even in die absence of a development
programme; Japan and Germany followed this route after World War II, as has China from the
1970s. On the other hand, some countries with massive inflows of funding for aid-based
development projects particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa have struggled to progress
with meeting poverty reduction targets.
There is a good reason to be sceptical about the Growth Model, however, as is evidenced by the
numerous societies that have partly imploded as a consequence of prioritising economic growth
above the work of human development. The experiences of many eastern European countries with
health and employment crises in the early 1990s arc particularly traumatic examples of this. The
Growth Model also suffers from an undemocratic, and technocratic, if not autocratic, method
underdeveloped countries frequently make policy decisions based on consultation with Western
economists and institutions on how to generate growth. This dissolves the autonomy of
communities to make their own decisions about what matters to them, and what kind of society
they would like to build. The move to the Sustainable livelihoods Approach is a positive move in
tills regard, because by operating on a principle that decisions should be made by those who are
affected by them, it introduces a role for localised decision-making.
It will be difficult, if not impossible, for any country in the near future to ignore economic growth
as a development indicator while continuing to meet development targets. It is important, however,
that we move away from seeing this type of growth as the prime objective for development.
Development is ultimately about people, and human development must be placed at the forefront;
economic growth is simply one tool out of many that can help us along the way. We also need to
recognise that foreign advisers, whatever qualifications and knowledge they may possess, can
sometimes be a hindrance; local autonomy must be respected for real development to occur. The
Growth Model may have failed, but this does not render economic growth irrelevant. The
Sustainable livelihoods Approach offers helpful and realistic alternatives. But it is folly to commit
ourselves to a strictly defined, systematic programme less constrictive mindsets will help us
break the development fashion cycle.
Questions 27-33: Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from
Growth Model
Basic Needs Approach
Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
27..was the
Typified by small-scale aid
Tries to encourage ways of living that
main goal
such
as
health
29. Projects
and are more self-sufficient
Poverty described as
Poverty seen as an inability to Poor
living on less than a
reach 30
people
identify
their
own
32..
dollar a day
Projects
costly
and The problem of 33. Not
It was discovered that
31.requiring
adequately addressed; ignores issues of
poverty could increase
ongoing involvement
social dominance and authority
in step with 28 .
Questions 34-38: Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 3?
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
34. The most favoured method of development is the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach.
35. While institutions often follow development trends, academic disputes are more timeless.
36. The Growth Model is more popular with Third World scholars than Western scholars.
37. It is not possible to reduce poverty without an explicit development policy.
38. The Growth Model takes some authority away from local forms of organisation.
Questions 39 and 40: Choose TWO letters, AE.
Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements form part of the authors conclusion?
A. Economic growth is the primary development goal, but there are other factors to consider.
B. It is preferable not to think about development in rigid, structured terms.

C. Development projects arc likely to fail in the absence of highly educated experts.
D. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is more effective than the Growth Model.
E. Economic growth should only be considered as a means for development, not an end point.
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The diagram below shows the life cycle of the salmon.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
Nowadays, celebrities increasingly have the status of role models, in particular for younger
people.
Do you see this as a positive or negative development?
SPEAKING
PART 1
Introduction (compulsory).
Good morning /afternoon. My name is______. Can you tell me your full name, please?
Can you describe the area which you live in?
Are there any disadvantages to living in this area?
How long have you lived in this area?
Would you recommend living in this area to others? Why Why not?
Which university or school are you studying at?
Which course are you studying? What is your major?
Why did you select this course major?
Do you have to travel far to university school each day?
Now, Lets talk about cooking.
Who normally does the cooking in your household?
Do you think it's important to share the cooking duties? Why?
Do you enjoy cooking?
Do you think you will cook more often in the future? Why?
Let's talk about noises and sounds.
What kinds of sounds or noises do you commonly hear?
Which types of sounds or noises do you enjoy most? Why?
Are there some sounds or noises which you dislike? Why?
Which noises or sounds do you recall from when you were a child?
Now Lets talk about messages.
How do you usually send messages to people?
Have you always used this method?
What do you like about sending messages in this way?
How much time do you spend sending messages?
PART 2
Id like you to describe a newspaper or magazine which you read.
Describe a newspaper or magazine which you read.
You should say:
which newspaper or magazine it is and what it is about
how often you read it
where you read it
and say whether or not you enjoy reading this newspaper or magazine, and why.
Would you recommend this newspaper/magazine to others?
Do you have much time to read?
PART 3
We've been talking about a newspaper magazine which you read and now Id like to discuss with
you one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of media.
How have the ways people across the media changed in your country over the last decade?
I he issue of Internet-based music and video piracy has become critical. What do you think
can be done about this problem?
As electronic media becomes more and more accessible, many forms of print media are
disappearing. Do you consider tins to be a positive or negative trend?

Now, let's talk about the role of the media in your country.
What type of responsibility, if any do you believe the media has to the general public?
Some people think the media is highly influential in spreading new ideas and trends. What's
your opinion?
How do you think the role of the media might change in the future? Why?
TEST 5
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1 - 5
Complete the Travel agents notes below.
SUN TOURS TRAVEL AGENTS
Example
Answer
Number of people
Customers Name
Mr. George Collins
Other travellers
Mrs. Jane Collins
(+ ages of children)
(1)..........................
Jennifer
(2)..................
7 years old
Require: 4 star quality hotel + breakfast; safe, warm, quietish, beach; pref. pool; lots of
restaurants near hotel:
no (3)......................... needed
Dates of Holiday
Friday July 8th TO (4)................. Sunday
Pref. Flight Time
Less than (5)....................................
Questions 6 - 10
Complete George's notes below
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

Possible Holiday Ideas
Top End Prices
Italy and France
Bottom End Prices
(6)....................................., Greece and Turkey (Turkey
+ Cyprus too far)

Crete
Hotel Tropicana
1 mile safe walk on (7)...........................to beach.
Nice pool; only a few beach bars and restaurants.
Really quiet; not near other tourist destinations.

Palm Hotel
2 miles from beach but has (8).....................................service.
Hotel in quite a busy tourist town: lots of bars, restaurants and discos.
Rhodes
Ocean Hotel
Right on beach; less than (9)...................................from the rooms.
4 star hotel quite far from main town; eat in hotel; good meals.
Hotel Spiros
(10)..................................hotel quite dose to beach (5/10 mins walk) in small village with small
swimming pool.
A few restaurants in small, quiet village; not much to do.

SECTION 2
Questions 11 - 15
Complete the food options information sheet below.

Solaris Hotel and Holiday Village - Food Options
Meal Times
Breakfast:
6.30am and 9.30am every day (Only in Harvest restaurant;
English, American an (11)..................................breakfasts on offer

Lunch
12.00 noon to 2.30pm
Dinner
7.00pm to 10.30pm
Menus same for lunch + dinner: see (12)........................................ for specials

Food Styles
The Harvest Restaurant
Traditional English + popular UK foreign dishes (eg: curry and
spaghetti)
The Dene Restaurant
(13).............................................
The Mekong Restaurant
Far Eastern Cuisine
Payment
* All restaurants free; (14)......................................needed for some specials
* All soft drinks free; pay for alcoholic drinks
* Pay any bill at end of meals or put on main bill - pay at end of holiday
Extras
Bar menu available in (15)................................for pub food
Fast Food available until 2.30am at take away
Questions 16 - 20
Complete the activities information sheet below.
Solaris Hotel and Holiday Village - Activities
Beaches
Main beach
Adult beach (17s or over)
(16)..................................................on duty from 9.00am to 6.00pm on main beach (none on adult
beach)
Decked area with sun loungers in front of Harvest Restaurant with our 25 metre swimming pool
Steps from pool area to beach - wash feet in foot pool to remove sand
(17).............................................on beach + in pool area.
Sports
8 tennis courts + 3 squash courts
Fully equipped gym (No under 18s)
6 full sized snooker tables + 5 pool tables in games room adjoining the bar.
(only charge for hiring any equipment)
Water Sports
Water skiing + jet skis available (extra charge)
Snorkeling, inflatables and pedallos (free)

(details from (18)..............................................)
Library & Cinemas
Library contains books, magazines + newspapers. See (19)............................................for terms +
conditions
2 cinemas show 3 different films each every day.
Shows at 2.00pm, 5.30pm + 8.30pm (First 2 shows always have a film for kids)
(20)........................................not allowed to attend 8.30 shows
SECTION 3
Questions 21 - 26
Complete the three tables below.
World's Most Spoken Languages
By Number of Individual Speakers
Rank
Language
No of Speakers
Mandarin Chinese
836 million
(21).....................
333 million
Spanish
332 million
English
(22)........................
Worlds Most Spoken Languages By Number of User Countries
Rank
Language
No. of Countries
English
115
French
35
(23)...................
24
Spanish
(24)........................
Worlds Most Influential Languages - 6 weighing factors

1 Number of primary speakers
2 Number of (25)...................................
3 Number and population of countries where languages are used
4 Number of major fields using the language internationally
5 (26).......................................of countries using the language
6 Socio-literary prestige of the language
Questions 27 - 30
Complete the notes below of the second half of Jamie and Rebeccas presentation.
Jamie and Rebecca's Presentation
Large countries currently shifting world economic balance of power:
China
Russia
India
(27)..................................
Reasons for shift size of the populations cheap labour prices of (28)................................
Big growing demand for people knowing languages of above countries + for teachers and English
language training
China could be less important than possibly India or (29)....................................due to their

population increase. English will probably remain important though
Number of spoken languages between approx. (30).............................. .Hardly any of these studied
by non native speakers.
English taught in most countries with structured education program. This trend is getting stronger.
SECTION 4
Questions 31 - 35
31 Mad cow disease attacks the .............................. of the affected cows' brains.
32 BSE is thought to be caused by infectious forms of ....................................... known as prions.
33 Abnormal prions in BSE infected cattle are found in the small intestines, .......................... and
the central nervous tissues.
34 Humans can take in the abnormal prions when they eat infected beef as the prions are resistant
to the usual......................................... such as heat.
35 The one American case of CJD was a woman who caught it in.................................before going
to the US.
Questions 36 - 40
Complete the summary below of the second half of the humanities lecture on BSE.
SUMMARY
CJD causes gradual loss of mental function and movement due to brain damage from abnormal
prions or it can be possibly (36)................................... CJD usually affects younger people
(between ages 20 to 70) usually showing symptoms In patients' (37).......................................
Symptoms include personality changes and problems with (38)................................. Once
symptoms appear, the disorder progresses quickly to disability and death.
The exact causes of 8SE are unknown but the first UK cases have indicated that it could come
from a prion disease in (39)..................................... called scrapie that was fed to cattle. Dead cattle
with scrapie were then fed to (40)....................................... making them cannibals. So, we are in
turn infected by the disease that we created when we eat infected beef.
READING
READING PASSAGE 1:
below.
Andrea Palladio: Italian Architect

A new exhibition celebrates Palladios architecture 500 years on
Vicenza is a pleasant, prosperous city in the Veneto, 60 km west of Venice. Its grand families
settled and farmed the area from the 16th century. But its principal claim to fame is Andrea
Palladio, who is such an influential architect that a neoclassical style is known as Palladian. The
city is a permanent exhibition of some of his finest buildings, and as he was born in Padua, to
be precise 500 years ago, the International Centre for the Study of Palladios Architecture has
an excellent excuse for mounting la grande mostra, the big show.
The exhibition has the special advantage of being held in one of Palladios buildings, Palazzo
Barbaran da Porto. Its bold facade is a mixture of rustication and decoration set between two rows
of elegant columns. On the second floor the pediments arc alternately curved or pointed, a
Palladian trademark. The harmonious proportions of the atrium at the entrance lead through to a
dramatic interior of fine fireplaces and painted ceilings. Palladio's design is simple, clear and not
over-crowded. The show has been organised on the same principles, according to Howard Bums,
the architectural historian who co-curated it.
Palladios father was a miller who settled in Vicenza, where the young Andrea was apprenticed to
a skilled stonemason. How did a humble millers son become a world renowned architect? The
answer in the exhibition is that, as a young man, Palladio excelled at carving decorative stonework
on columns, doorways and fireplaces. He was plainly intelligent, and lucky enough to come across
a rich patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, a landowner and scholar, who organised his education, taking
him to Rome in the 1540s, where he studied the masterpieces of classical Roman and Greek
architecture and the work of other influential architects of the time, such as Donato Bramante and
Raphael.
Burns argues that social mobility was also important. Entrepreneurs, prosperous from agriculture
in the Veneto, commissioned the promising local architect to design their country villas and their
urban mansions. In Venice the aristocracy were anxious to co-opt talented artists, and Palladio was
given the chance to design the buildings that have made him famous - the churches of San Giorgio
Maggiore and the Redentore, both easy to admire because the can be seen from the city's historical
centre across a stretch of water.
He tried his hand at bridges his unbuilt version of the Rialto Bridge was decorated with the
large pediment and columns of a temple and, after a fire at the Ducal Palace, he offered an
alternative design which bears an uncanny resemblance to the Banqueting House in Whitehall in
London. Since it was designed by Inigo Jones, Palladios first foreign disciple, this is not as
surprising as it sounds.
Jones, who visited Italy in 1614, bought a trunk full of the masters architectural drawings; they
passed through the hands of the Dukes of Burlington and Devonshire before settling at the Royal
Institute of British Architects in 1894. Many are now on display at Palazzo Barbaran. What they
show is how Palladio drew on the buildings of ancient Rome as models. The major theme of both
his rural and urban building was temple architecture, with a strong pointed pediment supported by
columns and approached by wide steps.
Palladio s work for rich landowner alienates unreconstructed critics on the Italian left but among
the papers in the show are designs for cheap housing in Venice. In the wider world, Palladio's
reputation has been nurtured by a text he wrote and illustrated, "Quattro Libri dell' Architettura".
His influence spread to St Petersburg and to Charlottesville in Virginia, where Thomas Jefferson
commissioned a Palladian villa he called Monticello.
Vicenza's show contains detailed models of the major buildings and is leavened by portraits of
Palladio's teachers and clients by Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; the paintings of his Venetia
buildings are all by Canaletto, no less. This is an uncompromising exhibition; many of the
drawings are small and faint, and there are no sideshows for children, but the impact of harmonious
lines and satisfying proportions is to impart in a viewer a feeling of benevolent calm. Palladio is
history's most therapeutic architect.
"Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra" is at Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, Vicenza, until January
6th 2009. The exhibition continues at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, from January 31st to
April 13th, and travels afterwards to Barcelona and Madrid.
Question 1 - 7
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
1. The building where the exhibition is staged has been newly renovated.
2. Palazzo Barbaran da Porto typically represents the Palladios design.
3. Palladios father worked as an architect.
4. Palladios family refused to pay for his architectural studies.
5. Palladios alternative design for the Ducal Palace in Venice was based on an English building.
6. Palladio designed for both wealthy and poor people.
7. The exhibition includes paintings of people by famous artists.
Questions 8-13
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
8. What job was Palladio training for before he became an architect?
9. Who arranged Palladios architectural studies?
10. Who was the first non-Italian architect influenced by Palladio?
11. What type of Ancient Roman buildings most heavily influenced Palladios work?
12. What did Palladio write that strengthened his reputation?
13. In the writers opinion, what feeling will visitors to the exhibition experience?
READING PASSAGE 2:
below.
Question 14 - 20
Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A - G
Choose the correct heading for each parahraph from the list of heading below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i
How CSR may help one business to expand
ii
CSR in many aspects of a companys business
iii
A CSR initiative without a financial gain
iv
Lack of action by the state of social issues
Drives or pressures motivate companies to address CSR
vi
The past illustrates business are responsible for future outcomes
vii
Companies applying CSR should be selective
viii
Reasons that business and society benefit each other
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph F
20. Paragraph G
Corporate Social Responsibility

Broadly speaking, proponents of CSR have used four arguments to make their case: moral
obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. The moral appeal - arguing that
companies have a duty to be good citizens and to "do the right thing" - is prominent in the goal of
Business for Social Responsibility, the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United
States. It asks that its members "achieve commercial success in ways that honour ethical values
and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. "Sustainability emphasises
environmental and community stewardship.
A. An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlen
Brundtland and used by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development: "Meeting the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs." Nowadays, governments and companies need to account for the social consequences of
their actions. As a result, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a priority for business
leaders around the world. When a well-run business applies its vast resources and expertise to
social problems that it understands and in which it has a stake, it can have a greater impact than
any other organization. The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company
needs tacit or explicit permission from governments, communities, and numerous other
stakeholders to justify CSR initiatives to improve a company's image, strengthen its brand, enliven
morale and even raise the value of its stock.
B. To advance CSR. we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a
corporation and society. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education, health care,
and equal opportunity are essential lo a productive workforce. Safe products and working
conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization
of land, water, energy, and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good
government, the rule of law, and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Strong
regulatory standards protect both consumers and competitive companies from exploitation.
Ultimately, a healthy society creates expanding demand for business, as more human needs are
met and aspirations grow. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in which
it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time, a healthy
society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes
lo creating the jobs, wealth, and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions
over time.
C. A company's impact on society also changes over time, as social standards evolve and science
progresses. Asbestos, now understood as a serious health risk was thought to be safe in the early
1900s, given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for
more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms
that failed to anticipated the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupted
by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of
today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow, firms may
risk their very survival.
D. No business can solve all of society's problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead, each
company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Other social agendas are best
left to those companies in other industries, NGOs, or government institutions that are better
positioned to address them. The essential test that should guide CSR is not whether a cause is
worthy but whether it presents an opportunity to create shared value - that is, a meaningful benefit
for society that is also valuable to the business. Each company can identify the particular set of
societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest
competitive benefit.
E. The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check: They specify
clear, measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is General Electronics's
program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. facilities. The
company contributes between $250,000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and
makes in-kind donations as well. GE managers and employees take an active role by working with
school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. In an independent study of Ion
schools in the program between 1989 and 1999, nearly all showed significant improvement, while
the graduation rate in four of the five worst performing schools doubled from an average of 30%
to 60%. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve
relations with local governments and other important constituencies. What's more, GE's employees
feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited, however. No matter how
beneficial (he program is, it remains incidental to the company's business, and the direct effect on
GE's recruiting and retention is modest.
F. Microsoft s Working Connections partnership with the American Association of Community
Colleges (AACC) is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in
context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsofts
growth; currently, there are more than 450,000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone.
Community colleges, with an enrollment of 11.6 million students, representing 45% of all U.S.
undergraduates, could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes, however, that community
colleges face special challenges: IT curricula are not standardized, technology used in classrooms
is often outdated, and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty
up to date. Microsoft's $50 million five-year initiative was aimed at all three problems. In addition
to contributing money and products, Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess
needs, contribute to curriculum development, and create faculty development institutes. Microsoft
has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially
significant-impact on the company.
G. At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition: a set of needs a company can meet
for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds
a social dimension to its value proposition, making social impact integral to the overall strategy.
Consider Whole Foods Market, whose value proposition is to sell organic, natural, and healthy
food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. The companys
sourcing emphasises purchases from local farmers through each stores procurement process.
Buyers screen out foods containing any of nearly 100 common ingredients that the company
considers unhealthy or environmentally damaging. The same standards apply to products made
internally. Whole Foods' commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices
extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials.
Recently, the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity
use in all of its stores and facilities, the only Fortune 500 company to offset its electricity
consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for
composting. Whole Foods vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning
products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy, the company
has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of
raising farm animals. In short, nearly every aspect of the companys value chain reinforces the
social dimensions of its value proposition, distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.
Question 21-22
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage of each answer.
The implement of CSR, HOW?
Promotion of CSR requires the understanding of interdependence between business and society.
Corporations workers productivity generally needs health care, education, and given 21________
. Restrictions imposed by government and companies both protect consumers from being treated
unfairly. Improvement of the safety standard can reduce the 22________ of accidents
in the workplace. Similarly society becomes a pool of more human needs and aspirations.
Question 23-26
Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 23-26) and the list of companies below.
Match each opinion or deed with the correct company, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
23. The disposable waste
24. The way company purchases as goods
25. Helping the undeveloped
26. Ensuring the people have the latest information

List of Companies
A. General Electronics
B. Microsoft
C. Whole Foods Market
READING PASSAGE 3:
below.
The Significant Role of Mother Tongue in Education

One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in
the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not
the usual language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced
this diversity for years, and educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and
even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of
diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. However, they see few positive
consequences for the host society and worry that this diversity threatens the identity of the host
society. Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the "problem"
disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of
identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society.
The challenge for educator and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such
a way that rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural linguistic,
and economic resources of the nation are maximised. To waste the resources of the nation by
discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the
point of view of national self-interest. A first step in providing an appropriate education for
culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about
the role of children's mother tongues in their educational development.
In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more
languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how
to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop
literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 25 years strongly
support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: the person
who knows only one language dose not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual
children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information
through two different languages.
The level of development of childrens mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language
development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop
stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e.g.
grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them
in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the
school language and succeed educationally. Children's knowledge and skills transfer across
languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be twoway: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access
to both languages.
Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because
they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual
program when 50% of the time is spent teaching through children's home language and 50%
through the majority language, surely children wont progress as far in the latter? One of the most
strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual
programs can promote literacy and subject-matter knowledge in a minority language without any
negative effects on childrens development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer
program in Belgium, which develops childrens speaking and literacy abilities in three languages
(their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and
trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000).
It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language,
they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their
mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language,
they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there, is transfer
across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the
supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion. Studies of
secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth
extending this research.
Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to pick up conversational skills in
the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up with native
speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how
quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The
extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a
particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in
the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language
communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to
communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive
skills in the language but they will use the majority language, in speaking with their peers and
siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic
division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become
alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.
Question 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 What point did the writer make in the second paragraph?
A. Some present studies on children's mother tongues are misleading/
B. A culturally rich education programme benefits some children more than others.
C. Bilingual children can make a valuable contribution to the wealth of a country.
D. The law on mother toungue use at school should be strengthened.

28 Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said?
A. to lend weight to his argument
B. to contradict some research
C. to introduce a new concept
D. to update current thinking
29 The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their mother tongue
A. they can teach older family members what they learnt at school
B they go on to do much better throughout their time at school.
C they can read stories about their cultural background.
D they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their peers.
30 Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching programmes?
A They worry that children will be slow to learn to read in either language.
B They think that children will confuse words in the two languages.
C They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in their lessons.
D They fear that the programmes will use up valuable time in the school day.
Question 31-35
Complete the summary using the list of word, A-J, below
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.
Bilingual Children
It was often recorded that bilingual children acquire the 31________ to converse in the majority
language remarkable quickly. The fact that the mother tongue can disappear at a
similar 32__________ is less well understood. This phenomenon depends, to a certain extent, on
the proposition of people with the same linguistic background that have settled in a
particular 33________ . If this is limited, children are likely to lose the active use of their mother
tongue. And thus no longer employ it even with 34__________, although they may still understand
it. It follows that teenager children in these circumstances experience a sense of 35_________ in
relation to all aspects of their lives.
A teachers
B schools
C dislocation
D rate
E time
F family
G communication
H type
I ability
J area
Questions 36-40
YES
NO
if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 Less than half of the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their mother
tongue.
37 Research proves that learning the host country language at school can have an adverse effect
on a childs mother tongue.
38 The Foyer program is accepted by the French education system.

39 Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual children.
40 Bilingual children can apply reading comprehension strategies acquired in one language when
reading in the other.
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The pie charts below give information about the household expenditure of an average US family
in different years.
where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
More and more prisons are being built to house the world's criminals, and many people believe
long-term imprisonment is the answer to solving the crime problem. However, others feel that
psychological assistance is what is required. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning /afternoon. My name is_______. Can you tell me your full name, please?
Which region of the country are you originally from0
What do you like most about this region?
Would you recommend living in this region to others?

What type of course are you studying at the moment?
What type of job or career will this course lead to?

What do you enjoy most about being a student?
Interview (choosc 2)
Now, let's talk about advertisements.
What kinds of adv ertisements do you like to watch or listen to? Why?
Have you ever bought something as a result of ah advertisement? Which do you prefer:
advertisements on telev ision or on the radio? Why?
What changes would improve advertisements in your country? Why?

Let's talk about seasons and the weather
Which season do you enjoy most? Why?
What type of activiiies do you do during this season?
Would you prefer to live in a cold climate or a warm climate? Why?
Are there any festivals associated with particular seasons in your country?
Now, let's talk about learning languages.
How long have you been learning English?
How much of your time do you spend learning English?
What do you enjoy most about learning a language? Why?
Do you find it easy or difficult to leam new languages? Why?
PART 2
Now, Im going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before
Id like you to describe a break you took.
Describe a break you took recently to relax from work or study.

You should say:
why you needed a break
what you did to relax
how vou felt before and after takins the break
and say whether or not you felt relaxed afterwards!
Do you often take breaks?
Do you generally find it easy or difficult to relax?
PART 3
We've been talking about taking breaks from work or Study and now I'd like to discuss with you
one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of relaxation.
What do most people in your country do to relax?
Some people think that relaxation techniques such as meditation should workplace and
schools. What's your opinion'.
Do you think that people will be more or less relaxed in the iuture? Why?
Now, let's talk about stress.
What do you think are some of the reasons why people experience stress?
Do you think there are any advantages to stress?
What are some of the effects of stress on people in your country?
TEST 6
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1-10
Choose the correct letter, A-C
The radio station broadcasts ..............................
A. national news and local news
B. campus news only
C. Portsmouth news
Example: C
Question 1-3
Choose the correct letters, A-C
1 The first part of the news will be ..........................
A. entertainment
B. academic C sports
2 Mike is most likely to be studying .........................
A. history
B. animal psychology
C. physics
3 How many goals did Molly Mbeka score against Southampton?
A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
Question 4-5
Complete the following sentences with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer
4 Susie Smiths nickname is ..............................
5 Molly Mbeka comes from the country of ...........................
Question 6: Choose ONE letter, A-C
How many goals did Molly Mbeka score in international matches last year?
A. 25
B. A few more than 25
C. A lot more than 25
Question 7-10
Answer the following questions in NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each
answer
7 Why didnt Bristol Universitys two best players play against Portsmouth University?
......................................
8 Where does the bad news come from? .................................

9 What is Mikes favourite beer? .................................
10 What is the radio stations telephone number? ................................
SECTION 2
Question 11-13
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Name three types of people in the
audience.
11...................................
12...................................
13...................................
Question 14-15
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Why were sales of the companys new mobile phones disappointing?
A. The company didn't promote them.
B. Poor market research
C. Lack of experience
D. Competitors were ready with new models.
E. Not easy to break into the cell phone market
Question 16
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for your answer
In addition to reliability, what quality will the company stress in its next mobile phone marketing
campaign? .................................
Question 17-20
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer
17 The company's professional digital cameras are selling well in the field of ................................
List two things that have reduced the companys costs.
18.....................................
19.....................................
20 The company is not involved in the digital music because of fierce competition, high legal fees,
and .................................
SECTION 3
Question 21-23
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer
21 What does Mary want to talk about with Mr Hays? ..................................
22 Where are Marys parents? .....................................
23 Name one of Marys favourite places in the city where she lives ..............................
Question 24-25
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Which statements are correct?
A. Mary lives close to the countryside.
B. Mr Hays lives far from the sea.
C. Mary is enthusiastic about her university studies.
D. Mary used to like German.
E. Mary was good at German.
Question 26-29
Write ONE WORD for each answer
26 When did Mary last talk with her mother or father?
27 What industry do Marys parents work in?
28 What city are Mary and Mr Hays meeting in?.
29 What high school club was Mary the president of?
Question 30
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for your answer
Where will Mary go as soon as she returns to university? ...................................
SECTION 4
Question 31-34
31 Today, what stands on the site of Tenochtitlan? ..............................
32 The Aztecs prevented soil run-off by .............................
33 To prepare for chinapas, the Aztecs first ..........................
34 The Aztecs used those floating gardens to plant vegetables like (name any 3 kinds of vegetables)
...........................
Question 35-38
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each
answer
Data on the Aztec's Calendar Stone
Number of years needed to make it
35 ...................................
Dimensions
Thickness: 3 feet
Diameter. 36 ............................ feet
Weight: approx 24 tons
Number of months in year
18 ..................................
Number of days in each month
37 ..................................
English meaning of "Nemontemi"
38 ..................................
Question 39-40
39 Apart from angry gods, what did the Aztecs blame for disease? ..................................
40 What did Aztec doctors do to treat an illness? ......................................
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend About 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Day after day we hear about how anthropogenic development is causing global warming.
According to an increasingly vocal minority, however, we should be asking ourselves how much
of this is media hype cud how much is based on real evidence. It seems, as so often is the ease,
that it depends on which expert you listen to, or which statistics you study. Yes, It is true that there
is a mass of evidence to indicate that the world is getting warmer, with one of the worlds leading
weather predictors stating that air temperatures have frown an increase of just under half a degree
Celsius since the beginning of the twentieth century. And while this may not sound like anything
worth losing sleep over, the international press would have us believe that the consequences could
be devastating. Other experts, however, are of the opinion that what we are seeing is just part of a
natural upward and downward swing flint has always been part of the cycle of global weather. An
analysis of the views of major meteorologists in the United States showed that less than 20% of
them believed that any change in temperature over the lust hundred years was our own fault - the
rest attributed it to natural cyclical changes.
There is, of course, no denying that we are still at a very early stage in understanding weather. The
effects of such variables as rainfall, cloud formation, the seas and oceans, gases such as methane
and ozone, or even solar energy are still not really understood, and therefore the predictions that
we make using them cannot always be relied on. Dr. James Hansen, in 19BH, was predicting that
the likely effects of global warming would be a raising of world temperature which would have
disastrous consequences for mankind: "a strong cause arid effect relationship between the current
climate and human alteration of the atmosphere". He has now gone on record as stating that using
artificial models of climate as a way of predicting change is all but impossible. In fact, he now
believes that, rather than getting hotter, our planet is getting greener as a result of the carbon
dioxide increase, with the prospect of increasing vegetation in areas which in recent history have
been frozen wastelands.
In fact, there is some evidence to suggest that as our computer-based weather models have become
more sophisticated, the predicted rises in temperature have been cut back. In addition, if we look
at the much reported rise in global temperature over the last century, a close analysis reveals that
the lion's share of that increase, almost three quarters in total, occurred before man began to
"poison" his world with industrial processes anti the accompanying greenhouse gas emissions in
the second half of the twentieth century.
So should we pay any attention to those stories that scream out at us from billboards and television
news headlines, claiming that man, with his inexhaustible dependence on oil-based machinery and
ever more sophisticated forms of transport is creating a nightmare level of greenhouse gas
emissions, poisoning his environment and ripping open the ozone layer? Doubters point to
scientific evidence, which can prove that, of all the greenhouse gases, only two percent come from
man-made sources, the rest resulting from natural emissions. Who, then, to believe: the
environmentalist exhorting us to leave the car at home, to buy re-usable products packaged in
recycled paper and to plant trees in our back yard? Or the sceptics, including, of course, a lot of
big businesses who have most to lose, when they tell us that we are making a mountain out of a
molehill? And my own opinion? The jury's still out as for as I am concerned!
Questions 1-5 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write theme in Boxes 1-5 on your answer
sheet.
1. The author ...
A. believes that man is causing global warming

B. believes that global warming is a natural process
C. is sure what the causes of global warming are
D. does not say whit he believes the causes of global warming are
2. As to the cause of global warming, the author believes that ...
A. occasionally the fact depend on who you are talking to
B.
the facts always depend on who you are talking to
C.
often the fact depend on which expert you listen to
D.
you should not speak to experts
3. More than 80% of the top meteorologists in the United States are of the opinion that..
.
A. global warming should make us lose sleep
B.
global warming is not the result oil natural cyclical changes, but man-made
C.
the consequences of global warming will be deviating
D. global warming is not man-made, but the result of natural cyclical changes.
4. Our understanding of weather...
A. leads to reliable predictions
B. Is variable
C. cannot be denied
D. is not very developed yet
5. Currently, Dr. James Hansen's beliefs include the fact that ...
A. It is nearly Impossible to predict weather change using artificial models
B. the consequences of global warming would be disastrous for in mankind
C. there Is a significant link between the climate now, mid man's changing of the atmosphere
D. Earth is getting colder
Questions 6-11 Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage
1? In Boxes 6-11, write:
Yes
if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
No
if the statement contradicts the information in the passage
Not Given
if there is no information about the statement in the passage
Example: Computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated.

Answer: Yes.
6. At the same time that computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated,
weather forecasters have become more expert.
7. Most of the increase in global temperature happened in the second half of the twentieth century.
8. The media wants us to blame ourselves for global warming.
9. The media encourages the public to use environmentally friendly vehicles, such as electric cars
to combat global warming.
10. Environmentalists are very effective at persuading people to be kind to the environment.
11. Many big businesses are on the side of the sceptics as regards the cause of global warming.
Questions 12 and 13
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each blank space. Write your
answers in Boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12. As well as planting trees and not driving, the environmentalist would like us to choose products
that are wrapped________________and can be used more than once.
13. Big businesses would have us believe that we are making too much fuss about global warming,
because they have___________________ .
Question 14
Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in Box 14 on your answer sheet
14. Which of these is the best title for this text?
A.
Global Warming is for real
B.
Global warming - media hype or genuine threat?
C.
Weather changes over the last 100 years
D.
Global Warming - the greatest threat to mankind
READING PASSAGE 2
below.
Questions 15-21 Reading Passage 2 has 8 paragraphs (A-H). Choose the most suitable heading
for each paragraph from the List of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (l-xili) in
Boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.
One of the headings has been done for you as an example.
NB. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.
15. Paragraph A
16. Paragraph B
17. Paragraph C
18. Paragraph D
19. Paragraph E
20. Paragraph F
21. Paragraph G
Example: Paragraph H Answer: x
List of headings
i.
165 million years
ii.
The body plan of archosaurs
iii.
Dinosaurs - terrible lizards
iv.
Classification according to pelvic anatomy
v.
The suborders of Saurischia
vi.
Lizards and dinosaurs - two distinct supcrordcrs
vii.
Unique body plan helps identify dinosaurs from other animals
viii.
Herbivore dinosaurs
ix.
Lepldosaurs
x.
Prills and shelves
xi.
The origins of dinosaurs and lizards
xii.
Bird-hipped dinosaurs
xiii.
Skull bones distinguish dinosaurs from other archosaurs
What is a dinosaur?
A. Although the name dinosaur is derived from I he Crock for "terrible lizard" dinosaurs were not, in
fact, lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are included in the class Reptilia, or reptiles, one of the
five main classes of Vertebrata, animals with backbones. However, at the next level of
classification, within reptiles, significant differences in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and
dinosaurs have led scientists to place these groups of animals into two different superorders:
Lepidosauria, or lepidosaurs, and Archosauria, or archosaurs.
B. Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes and their prehistoric ancestors. Included among
the archosaurs, or ruling reptiles, are prehistoric and modern crocodiles, and the now extinct
thecodonts, pterosaurs anti dinosaurs. Palaeontologists believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles
evolved, in the later years of the Triassic Period (c, 248-208 million years ago), front creatures
tailed pseudosuchian thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and different types of thecodont are believed to
have evolved earlier in the Triadic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians.
C. The most important skeletal differences between dinosaurs and other anchosaurs are in the hones
of the skull, pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls are found in a great range of shapes and sixes,
reflecting the different eating habits anti lifestyles of a large and varied group of animals that
dominated life on Earth for an extraordinary 165 million years. However, unlike the skulls of any
other known animals, the skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones known as vomers. These bones
extended on either side of the head, from the front of the snout to the level of the holes in the skull
known as the antorbital fenestra, situated in fro ill of the dinosaur's orbits or eyesockets.
D. All dinosaurs, whether large or small, quadrupedal or bipedal, fleet -footed or s low-moving,
shared a common body plan. Identification of this plan makes it possible to differentiate dinosaurs
from any other types of animal, even other archosaurs. Most significantly, in dinosaurs, the pelvis
and femur had evolved so that the hind limbs were held vertically beneath the body, rather than
sprawling out to the sides like the limbs of a lizard. The femur of a dinosaur had a sharply inturned neck and a halt-shaped bead, which slotted into a fully open acetabulum or hip socket. A
supra-ace tabular crest helped prevent dislocation of the femur. The position of the knee joint,
aligned below the acetabulum, made it possible for the whole hind limb to swing backwards and
forwards. This unique combination of features gave dinosaurs what is known as a "fully improved
gait". Evolution of this highly efficient method of walking also developed in mammals, but among
reptiles it occurred only in dinosaurs.
E. For the purpose of further classification, dinosaurs are divided into two orders: &iurisehia, or
saurischian dinosaurs, and Ornithischia, or ornithischian dinosaurs. This division is made on the
basis of their pelvic anatomy. All dinosaurs bad el pelvic girdle with each side comprised of three
hones: the pubis, ilium and ischium. However, the orientation of these bones follows one of two
patterns In saurischian dinosaurs, also known as lizard-hipped dinosaurs, the pubis points
forwards, as is usual In most types of reptile, By contrast, In oruithisehian, or bird-hipped,
dinosaurs, the pubis points backwards towards the rear of the animal which is also true of birds.
F. Of the two orders of dinosaurs, the Saurischia was the larger mid the first to evolve. It is divided
into two suborders: Therapoda, or therapods, and Sauropodomorpha, or sauropodomorphs. The
therapods, or beast feet", were bipedal, predatory carnivores. They ranged in size from the mighty
Tyrannosaurus rex, 12m long, 5.6m tall and weighing an estimated 6.4 tonnes, to the smallest
known dinosaur, Compsognathus, a mere 1,4m long and estimated 3kg in weight when fully
grown. The sauropodomorphs, or "lizard feet forms"; included both bipedal and quadrupedal
dinosaurs. Some sauropodomorphs were carnivorous or omnivorous but later species were
typically herbivorous. They included some of the largest and best-known of all dinosaurs, such as
Diplodocus, a huge quadruped with an elephant-like body, a long, thin tail and neck that gave it a
total length of 27m, and a tiny head.
G. Ornithischian dinosaurs were bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores. They are now usually divided
into three suborders: Ornithipoda, Thyreophora and Marginocephalia. The ornithopods, or "bird
feet1, both large and small, could walk or run on their lung hind legs, balancing their body by
holding their tails stiffly off the ground behind them. An example is Iguanodon, up to 9m long,
5m tall and weighing 4.5 tonnes. The thyreophorans, or shield bearers", also known as armoured
dinosaurs, were quadrupeds with rows of protective bony spikes, studs, or plates along their backs
and tails. They included Stegosaurus, 9m long and weighing 2 tonnes.
H. The marginocephalians, or "margined heads" were bipedal or quadrupedal omithischians with a
deep bony frill or narrow shelf at the back of the skull. An example is Triceratops, a rhinoceroslike dinosaur, 9m long, weighing 5,4 tonnes and bearing a prominent neck frill and three large
horns.
Questions 22-24
Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN THREB WORDS from the passage for
each blank space. Write your answers in Boxes 22-24 on your answer sheet.
22. Lizards and dinosaurs arc classified into two different superorders because of the difference in
their__________ .
23. In the Triassic Period, ________________ evolved into thecodonts, for example, lizards and
snakes.
24. Dinosaur skulls differed from those of any other known animals because of the presence of
vomers:______________.
Questions 25-28
Choose one phrase (A-H) from the List of features to match with the Dinosaurs listed below.
Write the appropriate letters (A-H) In Boxes 25-28 on your answer sheet.
The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of the points made
by the writer.
NB. There are more phrases (A-H) than sentences, so you will not need to use them all. You may
use each phrase once only.
Dinosaurs
25. Dinosaurs differed from lizards, because
26. Saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs
27. Unlike therapods, sauropodomorphs
28. Some dinosaurs used their tails to balance, others
List of features
A
are both divided into two orders.
the former had a fully improved gait.
were not usually very heavy.
could walk or run on their back legs.
their hind limbs sprawled out to the side.
walked or ran on four legs, rather than two.
both had a pelvic girdle comprising six bones.
did not always eat meat.
READING PASSAGE 3
below.
Doesnt that sound terribly yellow to you?

"I cant say. Im colour blind", was my flatmates response. And that was that for another twenty
odd years, when by chance I came across an article in a newspaper on research into synaesthesia
at a London hospital. At last, I understood my interpretation of the world through colour.
Synaesthesia is the subjective sensation of a sense other than the one being stimulated. For
example, the sight of a word may evoke sensations of colour or the sound of music may also have
a similar effect, as may taste. Or, to put it simply, synacsthctes, i.e. people with synaesthesia, have
their senses hooked together, so that they experience several senses simultaneously.
To those not already aware of it, synaesthesia seems a new phenomenon. Yet, it is far from new.
In 1690, John Locke, the philosopher, wrote of a blind man with synaesthetic capabilities. The first
reference in the medical field was in 1710, by Thomas Woodhousc, an English ophthalmologist.
In his Theory of Colour, the German writer, Goethe, talked about colour and the senses. The poet,
Arthur Rimbaud, wrote about synaesthesia in his 1871 poem Voyelles, as did another French poet
Baudelaire, in Correspondance. So, synaesthesia has a respectable history.
Synaesthesia is understandably met with a certain degree of scepticism, since it is something
beyond the ken of the vast majority of people. Son et lumire shows in the 19,h century were an
attempt at combining the senses in a public display, but such displays were not capable of
conveying the sensations experienced by involuntary synaesthesia, as the ability which a
synaesthetes experience is called.
There has been a number of well-documented synacsthctes. Alexander Scriabin, the Russian
composer, (1871-1915) tried to express his own synaesthetic abilities in his symphony
Prometheus, the Poem of Fire (1922). And another Russian, Rlmsky-Korsakov, noted the colour
associations musical keys possessed. For example, Scriabin saw C major as red, while to RimskyKorsakov it was white. Arthur Bliss, an English composer, based his 1922 Colour Symphony on
the concept of synaesthesia. He did not claim to be a synaesthete; his colour choices were arbitrary
and the project an intellectual exercise.
In the field of the visual arts, probably the best known artist with synaesthetic capabilities is the
Russian artist, Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), credited with being the founder of abstract
painting. It is said he experienced sensory fusion at a performance of Wagners Lohengrin, with
the music producing colours before his eyes. He did not see colours solely in terms of objects, but
associated them with sounds. He even composed an opera, Der GelbeKlang (The Yellow Sound),
which was a mixture of colour, light, dance and sound.
For many people with synaesthesia, knowing that what they have been experiencing has both a
name and a history and that they are among a number of notable sufferers is a reve* lation, Initially,
they often feel that these is something wrong psycho logic ally or mentally, or that everyone feds
that way. Then they realise with a thud that other people do not. Suppression is an option, but
unwittingly some people have managed to make use of the ability to their advantage. While the
condition of synaesthesia may hamper many people because of its disorienting effects, It can also
open up a range of new skills, It is not unusual for people who have synaesthesia to be creative
and imaginative, As many studies have shown, memory is based to some extent on association.
Synaesthetes find they are able to remember certain things with great ease. The person who
associates the shape of a word with colour is quite often able to remember a longer sequence of
words; and the same goes for other areas where memory needs to be used.
Cut this condition like all gifts, has its drawbacks, Some people see words as colours; others even
individual letters and syllables, so that a word becomes a kaleidoscope of colour. Beautiful though
such a reading experience may be, synaesthesia can cause problems with both reading and writing,
Reading can take longer, because one has to wade through all the colours, as well as the words!
And, because the colour sequences as well as the words have to fit together^ writing is then equally
difficult.
Questions 29-32
Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 3? In Boxes 29-32,
write:
Yes
if the statement agrees with the Information in the passage
No
Not Given if there is no information about the statement in the passage

29. Synacsthctes experience several senses at the same time.
30. Newspaper articles and TV news reports about synaesthesia are appearing with monotonous
regularity nowadays.
31. Mention of synaesthesia can be traced back to the 17th century.
32. It is strange that many people are sceptical about synaesthesia.
Question 33-36
Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write theme in Boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.
33. Son et lumiere shows ...
A. attempted to combine public senses
B. were frequent in the 19'" century
C. were both public and involuntary
D. did not reproduce the experiences of synaesthetes
34. Both Alexander Scriabin and Rimsky-Korsakov ...
A. wanted to have synaesthetic abilities
B. created a lot of documents
C. linked music to colour
D. agreed with Bliss in 1922
35. The Russian artist, Wassily Kandinsky, ...
A. performed Wagners Lohengrin
B. found abstract painting
C. also composed music

D. saw objects
36. At first, "sufferers of synaesthesia believe that ...
A. other people have similar experiences or there is something wrong with them
B. they are a revelation
C. they are psychologically or mentally superior
D. they are unique
Questions 37-40
According to the reading passage, which of the following statements are true about
synaesthetes? Write the appropriate letters in Boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
A. Some synaesthetes are disoriented by their abilities.
B. Unusually, some synaesthetes hove great creativity.
C. Memory is heightened by synaesthesia.
D. Synaesthetes have gilts and drawbacks.
E. Some synaesthetes use their ability to help themselves.
F. Their ability can be an obstacle to them.
G. Some synaesthetes write in colour.
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The bar graph below shows the amount of carbon emissions in different countries during three
different years.
where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
A number of tertiary courses require students to undertake a period of unpaid work at art
institution or organisation as part of their programme.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of th type of course requement?
experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning /afternoon. My name is______. Can you tell me your full name, please?
Let's talk about where you live
What type of house do you live in?
How many rooms are there?
Which is your favourite room in the house? Why?
Lets talk about your studies.
How many hours do you spend studying each day?
Are there any subjects which you like studying more than others?
Which subjects are you interested in studying further?

Now, let's talk about the Internet.
How do you typically use the Internet? Why?
Do you find it easy to use the Internet? Why?
What do you like most about using the Internet? Why?
How much of your time do you spend using the Internet? Why?
Lets talk about animals.
Do you like animals? Why Why not?
Are there any animals that you are afraid of or particularly dislike? Why?
Are people in your country generally fond of animals? Why/ Why not?
Do particular animals have any special meaning in your culture?
Now. let's talk about what you do in your free time.

How do you usually spend your free time?
Do you prefer to spend your free time with friends or with family? Why?
How often do you have free time?
What changes would improve the way you spend your free time? Why?
PART 2
Now, Tm going to give you a topic and Id like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before
Id like you to describe a picture or a photograph that you have seen which you remember clearly.
Describe a picture or photograph that you have seen which you remember clearly.
You should say:
what the image was
where and when you saw it
what type of feelings you had when you saw it
and say why you remember it.

Do you enjoy photographic images/pictures?
Would you recommend this to others?
PART 3
We've been talking about images and now I'd like to discuss with you one or two more general
questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of visual aits.
What kind of visual art forms is popular in your country?
Many people argue that art should be freely accessible to the public to enjoy. What's your
view?
What do you think of investing monev in the arts?
Now, let's talk about creativity.
It is often said that creative genius is bom, not made. What's your opinion?
How have the ways people express their creativity in your culture changed in the last fifty
years?
Many artists make valuable contributions to society' through their art, yet struggle to
succeed financially. What are the reasons for this0 Wliat are the implications of this?
TEST 7
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Answer the following question in NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
Where has Jane decided to go for her holiday?
Example: Southeast Asia
Question 1-4
Answer the following questions. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
1 What does Jane have to be back in time for? .........................
2 What project will Jane do while on her vacation? ............................
3 What helped Jane make enough money for her trip? .............................
4 What award does Janes father have? ..........................
Question 5
Complete the following sentence with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
Sally says free air tickets can normally only be used on flights with ...........................
Question 6 and 7
What two tropical illnesses does Sally mention?

6..........................
7..........................
Question 8 and 9
Choose ONE letter, A-C
8 Jane is sure she will visit .............................
A. West and East Malaysia
B. Singapore and Vietnam
C. Singapore and Indonesia
9 How does Jane intend to travel around?
A. Bus and train in the cities
B. Rental boat
C. Bicycle
Question 10
Answer the question in ONE WORD.
What is the name of Janes brother? ...........................
SECTION 2
Question 11-13
Complete the following sentences. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
The speaker says university residences are expensive but 11............................. He also says it is
usually best to try to live in a 12......................... with at least one 13.............................
Question 14-16
List three things that new students looking for accommodation should do.
14........................
15........................
16........................
Question 17 and 18
Choose TWO letters, A-F
The speaker says .........................
A. some studio flats have kitchens
B. a few estate agents act as rental agents for landlords
C. a current account is best for paying utility bills
D. standing orders cannot be used to pay the rent
E. car insurance is not optional in the UK
F. student unions are allowed to recommend insurance companies
Question 19 and 20
Answer each question in NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS

19. What branch of the British government issues work permits to foreign students?
.............................
20. What types of work can foreign students sponsored by a long-term UK resident do?
.............................
SECTION 3
Question 21 and 22
Choose TWO letters, A-R
A. Rick says most students don't take notes.
B. Rita says most students dont use notes properly.
C. Rick asks if listening closely is more important than note-taking.
D. Rita says different things work better for different people.
E. Rick says the research began in 1920s.
Question 23 and 24
23 What is the key to the usefulness of notes? ...........................
24 What does Prof. Howe say contributes to remembering information? ............................
Question 25
Complete the following sentence with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
Rita reads a sentence that says using information is improved if note-taking is combined with
...........................
Question 26-30
Compute the table below. Write the appropriate Utters, A-F against Questions 26-30.
Activity
Putting information in different geometric figures
Thinking about relationships between facts
Effect
26........................................
27........................................
High-level information processing
28........................................
Reorganizing notes while reviewing
29........................................
Taking notes word for word
30........................................
A. improves comprehension
B. inhibits high level information processing
C. changes organization of notes
D. has no effect on the most successful student
E. improves test scores
F. enhances reorganization of notes
SECTION 4
Question 31-33

What three physical qualities is the therapist looking at in the child in the swimming pool?
31.............................
32............................
33............................
Question 34
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for your answer.
Name a medical establishment that is not far from Dr Roberts hospital.............................
Question 35 and 36
In addition to a degree, in what other activities must a candidate particiPAT:e to become a certified
recreational therapist?
35...........................
36...........................
Question 37 and 38
Complete the table below. Write the appropriate letters, A-E against Questions 37 and 38.
Therapeutic activity
Target problems
Sibling play
37............................
Physical play
38...........................
A. Lack of physical skills

B. Fear of surgery
C. Aggression
D. Understanding upcoming surgery
E. Poor functioning
Question 39-40
Complete the following sentences. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
39 Problem-solving is part of functioning ...............................
40 Disabled children are being treated by more and more ................................. nowadays.
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which Arc based on Rending Passage 1
below.
PROPAGANDA - THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY
Imagine for a moment that you arc an impoverished citizen of ancient Egypt, hopefully hoeing the
desert and wondering when it will bloom. Suddenly, a cloud of dust appears on the horizon which
eventually resolves itself into a gallop of horses and chariots commanded by heavily armed
soldiers followed, eventually, by a crocodile of exhausted slaves lugging building materials.
They all come to a halt outside your home and you make a strategic withdrawal indoors, from
where you watch them through a slit in the wall. In an amazingly short lime, the slaves build a 40-
foot high obelisk which is then surrounded by it swarm of stonemasons. Then, when the work,
whatever it is, has been completed, the entire company withdraws as quickly as it came.
Once the coast is clear, you creep outside to examine their handiwork. The obelisk is covered with
carvings of soldiers, looking remarkably like those who have just left, engaged in countless
victorious battles, decimating the countryside and gruesomely killing people who look remarkably
like you. Prominently portrayed, surveying sphinx-like the carnage committed in his same, is the
Pharaoh. You cant read, but you get the picture. You, in consort with your disaffected neigh hours,
had been contemplating, in rather desultory fashion, a small uprising. You change your mind in
what is one of the easiest examples of the power of propaganda.
Of course as is often the case with big ideas when they tire in their infancy, the methods employed.
In ancient Egypt were far from subtle, But over subsequent centuries, the use of propaganda was
conscientiously honed.
It was not until the First World War that propaganda made the quantum leap from the gentler arts
of persuasion to become the tool of coercion. As Philip Taylor says in War and the Media: "Before
1914, it simply meant the means by which the proponent of a particular doctrine... propagated his
beliefs among his audience ... propaganda is simply a process of persuasion. As a concept, it is
neutral and should be devoid of value judgments.
It is unlikely, at least in the West, that propaganda will ever be rehabilitated as a neutral
concept. The very word is now so loaded with sinister connotations that it evokes an immediate and
visceral sense of outrage. For the use of propaganda reached its apogee in the machinery of the
Third Reich. Hitler and Goebbels between them elevated it to a black art of such diabolical power
that it has been permanently discredited among those who witnessed its expression. Indeed in 1936
at Nuremberg, Hitler attributed his entire success to the workings of propaganda. He said:
Propaganda brought us to power, propaganda has since enabled us to remain in power, and
propaganda will give us the means of conquering the world".
It is therefore unsurprising that Western governments and politicians are liable to perform the most
extreme presentational acrobatics in their efforts to avoid the dreaded p" word being applied to
any of their activities. They have developed impressive lexicons of euphemisms and doublespeak
to distance themselves from any taint of it, real or imagined.
Inevitably, the media is alive to this hypersensitivity and the "p" word has become a potent weapon
in its arsenal. It is used pejoratively, with intent to discredit and wound, as governments are
painfully aware. For propaganda is the spectre that haunts many a government- inspired media
fest. It is the uninvited guest, the empty chair which serves to remind the hosts precisely why the
gathering has been convened and forces them to run quality tests on the fare on offer -- is it
factually nutritious, is it presented in a balanced and truthful way, is its integrity intact?
In this one respect, at least, the negative connotations attached to propaganda actually perform a
positive function. They offer a salutary reminder of ail that government information is supposed
not to be, and act as a ferocious curb on any runaway tendency to excess. Most importantly, the
public is alive to the dangers of propaganda and alert to its manifestations whether overt or covert.
They know that propaganda is the serpent lurking In the tree of knowledge; that it is subtle, it
beguiles, it seduces, it obfuscates, it holds out simple dreams and turns them into nightmare
realities, it subverts, it pretends to be other than it is. They know that it is the poisoned fruit of the
goblin market, not the plain bread of truth that is the staple diet of information. And they will not
tolerate it.
They succumb instead to the more blatant blandishments of advertising, which might be regarded
as the wolf of propaganda, tamed and turned to domestic use. Safe in the knowledge that the wolf
has been securely trussed by the rules and regulations of the Advertising Standards Authority, they
knowingly consent to being had,
Questions 1-10
Complete the text below, which is a summary of paragraphs M. Choose a suitable word from the
text for each blank. Write your answers in Boxes 1-10 on your answer sheet.
You may use any word more than once.
Example: propaganda - the good, the bad and the____________. Answer: ugly.
_____ 1______ that you are a poor__________ 2______ living in ancient Egypt, when a band
of soldiers accompanied by a_________ 3_____ of slaves carrying building materials appears
on the scene. While you are inside your house, the slaves erect an __________4_____ and
the whole company disappears. The__________ 5______ features figures like those soldiers
who have just left engaged in victorious battles and, in a prominent position, the figure of the
sphinx-like______6________. After briefly considering an_________ 7_____ , you and the
other inhabitants change your____________ 8______ In what is one of the earliest Instances of
the power of______ 9_______ , albeit a not very _______ 10_____ one.
Questions 11-14
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in Boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11. According to Philip Taylor, propaganda ...
A is needed to propagate peoples beliefs
B was a tool of coercion before 1914
C hus always been a neutral force
D was merely a process of persuading people to do things prior to 1914
12. According to Philip Taylor, propaganda ...
A is not a neutral concept
B is value loaded up until 1914
C
is ti neutral concept
D was a neutral concept up until 1914

13. Politicians in the West ...
A will do anything to avoid using the word propaganda
B like using the word propaganda in the media
C do not dread the "p word
D are consummate acrobats
14. The public ...
A are happy to be deceived by advertisers
B are deceived by advertisers
C are not deceived by advertisers
D respect the advertisers

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-28, which are based on Rending PASSAGE
2 below.
The pursuit of knowledge

According to the great English lexicographer Samuel Johnson, knowledge is of two kinds. We know
a subject ourselves or we know where we can find information upon it (Boswell Life vol. 2 p, 383
18 April 1775). In the information-driven world we now inhabit, the latter has assumed a much
greater level of importance.
At the time of the European Renaissance, which spanned the fourteenth, fifteenth and six-teenth
centuries, it was considered possible far the educated, well-read man, the so-called Renaissance
man, to possess the sum total of human knowledge. Admittedly, the body of knowledge then
available was restricted, being held firmly in check by several important factors; the paucity of
books in circulation at that time; the difficulty of acquiring copies of the texts; the need to copy
texts by hand; and the cost of doing so. The example of Lupus of Ferrieres search for the Ars
rhetorica of Fortunatus in the ninth century was repeated again and again throughout the Latin
West until the momentous advent of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century. Printed books
saw the end of some of the practical limitations placed on the spread of human knowledge. The
first revolution in Information technology had begun.
Renaissance man was rapidly left behind by this development; and, henceforth, it would be
increasingly difficult for the educated man to cope with the expansion of knowledge that flowed
through Europe via the medium of movable type.
In todays world, the scenario could hardly be more different. The most well-read individual,
whom we could legitimately call information man, or homo sciens, would certainly be
considerably more knowledgeable than Renaissance man, Yet, because of the ever-expanding
increase in the sum total of human knowledge over the latter half of the last millennium, and the
changes in the world of technology, easy access to information has reduced the stature of the
educated individual. All that he can hope to be now is an expert in a narrow field, not the allknowing polymath of yesteryear.
It is not surprising to see people overwhelmed by the unlimited stream of Information. There is
simply too much of it to assimilate, and it is difficult to know what to do with the data once it is
received; which brings us back to Johnson's words. But we need to add another dimension to his
dictum, one which was probably true in his time, but is oven more pertinent today: people need to
be able to life the knowledge they acquire and not just know it or know where to find it. Our
deficiency in this regard is, perhaps, the most singular failure of the modern information age.
Acquisitiveness is a natural human Instinct. Children collect cards of footballers, or whatever is
the latest fad, Stamps, coins and books are targets for children and adult collectors (dike, as their
basic instincts are played upon and nurtured by market forces. The desire to gather knowledge is
nothing new. What is astonishing, however, is the way in which people treat the knowledge ones
it has been collected. It is as if the collection were an end in Itself; and herein lies the great
deception, We have turned the world into a large machine of information, a veritable vortex into
which we are ail being Inexorably sucked, People beaver away amassing raw data, labouring under
the misapprehension that they are doing something worthwhile, when all that is really happening
is the movement of information from one place to another, We should hardly be surprised that, as
this becomes apparent, disillusionment and stress in the workplace arc becoming sadly the all too
common consequences.
The world is not really the richer for having the current wealth of knowledge at its fingertips. It is
like standing amongst the wealth of the British Library, the Bibliothque Nationals in Paris or
other great libraries and not being able to read.
So what is to be done? Training in collecting and processing relevant information, followed by
learning to collate, analyse and select or discard is the obvious solution, But there is such a dearth
of people who know what to do that one remains pessimistic.
The pursuit of knowledge is sadly not all it is cracked up to be.
Questions 15-21
Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the passage to
complete each blank space.
Write your answers in Boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.
15. Samuel Johnson was an___________________ .
16. Renaissance man supposedly possessed all__________________.
17. The spread of knowledge changed with the all important___________________ .
18. According to the writer, today's information man knows more than_______________ .
19. The standing of the modern educated man has been diminished by _________________.
20. The polymath of the Renaissance is described as_______________________ .
21. In today's world, people arc weighed down by the endless__________________.
Questions 22-25
Answer the questions below, Use NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in Boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.
22. How does the writer describe peoples inability in the modern world to use the knowledge that
they obtain?
23. What is the desire to collect things described as?
24. According to the author, what has the world turned into?
25. What arc the consquences in the workplace of moving large amounts of raw data around?
Questions 26-28
Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?
In Boxes 26-28, write:
Yes if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
No

Example: The European Renaissance spanned the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
Answer: Yes.
26. As the world has a wealth of knowledge within easy reach, it is now richer,
27. Knowledge processing courses will soon be obligatory for all library workers.
28. The author believes that the pursuit of knowledge is worthwhile.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Quastions 29-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
Between the Inishowen peninsula, north west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the cast beyond
the Sperrin Mountains, is found some of Western Europe's most captivating and alluring landscape.
The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Deny is a prime example. The Park, like so many
Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in
the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called
the garden of the soul" - in Celtic "Gortenanima".
The castle of O'Cahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of
Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a
message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a magical place, where the water traces its way through
rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of
summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone.
The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the
River Roe just outside the present day town of Limavady, St, Columba came in 575 AD for the
Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady;
but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played
by a tramp in the street.
Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn but imposing ruin
of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic
lashing it on all sides. The jagged - toothed ruins sit proud on their rock top commanding the
coastline to cast and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the
kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited, In the
next hundred years or so, the structure gradually fell into Its present dramatic state of disrepair,
stripped of its roofs by wind and weather and robbed by man of its carved stonework. Ruined and
forlorn its aspect may be, yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is
redolent of another age, another dream.
A mile or so to the cast of the castle lies Port na Spaniagh, where the Neapolitan Gaileas, Girona,
from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of
the 1500'Odd men on board, nine survived.
Even further to the east, is the Giant's Causeway, a stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical
columns of dark basalt - a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that
it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see, That was in the days of horses and carriages, when
travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the
twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when
the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone, It
is not frightening, but there is a power in the place; tangible, yet inexplicable. The feeling is one
of eeriness and longing, and of something missing, something not quite fulfilled; the loss of light
and the promise of darkness; a time between two worlds, Once experienced, this feeling never
leaves you: the longing haunts and pulls at you for the rest of your days.
Deyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent
Atlantic, is the Cairick-a-Hedc Hope Bridge- Not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge
swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seeks to drag the unwary down, and away.
Questions 29-33
Choose one phrase (A-E) from the List of places to label the map below, Write the appropriate
letters (A-li) in Boxes 29-33 on youi answer sheet,
List of places
A The Sperrin Mountains
B Dunluce Casctle
C Inlshowen
D The Glens of Antrim
E Limavady
Questions 34-37
Do the statements below agree with the Information in Reading Passage 3?
In Boxes 34-37, write:
Yes
if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
No

Example: Inishowen is in the north-west of Ireland. Answer: Yes.
After 1639 the castle of Dunluce was not completely uninhabited.
34. For the author Dunluce castle evokes another period of history.
35. There were more than 1500 men on the Girona when it went down.
36. The writer disagrees with the viewpoint that the Giants Causeway is not worth going to
Questions 38-40
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in Boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38. The writer feels that the Giants Causeway is ...
A un unsettling place
B relaxing place
C a boring place
D a place that helps one unwind
39. Where was this passage taken from?
A the news section of a newspuper
B A travel section in a newspaper
C a biography
D an academic journal on geography
40. Which of the following would be a good title for the passage?
A The Roe Valley Park
B The Giant's Causeway
C Going Hast to West
D A leap into history
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The line graph below gives information about the rates of unemployment between 1991 and 2005
in three different countries in Europe. The table shows the percentage of men and women in the
workforce in these three countries.
where relevant.
Employment rates of men and women in three countries in Europe in 1991
Country
Men
Women
Germany
76.5%
54.4%
Spain
66.2%
32.3%
Italy
77.1%
37.8%
WRITING TASK 2
Many of the worlds cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage.
What are some of the reasons for this shortage and what solutions can you suggest?
experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning/afternoon. My name is_____. Can you tell me your full name, please?


Tell me about your studies.
Are you a full-time student or part-time student?
What are yonr goals after completing your studies?
Interview (choosc 2)
Now, let's talk about news.
How do you find out about news?
Do you always use the same method of accessing news? Why?
Which type of news do you enjoy reading the most? W hy?
Which type of news do you enjoy (reading) the least? Why?
Let's talk about things which make you feel happy.
What kinds of things make you feel happy? Why?
What do you tend to do when you feel this way? Why?
Have similar things always made you happy?
Do you feel it's important to feel happy every day? Why?
Now, let's talk about holidays.
Where do you typically good holiday?
What kinds of things do you enjoy doing ou holiday? Why?
What form of transport do you usually use to get to your holiday destinations? Why?
Do you prefer to travel in a large group or a small group? Why?
PART 2
Now, Tm going to give you a topic and Id like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before
Id like you to describe a famous person who you would like to meet.
Describe a famous person whom you would like to meet.
You should say:
who the person is and why he she is famous
why you would like to meet him her
what type of questions you w ould ask
and say whether it is likely that you would ever meet this person.
Have you ever met a famous person?
Do you like to read about famous people?
PART 3
We've been talking about a famous person whom you would like to meet and now I'd like to discuss
with you one or two more general questions related to this. Lets consider first the topic of fame.
What do you think motivates people who seek fame?
Some people argue that celebrities and famous people have no right to expect privacy
because they are in the public eye. What's your opinion?
Many celebrities have begun using their fame to raise awareness of social issues. Do you
think this is a good trend or a bad trend?

Now. lets talk about social interaction and meeting people.
How important is it to spend time with family members in your culture'? Why?
How have the ways people socialise in y our country changed over time? Why do y ou
think these changes have occurred?
Some members of society feel isolated and alone. What measures can be taken to combat
this issue?
TEST 8
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Question 1-4
Select the correct answer from the choices given. Write A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet.
1 Where is Mr. Garcia living?
A. Private accommodation
C. Self-catering university accommodation
B. With friends
D. Catered university accommodation
2 Why doesnt he like his accommodation?

A. The food is not good.
C. He doesnt like his cohabitants.
B. The meals are at inconvenient times.
D. Its on the university campus.
3 Where are Mr. Garcia and his friends from?

A. Costa Rica, Spain, Bolivia
C. Mexico, Columbia, Spain
B. Ecuador, Spain, Mexico
D. Spain, Brazil, Argentina
4 What kind of place are they hoping to find?

A. A house with a garden next to the university
B. A flat or a house next to the university
C. A house not too near to the university

D. A flat or a house not too near to the university
Question 5-7
Complete the details below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS for
each gap.
Name
Manuel Garcia
Current address
5 ......................
Telephone number
0453 672 348
E-mail address
6 ......................
Age
19
Gender
Male
Smoker?
No
Budgeted monthly rent
7 ......................
Question 8-10
Select the correct answer from the choices given. Write A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet.
8 Why can Mr. Garcia expect a small reduction in rent?
A. The salesman like him.
C. July is a good month to move in.
B. There is no contract.
D. He and his friends will stay all year.
9 How much is the accommodation agencys fee for Mr. Garcia?
A. 1/2 months rent
C. 3/2 months rent
B. 1 months rent
D. Theres no fee.
10 Which items does Mr. Garcia consider necessary?

A. Kitchen utensils, washing machine. Internet connection
B. Washing machine, Internet connection, TV
C. DVD player, TV, Internet connection
D. Shower, TV, washing machine
SECTION 2
Question 11-13
Choose the correct answers to the following questions. Only ONE answer is possible for each
question.
11 Which member or members of the speakers family have health problems?
A. The speaker
C. The speakers father and youngersister
B. The speakers parents
D. None of the speakers family does.
12 Why didnt the family go to Rotorua?

A. They couldnt afford it
C. Because of health problems
B. They wanted to go somewhere with friends
D. Because they wanted to go somewhere new
13 How did the speakers family first find out about the Waiwera spa?
A. From people they met in their home town

B. From the Internet
C. From people they met in Rotorua

D. From a travel agent
Question 14-16
Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR NUMBERS for each gap.
14 Altogether, the number of people in the speakers holiday group was ...........................
15 One of the children from the other family was a than the speaker .................................
16 Before leaving, the speaker and his family got information from the Internet and a
.............................
Question 17-20
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
17 What did the speaker especially like about the holiday? ........................
18 Where were the children most of the time? ...........................
19 How does the speaker describe the people at the resort? ........................
20 Which activities didnt the speaker particiPAT:e in, even though those activities were
available? .......................
SECTION 3
Question 21-23
Complete the notes on what Mika says at the beginning of the discussion.
Mika says that if you miss what other people in a seminar say, it makes it hard to 21
........................ the discussion. She might have a 22 .......................... if she didnt understand what
a tutor was asking her, but if she was wrong, it was 23 .......................
Question 24-27
Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.
24 Martina says that native speaker students often continue talking even if non-native
speaker students, like her, ...................
25 However, Martina points out that native speaker students will usually stop talking if you
.....................
26 Martina says that non-native speaker students need to anticipate and ....................... in order to
get involved in seminar discussions.
27 Michael points out that non-native speaker students can use ....................... and body language
to indicate when they are ready to add to a discussion.
Question 28-30
Choose the correct answer or answers to complete each sentence.
28 Martina thinks that non-native speaker students can improve the situation by being ....................
A. aggressive.
B. argumentative.
C. well prepared.
D. polite.
29 Mika thinks that non-native speakers can improve .........................

A. both their English and their subject knowledge quickly.
B. their English quickly, but not their subject knowledge.
C their subject knowledge quickly, but not their English.

D. neither their English nor their subject knowledge quickly.
30 Mika says that ......................
A. English students know a lot of technical terminology.
B. English students like making friends with her outside seminars.
C. English students are interested in learning about situations in foreign countries.
D. non-native speaker students shouldnt take much time to state their views.
SECTION 4
Question 31 and 32
Complete the following summary of the lecturers introduction by using NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS for each gap.
The lecturer says that he will first look at how some cultural values influence 31
......................... and that then he will 32 ........................ demonstrating that approaches to learning
in one culture may not be considered suitable in others.
Question 33 and 36
Complete the notes on the way students learn in different cultures. Use only ONE word for each
gap.
33.________
Arab culture
34. __________ of the Koran influences how other subjects

are learnt
Chinese culture
Little or no talking or 35.___________ with other students

or teachers
extending
American
Focus on developing 36.____________ skills through
culture
questioning, for example.
Question 37-40
Complete the notes on three Asian students and their experiences. Use NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS for each gap.
Country of origin
Level of study
Experience of own education system
China
37 .................
Students contribute little to discussions.
Students 38 ....................... to ask lecturers questions.

Japan
Master's
Less focus on constructing 39 .....................
India
research
40 ........................ is responsible for providing
information
about facilities and requirements
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage I
below.
The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods. Entering
a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of
austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another,
with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the
present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that
students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the
class to come together for group discussion and learning.
Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that
the teachers task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this
approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the
relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A students participation in class is
likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to questions
that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for
positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the formal
authority model of teaching.
A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the demonstrator" model. This maintains the
formal authority models notion of the teacher as a flashlight who illuminates the material for
his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualized approach to form. The demonstrator
acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students
develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are
generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they
are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual
basis.
Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that the
learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centred
paradigm, the delegator" style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but
they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become
independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on
their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully, they will build not
only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to coordinate group work and interpersonal roles.
Another style that emphasises student-centred education is the facilitator mode of learning. Here,
while a set of specific curriculum demands is already in place, students are encouraged to take the
initiative for creating ways to meet these learning requirements together. The teacher typically
designs activities that encourage active learning, group collaboration, and problem solving, and
students are encouraged to process and apply the course content in creative and original ways.
Whereas the delegator style emphasises content and the responsibility students can have for
generating and directing their own knowledge base, the facilitator style emphasises form and the
fluid and diverse possibilities that are available in the process of learning.
Until the 1960s, formal authority was common in almost all Western schools and universities. As
a professor would enter a university lecture theatre, a student would be expected to rush up, take
his bag to the desk, and pull out the chair for the professor to sit down on. This style has become
outmoded over time. Now at university, students and professors typically have more relaxed,
collegiate relationships, address each other on a first name basis, and acknowledge that students
have much to contribute in class. Teacher-centred education has a lingering appeal in the form of
the demonstrator style, however, which remains useful in subjects where skills must be
demonstrated to an external standard and the learning process remains fixed in the earlier years of
education. A student of mathematics, sewing or metalwork will likely be familiar with the
demonstrator style. At the highest levels of education, however, the demonstrator approach must
be abandoned in all fields as students are required to produce innovative work that makes unique
contributions to knowledge. Thesis and doctoral students lead their own research in facilitation
with supervisors.
The delegator style is valuable when the course is likely to lead students to careers that require
group projects. Often, someone who has a high level of expertise in a particular field does not
make for the best employee because they have not learnt to apply their abilities in a co-ordinated
manner. The delegator style confronts this problem by recognizing that interpersonal
communication is not just a means to learning but an important skill set in itself. The facilitator
model is probably the most creative model, and is, therefore, not suited to subjects where the
practical component necessitates a careful and highly disciplined manner, such as training to be a
medical practitioner. It may, however, suit more experimental and theoretical fields ranging from
English, music, and the social sciences to science and medical research that takes place in research
labs. In these areas, mistakes in form are important and valuable aspects of the learning and
development process.
Overall, a clear evolution has taken place in the West from a rigid, dogmatic, and teacherdominated way of learning to a flexible, creative, and student-centred approach. Nevertheless,
different subjects, ages, and skill levels suit different styles of teaching, and it is unlikely that there
will ever be one recommended approach for everyone.
Questions 1-8: Look at the following statements (Questions 1-8) and the styles of teaching
below. Match each statement with the correct teaching style, A -D.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
1. The emphasis is on students directing the learning process.
2. The teacher shows the class how to do something, then students try it on their own.
3. Student-teacher interaction and student student interaction is limited.
4. The emphasis is on the process of solving problems together.
5. Students arc expected to adjust to the teachers way of presenting information.
6. The teacher designs group activities that encourage constructive interaction.
7. Time is set aside for one-on-one instruction between teacher and student
8. Group and individual work is encouraged independently of the teacher.
List of Teaching Styles
A. Formal authority
B. Demonstrator
C. Delegator
D. Facilitator
Passage 1?
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
9. The formal authority model remains popular in educational institutions of the West
10. The demonstrator model is never used at tertiary level.
11. Graduates of delegator style teaching are good communicators.
12. The facilitator style is not appropriate in the field of medicine.
Question 13: Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13. What is the best title for Reading Passage 1 ?
A Teaching styles and their application
B. Teaching: then and now
C. When students become teachers
D. Why student-centred learning is best
READING PASSAGE 2
below.
THE FLAVOUR INDUSTRY
A. Read through the nutritional information on the food in your freezer, refrigerator or kitchen
pantry, and you are likely to find a simple, innocuous-looking ingredient recurring on a number of
products: natural flavour. The story of what natural flavour is, how it got into your food, and
where it came from is the result of more complex processes than you might imagine.
B. During the 1980s, health watchdogs and nutritionists began turning their attention to
cholesterol, a waxy steroid metabolite that we mainly consume from animal-sourced products such
as cheese, egg yolks, beef, poultry, shrimp, and pork. Nutritionists blamed cholesterol for
contributing to the growing rates of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and several cancers in Western
societies. As extensive recognition of the matter grew amongst the common people, McDonalds
stopped cooking their french fries in a mixture of cottonseed oil and beef tallow, and in 1990, the
restaurant chain began using 100% vegetable oil instead.
C. This substantially lowered the amount of cholesterol in McDonalds fries, but it created a new
dilemma The beef tallow and cottonseed oil mixture gave the French fries high cholesterol content,
but it also gifted them with a rich aroma and mouth-feel" that even James Beard, an American
food critic, admitted he enjoyed. Pure vegetable oil is bland in comparison. Looking at the current
ingredients list of McDonalds French fries, however, it is easy to see how they overcame this
predicament Aside from a few preservatives, there are essentially three main ingredients: potato,
soybean oil, and the mysterious component of natural flavour.
D. Natural flavour also entered our diet through the rise in processed foods, which now make up
over 90% (and growing) of the American diet, as well as representing a burgeoning industry in
developing countries such as China and India Processed foods are essentially any foods that have
been boxed, bagged, canned or packaged, and have a list of ingredients on the label. Sometimes,
the processing involves adding a little sodium or sugar, and a few preservatives. Often, however,
it is coloured, bleached, stabilized, emulsified, dehydrated, odour-concealed, and sweetened. This

process typically saps any original flavour out of the product, and so, of course, flavour must be
added back in as well.
E. Often this is natural flavour, but while the term may bring to mind images of fresh barley,
hand-ground spices, and dried herbs being traded in a bustling street market, most of these natural
sources are, in fact, engineered to culinary perfection in a set of factories and plants off the New
Jersey Turnpike outside of New York. Here, firms such as International Flavors & Fragrances,
Harmen & Keimer, Flavor Dynamics, Frutarom and Elan Chemical isolate and manufacture the
tastes that are incorporated in much of what we eat and drink. The sweet, summery burst of
naturally squeezed orange juice, the wood-smoked aroma in barbeque sauces, and the creamy,
buttery, fresh taste in many dairy products do not come from sundrenched meadows or backyard
grills but are formed in the labs and test tubes of these flavour industry giants.
F. The scientists - dubbed flavourists who create the potent chemicals that set our olfactory
senses to overdrive use a mix of techniques that have been refined over many years. Part of it is
dense, intricate chemistry: spectrometers, gas chromatographs, and headspace-vapour analysers
can break down components of a flavour in amounts as minute as one part per billion. Not to be
outdone, however, the human nose can isolate aromas down to three parts per trillion. Flavourists,
therefore, consider their work as much an art as a science, and flavourism requires a nose trained
with a delicate and poetic sense of balance.
G. Should we be wary of the industrialisation of natural flavour? On its own, the trend may not
present any clear reason for alarm. Nutritionists widely agree that the real assault on health in the
last few decades stems from an unholy trinity of sugar, fat, and sodium in processed foods.
Natural flavour on its own is not a health risk. It does play a role, however, in helping these
processed foods to taste fresh and nutritious, even when they are not. So, while the natural flavour
industry should not be considered the culprit, we might think of it as a willing accomplice.
Questions 14-21: Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct letter. A-G, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet
14. examples of companies that create natural flavours
15. an instance of a multinational franchise responding to public pressure
16. a statement on the health effects of natural flavours
17. an instance where a solution turns into a problem
18. a place in the home where one may encounter the term natural flavour
19. details about die transformation that takes place in processed grocery items
20. a comparison of personal and technological abilities in flavour detection
21. examples of diet-related health conditions
Passage 2?
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
22. On their own, vegetable oils do not have a strong flavour.

23. Soybean oil is lower in cholesterol than cottonseed oil.
24. Processed foods are becoming more popular in some Asian countries.
25. All food processing involves the use of natural flavours.

Question 26: Choose the correct letter. A, B.C, or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet
26. The writer of Reading Passage 2 concludes that natural flavours .......................
A. are the major cause of dietary health problems.
B. are unhealthy, but not as had as sugar, fat, and sodium.
C. have health benefits that other ingredients tend to cancel out. D help make unhealthy foods
taste better.
READING PASSGE 3
below.
Austerity Measures
Austerity measures are actions that a state undertakes in order to pay back its creditors. Those
measures typically involve slashing government expenditure and hiking taxes, and most of the
time, these are imposed on a country when its national deficit is believed to have become
unsustainable. In this situation, banks may lose trust in the governments ability or willingness to
repay existing debts, and in return can refuse to roll over current loans and demand cripplingly
excessive interest rates on new lending. Governments frequently then turn to the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), an intergovernmental organization that functions as a lender of last resort.
In return, the IMF typically demands austerity measures so that the indebted country is able to
curtail its budget deficit and fulfill their loan obligations.
A wave of austerity measures across Europe in 2010 has seen cuts and freezes to pensions, welfare
and public sector salaries as well as hikes to some taxes and excises. The Greek programme
attempts to narrow its budget shortfall from 8.1 per cent of GDP in 2010 to 2.6 per cent of GDP in
2014 primarily by freezing public sector incomes during that period and reducing public sector
allowances by 8 per cent. Additionally. VAT - the Greek sales tax - will be elevated to 23 per cent,
and excises on fuel, tobacco, and alcohol arc also subject to an increase. The statutory retirement
age for women will be raised to 65, matching it with the current retirement age for men. These
reforms have been deeply unpopular in Greece, prompting a succession of general strikes that have
further dented the economy.
IMF-imposed austerity measures have been indicted for encouraging the deep recession following
the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Starting from the early 1990s, international investors from
wealthier countries such as Japan and the United States began pouring money into Southeast Asia,
looking to make some quick returns, and the soaring economies of Thailand. Philippines, Malaysia
and others earned themselves the title the Asian tigers". When things started to turn sour,
however, the foreign investors panicked and retracted their investments en masse decimating Asian
currencies and turning millions of employees out of work. The IMF's role in the recovery was to
impose austerity measures that kept interest rates high while driving down wages and labour
standards at a time when workers were already suffering. According to one former IMF economist,
these interventions on a global scale have caused the deaths of 6 million children every year.
Many economists consequently view austerity measures as a terrible blunder. John Maynard
Keynes was the first to propose an alternative method, long before the Asian financial crisis.
Governments, he attempted to demonstrate, could conceivably spend their national economy out
of debt. Although logically implausible at first blush, this argument is based on the notion that
recessions deepen from a persistent cycle of low incomes, low consumer spending, and low
business growth. A government can theoretically reverse this downward spiral by injecting the
economy with much needed (albeit borrowed) capital. This is not equivalent to an indebted
consumer spending further into the red, Keynes argued, because while the consumer gains no
further income on that expenditure, the governments dollar goes into the economy and then
partially boomerangs later on in the form of taxation.
Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz follows up on this approach by noting that
households across the world are currently burdened with debt. For businesses to grow, he argues,
government and consumer expenditure must kick in first. Austerity measures lower the spending
capacity of households, and are, therefore, considered under-productive. Another recipient of the
Nobel Prize. Paul Krugman, points to the recent experiences of countries such as Ireland, Latvia
and Estonia. Countries that implement austerity are the good soldiers" of the crisis, he notes,
implementing savage spending cuts. But their reward has been a slump, and financial markets
continue to treat them as a serious default risk.
In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister David Cameron defended the necessity of austerity
measures for his country by denouncing the frivolity of governments that ratchet up spending at a
time the economy is contracting. This is in line with the counter-Keynesian viewpoint, known
broadly as the neoclassical position. Neoclassical economists argue that business is inspired by
fiscally conservative governments, and this confidence" helps re-ignite the economy. A British
think-tank economist, Marshall Auerback, questions this line of thinking, wondering if Cameron
suggests governments should only ratchet up spending when the economy is growing". This
Auerback warns, should be avoided because it presents genuine inflationary dangers.
Questions 27-31: Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 27- 31 on your answer sheet.
A government can undergo austerity measures by cutting spending and/or raising 27
.......................... If banks do not believe that a government will settle its debts, they may ask for
28 .................. that are too high to pay back. In these cases, the IMF is sometimes prepared to lend
money to these governments. One of the conditions of IMF loans is that recipient countries undergo
austerity measures to reduce their 29 ..................... and repay any debts. The IMF has attracted
criticism for its role in Asia after the 1997 financial crisis. The crisis was caused when international
investors pulled their money out of the region at once, causing 30 to foil and unemployment to
rise. The IMFs austerity measures set conditions that lowered incomes and 31
...................... These policies have caused great suffering internationally.
Questions 32-35: Choose FOUR letters AG. Write the correct letters in boxes 32-35 on your
answer sheet.
Which FOUR items are identified as features of the Greek governments austerity measure
programme in 2010?
A. reducing public sector wages between 2010 and 2014
B. cutting allowances for public sector workers
C. raising the sales tax
D. making the compulsory retirement age the same for both genders
E. multiple general strikes
F. making cigarettes more expensive
G. eliminating the budget deficit
Questions 36-40: Look at the following people (Questions 36-40) and the list of statements
below.
Match each person with an appropriate statement, AF.
36. John Maynard Keynes
37. David Cameron
38. Marshall Auerback
39. Joseph Stiglitz
40. Paul Kingman
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The pie charts below give information about the composition of household rubbish in the United
Kingdom in two different years.
where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
Some people believe that using animals to test the safety of human medicines is cruel and
unwarranted, whereas others feel it is a medical necessity.
Discuss both views and state vour own opinion.
experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning/afternoon. My name is______. Can you tell me your full name, please?
Have vou always lived in this area?
Which part of the area where you live do you find most interesting? Why?
Do you have a job or are you a full-time student at the moment?
What type of job will your studies lead you to?
For how many years will you need to study in order to bccome qualified?
Now lets talk about shopping.
Which types of shops do you usually like to shop at? Why?
What types of things do you buy most often? Why?
Do you prefer shoping alone or with others? Why?
Would you describe shopping as a hobby or a chore? Why?

Let's talk about reading.
What types of books do you enjoy reading? Why?
Do most of your friends enjoy reading similar types of books?
Winch do you generally prefer, a book or the movie version of that book? Why?
Is there anything that you dont like about reading? Why?

Now let's talk about relaxing.
What is your preferred way of relaxing? Why?

What is the effect on you when you take time to relax?
Do you think you have more or less time to relax nowadays than you used to? Why?
Do other people you know have much time to relax? Why? Why not?
PART 2
Id like you to talk about an interesting advertisement you have seen.
Describe an interesting advertisement you have seen.
You should say:
where you saw the advertisement
what it was advertising
why you thought it was interesting
and say whether or not this advertisement influenced you to buy the product or service it was
promoting.
Do you often watch advertisements on television?
Do you generally find advertisements interesting?
PART 3
We've been talking about an advertisement you found interesting and now I'd like to discuss with
you one I or two more general questions related to this. Lets consider iirst the topic of the
advertising industry as a whole.
Why do you think that some people become annoyed with advertising? Would you agree
that advertising can be irritating? Why?
How effective do you ihink the medium of advertising is? Why?
What changes have there been in the wav products are advertised and promoted over the
last
Now, let's talk about advertising and social issues.
Advertisements for social issues such as drink-dming often use graphic images to convey
their message. What in your opinion is the impact of these types of advertisements?
Increasingly, a number of charities arc utilising advertising and marketing as a method of
promoting their causes. How effective do you think these types of campaigns are?
Some people feel that using celebrities to back a particular cause or social issue is a very
effective way to encourage public support of that cause. What's your opinion?
TEST 9
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Question 1-4
Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR
NUMBERS for each gap.
1 Martina Bilas appointment with the accommodation officer is at ..............................
2 Martinas current accommodation is ............................. from the university than she expected.
3 The landlady is a ...........................
4 The ........................... to the university isnt good.
Question 5-7
Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
5 Martina is looking for.........................
A. catered accommodation.
B. self-catering accommodation.
C. a place with a landlady.
D. catered or self-catering university accommodation.
6 The accommodation officer received details of some accommodation.......................
A. the day before Martina made the appointment.

B. the day Martina made the appointment.
C. the day after Martina made the appointment.
D. the day before he met Martina.
7 When does the accommodation officer think other accommodation will be available?
A. In the next few days
C. Not for along while
B. In the next few weeks
D. He doesn't know.
Question 8-10
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR
NUMBERS for each answer.
8 How much do students pay for catered accommodation during term-time? .......................
9 What nationality arc Martina's new flatmates? ..........................
10 What will Martina lose? ........................
SECTION 2
Question 11 and 12: Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS for each answer.
11 What is the title of a series of presentations that David Price will make? ..........................
12 What item has David Price given each student? .........................
Question 13 and 14
Decide which TWO things David Price recommends doing one year before going abroad.
You may write your answers in either order. Choose from the following list:
A. apply for scholarships
B. consult tutor about current course
C. make a precise budget for your studies abroad
D. think about how you will pay your fees
E. book accommodation
F. pay your fees to the foreign university
Question 15 and 16
Decide which TWO things David Price recommends doing six months before going abroad.
You may write your answers in either order. Choose from the following list:
A. get a new passport
B. revalidate your passport
C. ensure your passport is valid for at least six months
D. get a visa for the country you are going to
E. ensure your passport is full
F. make sure your passport has some empty pages
D. check if flights arrive on time
E. book accommodation
F. make sure you have a conditional university offer

Question 19 and 20
Complete the following summary of what students should do about health issues, using NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.
One month before leaving, find out if you can get 19......................where you are going to. Two
weeks before you leave, ask your doctor to 20..........................giving reasons for any medicines
you are taking with you.
SECTION 3
Question 21-23: Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for
each answer.
21 What was the student surprised to discover he had a lot of? ..........................
22 What does the student need to learn the fundamentals of? ...........................
23 On what basis should the student prepare his schedules? .............................
Question 24-26
Complete the following notes using only ONE word for each gap. Professors suggestions:
make a plan for your studies
make a plan for your free time
24.......................plans if necessary
see how much time you need for activities as you 25.......................with your studies
keep schedules balanced and 26.....................
Question 27-30
Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
27 The professor points out that the university language centre.........................
A. would certainly be useful for the student.
B. is likely to be useful for the student.
C. is available for students.
D. has a wide range of materials.
28 The professor suggests that the student.........................
A. join the support group for students on his course.
B. join the support group for students from his country.
C. identify problems that people from his country have in Britain.
D. create a support group.
29 The student says that......................
A. he doesnt know anyone on his course.
B. he doesnt know the overseas students on his course.
C. there are no people from his country on his course.
D. there are few overseas students on his course.
30 The International Student Advisor recommended a book.......................
A. but didnt say the title clearly.
B. but couldnt remember the title.

C. for all students.
D. for overseas students.
SECTION 4
Question 31-34
Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each gap.
31 Students whose previous educational experience was ...................... often find it hard to become
independent learners.
32 A student or staff member might become a..........................to a student working independently.
33 Study trips provide opportunities for independent students to learn off..........................
34 The ELC is used by students on a..........................basis.
Question 35-37
Complete the notes concerning the example of Mary and Jim, using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS for each gap.
talk to the English tutor at the ELC
35 ..................... materials
decide which materials to use first and how
discuss problems, 36....................... , and evaluate each other
review using notes
decide if 37 ........................ has been achieved

continue with topic or move to another
Question 38
Decide which of the following can be used by independent learners. Write all the correct letters in
any order.
A. tapes
B. computer programs
C. letters
D. discussions with native speakers
E. newspapers and magazines
Question 39-40
Decide which of the following places independent learners can learn at. Write both the correct
letters in either order.
A. libraries
B. the International Student Affairs Office
C. museums
D. shops
E. cafes
READING
READING PASSAGE I
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions I - 13, which are based on Heading Passage 1
below.
DISORDERS: AN OVERVIEW
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder have difficulty understanding what other people
are saying, need help to play with other children, enjoy routines and find unfamiliar situations
difficult. People with Autistic Spectrum Disorder can be good at creative activities like art,
music and poetry. They can concentrate on one thing for a long time no they can become very
good at something that they like doing.
ADHD - Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
People with ADHD have three types of problems. Overactive behaviour (hyperactivity), impulsive
behaviour and difficulty pitying attention. Children with ADHD arc not just very active but have
a wide range of problem behaviours which can make them very difficult to care for and control.
Those who have ADHD often find it difficult to fit in at school. They may also have problems
getting on with other children. Some children have significant problems with concentration and
attention, but are not necessarily overactive or impulsive. These children arc sometimes described
as having Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) rather than ADHD. ADD can easily be missed
because the child is quiet and dreamy rather than disruptive. ADHD is not related to intelligence.
Children with all levels of ability can have ADHD.
Stress
Stress can be defined as the way you feel when youre under abnormal pressure. All sorts of
situations can cause stress. The most common, however. involve work, money matters and
relationships with partners, children or other family members. Stress may be caused either by
major upheavals and life events such as divorce, unemployment, moving house and bereavement,
or by a series of minor irritations such as feeling undervalued at work or dealing with difficult
children. Some stress can be positive and research has suggested that a moderate level of stress
makes us perform better. It also makes us more alert and can help us in challenging situations such
as job interviews or public speaking. Stressful situations can also be exhilarating and some people
actually thrive on the excitement that comes with dangerous sports or other high-risk activities.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a diagnosis given to some people who have severely disrupted beliefs
and experiences. During an episode of schizophrenia, a persons experience and interpretation of

the outside world is disrupted - they may lose touch with reality, see or hear things that are not
there and act in unusual ways in response to these hallucinations'. An episode of schizophrenia
can last for several weeks and can be very frightening. The causes arc unknown but episodes of
schizophrenia appear to be associated with changes in some brain chemicals. Stressful experiences
and some recreational drugs tire sometimes thought to trigger an episode.
Depression
Depression describes a range of moods, from the low spirits that we all experience, to a
severe problem that interferes with everyday life. The latter type, sometimes referred to as
"clinical depression", is defined its "a persistent exaggeration of the everyday feelings that
accompany sadness". If you have severe depression you may experience low mood, loss of interest
and pleasure as well as feelings of worthlessness and guilt. You may also experience tearfulness,
poor concentration, reduced energy, reduced or increased appetite, changes in weight, sleep
problems and anxiety. You may even feel that life is not worth living, and plan or attempt suicide.
Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder in Adults
Imagine you are getting up in the morning. You know you will need to go to the bathroom, but the
thought of accidentally touching the doorknob is frightening. There may be dangerous bacteria on
it. Of course you cleaned the entire bathroom yesterday, including the usual series of spraying
disinfectant, washing and rinsing. As usual it took a couple of hours to do it the right way. Even
then you werent sure whether you had missed an area, so you had to re-wash the floor. Naturally
the doorknob was sprayed and rubbed three times with a bactericidal spray. Now the thought that
you could have missed a spot on the doorknob makes you very nervous.
This description might give you some sense of the tormented and anxious world that people with
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) live in. It is a world filled with dangers from outside and
from within. Often elaborate rituals and thoughts are used to ward off feared events, but no amount
of mental or physical activity seems adequate, so doubt and anxiety are often present.
People who do not have OCD may perform behaviours in a ritualistic way, repeating, checking,
or washing things out of habit or concern. Generally this is done without much, if any, worry.
What distinguishes OCD as a psychiatric disorder is that the experience of obsessions, and the
performance of rituals, reaches such an intensity or frequency that it causes significant
psychological distress and interferes in a significant way with psycho-social functioning. The
guideline of at least one hour spent on symptoms per day is often used as a measure of significant
interference. However, among patients who try to avoid situations that bring on anxiety and
compulsions, the actual symptoms may not consume an hour. Yet the quantity of time lost from
having to avoid objects or situations would dearly constitute interfering with functioning.
Consider, for instance, a welfare mother who throws out more than $100 of groceries a week
because of contamination fears. Although this behaviour has a major effect on her functioning, it
might not consume one hour per day.
Patients with OCD describe their experience as having thoughts (obsessions) that they
associate with some danger. The sufferer generally recognises that it is his or her own thoughts,
rather than something imposed by someone else (as in some paranoid schizophrenic patients).
However, the disturbing thoughts cannot be dismissed, and simply nag at the sufferer. Something
must then be done to relieve the danger and mitigate the fear. This leads to actions and thoughts
that are intended to neutralise the danger. These are the compulsions. Because these behaviours
seem to give the otherwise helplessly anxious person something to combat the danger, they are
temporarily reassuring. However, since the 'danger' is typically irrational or imaginary, it simply
returns, thereby triggering another cycle of the briefly reassuring compulsions. From the
standpoint of classic conditioning, this pattern of painful obsession followed by temporarily
reassuring compulsion eventually produces an intensely ingrained habit. It is rare to see obsessions
without compulsions.
The two most common obsessions are fears of contamination and fear of harming oneself or others,
while the two most common compulsions are checking and cleaning.
Questions 1-5
Look at the statements (Questions I - 5) and the list of disorders (A - G) below. Match each
statement with the correct disorder A - G. Write the correct letter A - G next to questions I - 5
below.
NB There are more disorders than descriptions, so you will not use them all.
1 can be positive in small doses but is generally associated with pressure
2 feeling that there is danger constantly present
3 has experiences that may or may not be part of the real world
4 active to the point of losing concentration and becoming disruptive
5 good at art but not at communicating
Types of Disorders
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Stress
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Attention Deficit Disorder
Schizophrenia
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Depression
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Questions 6-9
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Disorder
Personality Trait Exhibited by Sufferer
Autism Spectrum Disorder

Attention Deficit Disorder
Schizophrenia
Depression
Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder
My excel in activities of a 6.....................nature

May appear 7............................ .
May respond to experiencing episodes of the disease by
behaving in very 8 ............................ .
May experience feelings of futility that lead to thoughts
of 9............................ .
May frequently experience feelings of doubt and
anxiety.
Questions 10 - 13
Choose the correct Utter, A, B, C or D.
10 Which disorder could causc visible physical changes?
A Autistic Spectrum Disorder
B Stress
C Schizophrenia
D Depression
11 Episodes of which disorder may last for a limited period of time?
A ADHD
B Autistic Spectrum Disorder
C schizophrenia
D depression
12 W'hich disorder can be triggered by the death of a loved one?
A Autistic Spectrum Disorder
B ADHD
C Stress
D OCD
13 What characterises sufferers of OCD?
A the fear of going outside
B the performance of rituals
C the desire to hurt others
D the feeling that they are helpless to ease their distress
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
THE DEVELOPING WORLD
A
THE DEVELOPING WORLD - the economically underdeveloped countries of Asia. Africa.
Oceania and Latin America - is considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as
poverty, high birth rates, and economic dependence on the advanced countries. Until recently, the
developing world was known as the third world'. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined
the expression (in French) in 1952 by analogy with the 'third estate' - the commoners of France
before and during the French Revolution - as opposed to priests and nobles, comprising the First
and second estates respectively. Like the third estate, wrote Sauvy, 'the third world is nothing,
and it wants to be something'. The term therefore implies that the third world is exploited, much
as the third estate was exploited and that, like the third estate, its destiny is a revolutionary one. It
conveys as well a second idea, also discussed by Sauvy - that of nonalignment, for the developing
world belongs neither to the industrialised capitalist world nor to the industrialised former
communist bloc. The expression 'third world was used at the 1955 conference of Afro-Asian
countries held in Bandung. Indonesia. In 1956 a group of social scientists associated with Sauvy's
National Institute of Demographic Studies, in Paris, published a book called Le Tiers-Monde'.
Three years later, the French economist Francois Perroux launched a new journal, on problems of
underdevelopment, with the same title. By the end of the 1950s the term was frequently employed
in the French media to refer to the underdeveloped countries of Asia. Africa, Oceania and Latin
America. Present day politicians and social commentators, however, now use the term developing
world' in a politically correct effort to dispel the negative connotations of third world'.
B
Countries in the developing world have a number of common traits: distorted and highly dependent
economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world; traditional, rural social
structures; high population growth and widespread poverty. Nevertheless, the developing world is
sharply differentiated, for it includes countries on various levels of economic development. And
despite the poverty of the countryside and the urban shanty towns, the ruling elites of most third
world countries are wealthy.
C
This combination of conditions in Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America is linked to the
absorption of the developing world into the international capitalist economy, by way of conquest
or indirect domination. The main economic consequence of Western domination was the creation,
for the first time in history, of a world market. By setting up sub-economies linked to the West
throughout the developing world, and by introducing other modern institutions, industrial
capitalism disrupted traditional economies and, indeed, societies. This disruption led to
underdevelopment.
D
Because the economies of underdeveloped countries have been geared to the needs of
industrialised countries, they often comprise only a few modem economic activities, such as
mining or the cultivation of plantation crops. Control over these activities has often remained in
the hands of large foreign firms. The prices of developing world products are usually determined
by large buyers in the economically dominant countries of the West, and trade with the West
provides almost all the developing world's income. Throughout the colonial period, outright
exploitation severely limited the accumulation of capital within the foreign dominated countries.
Even after decolonisation (in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s), the economies of the developing world
grew slowly, or not at all, owing largely to the deterioration of the terms of trade - the relationship
between the cost of the goods a nation must import from abroad and its income from the exports
it sends to foreign countries. Terms of trade are said to deteriorate when the cost of imports rises
faster than income from exports. Since buyers in the industrialised countries determined the prices
of most products involved in international trade, the worsening position of the developing world
was scarcely surprising. Only the oil-producing countries - after 1973 - succeeded in escaping the
effects of Western domination of the world economy.
E
No study of the developing world could hope to assess its future prospects without taking into
account population growth. While the mortality rate from poverty-related diseases continues to
cause international concern, the birth rate continues to rise at unprecedented levels. This population
explosion in the developing world will surely prevent any substantial improvements in living
standards, as well as threaten people in stagnant economies with worsening poverty and starvation
levels.
Questions 14 - 18
Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A - E.
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate number i - viii in spaces 14-18 below.
List of Headings
i The great divide between rich and poor.
ii The status and destiny of the developing' world follows a European precedent.
iii Economic progress in the developing world slowed down In political unrest.
iv More people, less food.
v Western countries refuse to acknowledge their history of colonisation.
vi Open trade is the main reason these countries become impoverished.
vii Rivalry in the developing world between capitalist and former communist bloc countries.
vii Prices and conditions set by outsiders
14
Paragraph A ________
15
Paragraph B ________
16
Paragraph C ________
17
Paragraph D ________
18
Paragraph E ________
Questions 19-22
In spaces 19-22 below, write
YES
NO
if the statement contradicts with the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN
19 Agriculture still plays a role in the economy of developing countries. ________

20 The population of the developing world increases at such a fast
________
rate because they constantly need to renew the labour force.
________
21 Countries that spend more on imports than they earn from exports can experience
problems.
________
22 Like the developing world, oil-rich countries are also victims of dominance by
Western powers.
________
Questions 23 - 26
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A - F below.
Write the correct letter A - F in spaces 23 - 26 below.
23 Countries in the developing world
..
24 The term the third world implies
..
25 One factor that is prevalent in the developing world is
..
26 One consequence of the terms of trade was
..
A economic dependence on developed countries.

B that decolonisation took a long time to achieve.
C dictate the needs of industrialised countries.
D share common characteristics..
E that many economies stagnated.
F a society that wants something it does not have.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
BIOMETRICS
A
The term "biometrics is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure). It refers
to technologies for measuring and analysing a persons physiological or behavioural
characteristics, such as fingerprints, irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements,
for identification and verification purposes. One of the earliest known examples of biometrics in
practice was a form of fingerprinting used in China in the 14th century. Chinese merchants stamped
children's palm prints and footprints on paper with ink to distinguish the young children from one
another. This method of biometrics is still being practised today.
B
Until the late 1800s, identification largely relied upon 'photographic memory.' In the 1890s, an
anthropologist and police desk clerk in Paris named Alphonse Bertillon sought to fix the problem
of identifying convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of study.
He developed a method of multiple body measurements which was named after him - Bertillonage.
Bertillon based his system on the claim that measurement of adult bones does not change after the
age of 20. He also introduced a cataloguing system, which enabled the filing and checking of
records quite quickly. His system was used by police authorities throughout the
world, until 1903, when two identical measurements were obtained for two different persons at
Fort Leavenworth prison. The prison switched to fingerprinting the following day and the rest of
the world soon followed, abandoning Bertillonage forever. After the failure of Bertillonage, the
police started using fingerprinting, which was developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland
Yard, essentially reverting to the same methods used by the Chinese for years.
C
In the past three decades biometrics has moved from a single method (fingerprinting) to more than
ten different methods. Hundreds of companies are involved with this development and continue to
improve their methods as the technology available to them advances. As the industry grows,
however, so does the public concern over privacy issues. Laws and regulations continue to be
drafted and standards are beginning to be developed. While no other biometric has yet reached the
wide range of use of fingerprinting, some are beginning to be used in both legal and business areas.
D
Identification and verification have long been in practice by presenting a personal document, such
as a licence, ID card or a passport. It may also require personal information such as passwords or
PINs. For security reasons, often two, or all three, of these systems are combined but as times
progress, we are in constant need for more secure and accurate measures.
Authentication by biometric verification is becoming increasingly common in corporate and public
security systems, consumer electronics and point of-sale applications. In addition to security, the
driving force behind biometric verification has been convenience. Already, many European
countries are introducing a biometric passport which will carry a paper-thin computer chip to store
the facial image and at least one additional biometric identifier. This will help to counter
fraudulent efforts to obtain duplicate passports and will verify the identity of the holder against the
document.
E
Identification and verification are mainly used today in the fight against crime with the methods
of fingerprint and DNA analysis. It is also used in security for granting access rights by voice
pattern recognition. Additionally, it is used for personal comfort by identifying a person
and changing personal settings accordingly, as in setting car seats by facial recognition. Starting
in early 2000, the use of biometrics in schools has become widespread, particularly in the UK and
USA. A number of justifications are given for such practices, including combatting truancy, and
replacing library cards or meal cards with fingerprinting systems. Opponents of school biometrics
have raised privacy concerns against the creation of databases that would progressively include
the entire population.
F
Biometric devices consist of a reader or scanning device, software that converts the gathered
information into digital form, and a database that stores the biometric data for comparison with
previous records. When converting the biometric input, the software identifies specific points of
data as match points. The match points are processed using an algorithm into a value that can be
compared with biometric data in the database. There are two types of biometrics: behavioural
and physical. Behavioural biometrics are generally used for verification while physical biometrics
can be used for either identification or verification.
G
Iris-pattern and retina-pattern authentication methods are already employed in some bank
automatic teller machines. Voice waveform recognition, a method of verification that has been
used for many years with tape recordings in telephone wiretaps, is now being used for access to
proprietary databanks in research facilities. Facial-recognition technology has been used by
law enforcement to pick out individuals in large crowds with considerable reliability. Hand
geometry is being used in industry to provide physical access to buildings. Earlobe geometry has
been used to disprove the identity of individuals who claim to be someone they are not (identity
theft). Signature comparison is not as reliable, all by itself, as other biometric verification methods
but offers an extra layer of verification when used in conjunction with one or more other methods.
No matter what biometric methodology is used, the identification verification process remains the
same. A record of a person's unique characteristic is captured and kept in a database. Later on,
when identification verification is required, a new record is captured and compared with the
previous record in the database. If the data in the new record matches that in the database record,
the persons identity is confirmed.
H
As technology advances, and time goes on, more and more private companies and public utilities
will use biometrics for safe, accurate identification. However, these advances will raise many
concerns throughout society, where many may not be educated on the methods. Some believe this
technology can cause physical harm to an individual using it, or that instruments used are
unsanitary. For example, there are concerns that retina scanners might not always be clean There
are also concerns as to whether our personal information taken through biometric methods can be
misused, tampered with, or sold, eg. by criminals stealing, rearranging or copying the biometric
data Also, the data obtained using biometrics can be used in unauthorised ways without the
individual's consent. Much still remains to be seen in the effectiveness of biometric verification
before we can identify it as the safest system for identification.
Questions 27 - 31
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A - H.
Write the correct letter A - H in spaces 27 - 31 below.
27 possible health hazards associated with the use of biometrics
28 convicted criminals were not the first to be identified by the use of biometrics
29 the application of mathematics in assessing biometric data
30 despite its limitations, biometries has bccomc a commercial field of activity
31 some biometric methods are useful only in conjunction with others
Questions 32 - 34
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
32 Members of the public are becoming increasingly worried about the
that may accompany the use of biometrics.
33 Biometries can be used to improve the
of drivers and passengers.
34 Regardless of the technology used, it has one common purpose:
to find somebodys and store it on computer.
Questions 35 - 40
Compute the summary unlh the list of words A - L below.
Write the correct Utter A - Lin spaces 35 - 40 below.
BIOMETRICS
As long ago as the 14th century, the Chinese made use of biometrics in order to tell young children
apart, but it was only in the 1890s when it was first used by the authorities as a means of 35
.............................. in criminal cases. The system developed by the Frenchman Bertillon that of measuring adult bones - was flawed, however, and so police adopted 36 ..............................
as a more reliable way of identifying suspects. Governments, companies and even schools employ
biometric technology to ensure, for example, that people do not enter a country illegally, gain
access to certain buildings, or assume someone else's 37 .............................. . Apart from security,
another important 38 behind biometric verification has been 39 .............................. .The use of
biometrics, however, has its critics, who say that the data collected could be used for different
purposes without our 40 .............................. .
A identification
D scanning
G violation
J approval
B security
E fingerprinting
H measuring
K factor
C convenience
F identity
I justification
L apprehension
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The table below gives information about past and projected population figures in various countries
for different years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Population (milions)
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic:
Some individuals feel that working from home, while of benefit to employees, is actually a
drawback for employers.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning/afternoon. My name is______.Can you tell me your full name, please?
What is your town famous for?
Do many people visit your town?
What sights would you recommend to a visitor to your town? Why?

Which subjects are you studying at the moment?
Why did you choose to study these subjects?
Are there any subjects which you are not studying but are interested in?
Now, let's talk about music.
How do you usually find out about new music?
Where do you normally buy new music? Why?
Do you think listening to music can have an effect on your moods? Why?
What do you enjoy most about listening to music? Why?
Now, lets talk about friends.
How often do you spend time with your friends?
What type of things do s ou and your friends do together?
What kinds of things do you do to show you are a good friend?
Would you prefer to have a lot of acquaintances or a few good friends? Why?
Now, let's talk about emails.
When was the last time you sent or received an email?
What purpose do you mainly use email for? Why?
Do you prefer to receive group or individual emails? Why?
Is there anything that you dislike about emails?
PART 2
Id like you to talk about an activity which you enjoy doing outdoors.
Describe an activity which you enjoy doing outdoors.
You should say:
where and when you like to do it

who you like to do it with
how often you do it
and say why you enjoy doing this activity.
Do you often do this outdoor activity?
Is the location for this activity close to home?
PART 3
We've been talking about an outdoor activity you enjoy and now I'd like to discuss with you one
or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of conserving outdoor
spaces.
Do you think that people nowadays are more or less aware of conserving public spaces for
parks and reserves in comparison to 20 years ago? Why? Why not?
Some people argue- that urban development is more important than keeping public spaces
for recreation? What's your view?
Who, tends to enjoy outdoor recreation spaces more: young people or old people? Why? I
Now, let's talk about working outdoors.

What types of jobs do people in your country do in the outdoors?
What are some of the advantages of working outdoors? Why?
Are there any draw backs to working outdoors? Why?
TEST 10
LISTENING
SECTION 1
Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Transport from Airport to Milton
Example
Answer
Distance:
147 miles
Options:
Car hire
dont want to drive
1
-
expensive
Greyhound bus
-
$15 single, $27.50 return
direct to the 2 .
long 3
Airport Shuttle
4 Service
every 2 hours
$35 single, $65 return
need to 5 ..
Questions 6-10
Complete the booking form below. Write ONE WORD AN DIOR A NUMBER for each answer.
AIRPORT SHUTTLE BOOKING FORM
To:
Milton
Date: 6 .
No. of passengers: One
Bus Time: 7 ..pm
Type of ticket: Single
Name: Janet 8 ..
Flight No: 9 .
From: London Heathrow
Address in Milton: Vacation Motel , 24 Kitchener Street

Fare:
$35
Credit Card No: (Visa) 10 ..
SECTION 2
Questions 11-16
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
11 PS Camping has been organising holidays for ..
A. years.
B. years.
C. years.
12 The company has most camping sites in ..
A. France.
B. Italy.
C. Switzerland.
13. Which organised activity can children do every day of the week?
A. football
B. drama
C. model making
14. Some areas of the sites have a no noise rule after ..
A. 9.30 p.m.
B. 10.00 p.m.
C. 10.30 p.m.
15 The holiday insurance that is offered by PS Camping .
A. can be charged on an annual basis.
B. is included in the price of the holiday.
C. must be taken out at the time of booking.
16 Customers who recommend PS Camping to friends will receive
A. a free gift.
B. an upgrade to a luxury tent.
C. a discount .
Questions 17-20
What does the speaker say about the following items?
Write the correct letter A, B or C next to questions 17-20.
A. They are provided in all tents.
B. They are found in central areas of the campsite.
C. They are available on request.
17 barbecues
18 toys
19 cool boxes
20 maps and buckets
SECTION 3
Questions 21-23
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS IN THE WORKPLACE
Individuals bring different:
ideas
21 .
learning experiences
Work behaviour differences are due to:
personality
22 ..
Effects of diversity on companies:
Advantage: diversity develops 23 .
Disadvantage: diversity can cause conflict
Questions 24-27
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
24 Janice thinks that employers should encourage workers who are
A. potential leaders.
B. open to new ideas.
C. good at teamwork.
25 Janice suggests that managers may find it difficult to .
A. form successful groups.
B. balance conflicting needs.
C. deal with uncooperative workers.
26 Janice believes employers should look for job applicants who .
A. can think independently.
B. will obey the system.

C. can solve problems.
27 Janice believes managers should .
A. demonstrate good behaviour.
B. encourage co-opcration early on.
C. increase financial incentives.
Questions 28-30
Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
28 All managers need to understand their employees and recognise their company's
29 When managing change, increasing the companys .. may be more important than
employee satisfaction.
30 During periods of change, managers may have to cope with increased amounts of
..
SECTION 4
Questions 31-35
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
SEMINAR ON ROCK ART

Preparation for fieldwork trip to Namibia in 31
Rock art in Namibia may be
paintings
engravings
Earliest explanation of engravings of animal footprints

They were used to help 32 ..learn about tracking
But:
Why are the tracks usually 33 ..?
Why are some engravings realistic and others unrealistic?
Why are the unrealistic animals sometimes half 34 ?

More recent explanation:
Wise men may have been trying to control wild animals with 35 ..
Comment:
Earlier explanation was due to scholars over-generalising from their experience of a different
culture.
Questions 36-40
Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
36 If you look at a site from a you reduce visitor pressure.
37 To camp on a site may be disrespectful to people from that ..
38 Undiscovered material may be damaged by .
39 You should avoid or tracing rock art as it is so fragile.
40 In general, your aim is to leave the site .
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
below.
Aphantasia: A life without mental images

Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the horizon
as the Sun rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind?
Most people can readily conjure images inside their head - known as their mind's eye. But this year
scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualise
mental images.
Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind's eye. He knew he was different even
in childhood. "My stepfather, when I couldn't sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained what
he meant, I tried to do it and I couldn't," he says. "I couldn't see any sheep jumping over fences,
there was nothing to count."
Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a
result, Niel admits, some aspects of his memory are "terrible", but he is very good at remembering
facts. And, like others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognise faces. Yet he does not see
aphantasia as a disability, but simply a different way of experiencing life.
Mind's eye blind
Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles. His
condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him what happens
when he tries to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing to describe, what happens in my head
when I think about things," he says. "When I think about my fiancee there is no image, but I am
definitely thinking about her, I know today she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm
not describing an image I am looking at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest
thing and maybe that is a source of some regret."
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very relaxed
about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One person who took
part in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" and "alone" after discovering
that other people could see images in their heads. Being unable to reminisce about his mother years
after her death led to him being "extremely distraught".
The super-visualiser
At the other end of the spectrum is children's book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on the
Fairytale Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on the vivid
images that leap into her mind's eye when she reads text from her author. When I met her in her
box-room studio in Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the next book. The text
describes a baby perilously climbing onto a chandelier.
"Straightaway I can visualise this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of ballroom,
and the little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains," she says. "I think I have a
strong imagination, so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it gets sort of bigger and
bigger in my mind and the characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn't really imagine what it's
like to not imagine, I think it must be a bit of a shame really."
Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the two
extremes of visualisation. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioural neurology, wants
to compare the lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its polar-opposite
hyperphantasia. His team, based at the University of Exeter, coined the term aphantasia this year
in a study in the journal Cortex.
Prof Zeman tells the BBC: "People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that this
has been recognised and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain to people
for years that there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others." How we imagine is
clearly very subjective - one person's vivid scene could be another's grainy picture. But Prof Zeman
is certain that aphantasia is real. People often report being able to dream in pictures, and there have
been reported cases of people losing the ability to think in images after a brain injury.
He is adamant that aphantasia is "not a disorder" and says it may affect up to one in 50 people. But
he adds: "I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life because many
of us spend our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind's eye which we inspect from
time to time, it's a variability of human experience."
Questions 15
Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text?
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualise mental
images.
2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.
3. People with aphantasia struggle to remember personal traits and clothes of different
people.
4. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancee in his mind.
5. Inability to picture things in someone's head is often a cause of distress for a person.
6. All people with aphantasia start to feel 'isolated' or 'alone' at some point of their lives.
7. Lauren Beard's career depends on her imagination.
8. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next book.
Questions 913
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
9. Only a small fraction of people have imagination as_________ as Lauren does.

10. Hyperphantasia is __________ to aphantasia.
11.There are a lot of subjectivity in comparing people's imagination - somebody's vivid scene
could be another person's __________ .
12. Prof Zeman is _________ that aphantasia is not an illness.
13. Many people spend their lives with _________ somewhere in the mind's eye.
READING PASSAGE 2
below.
Life lessons from villains, crooks and gangsters
(A) A notorious Mexican drug barons audacious escape from prison in July doesnt, at first,
appear to have much to teach corporate boards. But some in the business world suggest otherwise.
Beyond the morally reprehensible side of criminals' work, some business gurus say organised
crime syndicates, computer hackers, pirates and others operating outside the law could teach
legitimate corporations a thing or two about how to hustle and respond to rapid change.
(B) Far from encouraging illegality, these gurus argue that in the same way big corporations
sometimes emulate start-ups business leaders could learn from the underworld about flexibility,
innovation and the ability to pivot quickly. There is a nimbleness to criminal organisations that
legacy corporations [with large, complex layers of management] dont have, said Marc Goodman,
head of the Future Crimes Institute and global cyber-crime advisor. While traditional businesses
focus on rules they have to follow, criminals look to circumvent them. For criminals, the sky is
the limit and that creates the opportunity to think much, much bigger.
(C) Joaquin Guzman, the head of the Mexican Sinaloa drug cartel, for instance, slipped out of his
prison cell through a tiny hole in his shower that led to a mile-long tunnel fitted with lights and
ventilation. Making a break for it required creative thinking, long-term planning and perseverance
essential skills similar to those needed to achieve success in big business.
(D) While Devin Liddell, who heads brand strategy for Seattle-based design consultancy, Teague,
condemns the violence and other illegal activities he became curious as to how criminal groups
endure. Some cartels stay in business despite multiple efforts by law enforcement on both sides of
the US border and millions of dollars from international agencies to shut them down. Liddell
genuinely believes theres a lesson in longevity here. One strategy he underlined was how the bad
guys respond to change. In order to bypass the border between Mexico and the US, for example,
the Sinaloa cartel went to great lengths. It built a vast underground tunnel, hired family members
as border agents and even used a catapult to circumvent a high-tech fence.
(E) By contrast, many legitimate businesses fail because they hesitate to adapt quickly to changing
market winds. One high-profile example is movie and game rental company Blockbuster, which
didnt keep up with the market and lost business to mail order video rentals and streaming
technologies. The brand has all but faded from view. Liddell argues the difference between the
two groups is that criminal organisations often have improvisation encoded into their daily
behaviour, while larger companies think of innovation as a set process. This is a leadership
challenge, said Liddell. How well companies innovate and organise is a reflection of leadership.
Left-field thinking
(F) Cash-strapped start-ups also use unorthodox strategies to problem solve and build their
businesses up from scratch. This creativity and innovation is often borne out of necessity, such as
tight budgets. Both criminals and start-up founders question authority, act outside the system and
see new and clever ways of doing things, said Goodman. Either they become Elon Musk or El
Chapo. And, some entrepreneurs arent even afraid to operate in legal grey areas in their effort to
disrupt the marketplace. The co-founders of music streaming service Napster, for example,
knowingly broke music copyright rules with their first online file sharing service, but their
technology paved the way for legal innovation as regulators caught up.
(G) Goodman and others believe thinking hard about problem solving before worrying about
restrictions could prevent established companies falling victim to rivals less constrained by
tradition. In their book The Misfit Economy, Alexa Clay and Kyra Maya Phillips examine how
individuals can apply that mindset to become more innovative and entrepreneurial within corporate
structures. They studied not just violent criminals like Somali pirates, but others who break the
rules in order to find creative solutions to their business problems, such as people living in the
slums of Mumbai or computer hackers. They picked out five common traits among this group: the
ability to hustle, pivot, provoke, hack and copycat.
(H) Clay gives a Saudi entrepreneur named Walid Abdul-Wahab as a prime example. AbdulWahab worked with Amish farmers to bring camel milk to American consumers even before US
regulators approved it. Through perseverance, he eventually found a network of Amish camel milk
farmers and started selling the product via social media. Now his company, Desert Farms, sells to
giant mainstream retailers like Whole Foods Market. Those on the fringe dont always have the
option of traditional, corporate jobs and that forces them to think more creatively about how to
make a living, Clay said. They must develop grit and resilience in order to last outside the cushy
confines of cubicle life. In many cases scarcity is the mother of invention, Clay said.
Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs A-H. Match the headings below with the paragraphs.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
14. Jailbreak with creative thinking ____________
15. Five common traits among rule-breakers ____________
16. Comparison between criminals and traditional businessmen ___________
17. Can drug baron's espace teach legitimate corporations? ___________
18. Great entrepreneur ___________ .
19. How criminal groups deceive the law ___________.
20. The difference between legal and illegal organizations ___________ .
21. Similarity between criminals and start-up founders __________ .
Questions 2225
Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 2225 on your answer sheet.
22. To escape from a prison, Joaquin Guzman had to use such traits as creative thinking, long-term
planning and __________.
23. The Sinaloa cartel built a grand underground tunnel and even used a __________ to avoid the
fence.
24. The main difference between two groups is that criminals, unlike large corporations, often have
_________ ncoded into their daily life.
25. Due to being persuasive, Walid Abdul-Wahab found a ________ of Amish camel milk farmers.
Question 26
26. The main goal of this article is to:

A. Show different ways of illegal activity
B. Give an overview of various criminals and their gangs
C. Draw a comparison between legal and illegal business, providing examples
D. Justify criminals with creative thinking
READING PASSAGE 3
below.
As More Tech Start-Ups Stay Private, So Does the Money
Not long ago, if you were a young, brash technologist with a world-conquering start-up idea,
there was a good chance you spent much of your waking life working toward a single business
milestone: taking your company public.
Though luminaries of the tech industry have always expressed skepticism and even hostility
toward the finance industry, techs dirty secret was that it looked to Wall Street and the ritual of a
public offering for affirmation not to mention wealth.
But something strange has happened in the last couple of years: The initial public offering of
stock has become dclass. For start-up entrepreneurs and their employees across Silicon Valley,
an initial public offering is no longer a main goal. Instead, many founders talk about going public
as a necessary evil to be postponed as long as possible because it comes with more problems than
benefits.
If you can get $200 million from private sources, then yeah, I dont want my company under
the scrutiny of the unwashed masses who dont understand my business, said Danielle Morrill,
the chief executive of Mattermark, a start-up that organizes and sells information about the startup market. Thats actually terrifying to me.
Silicon Valleys sudden distaste for the I.P.O. rooted in part in Wall Streets skepticism of
new tech stocks may be the single most important psychological shift underlying the current
tech boom. Staying private affords start-up executives the luxury of not worrying what outsiders
think and helps them avoid the quarterly earnings treadmill.
It also means Wall Street is doing what it failed to do in the last tech boom: using traditional
metrics like growth and profitability to price companies. Investors have been tough on Twitter, for
example, because its user growth has slowed. They have been tough on Box, the cloud-storage
company that went public last year, because it remains unprofitable. And the e-commerce company
Zulily, which went public last year, was likewise punished when it cut its guidance for future sales.
Scott Kupor, the managing partner at the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, and his
colleagues said in a recent report that despite all the attention start-ups have received in recent
years, tech stocks are not seeing unusually high valuations. In fact, their share of the overall market
has remained stable for 14 years, and far off the peak of the late 1990s.
That unwillingness to cut much slack to young tech companies limits risk for regular investors.
If the bubble pops, the unwashed masses, if thats what we are, arent as likely to get washed out.
Private investors, on the other hand, are making big bets on so-called unicorns the Silicon
Valley jargon for start-up companies valued at more than a billion dollars. If many of those
unicorns flop, most Americans will escape unharmed, because losses will be confined to venture
capitalists and hedge funds that have begun to buy into tech start-ups, as well as tech founders and
their employees.
The reluctance and sometimes inability to go public is spurring the unicorns. By relying
on private investors for a longer period of time, start-ups get more runway to figure out sustainable
business models. To delay their entrance into the public markets, firms like Airbnb, Dropbox,
Palantir, Pinterest, Uber and several other large start-ups are raising hundreds of millions, and in
some cases billions, that they would otherwise have gained through an initial public offering.
These companies are going public, just in the private market, Dan Levitan, the managing
partner of the venture capital firm Maveron, told me recently. He means that in many cases, hedge
funds and other global investors that would have bought shares in these firms after an I.P.O. are
deciding to go into late-stage private rounds. There is even an oxymoronic term for the act of
obtaining private money in place of a public offering: Its called a private I.P.O.
The delay in I.P.O.s has altered how some venture capital firms do business. Rather than waiting
for an initial offering, Maveron, for instance, says it now sells its stake in a start-up to other, larger
private investors once it has made about 100 times its initial investment. It is the sort of return that
once was only possible after an I.P.O.
But there is also a downside to the new aversion to initial offerings. When the unicorns do
eventually go public and begin to soar or whatever it is that fantastical horned beasts tend to do
when theyre healthy the biggest winners will be the private investors that are now bearing most
of the risk.
It used to be that public investors who got in on the ground floor of an initial offering could
earn historic gains. If you invested $1,000 in Amazon at its I.P.O. in 1997, you would now have
nearly $250,000. If you had invested $1,000 in Microsoft in 1986, you would have close to half a
million. Public investors today are unlikely to get anywhere near such gains from tech I.P.O.s. By
the time tech companies come to the market, the biggest gains have already been extracted by
private backers.
Just 53 technology companies went public in 2014, which is around the median since 1980, but
far fewer than during the boom of the late 1990s and 2000, when hundreds of tech companies went
public annually, according to statistics maintained by Jay Ritter, a professor of finance at the
University of Florida. Todays companies are also waiting longer. In 2014, the typical tech
company hitting the markets was 11 years old, compared with a median age of seven years for tech
I.P.O.s since 1980.
Over the last few weeks, Ive asked several founders and investors why theyre waiting; few
were willing to speak on the record about their own companies, but their answers all amounted to
Whats the point?
Initial public offerings were also ways to compensate employees and founders who owned lots
of stock, but there are now novel mechanisms such as selling shares on a secondary market
for insiders to cash in on some of their shares in private companies. Still, some observers cautioned
that the new trend may be a bad deal for employees who arent given much information about the
companys performance.
One thing employees may be confused about is when companies tell them, Were basically
doing a private I.P.O., it might make them feel like theres less risk than there really is, said Ms.
Morrill of Mattermark. But she said it was hard to persuade people that their paper gains may never
materialize. The Kool-Aid is really strong, she said.
If the delay in I.P.O.s becomes a normal condition for Silicon Valley, some observers say tech
companies may need to consider new forms of compensation for workers. We probably need to
fundamentally rethink how do private companies compensate employees, because thats going to
be an issue, said Mr. Kupor, of Andreessen Horowitz.
During a recent presentation for Andreessen Horowitzs limited partners the institutions that
give money to the venture firm Marc Andreessen, the firms co-founder, told the journalist Dan
Primack that he had never seen a sharper divergence in how investors treat public- and privatecompany chief executives. They tell the public C.E.O., Give us the money back this quarter,
and they tell the private C.E.O., No problem, go for 10 years, Mr. Andreessen said.
At some point this tension will be resolved. Private valuations will not forever be higher than
public valuations, said Mr. Levitan, of Maveron. So the question is, Will private markets
capitulate and go down or will public markets go up?
If the private investors are wrong, employees, founders and a lot of hedge funds could be in for
a reckoning. But if theyre right, it will be you and me wearing the frown the public investors
who missed out on the next big thing.
Questions 2831
Write the correct letter in boxes 2831 on your answer sheet.
28. How much funds would you gain by now, if you had invested 1000$ in the Amazon in 1997?
A. 250,000$
B. close to 500,000$
C. It is not stated in the text
D. No funds
29. Nowadays founders talk about going public as a:
A. necessity
B. benefit
C. possibility
D. profit
30. In which time period was the biggest number of companies going public?
A. early 1990s
B. late 1900s and 2000s
C. 1980s
D. late 1990s
31. According to the text, which of the following is true?
A. Private valuations may be forever higher than public ones.
B. Public valuations eventually will become even less valuable.
C. The main question is whether the public market increase or the private market decrease.
D. The pressure might last for a long time.
Questions 3236
Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 3236 on your answer sheet.
32. Skepticism was always expected by the ___________of tech industry.

33. The new aversion to initial offerings has its ___________.
34. Selling shares on a secondary market is considered a ___________. mechanism.
35. Workers' compensation might be an ___________.
36. The public investors who failed to participate in the next big thing might be the ones wearing
the ___________.
Questions 3740
Do the following statements agree with the information in the IELTS reading text?
In boxes 3740 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
37. Private investors are bearing most of the risk.

38. Not many investors were willing to speak on the record.
39. The typical tech company hitting the markets in 1990s was 5 years old.
40. Marc Andreessen, the firm's co-founder, expressed amazement with divergency in how
investors treat public.
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
The diagram below shows how potato chips are made.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic:
The use of mobile phones has increased dramatically in recent years.
What are the positive and negative effects of this trend?
experience.
SPEAKING
PART 1
Good morning /afternoon. My name is___. Can you tell me your full name, please?
Tell me about the area where you live.
Wbat do you find most enjoyable about living there? Why?
What is the area w here you live famous or well known for?
Lets talk about your studies.
How long have you been studying English?
What do you like most aboui studying English?
Why are you sitting the IELTS test?
Now, let's talk about transport.
What is your preferred mode of transport? Why?
Do most of your friends use the method of transport to get around?
Are there any problems travelling around your city? Why?
In w hat way do these problems affect you?
Now, let's talk about a regular day for vou.
Tell me about a typical day for you.
Which time of day do you prefer? Why?
Do you think you will always prefer this rime of day? Why? Why not?
Are there any times of day that you don't like? Why?
Now, let's talk about collecting thiings.
Do you or anyone you know collect tilings? Why? Why not?
How docs she go about collecting these items?
How long has she been collecting these items?
What is the value in collecting things, do you think?
PART 2
Id like you to talk about something naughty that you did when you were a child.
Describe something naughty- you did when you were a child. You should say:
why you did it?
who else was involved?
what happened afterwards?
and say what impact this incident had on you.

Did you ever do the same thing again?
Did you often get into trouble as a child?
PART 3
We've been talking about something naughty you did as a child and now, I'd like to discuss with
you one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of parental
discipline.
Some people believe that smacking or using any type of physical violence as punishment
against a child is wrong. Wear's your view?
Why do you think some people have difficulty disciplining and controlling their children?
What are some of the disadvantages of having a strict upbringing?
Now, let's talk about children misbehaving.
What do you think are some of the reasons wbv children misbehave?
Do you think it is a good idea to ignore bad behaviour or punish it? Why?
Do you think that children nowadays misbehave more or less than those in the past? Why
might this be so?
AUDIOSCRIPTS
TEST 1
SECTION 1
TERRY: Expats Helpline; Terry Davies here. What can I do for you?
SAM: Hello Terry, Ive been in this country for a while and Ive just been offered a job in the city,
so I think Im going to need to open a bank account. I havent had one before, so Im wondering
what papers I need.
TERRY: Well basically youll need to be able to prove to the bank that youre who you say you
are and that you live where you say you do, OK?
SAM: Uh-huh.
TERRY: And for some banks, at least, that means youll have to show them two separate pieces
of identity, so Ill run through the list if you like.
SAM: Yes, please.
TERRY: OK, Ill bring it up on the screen. Lets see ... here it is ... right, the first thing it says is
a valid passport.
SAM: Mines Australian.
TERRY: Yes, that would be fine of course. The next one is a driving licence, and again one
from your country would be OK. Then thats followed by birth certificate... oh hang on, thats
only if youre under 18.
SAM: Which Im not.
TERRY: Right, so not that then. But you can also show them a benefit book, for instance if
youre in ill- health or unemployed or getting income support.
SAM: Yes, I could bring that. Or a letter from my employer, maybe?
TERRY: Well thats not actually on the list; so well have to assume you cant.
SAM: OK. And to prove where I live?
TERRY: Again, there are several possible things listed here. For instance you could use a bill for
council tax, or something else for where you live, such as an insurance certificate.
SAM: I've got one of those. Somewhere among all my papers. But what about bills? Things like
phone bills, I mean.
TERRY: As long as it has your address on it, yes, fine.
SAM: So a bill for my mobile would do, would it?
TERRY: Ah - I'm afraid it would have to be for a fixed line phone. You could use other types of
household bill, though. As long as you get them through the post.
SAM: How about an electricity bill? Thatll say where I live, wont it?
TERRY: If its in your name, and not that of a er... landlord, yes.
SAM: It is, so I'll probably take that then.
TERRY: Theres one other you might want to use: a vehicle registration document. If you have
a car or motorbike or something, of course.
SAM: No I haven't, actually.
SAM: Now I believe theres a bank actually inside the Commercial Centre, and I might open an
account there, seeing as how that's where Ill be every day.
TERRY: Yes, that would seem to make sense. I know people who bank there.
SAM: I actually read about it in a city guide - my cousin picked it up when he was here a couple
of years ago - and hmadc a few notes. Do you mind if I run through them with you now, just to
make sure the details haven't changed?
TERRY: Fine - go ahead.
SAM: OK, first question: its still a branch of the Popular Bank, is it, the one with links to
Australian banks?
TERRY: No, its actually been taken over by another big banking group: the Savings Bank. It still
seems quite popular, though, especially with people doing business in the Asia/Pacific area.
SAM: And when is it open? Monday to Saturday?

TERRY: I'll have to check their website for that. Give me a second or two, will you.
SAM: Sure.
TERRY: Right, Ive got it ... customer service... and it's ... just weekdays. Im afraid.
SAM: Does it say what their business hours are?
TERRY: Im just looking for that, it's on a different page for some reason ... I think there's been
a change at some banks in the last year or so ... yes here it is ... its open from nine thirty in the
morning till half past three in the afternoon.
SAM: And its on the top floor of the main Centre building is it, next to the Travel Agency?
TERRY: Thats where it used to be, but theyve since moved it to a slightly bigger place. Its on
the ground floor now.
SAM: And one last thing on this: I know most banks give incentives to young people to open
accounts with them, but apparently this one didnt. Do you know if they are offering anything
these days?
TERRY: Ill just check ... Im sure theyd say so on their new clients page if they were ... no,
theres nothing mentioned there.
SAM: Thats a pity. I was quite looking forward to getting my free gift!
TERRY: There are plenty of other banks within walking distance you know. It may be worth
shopping around to see what theyve got to offer: longer opening hours, including Saturdays,
perhaps less crowded
SAM: Can you tell me how to get to a couple of them? I know where the Commercial Centre is,
so thats probably my best starting place.
TERRY: Sure. For the Royal Bank you need to turn left when you leave the Centre, go along
Market Street past the Post Office, and turn left up Bridge Street, past the Shaw Theatre. Then you
take the first right. Youll see an Internet caf on the other side and the Royal is just a bit further
along on the right, directly opposite the Park Hotel.
SAM: OK, Ive got that. What about the Northern Bank?
TERRY: For that one you turn right as you come out of the Centre, and go along Market Street
until you come to the junction with West Street. There^you turn right again, and carry on up as far
as the next junction, where you take a left. Youll see the bank from there: its the third building
on the right.
SAM: Fine. And the last one, the National Bank?
TERRY: You can go either way from the Centre, really: up West Street or Bridge Street and then
along past City Hall. The bank is on the other side of the road, right next to the Tourist Office.
You cant miss it.
SAM: Great. Thanks a lot for you help.
TERRY: Any time. Bye.
SAM: Bye
SECTION 2
PRESENTER: Today I have with me Sandy Richardson of the local Workforce Center, and she'll
be talking about that critical step towards the goal of employment: the interview. Sandy, what is
an interview for, and whats the best way to approach it?
SANDY: A job interview is simply a meeting between you and a potential employer to discuss
your qualifications and see if there is a fit. The employer wants to verify what they know about
you and talk about your qualifications. If you have been called for an interview, you can assume
that the employer is interested in you. The employer has a need that you may be able to meet, so
its your goal to identify that need and convince the employer that youre the one for the job. As
everyone knows, interviews can be stressful, but when youre well prepared theres no reason to
panic. Preparation is the key to success in a job search, and you can begin by collecting together
all the documents you may need for the interview, such as extra copies of your resume, lists of
references, and letters of recommendation. You could also take some work samples, selecting from
what you have designed, drawn or written, for instance. And make sure you have a pen and pad of
paper for taking notes. The next step is to find out about the post. The more you know about the
job, the employer and the industry, the better prepared you will be to target your qualifications.
Always request a job description from the employer, and research employer profiles at the
Chamber of Commence or local library. You could also try to network with people who work for
the company, or with employees of companies associated with it. The next step is to match your
qualifications to the requirements of the job. A good approach is to write out your qualifications
along with the job requirements. Think about some standard interview questions and how you
might respond. Most questions are designed to find out more about you, your qualifications or to
test your reactions in a given situation. If you dont have any experience or skills in a required
area, think about how you might compensate for those deficiencies.
Sandy: During an interview its important that you be yourself. Get a good nights sleep and plan
your travel to be there in plenty of time, so that youre not arriving out of breath with 30 seconds
to spare. Dont, though, present yourself for the interview too early: ten minutes at most. In the
interview, listen carefully to each question asked. Take your time in responding and make sure
your answers are positive. Its important to express a good attitude and show that you are willing
to work, eager to learn and are flexible. If you are unsure of a question, dont be afraid to ask for
clarification. In fact, its sometimes a good strategy is to close a response with a question for the
interviewer. In general, focus on your qualifications and look for opportunities to personalize the
interview. Briefly answer questions with examples of how you responded in comparable situations,
from either your life or previous job experiences. Something you should avoid are yes or no
responses to questions, but don't dwell too long on non-job related topics. Use caution if you are
questioned about your salary requirements. The best strategy is to avoid the question until you
have been offered a job. Questions about salary asked before there is a job offer are usually
screening questions that may eliminate you from consideration, so be warned. On the other hand,
it isnt inappropriate to show your enthusiasm if your first impressions of the interview and of the
employer are good ones, so, if the job sounds like what you are looking for - say so. Keep in mind
that the interview is not over when you are asked if you have any questions. Come prepared to ask
a couple of specific questions that again show your knowledge and interest in the job. Close the
interview in the same friendly, positive manner in which you started. When the interview is over,
leave promptly. Dont overstay your time. Think about the interview and learn from the
experience. Evaluate the success and failures. The more you learn from the interview, the easier
the next one will become. Youll become much more confident. To close, here are a few more tips.
First, maintain good eye contact throughout the interview, and be aware of nonverbal body
language. Second, dress a step above what you would wear on the job, go to the hairdressers, have
a shave, et cetera. Remember that your appearance is a key indicator of whether you have the right
attitude, so it can pay to give some thought to how you look. And, finally, dont be a clock watcher!
SECTION 3
TUTOR: As you know, this week you choose your modules for the first year of study, so this
introductory meeting is aimed at helping you make informed choices. I think the best way to do
this is on a question-and-answer basis, so whod like to start? PAT:?
PAT: Yes, theres something I've been wondering about: will my choice affect my career
opportunities?
TUTOR: Well, for most students the choice of Level One modules won t be crucial in terms of a
later career. In fact, many graduate level jobs will accept graduates from a range of degree courses.
Employers will often be at least as interested in how well a student has performed academically,
and how the whole experience of university has developed the student as a person, as in the detail
of the course options chosen. Selecting modules that will interest you and in which you think you
will be particularly successful is therefore also likely to make good sense in career terms. On
certain degree courses, though, module choice can be important. This applies mainly to vocational
courses where the degree confers an accredited professional training as well as university
education. Usually the modules students are required to take will include all those needed to meet
those professional requirements. Your academic department, in this case Chemical and Process
Engineering, and the universitys Careers Service will be able to advise you, and will be pleased
to help you sort out anything you're not certain about PAT: Right.
RAJAV: Id like to ask a few things about the Applied Chemical Engineering module.
TUTOR: Fine. What would you like to know?
RAJAV: Well, apart from the work on practical engineering, what other topics are covered?
TUTOR: Some that might surprise you. One that students always seem to like includes
interviewing techniques, presentation skills and producing written reports.
RAJAV: Hmm ... they sound interesting. How are they taught?
TUTOR: Through lectures, practical classes and personal
TUTOR: Jals. Applied Chemical Engineering lasts all year of course, so theres plenty of time.
RAJAV: And what about assessment?
TUTOR: Through project work, usually, or dissertation. Not exams as such.
RAJAV: Is that the same for the Information Technology part of the module?
TUTOR: Yes, things like word processing and learning to create spreadsheets are tested in a
similar way on this module.
SONIA: Thats not the case in some other modules, is it?
TUTOR: No, it isnt. Are you thinking of any in particular?
SONIA: Yes, Im considering doing Fluid Mechanics.
The work on flow analysis looks interesting and I like the look of some of the other topics, too. So
how is that module tested?
TUTOR: Thats one of those which still uses written exams. The sit-down, formal type Im afraid!
SONIA: Oh that doesnt matter. 1 quite like that kind as it happens.
TUTOR: PAT: youve got a question.
PAT: Yes, I was wondering about Science I in Chemical Engineering. How is that organized? Its
a bit different from other modules isnt it?
TUTOR: Yes, it aims to give the necessary basis of physics and biology for those students who
havent studied the relevant subject at A level or equivalent.
In practice it means that students who have already studied physics are excused the physics
lectures, while those whove done biology are exempt from attending the biology lectures. In the
second part of the module youre assessed on your project work in one of those subjects.
PAT: And does the teaching approach differ, too?
TUTOR: Yes, particularly in one respect: you are encouraged to learn by working out the solutions
to problems for yourself.
PAT: I like the sound of that.
TUTOR: OK, anything else?
SONIA: Yes, I believe its possible to do a modern language as part of the course. Can you tell
me a bit about the Spanish 1A module?
TUTOR: Certainly. The main emphasis in 1A is on understanding and speaking, but students also
learn to carry out some straightforward reading and writing tasks. Basic aspects of grammar are
also introduced and practised. The module comprises thirty-six hours of class contact, mainly in
TUTOR:ial groups of sixteen to twenty, and students are expected to do approximately sixty-four
hours of private study.
SONIA: It sounds interesting. I did some Spanish at the Cervantes Institute last year. Passed an
exam, in fact.
TUTOR: Ah, Im afraid that means you cant do 1 A. The regulations saythis module may NOT
be taken by students with a qualification in Spanish. Though you could do IB ...
SECTION 4
LECTURER: Lake Acraman in South Australia is Armageddon for the purist. No other meteorite
impact on Earth has stamped the surrounding rocks with such an abiding, unequivocal geological
record of collision, earthquake, wind, fire and tsunami - the giant waves formed by major earth
movements. The story it tells is elemental, without dying dinosaurs or even Bruce Willis to
complicate its simple message of destruction. First, the numbers: about 590 million years ago, a
rocky meteorite more than 4 kilometres across and travelling at around 90 000 kilometres an hour
slammed into an area of red volcanic rock about 430 kilometres northwest of Adelaide. Within
seconds the meteorite vaporized in a ball of fire, carving out a crater about 4 kilometres deep and
40 kilometres in diameter and spawning earthquakes fierce enough to raise 100-metre-high

tsunamis in a shallow sea 300 kilometres away. Ancient, stable and unglaciated, the bedrock of
Australia preserves some of the most photogenic impact craters in the world. Acraman is not one
of them. Half a billion years of erosion has taken its toll. A salt pan surrounded by low hills is all
that remains to mark the site of the cataclysm. The true nature of the place dawned on geologist
George Williams of Adelaide University in 1979. Gazing at a sheaf of newly acquired satellite
images, he saw the small, circular shape of Lake Acraman surrounded by a ring of faults and low
scarps 40 km across, and an outer ring twice this size. A year later he made it to the site. On islands
near the centre of the lake, Williams found bedrock shattered in a conical PAT:tern that experts
consider a sure sign of a meteorite impact. Except for a crater, which had long since eroded, the
area was a textbook example of an impact site. In 1985 further intriguing evidence turned up. Vic
Gostin, another Adelaide geologist, had been studying a thin band of fragmented red volcanic rock
in 600-million-year- old shale in the Flinders Ranges, more than 300 kilometres east of Acraman.
To his bewilderment, the volcanic chunks turned out to be a billion years older than the shale.
Where had they come from? Comparing samples, Gostin and Williams found that their rocks were
identical: the red rock in the Flinders Ranges had been blasted there from Acraman. Later, the
same material turned up at sites 500 km from Acraman.
LECTURER: Everywhere, the bands of fragments showed the same structure: coarse pebbles at
the bottom, then a cocktail of silt and sand, then layers of increasingly fine sand distorted on top
into a wavy, scalloped partern. These layers also show, step by step, how the meteorite transformed
the floor of an ancient sea hundreds of kilometres away, according to Malcolm Wallace of
Melbourne University. First came the earthquake. Travelling at about 3 kilometres a second, shock
waves arrived offshore within a minute or two of the collision, stirring up the water with clouds of
silt as the seabed shook. Then shattered rock from the explosion arrived by air. Pebbles and
boulders crashed into the water, reaching a depth of about 200 metres within a minute. One day
they would become the lower band of the Flinders rock. Sand took up to an hour to come to rest,
finally bedding down with the silt that was also now settling on the sea floor as the effects of the
earthquake died away. This mixture would eventually form the next layer. About an hour after the
meteorites impact, huge waves rolled in, leaving the ripples on the surface that later hardened into
rock. Clear as mud' is not an oxymoron. In Acraman, the arid timeless Australian Outback has
preserved the closest thing the Earth can boast to a perfect pockmark - the pinnacle of imperfection.
TEST 2
SECTION 1
M = computer technician
F = woman whose computer has crashed.
M: Hello. Tom's computer maintenance; how may I help you?
F: Hello. Lum seem to have a problem with my computer.
It's really inconvenient too, because I've a deadline tomorrow I'm rushing to meet
F: Suddenly the screen went blank. Blue. A blank, blue screen.
I dont know if you can do something about it?
M: Ah, the dreaded blue screen. I think I can do something about it - it's my job after all. There are
a few different scenarios, though, that could be going on with yotr computer. You've tried restarting it, right?
F: Oh, yes. Nothing.
M: And it's plugged in. not running on battery?
F: Yes.
M: Are you sure? Can you check again?
F: Ok. Yes, it's plugged in.
M: Ok. Can you give me a bit more information about what happened?
F: The screen went blank.
M: No, I mean, what activity were you doing when the problem occurred? Your computer was on,
I presume; you were working, right? What did you do immediately before the blank screen
appeared? Were you using the internet?
F: Yes. I was. Is it a virus?

M: That seems likely. What anti-virus software are you using?
F: Uh. I'm not sure. How embarrassing!
M: Never mind I'll have to come and have a look at your computer.
F: Ok, that's great.
M: Alright, let's see. What about tomorrow morning about 10?
F: Oh, no. That wont do I'm afraid. I've got a very important project on the computer that absolutely
must be finished and handed in by 9 a.m. tomorrow. By ten it's too late, I'm afraid. Can't you come
now?
M: Well, I'm at a job at the moment, and my wife and kids are expecting me home by 8 for dinner.
F: Can you at least suggest someone else who can work? I know it's Sunday evening, but surely
there's somebody, I mean, people have emergencies! (beginning to sound stressed) Ive been
calling numbers in the phone book, and you're the only one out of about twelve that even answered
M: Just a moment, don't panic. Where are you located?
F: I'm in the Morningside area
M: Well, you're in luck. I have to pass your area on my way home anyway. Now I should be
finished here by half past seven, so what about around seven forty-five? Is that ok?
F: That's great, thank you.
M: What's your address?
F: 14 Branston Crescent 2F3
M: That's b-r-a-n-i-s-t
F: No. sorry, b r a n s t o n crescent
M: Oh, alright, and your name?
F: Sandra Sarrencen. That's [s a double r e n c e n].
M: And the name on the buzzer?

F: The same.
M: Alright, Ill be there shortly.
F: Thanks. Ah, can I ask you how much it's going to cost?
M: Certainly. My call-out fee is 60 pounds, and that covers the first hour's work, and after that the
fee is 40 pounds an hour.
F: Oh, gosh. That's rather expensive. How long do you think it will take?
M: If we're lucky it will be fairly quick. Honestly, though, if it takes much more than half an hour
I'll have to finish it tomorrow morning. But I doubt that will happen.
F: I hope not! Will you take a cheque, or do you prefer cash?
M: A cheque is fine.
F: OK, so, I'll be waiting
M: OK, bye.
SECTION 2
As Charity-Water's Water Project Manager, I travel to some of the most desperate places on earth
in search of clean water. And while the landscape changes, there's always one thing that remains
the same: the women are always walking. Whether I'm in the mountains of Haiti, in rural Liberia,
or the jungles of the Central African Republic, the women are always carrying water. To give you
an idea of the work that Charity-Water does, Ill tell you the story of one of these women.
Driving down a bumpy road in the middle of Northern Uganda, our truck suddenly swerves off
the road and up over an embankment. We usually prefer to surprise communities by otr arrival
because it makes it easier to monitor how our water points are functioning without hundreds of
people watching. But once you visit a few communities in the neighbourhood, rumours of your
presence spread like wildfire.
We jump out of the truck and walk into a party.

This is when I met Helen Apis. She told me about the new freshwater well in her village. "I am
happy now," Helen beamed. "I have time to eat, my children can go to school. And I can even
work in my garden, take a shower and then come back for more water if I want! I am bathing so
well"
A few of the men chuckled to hear a woman talk about bathing.
But all I noticed was Helen's glowing face, the fresh flowers in her hair, and the lovely green dress
she wore for special occasions. Touching her forearm, I replied, "Well, you look great" "Yes," she
paused. Placing both hands on my shoulders and smiling, she said, "Now, I am beautiful." That
really hit me. My job is to focus on sustainable development, health, hygiene and sanitation; to
make sure Charity-Wateris projects are working in 20 years. But nowhere on any of my surveys
or evaluations was a place to write. Today we made someone feel beautiful."
Before she had clean water, Helen would wake up before dawn, take her only two 5-gallon Jerry
Cans, and walk almost a mile and a half to the nearest water point, which happens to be at a school.
Because there simply wasn't enough water for the area's population, she'd wait in line with
hundreds of other women who also valued clean water. Helen's only other option was to skip the
wait and collect contaminated water from a pond.
Helen spent most of her day walking and waiting. She told me each day she'd say to herself, "How
should I use this water today? Should I water my garden so we can grow food? Should I wash my
children's uniforms? Should I use it to cook a meal? Should we drink this water?" With two
children, one husband and 10 gallons, Helen had to make choices. I saw the shame in her eyes
when she described how she would return from her long trek to find her two young children
waiting for her. They were often sent home from school because their uniforms were dirty.
With the new well in her village, her life was transformed.
She now had choices: free time: options. Also, Helen had been chosen to be the Water Committee
Treasurer, collecting nominal fees from 51 households to use for the maintenance of their well.
Water Committees are often the first time women ever get elected to leadership positions in
villages. Last month, Helen was standing in line waiting for water. This month, she's standing up
for her community. And now, she is beautiful.
SECTION 3
J = Jessica K = Dr. Kitching
J: Hello Dr. Kitching, my name's Jessica. I work for the student news-paper. I called you last week
to ask if I could interview you for an article about how to ask for references.
K: Oh, yes; I remember! Come in. Have a seat.
J: Thank you. Do you have a few minutes now to do the interview?
K: Yes, that's fine.
J: Great! I got the idea to do this article because, well, everyone I know is rather puzzled about
how to get references from professors when they need them for applications for jobs or
postgraduate studies. And I thought, since you're a professor, and you've been working as a student
advisor for many years also, what better person to ask.
K: Yes, I have got some advice I can share on this topic. Where shall we begin?
J: First of all, do you mind if j record our conversation?
K: No. I dont mind.
J: Thanks. Do you write many references yourself?
K: Oh yes, I certainly do! Let's see, it's variable of course, but I'd say I average at least 50 per year.
J: My goodness! That's nearly five per month! It's more than one per week!
K: Yes, it's a lot. And of course, most of the requests are made in the spring or early summer, when
students are starting to think seriously about where they will be heading after they graduate in
June.
J: Do most professors do so many?
K: Yes, it's part of the job. Of course, because I'm an advisor, students probably feel like I know
them rather better than some professors, so I probably get a few more than I would otherwise.
J: Alright, so what do we students need to know in terms of asking for references or letters of
recommendation? It's incredibly daunting, actually, particularly since we have such large classes.
I'm not sure if my professors even know who I am!
K: Yes, that's probably the biggest issue students face in getting references. You will invariably
have to contact former Professors even if you have never spoken to them outside of class.
Following on this, if I were giving a first-year student advice, I would say to make sure you've had
contact with several Professors outside of class so you wont be a stranger. All it takes is visiting
during office hours, even if it's just to say "Hello, I'm enjoying your lectures".
J: But what if we didn't do that?
K: Then you'll just have to contact your professor anyway. Make a telephone call; tell him or her
who you are, and what classes you attended, this sort of thing. Remember, for your professor,
recalling an average student out of hundreds and hundreds isnt easy. So tell him or her what course
you took, and what semester and year it was. Include what grade you got and anything memorable.
Perhaps you spilled your coffee. Though at the time it wasnt funny it might be enough for Professor
Brown to remember you and it won't shed any negative light on you; it was an accident. Or perhaps,
although you never spoke outside of class, you went up and asked a question that was a great one.
Any information you can give to identify yourself is going to help you out
J: Should I visit Professor Brown in person?
K: Yes, that would be ideal. I would suggest giving the information first over the phone, then
follow up by e-mailing it to your professor. During the phone conversation, ask if you could meet
briefly. This will be both a physical reminder of who you are and also another chance to make a
good impression.
J: Isnt it very difficult to write references for all these students you've never spoken to or really
even met?
K: Yes; for example, I was recently called by a student from 20 years ago! He lived in another
country. I really didn't recall him.
He told me a little about himself and I looked back at his records. I told him that all I could do was
verify that he was in my class, that he showed up for all the classes and that he received a 3.4 in
my class. Sometimes Pm very surprised that students who did very poorly in my class ask me for
a reference.
J: What do you do in that case? Give a poor reference?
K: I like most Professors I know, never say anything negative about the student; however it is what
is unsaid that can say it all. So you really want to make sure you're remembered in a positive way
and have left a good impression.
J: Ok, thanks very much for all this information. The story should come out in our next printing,
so if you're interested I'll drop one copy over to you.
K: I'll be looking forward to seeing it.
SECTION 4
Good morning; today's lecture will be about primate behaviour. Up until now Ive talked mostly
about physical features: how they apply to living primates; how we use them for classification;
how they apply to the fossil record. But human evolution isn't simply about how we've changed
physically over the last 70 million years; it's also about how our behaviour has changed.
Now, if I asked you to define what is meant by the term "human", you could probably, hopefully,
give me a list of characteristics that physically define us. But at a philosophical level, I would hope
that what you'd be really proud of is not that we normally walk on two legs, but that we can reason
and imagine. Descartes put it succinctly: "I think, therefore I am" although, admittedly, not quite
in this context.
This lecture isn't about human behaviour per se, but about primate behaviour in general, and animal
behaviour too, since just as we can use the physical characteristics of living primates to give us
clues and insights into the physical characteristics of human ancestors, so we hope that the
behaviours of non-human primates will be similarly enlightening for the behaviour of our
ancestors.
To begin, let's talk a bit about primate cognitive abilities. I dont want to mention a lot of different
behaviours without first mentioning cognitioa. Cognition is the amount of thought that goes into a
behaviour. There is a world of difference between an animal hitting a nut with a rock and cracking
it by accident, and an animal thinking to itself: "I can't bite into this nut. I know, I need something
to use as a hammer to crack it." However, it can be very difficult coming up with experiments to
differentiate these two.
We can easily test mental skills, such as recall and discrimination, using methods such as the
Wisconsin general test apparatus and various training experiments. But it's much harder to work
out the degree of thought required. This is still a big problem in evaluating the status of great apes.
Just how nearly "sentient" are they? Sentient, for those of you who don't remember, means there
is the presence of conscious thought
There are various behaviours that could be seen to support the presence of conscious thought in
primates. Various sorts of altruism, or helping others without directly benefiting, can be found in
certain great apes. The animals team up to achieve various goals: for example, hunting, in chimps.
This would seem to require a degree of cognition. Another feature that has come to light recently
is "Machiavellian Intelligence". Work, especially with baboons, seems to indicate that there is a
lot of deliberate social deception going one sneaky mating: passing the blame onto others; using
infants for defence. At first glance, this seems very complicated behaviourally, but again, it can,
just about, be explained in a fairly minimally cogni-tive way. Highly trained chimps, such as the
signing chimp, Washoe, and the computer-aided communication of Kanzi also indicate a high level
of intelligence. An interesting fact is that these language-trained chimps do much better in the
standardised intelligence tests too, indi-cating that we probably underestimate primate intelligence
in our tra-ditional experiments. It seems that primates are not all that interested in the colour of
pencils; they want to know the latest gossip about their friends - sound familiar?
And of course, cognition and intelligence in primates is a thorny problem, with deep moral and
political ramifications.
TEST 3
SECTION 1
Jackie: Good afternoon Denham's Shipping. How can I be of service?
Tim: Well, I wish to enquire about sending a container of personal items from the UK to Ireland
Jackie: No problem, would you like me to give you an estimate of the cost?
Tim: Yes, please.
Jackie: Well, first of all, may I take your details?
Tim: Of course. My name's Tim Lafferty.
Jackie: Could you spell your surname for me, please, Tim?
Tim: Yes, it's Laffertv; L-a-f-f-e-r-t-y
Jackie: Thank you, Tim. Now, where would you like us to pick your container up from?
Tim: My university, if possible.
Jackie: Okay, let me make a note of the address.
Tim: It's Abbeyfield University.
Jackie: Is that A-B-B-E-Y-F4-L-0?
Tim: That's right. Park Street, Brighton.
Jackie: Perfect. And may I take down your postcode, too?
Tim: It's BR8 9P3.
Jackie: Great Thank you, Tim. Have you the container's measurements?
Tim: I do. It's approximately 25 metres long by 125 metres wide.
Jackie: I see Quite a big one therf
Tim: Indeed
Jackie: And the height?
Tim: I make it a metre and twenty centimetres deep.
Jackie: So that's 25 by L25 by 12.

Tim: Right.
Jackie: And what will actually be in the box, Tim?
Tim: Oh, mostly old uni books.
Jackie: Okay
Tim: And some music albums.
Jackie: Anything else?
Tim: Yes, a little bit of stationery.
Jackie: I see. And could you put an estimate on the value of the items?
Tim: The books are quite valuable; they're worth around 1800. The music albums, maybe half
that, say 900, and you can put the stationery down as 300.
Jackie: Okay. And will you be purchasing contents cover from us also?
Tim: Eh, I'm not sure what you mean.
Jackie: Sorry, let me explain; because your items are worth more than 2,000, we recommend that
you purchase insurance to cover yourself
Tim: Makes sense. What are my options?
Jackie: Well, we offer three insurance deals - the premium rate, standard rate and economy rate
ones. Premium offers full cover in the event of loss, damage or theft, which means you would be
provided with the full cost of replacing your belongings.
Tim: What about standard and economy?
Jackie: Standard will give you today's value the second-hand value of your belongings - and
economy provides you with a fixed payment of 1000 in the event of loss, damage or theft.
Tim: Well, I can afford to live without those books to be honest so just give me the cheapest
option.
Jackie: We recommend standard cover for all our customers.

Tim: No, thank you. That won't be necessary. The cheapest option will
Jackie: No problem. And one last thing; will you be needing delivery at your office, at your house,
or do you intend to pick up your container
Tim: Home delivery would suit me best I think.
SECTION 2
Tour guide: Well, we certainly have a busy day ahead of us, so let's get started, shall we? You'll
find a map of the museum with the itinerary. I've just handed out. The museum's our first port of
call, so let's lave a look at the map now. The door on the right of the entrance toll leads into the
Gift Shoo and Ticket Centre. Once we pick up our entrance tickets, I'd ask everyone to deposit
their bags and coats in the cloakroom which is located towards the back of the Gift Shop and Ticket
Centre. If you want to pick up an information leaflet, you can approach the Information Desk
situated along the right-hand side.
Now, once you come back into the entrance hall, the door on the opposite side to the Gift Shop
leads into the Art Gallery. There is a special exhibition on there at the moment which is not to be
missed
If you continue on up the entrance hallway, that leads into the Main Exhibition Centre. At the back
left-hand side there are some toilets.
Beside the toilets, voull find the 3D Theatre. I strongly recommend that you make time for the 30minute presentation in the theatre. It is well worth a viewing. Running along the right-hand side
of the Main Exhibition Centre is the Modern Art Studio. Here, not only can you view some of the
most famous works of the 20th century, but you can also sit in on a workshop run by a local artist.
So that's the art museum.
Next on the itinerary is the Aquarium. Depending on how long we spend at the museum, we might
have to give this one a miss. It's not what I'd call a highlight of the day, but it would be a shame if
we didn't get to see it, as it's on route to the Solheim Country Club, where we're booked in for
lunch at 1 o'clock. Originally, we had planned to stop off at the Milltown Winery afterwards, but
we've had to scrap that plan, otherwise we'd never get to the Zoological Gardens before closing
time. We have pre-booked the gardens and must be there by 230 so no dillydallying please after
lunch - straight back onto the bus. The gardens close at 3:30, so we've an hour there which should
give us sample time to look around. time abowing. well stop off at the famous Stout Brewery after
that if traffic isnt too heavy and we're in Lincoln before 5. If not, we'll head straight for the National
Concert Hall where you're in for a real treat of an evening with a performance from the worldrenowned cellist, Andres Borovski. We have to be in our seats by 630 sharp. After that, it's back
to the hotel for the night where a buffet meal will be waiting for us at half eight - or whenever we
get back.
SECTION 3
Tutor: So have you chosen a product yet?
Jenny: I think so. We'd like to build a gyroscopic exercise aid.
Tutor: Sounds interesting. Tell me more.
Maeve: Well, we did some research and were amazed to discover the sheer range of applications
for gyroscopic technology.
Gyroscopes are used in laser and optical devices and can be found in many consumer appliances,
too.
Tutor: Right, tell me about this product specifically though. The aim of the assignment is to create
something practical, functional and beneficial for consumers. Justify your decision.
Jenny: Well, we believe we can design and build a cheap and effective muscle-strengthening aid
by taking advantage of the inertial forces created by a gyroscope.
Maeve: Yes, what we want to do is design a ball which can be held in the palm. Within the ball,
there will be a simple gyroscope. This gyroscope can be set in motion by movements of the lower
arm and wrist together in synch. The device will not require any external power source because it
will be sustained by the movements of the arm and wrist. This will create considerable resistance
and an excellent lower arm strengthening aid. It will be simple to design and cheap to produce, yet
extremely effective.
Tutor: This all sounds very good. Im impressed
Jenny: Thanks Mark, we're glad you like it I think we're really onto something here. Our research
has told us there's nothing comparable in the market and that a product like this would have
multiple uses. Not only could it be used as an everyday toning and exercise device, it could also
be beneficial to people in rehabilitation who have suffered serious lower-arm injuries. We see the
product being marketed towards high-performance athletes, like tennis and golf players, for whom
lower-arm strength is vital, too.
Tuton: I've heard enough to give your project the go ahead. Now, let's talk costs.
Maeve: Right, well we estimate that around 3,000 will be required for product development.
Tutor: You mean to build the prototype?
Maeve: Exactly. And we'll need half of that again to carry out some product testing.
Tutor: And what's your timeline for the project?
Jenny: The prototype should be ready a fortnight after work on the design starts and we'll need
another 6 weeks for testing.
Maeve: We want to enlist the help of 15 people to test the prototype. Ideally, we want 5
professional athletes to try it out, 5 recovery patients and the remainder of the subjects will be gym
members - our three target markets.
Tutor: Okay. Well, you have a lot of work to do, but you've certainly made a good start. Let's
meet again on Monday to get the ball rolling.
SECTION 4
It is only natural to feel somewhat nervous before giving a speech, and while a few nerves never
did any harm and can in fact prove beneficial - letting your nerves overcome you can be
detrimental. Today's presentation will focus on ways to control those butterflies and help you to
give better presentations in future.
First and foremost, you've got to know your material. I cant stress that enough. If you fail to
prepare, you might as well prepare to fail. Even the most experienced speakers never turn up
unprepared and NEVER try to wing it. Personalise your subject and use humour, anecdotes and
conversational language. This will make it easier for you to remember what you want to say.
Secondly, practise, practise, practise! Rehearse well in advance and preferably out loud, and with
all the equipment you plan on using. Practise you timing - when to pause and when to breathe and prepare for the unexpected. Something always goes wrong, especially when you are relying
on technology. So always have a back-up plaa Get to know your audience before you have to stand
up in front of them. Meet and greet them on the way in, perhaps. It is much easier to talk to a group
of friends than a group of strangers. And, just as importantly, know your room as well. Arrive
early, pace the speaking area and practice using the microphone and visual aids.
The hardest part is trying to relax. Never rush straight into your speech. Begin slowly and address
the audience first. In fact, even before you start, take a few deep breaths. You know - one onethousand, two one-thousand, three one-thousand - this will turn your nervous energy into
enthusiasm.
Visualisation can be a great confidence booster. Visualise your- setf making the speech in the wav
that you intend. Imagine your voice loud and confident, and picture the audience clapping and
rooting for you. Remember, people want you to succeed. The audience wants to hear an interesting
and insightful speech. They aren't hoping you make a fool of yourself.
Whatever you do avoid making unnecessary apologies. If you make a mistake or two, forget about
it. Few will notice and it will all be forgotten before too long.
People often forget the importance of body language. Don't underestimate this. Your words carry
far less meaning than your delivery. Success is defined by your intonation and confidence. If you
come across as a confident person, people will listen to you - you will command their attention.
Stand tall and proud and deliver with conviction. Humans are very bad listeners. We remember
less than 25 percent of what is said and place far more emphasis on how it is said
Last of all, be realistic and give yourself a chance. No one becomes the perfect speaker overnight.
It takes time to hone your presentation skills.
TEST 4
SECTION 1.
You will hear a conversation between a man and a receptionist on the subject of joining a
surgery.
Mike (man) Hello. Ive just moved to Melbourne for a new job and Ive been advised to register
with a new doctor for my family and myself. I think that this surgery is the nearest one to where I
live.
Recept. Whats the name of the road that you live in sir?
M Dawson Road.
R Yes. Thats in our area. Would you like to register with us now?
M Yes please.
R Right. Ill just have to take some details. First of all, could you give me your name?
M Its Mike Jacobs. J-A-C-O-B-S.
R And your family?
M My wifes name is Janet and I have one little boy whose name is Rod.
R
Ron?
No, Rod. R-O-D.
Good, thats fine. And what is your address here in Melbourne?
52 Dawson Road, Highfield. Melbourne.
Highfield. H-I-G-H-F-I-E-L-D. Good. And Ill need to know your health card number.
Its NH 87 18 12 C. What about my family?
Oh, only yours for now. Do you know the name of your old doctor?
It was Dr. Graham McKenzie in Perth.
Now, weve got 4 doctors here. Theres Dr. Susan Larkins, Dr. Kevin White, Dr. James
Nicholson and Dr. Linda Williams. Which one would you like to register with?
M
Oh! I didnt think of that. Well, I think I would like a man as my doctor. Ill go for the last
one. Was that one a man?

R
No, that was Dr. Linda. How about Dr. Kevin?
Yes, that will be fine.
Right. Dr. White it is. Will that be the same for your family?
Oh yes. My wife might not want a man as her doctor. Well, well leave it as it is for now
and my wife can change if she wants to.

M
Id like to make an appointment now for my wife. She wants to come in at the end of the
week.
R
How about this Friday morning? Thats Friday the 21st.
Mmm, I dont think she can make the morning. Any openings in the afternoon?
There are appointments available at 2.00, 2.30 and 3.30. M Well take the first one please.
Ok. Thats done.

M
Oh. And what shall my wife do if she wants to switch doctor?
She can just give us a call here. Do you want to take the number down?
Yes please.
Its 7253 9829
Can you give me your name please?
My names Angela but there are two other girls who might be on duty as well. Their names
are Elizabeth and Rachel but it doesnt matter whos on duty. Anyone can take care of it.
M
Now what do we do if we need to call out a doctor during the night?
Weve got a rotation system with the doctors in the area. Theres a mobile number you can
call and thatll get through to the doctor whos on duty.

M
Whats that number?
Its 0506 759 3856.
Got that. I didnt ask about any charges.
Like all Australia, prescriptions have to be paid for at the chemist at the prevailing rate.
Some things like vaccinations for travel and insurance reports we make a standard charge for and
I can give you a price list for those. Consultations though are under the National Health Service so
theyll be free.
M
Great. Well thats all. Thanks and goodbye.
Goodbye.
SECTION 2.
You will hear a man giving a guide talk to new students at a university library.
Good morning everyone. Id like to welcome you all to Westley University Library. This is a 20
minute tour around the library to show you all the facilities and all you will need to know to start
off your life here as a student at the University. What Ill start by doing is telling you about what
you need to do to join the library. Then Ill briefly tell you about our facilities and then Ill guide
you quickly round and show you everything.
So to join the Library you need to go to the reception between the hours of 9am and 5pm. After
that the reception closes, though all the other facilities will stay open until 10pm. At the reception
theyll give you an application form. After you fill that in, youll have to give us the fee of 5
pounds, which you have to give us every year that youre a member of the Library. We will also
need to see your University Card to confirm that youre a student of the University and finally
well need 2 passport photos - 1 for our records and the other for your Library card. You will need
to do all this as soon as possible so youll be able to use the facilities at once. Im sure your
workload will begin to build up soon!
Now, let me tell you a bit about the facilities. The Library opens daily from 8am to 10pm though,
as I told you earlier, the Reception operates only between the hours of 9am and 5pm, although this
is extended to 6.30pm on Fridays to give students more time to organise their book requirements
for the weekend. The reception is closed on Sundays. Undergraduate students are permitted to take
out 4 books at any one time and each book may be borrowed for a period of two weeks.
Postgraduates may borrow 6 books at a time. Borrowing time can be extended by a period of one
week per book if the student comes into the Library in person with the book in question so it can
be restamped. We do not renew book borrowing over the phone. If you are late in returning any
book, then you will be charged a fine of 2 pounds for every week that you are late. You wont be
able to take out any other books until this fine is paid. This is not a method of earning money for
the Library but merely what we have to do to ensure that all students have access to all the books
that they will need.
Ok then. Onto the layout of the library. Were on the ground floor of the library at the moment.
Here we have the reception, the computers, which you can use to search for books and their
location, and the bathrooms, which are behind the reception. The rest of the ground floor is taken
up by the non-lending section of the library. Here we keep all the books, which are either too
valuable or are used too much to lend out. You can reserve time with these books at reception and
use them during any time that the library is open but, of course, you may not remove them from
the Library.
On the first floor above us, we have the Arts section, which includes books that students will need
for such subjects as languages, literature, art and history. On the second floor is the science section.
Well see these in a minute. Of course, individual departments will usually have their specialist
libraries in their buildings, though the computer catalogues here will list them so you know where
to find everything, whether its here or in the specialist libraries.
Finally, in the basement we have the stack system, which contains the University collection of
magazines and journals that we have collected and to which we subscribe.
If there is anything that we do not have or that you cant find, please go to reception and let them
know the details. The University operates a swap system with other universities and we can arrange
for volumes that we do not possess to be sent here on a limited loan.
Well, those are the basic details about the University Library.
SECTION 3.
You will hear tutor and 3 students discussing their work.
Tutor: Good morning everyone. Well, in todays tutorial were going to discuss the essays that
you have to submit by the end of next week. Some of you will have already started them, which is
good and if you havent, well thats OK but youll have to get a move on. So, lets begin with you
Simon. Whats happening with you?
Simon: Well, Ive made a start on it. Ive researched the background quite extensively last weekend
and I should get to the writing stage tomorrow with a bit of luck and Ill get it finished at the
weekend.
Tutor: What are you writing about?
Simon: I decided to look at the car manufacturing company, Jaguar, examine the problems they
had with reliability in the 1970s and 80s, how they dealt with it, and how it affected their marketing
and sales strategy.
Tutor: That sounds pretty interesting. Any problems with that?
Simon: At the start I had problems getting information from that far back, but after rooting around
in the library, I found some magazines which gave me information and also gave me references to
find other stuff. It seems now the only problem is keeping to the 4000 word limit. It just seems
that I have so much to write about. It seems Ill need 5000 or even 6000 words to be able to cope.
Tutor: Yes, your essay title seems to me to be very wide-ranging. Would you think about cutting
out part of it? How about looking at their sales and marketing strategy but only mentioning the
problems in the 70s and 80s and not going too far into it?
Simon: Thats a good idea. That will make it much easier to handle. By the way, how do you want
us to hand in our work? Do you want us to drop in a hard copy to your office?
Tutor: You could do that but Id prefer it if you just e-mailed it to me as an attachment. Youve
all got my address. If not, give it to the secretary clearly marked that its for me. Right, Jennifer,
how about you?
Jennifer: Ive not really got going on it yet but Ive decided on a subject. Ill try and do some
research during the rest of this week and I should get writing this weekend.
Tutor: OK, what are you writing about then?
Jennifer: I want to look into how supermarkets use market surveys to develop their products.
Tutor: Will you have enough time to find out what sort of things that the supermarkets do? You
wont have much time for that.
Jennifer: I should be OK. Ive had a look in the stack system in the library and Ive found a
magazine that surveyed all the UK major supermarkets and a trade publication that analysed the
same things in Canadian supermarkets.
Tutor: Be careful about using their conclusions too much. The university takes a tough stance on
plagiarism. Make sure you properly list where you get your information from in a bibliography
and try and do your own analysis. Get going too as that analysis will take a bit of time.
Jennifer: OK, thanks.
Tutor: And Melanie. How is your work going?
Melanie: Im a bit behind Im afraid. I was sick all last week and weekend with flu. Ive got a
subject I think but Ive not done any work on it yet. Is there any chance I can get an extension to
the submittal date?
Tutor: The policy of the department is not to give any extensions unless there are extenuating
circumstances. Do you have a doctors certificate or anything?
Melanie: I went to the doctors but I didnt get a note as I didnt realise I would need it. The doctor
will have a record of me though as I got a prescription. Ill go back and get one.
Tutor: Yes, do. If you get one, then there shouldnt be a problem getting an extension.
Without it though, youll be in trouble. What subject are you considering anyway?
Melanie: I thought Id do an overview of the UK mortgage interest rates and their effect on housing
sales trends over the last 10 years. I thought it might be of interest because of the huge increases
of house prices over the last decade.
Tutor: Certainly an interesting subject and it should be no great problem getting information as
this has been fairly well documented. Its a lot of work again though and youll really need to get
cracking on it even with the extension - if you get one.
Melanie: Well, Ive not got much on for the rest of the week and Ive set aside the weekend to
really get to grips with it.
Tutor: Good. Now, is there anything else?
SECTION 4
You will hear part of an earth sciences lecture.
Good afternoon and welcome to this Earth Sciences lecture. Today were going to look at tidal
waves; or more correctly, tsunami.
Deep below the oceans surface tectonic plates collide, and every once in a while, these forces
produce an earthquake. The energy of such submarine earthquakes can produce tidal waves, which
radiate out in all directions from the epicentre of the quake, moving at speeds of up to 500 miles
per hour. When these waves reach shore, they can cause enormous destruction and loss of life.
Tidal waves are actually misnamed. They are not caused by tides. A more accurate word for them
is the Japanese name tsunami, which means, harbour wave. They are also sometimes called seismic
sea waves, since they can be caused by seismic disturbances such as submarine quakes. However,
that name is not really accurate either, since tsunami can also be caused by landslides, volcanic
eruptions, nuclear explosions, and even impacts of objects from outer space, such as meteorites,
asteroids, and comets.
Earthquakes though are the largest cause of tsunami. Tectonic plates cover the worlds surface and
their movement can be detected anywhere in the world. Some areas of the world are more prone
to greater movement, and it is in these places that the largest waves can occur. Large vertical
movements of the earths crust occur at plate boundaries which are known as faults. The Pacific
Oceans denser oceanic plates are often known to slip under continental plates in a process known
as subduction, and subduction earthquakes are the most effective in generating tsunamis.
A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that displaces a large water mass from its
equilibrium position. In the case of earthquake-generated tsunamis, the water column is disturbed
by the uplift or subsidence of the sea floor. Submarine landslides, which often accompany large
earthquakes, as well as collapses of volcanic edifices, can also disturb the overlying water column
as sediment and rock slump down, and are redistributed across the sea floor. Violent submarine
volcanic eruptions can create an impulsive force that uplifts the water column and generates a
tsunami. Conversely, super marine landslides and cosmic-body impacts disturb the water from
above, as momentum from falling debris is transferred to the water into which the debris falls.
Generally speaking, tsunamis generated from these mechanisms, unlike the devastating Pacificwide tsunamis caused by earthquakes, dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines distant from
the source area.
Tsunamis are very hard to detect, since they cannot be seen when they are in the deep ocean.
The distance between two wave crests can be 500 km and, because of this, the wave height is only
a few feet. Because the rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely related to its wavelength,
tsunamis not only propagate at high speeds, they can also travel great, transoceanic distances with
limited energy losses. As the tsunami reaches shallow water however, its speed decreases, but the
energy it contains remains about the same. Instead of travelling fast, the wave rises high.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has set up a seismic detection system to
monitor earthquakes and predict the possible arrival of tidal waves for Pacific countries. Buoys at
sea can also detect water-pressure changes that can indicate tsunamis moving through the ocean.
But when tsunamis originate near the shore there is often little chance to warn people.
Lets look at some examples of tsunami and their causes and effects.
Some can be relatively harmless. In 1992 an offshore landslide caused a tidal wave of only about
three feet high that struck at low tide, so Humboldt County, where it hit, got off easy with no
casualties.
On January 13th in 1992, a Pacific Ocean earthquake off the coast of San Salvador, registering 7.6
on the Richter scale, did not cause any ocean disturbance at all.
However, a recent tidal wave, which struck Papua New Guinea on July 17, 1998, was 23 feet high,
and killed at least 1200 people. This wave was caused by a magnitude 7.1 submarine earthquake.
On July 17, 1998 a Papua New Guinea tsunami killed roughly 3,000 people. A huge underwater
volcanic eruption 15 miles offshore was followed within 10 minutes by a wave some 40 feet tall.
The villages of Arop and Warapu were destroyed.
One of the worst tsunami disasters engulfed whole villages along Sanriku, Japan, in 1896. An
underwater earthquake induced a wave of 35 feet drowning some 26,000 people.
Finally, about 8,000 years ago, a massive undersea landslide off the coast of Norway sent a 30foot wall of water barrelling into the uninhabited northern coast of Europe. If this were to recur
today, as scientists say it could, almost anywhere in the world, it would cost billions if not tens of
billions of dollars to repair the damage to coastal cities and kill tens of thousands of people.
Any questions so far?
TEST 5
SECTION 1
You will hear a conversation between a travel agent and a customer discussing a holiday.
Travel Agent (TA):
Customer:
Good morning sir. Can I help you?
Yes. Im thinking of going away on holiday but Im not sure where to go.
TA: Well sir. We have a range of destinations that we offer. Are you going alone sir or with a
friend?
Cust: With my family actually.
TA: So, how many people is that sir?
Cust: My wife and I and my young son and daughter. So, four.
TA: Fine. Now with a young family can I assume that youd like to go somewhere warm?
Cust: Oh yes. A beach holiday. Thats what we are looking for.
TA:
Right, Ill just take some personal details sir. First of all, whats your name?
Cust: George Collins.

TA:
Collins? Is that C-O-L-L-I-N-S?
Cust: Yes, thats right.

TA:
Thank you. And what about your wife and children?
Cust: My wifes name is Jane, my boys name is Mike and my little girl is Jennifer.
TA:
How old are the children?
Cust: Mikes 7 and Jennifers 4.

TA:
Ah, theyre quite small then.
Cust: Oh yes, We just need a safe, little place. A warm climate, a quietish, safe beach, a pool
preferably and lots of small restaurants and bars near the hotel.
TA: Would you want any crche facilities in the hotel so you and your wife can get away when
you want?
Cust: No. I work quite hard and I dont see the kids as often as I want at home so Im looking
forward to spending all my time with them.
TA: And what eating arrangements do you want?
Cust: Just half board please. Well have breakfast at the hotel but well eat lunch and dinner at a
beach caf. Wed want about 4 star quality for the hotel by the way.
TA: Right. And what time in the summer are you thinking of taking the holiday?
Cust: I finish work on Friday night on July 8th and Im off for two weeks. So, Ill need to be back
at work on the Monday 25th. Ill need to finish the holiday then on the 24th.
TA: And how long would you want to spend travelling?
Cust: Oh, as little as possible of course with the little ones. Not more than a couple of hours in the
car to get to an airport and then not more that 4 hours on a plane.
TA: Thats fine. You can get to all of the nice resorts on the Mediterranean easily in less than 4
hours. Right then. Lets show you some brochures.
TA: As I said sir, most Mediterranean destinations are easily within your preferred flight time.
You can choose really between Spain, France, Italy, the old Yugoslavia, Greece or Turkey as well
as the Mediterranean islands.
Cust: Wow, what a great choice. What are the different costs involved?
TA: With you wanting a 4 star hotel and pool some countries will be definitely cheaper than others.
Price wise, Italy and France will be at the top end, Spain, Greece and Turkey will be at the lower
end.
Cust: Greece and Turkey sound great actually. Ive always wanted to go there and Ive seen some
beautiful photos.
TA: I think that Greece would suit you better as the flight to Turkey is actually quite long. Youre
getting towards 5 hours there.
Cust: OK, well Greece is fine.
TA: Of course with Greece you have the choice between the islands and the mainland. Its the
islands that are famous of course but youll have to get there by boat or take a short connecting
flight. Some of the bigger islands are served directly though from UK airports.
Cust: Well, one of the larger islands sounds best then. What about Cyprus? Ive heard that a lot of
British people go there.
TA: Yes, its very popular. The trouble for you with Cyprus though is that its down in the eastern
Mediterranean near Turkey and the flight is quite long to get there. I was thinking more of Rhodes
and Crete.
Cust: Lets have a look at those 2 then.
TA: Here are some brochures. This is the Hotel Tropicana and this is the Palm Hotel. Both of them
are in Crete. In Rhodes we have the Ocean Hotel and Hotel Spiros.
Cust: Can you tell me a bit about them?
TA: Of course. The Hotel Tropicana is about 1 mile from the beach and its a safe walk along a
path through some fields to get there. They have a nice pool which you can see in the photo. There
are only a few beach bars and restaurants though. Its really quiet, away from all the bustle of other
tourist destinations. The Palm Hotel is further from the beach, about 2 miles, but it has a minibus
service that goes to and from the beach all day. The hotel itself is in quite a busy tourist town that
has lots of bars, restaurants and discos. Its great for going out.
Cust: I dont know if either of those suits us. We dont want noisy and we dont want a long way
to the beach.
TA: Lets have a look at the Rhodes hotels then. The Ocean Hotel is right on the beach. Its less
than 5 minutes usually to get to the beach area from the rooms. The hotel is quite a long way from
the main town and people usually take all their meals in the hotel. The hotel is 4 star though and
we know the food is quite good as weve been told so by previous holidaymakers.
Hotel Spiros is a family run hotel also quite close to the beach - about 5 or 10 minutes walk. Its
in a small village and has a small swimming pool as well. There are a few restaurants scattered
around the village but again, its not a big tourist village so theres not much to do.
Cust: To be honest, both of those sound fine. We dont want a night life as we wont be able to
leave the kids. Something close to the beach, somewhere to eat and sit in the evening is all we
need. Ive made some notes. Let me take the brochure with the details of these two hotels and Ill
take them back and show my wife and see what she thinks. They both seem just what we want
though.
TA: OK sir. Come in again when youve decided or if you want to see some other places.
Cust: I will. Thanks very much then. Goodbye.
TA: Goodbye.
SECTION 2
You will hear a man giving an orientation talk to new holidaymakers at the Solaris Hotel
and Holiday Village.
Good morning everyone and welcome to your first morning here at the Solaris Hotel and Holiday
Village. This little orientation talk this morning will just give you an idea of what to find and
expect around the grounds.
Lets begin by looking at meals. We have three different restaurants and you are at liberty to eat
at any of them. They are the Harvest Restaurant, the Dene Restaurant and the Mekong Restaurant.
Lets begin with breakfast. Breakfast is only served in the Harvest Restaurant. The other two
restaurants are only open for lunch and dinner. Breakfast is served between 6.30am and 9.30am 7
days a week. There are English, American and continental style breakfasts on offer.
For lunch and dinner all the restaurants have the same opening hours to make things easier for you.
Lunch is served from 12.00 noon to 2.30pm and dinner is served from 7.00pm to 10.30pm. The
menus are the same for lunch and dinner though look at the blackboards displayed in the restaurants
for any specials that they are serving for any particular meal. The style of food is different in each
of the restaurants. The Harvest serves traditional English food though with plenty of the foreign
dishes which are popular in the UK such as curry and spaghetti. The Dene specialises in fish and
seafood and the Mekong offers you a selection of dishes from the Far East; not just from Vietnam
as the name suggests but Chinese, Thai, Malay and others.
You dont have to pay in any of the restaurants unless an extra supplement is needed for some of
the specials. All soft drinks are also free though we charge for alcoholic drinks. You can choose
to pay any bill that you may incur at the end of the meal itself or you can put it on your main bill
which you can pay when you leave at the end of your holiday.
There is also a bar menu in the main bar which serves pretty good pub food and if you have any
late night munchies, there is a take away open until 2.30am which sells fast food. Good for those
of you who are returning in the early hours from a disco or club!
Now lets look at some of things that you can do here during your stay with us. Of course we have
our main beach which is popular with everyone. There is also an adult beach which is prohibited
to anyone less than 17 years of age. This allows those of you without children to get some peace
and quiet on the beach. The main beach has two lifeguards on duty from 9.00am to 6.00pm. The
adult beach has no lifeguards. If you dont like sand and salt we have a decked area in front of the
Harvest Restaurant with our 25 metre swimming pool. You can lie here on a sun lounger and swim
in the pool with no sand to bother you. There are steps from the pool area to the beach so you can
go between the two but, if youre coming up from the beach, please walk though the foot pool so
that the sand gets washed off and doesnt lie around the pool area. There are also freshwater
showers available on the beach and in the pool area.
As for sports we have 8 tennis courts and 3 squash courts which can be booked at any time.
There is a fully equipped gym with staff on duty to help you. No-one under 18 years of age may
use the gym though. We also have 6 full sized snooker tables and 5 pool tables in the games room
adjoining the bar. There is no charge for use of any of these facilities though there is a small charge
if you need to hire any sports gear. Again you can pay immediately or put the charges on your
main bill. There are also water skiing and jet skis available but there are charges for these.
Go to the water sports office for details. All the water sports such as snorkelling, inflatables and
pedallos are free. Ask for all details again at the water sports office.
There is a library in the hotel which supplies books, magazines and newspapers. It has certain
terms and conditions of use which you will be able to find on the notice board in the library.
We also have 2 cinemas which show 3 different films every day. The showings are in the
afternoons at 2.00pm, the early evening at 5.30pm and at night at 8.30pm. The afternoon and early
evening showings always have a film for kids. Children under the age of 16 are not permitted to
attend the 8.30 presentations.
Well, thats all for now. Are there any questions?
SECTION 3
You will hear 2 students giving a presentation to a seminar group at their university.
Dr. Reece: Good morning all. Glad to see youre all on time today. This morning were going to
hear Jamie and Rebecca give their presentation on some aspect of demographics. Theyve talked
to me about it a bit before while researching it but I dont want to give the game away so Ill hand
straight over to them
Jamie: Hi everyone. As Dr. Reece said Rebecca and I are going to give our demographics
presentation. Both Rebecca and I also study languages so we decided to look at the worlds
different languages and the ones that are the most important, both now and in the future. Rebeccas
going to start off.
Rebecca: OK everyone. Who knows what the worlds most spoken language is?
Phil:
I thought it was English. Isnt it?
Rebecca: Well, its an ambiguous question. If you just look at how many individual speakers there
are around the world then the answer is Mandarin Chinese with 836 million speakers.
English was second until a few years ago but it has since been overtaken by Hindi with 333 million
speakers and Spanish with 332 million speakers. Now English is after Spanish with 322 million
speakers.
Phil:
Oh yes, South America. I didnt think of that.
Jamie: Yes, its easy to forget. You can look at Rebeccas question though in a different way if
you look at the number of countries that use English. English is a massive 115, ahead of French,
Arabic and Spanish with 35, 24 and 20 countries respectively.
Rebecca: English has different statuses around the world. Core countries are where English has a
full official status like England, the US and Australia. In outer core countries English has some
official status as in India and then there are fringe countries such as Japan and the UAE where its
used a lot in business and tourism.
Jamie: A more important list is the worlds most influential languages. This was compiled by
weighing 6 factors which were the number of primary speakers, the number of secondary speakers,
the number and population of the countries where the languages are used, the number of major
fields using the language internationally, the economic power of countries using the languages and
socio-literary prestige.
Rebecca: And the list shows the following in order of most influential: English, French, Spanish,
Russian, Arabic, Chinese, German, Japanese, Portuguese and Hindi.
Dr. Reece: How up to date are these figures?
Jamie: Fairly. They came out just last year. But the picture is changing very rapidly in terms of
influential languages. There are certain large countries which are about to emerge on the world
stage and their economies are starting to influence the world balance of power.
Rebecca: The largest countries that for various reasons are beginning to shift world economic
power are China, Russia, India and Brazil. The sizes of the populations along with the cheap labour
and raw material prices which are available in these countries are causing this shift. As a result,
every year the demand for people knowing the languages of these countries is growing
enormously.
Jamie: In addition the demand for teachers and English language training is also enormously
increasing. Western teachers are going to the countries and their nationals are coming over here.
As well as business, the education sector is getting a huge boost from the opening up of these
economies.
Dr. Reece: So, will China be the major powerhouse as everyone says?
Rebecca: Definitely but maybe not the biggest. Many experts predict that Indias population will
soon surpass Chinas. Bangladeshs population could too. It all points to world economic power
being held in Asia though.
Jamie: English will probably remain important though. Chinese is difficult to learn and English
also has some official status in India. English is easy to learn and has the advantage, for better or
worse, of being the language that everyone wants to learn. That wont change in a hurry.
Dr. Reece: How many people learn English then?
Rebecca: The number of spoken languages nowadays is estimated between 2500 and 7000. Out of
all these languages, the numbers of those actually studied by non native speakers is tiny. There are
no official records of numbers studying English worldwide but today you can safely say that there
are not many countries with a structured program of education where English is not taught. It will
take a long time for this habit to be broken. At the moment its getting stronger.
SECTION 4
You will hear part of a humanities lecture on Mad Cow Disease.
Good morning ladies and gentlemen and welcome to this humanities lecture. Today we are going
to continue our look at the modern diseases that afflict society. Today we are looking at quite a
famous but rare disease. The popular name for this disease is mad cow disease. It has been so
named because it is most often found in the brains of cattle. It attacks the nervous functions of the
brain and leads to unusual behaviour by the cattle. Thus we familiarly say that the cow is therefore
mad and hence, mad cow disease. Mad cow disease is the commonly used name but its medical
title is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or BSE. It is a slowly progressive, degenerative, fatal
disease affecting the nervous system of adult cattle. The exact form of BSE is not known but it is
generally accepted by the scientific community that the likely cause is an infectious form of a type
of protein known as a prion. This protein develops abnormalities and apparently seems to
encourage other proteins to become similarly misshapen, affecting their ability to function. In
cattle with BSE, these abnormal prions initially occur in the small intestines, tonsils, and central
nervous tissues.
There is a similar disease to BSE called Creutzfeld Jacob Disease or CJD that is found in people.
A variant form of CJD is believed to be caused by eating contaminated beef products from BSE
affected cattle. The abnormal prions in infected cattle products are consumed by humans as they
are resistant to common food disinfection treatments such as heat. The disorder is rare occurring
in about 1 out of 1,000,000 people. To date there have been 155 confirmed and probable cases of
CJD worldwide among the hundreds and thousands of people that may have consumed BSE
contaminated beef products. Most of the cases have occurred in the UK. The one US case was in
a young woman who contracted the disease while residing in the UK and developed symptoms
after moving to the US.
CJD is a disorder involving rapid decrease of mental function and movement. As with BSE in
cattle, these abnormalities are believed to be caused by damage done to the brain by prions, though
it is has been proved that in rare cases it can be genetically inherited. CJD tends to affect younger
people, beginning between the ages of 20 and 70, with average age at onset of symptoms in the
late 50s. Early symptoms include personality changes and difficulty with coordination. Once
symptoms appear, the disorder progresses rapidly and may be confused with other types of
dementia such as Alzheimers Disease. CJD though is distinguished by extremely rapid
progression from onset to symptoms to disability and death.
So, how did BSE and CJD come about? Weve not read about them in the history books. These
appear to be new diseases. BSE was first reported in the United Kingdom. The exact origins of
BSE remain uncertain, but it is thought that cattle initially may have become infected when given
feed contaminated with scrapie infected sheep meat and bone meal. Scrapie is a sheep prion disease
similar to BSE in cattle. The scientific evidence suggests that the UK BSE outbreak in cattle was
then spread by feeding BSE contaminated cattle protein to calves. Thus, we have created the
disease ourselves. Cattle naturally are grazers, feeding on grass. We have given cattle feed derived
from sheep, an unnatural food for cattle. We have compounded our mistake by also feeding young
cattle with feed derived from older cattle making them cannibals. There is a kind of horror
associated with it when we look at it like this. There is also a kind of poetic justice that the disease
is passed down to us as we consume the animals that we have infected.
Moving on now, are there any questions with what I have said so far?
TEST 6
SECTION 1
Mike: And, its a bright sunny morning here at Portsmouth University Radio, the radio station that
brings you all the news, and lots of the fun non-news from our wonderful campus and the city we
live in. I'm your host Mike, and with me is...
Rita: Rita. Hi, guys.
Mike: So, Rita, whats on the menu this morning?
Rita: As usual, Mike, we'll start off with the most important, most exciting and interesting news
for all those thousands of our highly intellectual, very serious listeners - sports.
Mike: Right. Good news from the women's soccer team last night, I hear.
Rita: Sure is. They thrashed Southampton by, would you believe, not four, not five, but six goals
to nil, nothing, zero. So the team's looking good for the Southern England University League that
starts this Saturday.
Mike: Did you see the game, Rita? I wanted to, but was stuck in the lab playing with rats.
Rita: See the game, against our closest rivals? Do you think I'd have missed it? Great game.
Mike: So who scored?
Rita: No surprises here. Molly Mbeka scored the first three, all in the first half. Susie Smith, last
years top scorer, hit the net five minutes into the second half, followed two minutes later by Joan
Michael. Then Molly finished off the massacre just before the final whistle.
Mike: Fantastic players. Great team. All our listeners know Susie Smith, of course - the Blond
Dynamite - and Joan Michael from last year. But Molly is new on campus, a first-year
postgraduate medical student all the way from Ghana, where she played for the national team. Top
scorer, an amazing twenty-five goals in international matches last season. African Woman Player
of the Year,
Rita: Yeah, she's fantastic. She came very close to scoring more, but Southampton hemmed her in
really tightly after they saw what she can do,
Mike: I heard she could turn professional tomorrow if she wanted to, but prefers to enjoy the game
as an amateur and study to become a doctor.
Rita: Thats true. OK, and how about the mens soccer team, Mike?
Mike: Do I have to speak about this, Rita? A disaster. Played away at Bristol. I won't be surprised
if some of them are too embarrassed to come back. Lost 6-2, and Bristol had their best two players
watching from the sidelines because of injury. Lets change the subject.
Rita: Good idea. No other sporting new today, but lots coming up this weekend. Now to the bad
news from the Students' Union.
Mike: Really bad news! Prices in the cafeteria and bar are going up by an average of 10 percent,
as from next Monday, 75p for a cup of coffee, four pounds for a pint of Bitter, my favourite beer.
Rita: So, complain. Theres a demonstration planned for outside the Students Union Building at
noon tomorrow. See you there, and you can phone us now - 8759 765 - to tell us what you think.
SECTION 2
Good morning, fellow members of the board, staff members, and our dear stockholders. Welcome
to our 6th annual general meeting. It is my pleasure to give you an overview of how the Orange
Computer Company has done in the past year. When I have finished, we will be very happy to
answer any questions you might have.
Most of what I have to say is very encouraging, but, to get it over with, Ill start with the bad news.
Actually, its not too bad. This time a year ago, we told you that we were about to launch our first
mobile phone line - cell phone for our American friends. After a nuyor promotion, our four mobile
phones hit the market exactly one week later, Given our excellent company reputation, very
promising results from our market research, and what we thought were attractive winning features
at very competitive prices, our competitors were ready and waiting, with new models at prices that
we had to match. So, match them we did, but, given the difficulty of breaking into this market,
sales have been disappointing both in Europe and especially in North America. Given the massive
growth of Chinas mobile phone production in recent years, and our lack of experience in that part
of the world, we did not market the phones in Asia,
So our mobile phone subsidiary is still limping along, but sales are slowly growing - we believe
the long battery life and reliability arc beginning to have a larger impact on consumers - so we
have planned a new promotion and marketing campaign stressing these two strengths. Our research
also shows that, after only a few weeks, most purchasers of the fanciest, most expensive mobile
phones end up only using the basic functions - phone calls, messages, and chatting. So we will be
appealing to the more conservative consumers, those who look for reliability, rather than those
who feel they need to always have the very latest and most complicated models. We are confident
that we will soon build a strong position in this target market.
Now for the good news. As you can see in the Annual Report, total group income from sales
increased to just over 1.83 billion Euros, a very healthy 9.5 percent, and net profit after taxes
increased to 126 million Euros, or 18 percent. So you can look forward to a significant rise in share
dividends, and an even bigger increase in the value of your stockholdings in Orange Computers.
Let me briefly describe the main reasons for our even better-than-expected growth and profits this
past year. One is the fruits of our merger four years ago with Ribbon Optical, Europes largest
camera and CCD maker. Our decision to get into the high-end digital professional camera market
has proven to be the right one. We have been particularly successful in the medical imaging field.
Starting from nothing three years ago, our equipment is now being used by 12 percent of Europes
hospitals, and we have already, after just 18 months, made a promising entry'into the North
American market. In fact, just yesterday we signed a 1.2 million dollar contract with one of
Americas best-known medical schools.
Another major reason for a vety profitable year was the increased outsourcing of our programming
to India and China. This has resulted in very significant cost reductions on our software side. And
I am happy to tell you that we managed to increase the proportion of the programming we
outsource without laying off any of our European programming staff, who we keep for those
software and platform projects that we wish to keep most closely to ourselves. Efforts to increase
energy efficiency have also reduced costs.
We are also pleased that our decision, explained to you at our meeting a year ago, to stick to our
core business and not to enter such areas as games, playstations, music, MP3 and the like - mobile
phones were the one exception - is, in our opinion, proving correct. The competition is very fierce
in these fields, with minimum returns, and, in the case of the music side, extremely costly in legal
fees.
SECTION 3
Mary: Hi, Mr Hays, it's so great to see you again.
Hays: Mary, one of my most favourite students. So how are you?
Mary: Well, to be honest, Mr Hays, not so good. That's why I wanted to see you. It's about
university. So different from high school.
Hays: Oh dear. Well, why dont we sit down over there and you can tell me all about it? Let's see
if I can be of any help to you.
Mary: Oh dear. I feel so stupid now. I shouldnt have bothered you.
Hays: Dont be silly, Mary. We all need someone to speak to sometimes, and since your mother
and father are in New Zealand, you probably feel a bit lost now and then. But before you say
anything else, why don't you tell me all the things that you like about your new life at university?
Mary: Gee, l dont know. I guess I like the city. Canterbury Cathedral is one of my favourite
places. I often go there just to sit and think. Or Just sit.
Hays: Oh, I can quite understand that. And you've got the sea -1 love the sea - and you are never
more than a short cycle ride from the lovely Kent countryside, And how are your teachers?
Mary: Oh, the profs are great - not as good as you - but really interesting, and always ready to
explain things after class. But, I don't know, they're really good. But I Just cant seem to feel
enthusiastic about studying any more.
Hays: Mary? Not a keen student any more? My dear, that's so hard to believe. You were always
so energetic and Interested in all vour subjects, except German, if I remember correctly. But you
still did very well in it. And you always wanted to major in Biology, which is what you are doing
now. Do you still enjoy Biology?
Mary: I dont know. I suppose so. But I kind of have to force myself to go to lectures and stuff. It
all seems, like, like a waste of time. Pointless.
Hays: Mary, I think I know you quite well. You are obviously not feeling yourself. Are you feeling
sad, or worried about something?
Mary: Not really sad, and I dont think Im worried about anything In particular, Its just that
nothing seems worth bothering with.
Hays: Have you spoken with your mum or dad lately?
Mary: Not since Easter. I send them e-mails, but they hardly ever reply. And they are never in
when I try to phone them. Always out filming.
Hays: Yes, Mary. That Is sometimes the problem with very successful parents. They get so
wrapped up in their work that they neglect the kids, Not intentional, but it happens.
Mary: I guess. But at least I could speak to them sometimes when they were here in London. But
now - well, I feel really alone at Canterbury.
Hays: Have you made any friends there, Mary? You were always such a popular person here. It
seemed you were In every club and sports team. President of the Chess Club. Have you joined any
university clubs?
Mary: Not really. Suppose I should. Ill check out the debating society once I get back.
Hays: That's a good idea. Let me know how you get on.
SECTION 4
Good evening. Good to see so many people here to learn about the fascinating civilisation of the
Aztecs. By the way, is the microphone working? You can hear OK at the back? Good. Lets go
back to 1519 AD. Anyone know what happened in that year? Right, Hernan Cortez landed on that
part of Central America that is today known as Mexico. He expected to find gold, and he did. What
he did not expect to find, however, was the great Aztec civilisation.
Aztec legend said they originated in the plains of northwestern Mexico and slowly migrated
southward. When they arrived at Lake Texcoco, in 1325 they founded their great capital,
Tenochtitlan, on the site of what is now Mexico City.
The Aztecs developed a complex society and governmental structure, at the head of which was the
Emperor. They made many scientific advances, especially in the areas of astronomy and medicine.
They also had a complicated religion, and interest in the arts, agriculture and social conditions
occupied much of their time.
Lets talk about their remarkable achievements in some of these areas. You cannot do much if you
don't have food to eat, so lets first take a look at their farming practices. The land that the Aztecs
farmed was not fertile enough to grow enough food to support the growing population, so they
were forced to invent methods to increase productivity, including irrigation, fertiliser, and even
building terraces on hills, to protect soil from running off, like we see today in China, the
Philippines, and many other parts of the world. But one thing we dont see was their very original
idea of chinapas, spelt C-H-I-N-A-P-A-S.
Chinapas were floating gardens built on swamps. Actually, they were quite simple to make. First,
canals were dug through the marshes and swamps. Then, mud from the canals was placed on mats
woven from weeds and straw. These mats were quite big, maybe five or six meters long and two
across. Trees were then planted in the bed of the swamp at the corners of each mat The trees took
root, and the chinapas were held firmly in place. The Aztecs used these floating gardens to plant
their main, corn, and also vegetables, like beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash, and tomatoes,
The Aztecs were very advanced in some ways, but they didnt use animals or plows to help them
work the land. In fact, they didnt even have the wheel. No problem, the soil on the chinapas was
soft: enough that pointed sticks were all they needed to plant crops on them.
But the Aztecs were much more than imaginative gardeners. They made great advances in the
sciences, especially astronomy. Im sure many of you have heard of the Aztecs Calendar Stone.
It took them 52 years, from 1427 to 1479 to build the Calendar Stone. It was huge: a massive piece
of rock 3 feet thick, 12 feet in diameter and weighing about 24 tons, on which they carved
pictographs for the days and months of the Aztec calendar.
This showed just how advanced the Aztecs were in the science of astronomy. It makes me think
of the clean air they enjoyed in those days, when they could see all the stars shining so brightly in
the night sky. They would have had a big problem doing this in most parts of the world nowadays.
But back to the Calendar Stone. It had 18 months, each of 20 days, namely, 360 days made one
year. But they had long before worked out that there are 365 days in a year, so they added 5 days,
which they called the Nemontemi, or sacrificial days, to get 365. Remember, this was 103 years
before the Gregorian calendar that we use today. Very sophisticated, those Aztec astronomers.
And they were not only clever astronomers. The Aztecs made great advances in medicine. At the
time, many Europeans looked down on the herbal medicine of the Aztecs as a heathen practice,
just like they used to look down on traditional Chinese or African medicine. But in fact, Aztec
doctors could do more than even the best doctors in Europe. Their medicine was primarily based
on spiritual healing and herbal healing, Spiritual, because they believed many illnesses were
caused by such things as an angry god or bad birth signs. So their first step in treating an illness
was always prayer, and sometimes animal sacrifice. But they also used herbal medicine, and
concentrated much of their medical science on finding out what herbs could do. Just like the
ancient Chinese doctors.
So, over generations, the Aztecs accumulated a vast knowledge of the herbs in the world around
them and the medicinal properties of each one. One difference with traditional Chinese medicine
is that the Aztecs concentrated more on curing the symptoms of a disease than getting at the cause
of the disease. They felt that if a god or goddess wished to make them ill, then they could do
nothing about the root cause, namely, a god. If the medicine worked, it meant that the gods
approved of the patient getting well again.
TEST 7
SECTION 1
Jane: Who is it?
Sally: Its me, Sally.
Jane: The doors open. Hi.
Sally: Hi. So, have you decided where to go for your big holiday?
Jane: Finally, I narrowed it down to Southeast Asia or India and Pakistan, and decided on
Southeast Asia.
Sally: thats a long trip. Three months nearly. Dont you think its too long?
Jane: I have to be back in time for the new term, so I want to leave by July I".
Sally: That's a long trip. Three months nearly. Don't you think it's too long?
Jane: No. I want to do research on recycling while I'm there - for my environmental studies course
next year, so I've got tons of things to do. I don't know where to start.
Sally: First things first. Passport, air ticket, and money. How much money are you taking? I hear
it's not cheap like it used to be,
Jane: The passport's OK for another two years, I'll go to the travel agent tomorrow, and I reckon
3,000 pounds should be plenty. I'm glad I kept doing that horrible waitress job this past three years,
Sally: A thousand a month. Sounds plenty. Including airfare?
Jane: No. Dad's got a freguent flyer award, so I should be able to get to Singapore and back for
nothing.
Sally: Yeah, but you have to be careful. Normally those free ticket things mean you can only fly
when there are empty seats. Don't want you to get stuck there until all the rich Asian students have
flown back here after seeing their families.
Jane: I'll manage. But I'll see what the travel agent has to say. Gosh, July 1K, that's only a bit over
three weeks
Sally: Inoculations. All sorts of nasty diseases in those tropical places. Have you checked out the
health requirements?
Jane: Didn't think of it. How do I start?
Sally: I think there's a Ministry of Health web page that tells you what injections and pills you
need before you go to different countries. Yellow fever, malaria, that sort of stuff. How many
countries do you plan on visiting?
Jane: As many as I can. Singapore, Malaysia - I'd like to get to Sabah and Sarawak in East
Malaysia if I can - Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Indonesia for sure.
Sally: That's pretty ambitious. How do you plan to get around?
Jane: As cheap as I can. Don't fancy flying much, Mavbe I can get a boat from Singapore to
Borneo.
Sally: You didn't mention Borneo.
Jane: Oh, that's the big island where Sabah and Sarawak are. Most of it belongs to Indonesia.
Sally: Oh, I know. And Brunei, right, that little place with tons of oil.
Jane: Right,
Sally: Have you still got your camera?
Jane: Yeah, and Dave has promised me a digital video camera for my birthday.
Sally: But your birthday isn't until late July.
Jane: An early birthday present. That's what brothers are for.
SECTION 2
Good morning, everybody. Im Richard Smethers from International Students. Consulting, and
welcome to todays talk on what you need to know and think about prior to going to study In the
UK.
Probably the biggest question is that of housing. It can be very expensive, especially In London.
And the halls of residence in most universities are certainly not cheap: thats what you pay for
convenience. Probably the best thing for most of you. I believe Its the first time any of you have
studied in the UK - is to try to find a vacancy In a co-op house with other students. If you are keen
to make maximum progress with your English, I would suggest that you try to find accommodation
with at least one native speaker. So many foreign students end up living only with people from
their own country, and Ive actually known cases where their English is worse after three years
than when they arrived.
One advantage of living with British students is that they'll probably have experience of dealing
with landlords, looking after the bills and other things that might be done quite differently in your
home country.
So how to find shared housing, any housing? Arrive early. Its best to try and be in the town or
city where youll be studying at least a week before the start of term. If you leave it too late, you'll
be competing with thousands of other students all looking for a place to live. And one of your first
stops should be the Housing Office. They have a database of all types of off-campus
accommodation, and the early bird catches the worm, as they say. Youll probably meet other
students at there in the same boat you are. And chat with people. If you meet any that seem to be
the type of people you could get along with, then you might well sort out your accommodation
quite quickly with them.
Now, I know that a few of you will be going with your spouses. Sharing a house or a flat with
other students is probably not what most of you would prefer. If you are trying to save money, a
studio flat, which has a bedroom and living room combined and a place to cook, is usually cheaper
than a flat with a separate bedroom and a kitchen. But remember, you will probably need
somewhere to study at home.
Once you have found a place to live, there are a few things you should check out very carefully
with the landlord or the estate agent - quite a few estate agents look after the renting out of housing
for one or several landlords, First, how are you going to pay the rent? By the way, I forgot to
mention that you should open a bank account very soon after you arrive. You might want to open
a savings account for the bulk of your money, and keep some in a current account for paying the
bills. The advantage of the former is that you get more interest on your deposit, but you usually
can't write cheques or arrange to pay such things as electricity, gas, telephone and water bills, plus
what you owe the landlord. These are normally paid on a monthly or quarterly basis with what are
called direct debits and standing orders. The rent, of course, is usually paid monthly, and most
landlords want a deposit of one or two months rent to pay for any damage you might do.
Accidents happen, and its sad but true that there are thieves everywhere. Make sure you have
good locks on your doors and windows, and insist that the landlord or estate agent changes them
if they are not up to scratch.
You should take out insurance for major items such as personal computers. If you have a car, then
Insurance is required by law. And if you think you may want to get a car, make sure you take your
current driving licence with you, because it may help you get cheaper car Insurance.
But the most important type of Insurance you should take out is medical insurance. Falling off
your bike and breaking your arm can be a very costly business if you are not protected by
insurance. Unlike the student union advisory service in your university, I am not allowed to offer
you the best advice on what insurance company to use.
Now, what about working? If you have a student visa for longer than six months, you can work
for up to 20 hours per week during term time or 40 hours per week otherwise without applying for
permission from the Home Office.
And if you have a UK visa based on a relationship to someone with a long-term visa in the UK,
you will normally be free to take up any sort of employment In the UK.
SECTION 3
Rick: Hello, everybody, and welcome once again to the How to Study programme on the Oxbridge
TV Educational Channel. As usual, we are your hosts, Rick and
Rita: Rita. OK, Rick, what's today's topic?
Rick: Note-taking.
Rita: Right, note-taking. Its one of those things most of us students do, but has anyone ever told
you how to do it so it can be the greatest help to you? If you had teachers like mine all your life,
probably not.
Rick: Same here. Rita and I thought of this topic a few weeks ago, did some research, and found
that most students don't take or use notes in the best way.
Rita: Of course, different things work better for different people, but we did manage to come up
with some useful basic principles.
Rick: But first. How do we know it helps? How do we know it isn't better to listen carefully to
everything the lecturer savs, rather than scribble away taking notes?
Rita: Well, we found that research on note-taking has been going on since this guy Prof. C. C.
Crawford began his studies in the 1920s.
Rick: But we don't have time to tell you all about the different studies that have been done. The
important thing is that most researchers agree that taking notes is better than not taking notes, and
that reviewing notes is the key to their usefulness.
Rita: Both are really important. For example, in 1970, Prof. Howe concluded that students were
seven times more likely to recall information one week after it was presented if the information
had been recorded in their notes. He argued that the note-writing activity per se makes a
contribution to later retention ...' But another important thing is that you shouldnt take notes like
a human tape recorder. Listen to this, and I quote, 'there is growing evidence that note-taking
combined with critical thinking facilitates retention and applications of the information.
Rick: In fact, in 1979, two researchers found that students who took notes verbatim scored lower
on comprehension tests than those who processed information at a high level, which is inhibited
by taking notes this way. Similarly, in 1985, another researcher found that the most successful
students thought about the relationships between the facts the lecturer told them and the better
organisation of their notes reflected this process.
Rita: And putting information in different geometric figures, squares, triangles, rings, etc. - like
in computer programming - to stand for different functions and alternatives improves this
reorganisation. OK. Now for some practical basics. You start, Rick.
Rick: One. Be prepared. Have your notebook open and pen in hand when class begins.
Rita: Two. Listen for what the teacher emphasises with words like to summarise 'the main point
is ..., and if something is written on the board, you should probably write it down.
Rick: And if something is repeated, it's probably important!
Rita: Dont try to write down every word. Just the main ideas, content, and information.
Rick: And develop your own way of abbreviating words.
Rita: Go over your notes as soon as possible after class,
Rick: Underline or highlight main ideas, concepts, and information.
Rita: And last thing. Reorganising notes while reviewing leads to higher test scores.
SECTION 4
Good afternoon, everybody, and welcome to our hospitals recreational therapy department. Im
Dr Gillian Roberts, and Im the department head. You all have children who have some form of
disability, and your family physicians have recommended that they come here for treatment. Many
people dont know very much about recreational therapy - it sounds rather like playing to get better.
Well, in a way, it is. But it is much more than this. So today Ill give you an overview of the basic
principles and some common activities of this form of therapy. Please dont hesitate to interrupt
me if you have any questions.
Let me start by painting a picture in your minds. Imagine a young child with a disability and an
adult splashing around, playing and laughing in a swimming pool. For the child, this happy scene
is very different from the daily struggle of, for example, learning to walk without crutches. The
adult is a recreational therapist. Its fun, but it's also work, and successful work as she sees the
improvement in the childs balance, leg motion range, and lower body strength, Equally important,
she sees that the child is slowly but surely gaining confidence.
So, this probably gives you an idea of what recreational therapy is all about. How about a
definition? The American Therapeutic Recreation Association describes it as a health care and
human service discipline that delivers treatment services designed to restore, remediate and/or
rehabilitate functional capabilities for persons with injuries, chronic illnesses, and all types of
disabling conditions. Well, thats quite a mouthful. But you can see that it covers a wide range of
conditions and patients.
At this hospital we used to specialise in children under twelve, while older people went to St James,
very close to here. But we found that children can be encouraged by seeing adults doing similar
things to what they are doing, and they also get very attached to their therapists. So now both
hospitals treat both youngsters and adults, and we work very closely together, especially on
research projects.
OK. Who are the therapists? Well, most of them are certified therapeutic recreation specialists,
usually simply called recreational therapists. They are certified through the National Council for
Therapeutic Recreation Certification, which requires a bachelors degree or higher, a formal
internship and passing a certification examination. To maintain their certification, they must also
participate regularly in professional education activities.
Recreational therapists work in a wide range of clinical service areas, but they play an especially
important role in the rehabilitation of children with disabling conditions. Their work with children
includes such activities as physical play focused on restoration or maintenance of functioning, and
the one-on-one bedside play with a single child or small group activity. By the way, it seems that
so far I have been talking about physical problems. In fact, our work also includes trying to help
with psychological problems. For example, educational play focused on understanding upcoming
surgery; dramatic or expressive play focused upon coping with fear and anxiety; and family or
sibling play to help overcome such things as excessive shyness, hostility, and other emotional
problems.
What makes recreational therapy different from other forms of therapy? As the name suggests, it
is the use of recreational activities as the mode of treatment. The treatment goals that a recreational
therapist may work towards are similar to the goals of other disciplines on the rehabilitation team,
but the way of achieving those goals is different. Also, the recreational therapist has a holistic
perspective that includes the patients leisure, social, cognitive, and physical needs.
This means that a recreational therapist may work with a child on one or more of the following
functional areas:
Physical functioning - things like mobility, strength, and motor skills
Cognitive functioning - such as attention span, memory, and problem -solving
Emotional functioning - things like self-esteem, confidence, and coping skills
Social functioning - how to communicate and interact with others
Sadly, sometimes we also have to help patients learn to manage pain.
Other areas include developmental play skills, leisure interests, and abilities. Well, that sounds
more like something to do with recreation than the other things I just mentioned.
As you can imagine, with all those different things that might need to be worked on, a recreational
therapist may use a wide range of techniques to meet the needs of each child. After completing a
comprehensive assessment, the recreational therapist identifies appropriate treatment goals and
decides on the methods to be used. These methods might include leisure skill building, adaptive
sports, aquatic therapy - I mentioned splashing around in a pool at the beginning of my talk -
therapeutic art, and animal-assisted therapy - this is increasingly popular, its wonderful how a
friendly dog can do more than all the doctors in the world for some disabled kids.
TEST 8
SECTION 1
Student: Hello. My name is Garcia. I phoned earlier about finding accommodation.
Saleswoman: Ah yes - Mr. Garcia. I took your call. Please take a seat. You said on the phone that
you are studying at the university.
Student: Thats right. Im currently in university digs, but I have decided to move out.
Saleswoman: May I ask why?
Student: Well, the accommodation itself is fine - very nice in fact - but its catered accommodation
and I find having to have my meals at fixed times somewhat restrictive. I tried to get into selfcatering accommodation, but theres very little of that available and, as I will be a second-year
student next academic year, I wasnt given a place.
Saleswoman: I see. We have many students coming to us who are in the same situation. Do you
intend to live alone or share with someone?
Student: I have two friends, from Spain and from Columbia, who would like to share with me.
We thought it would be a good idea to rent a small house together. Does that sound sensible to
you?
Saleswoman: Sure. In fact, I recommend it. Where are you from, Mr. Garcia?
Student: Im from Mexico.
Saleswoman: Really? I went there on holiday last year. Lovely. So, youre looking for a threebedroom house. How about a flat? Would that be OK?
Student: Yes, that would be fine too, but if the rents are roughly the same, wed prefer a house
with a small garden - just somewhere where we can sit outside in the sunshine.
Saleswoman: Of course. We do have houses, but more flats are available at the moment. Is there
any particular area youd like to live in?
Student: Obviously, wed like to be close to the university if possible, but not too dose. My
experience is that people living in the proximity of the uni tend to get a lot of people dropping in.
Wed like to avoid that.
Saleswoman: I understand. Places further from the uni are also a little cheaper, in general. Before
we go on, could I take down a few details?
Student: Of course. My full name is Manuel Garcia. I currently live at 35c Campus Lane.
Saleswoman: Thank you. And your telephone number and e-mail address?
Student: My mobile number is 0453 672 348. My e-mail address is garciainuk@email.uk.
Saleswoman: How old are you and your future housemates?
Student:
Im 19. My friends are 19 and 20.
Saleswoman: And are you all male?

Student:
Yes.
Saleswoman: Smokers?
Student:
No.
Saleswoman: OK. How much would you be prepared to pay altogether?

Student:
We heard that 200 to 250 pounds a month would be possible.
Saleswoman: Yes, thats about right. Accommodation in this town is below the average for the
country as a whole. Id recommend something closer to 250 pounds, since the lower-paid
accommodation can be rather poor quality.
Student: Yes. Its important to feel good in a home. We intend to move in at the beginning of
July. Weve all got placements over the summer holiday.
Saleswoman: Thats good. A lot of landlords will offer a small discount if they know that youll
be there throughout the year. I think well find something decent for around 230 pounds a month.
I should point out that utilities are not included.
Student: I understand. We expected that. By the way, we understand that you will charge us a fee
for arranging accommodation. Is that correct?
Saleswoman: Yes, it is. We charge you half a months rent and the landlord half a months rent.
That includes the cost of drawing up a rental agreement. All our landlords require a deposit of a
months rent, payable with the first months rent upon signing the agreement.
Student: Thats fine.
Saleswoman: Now, Ill just write down the kind of place youre looking for. I dont think thatll
be a problem. Do you have any other requirements?
Student: Er... Let me think for a minute. Oh, of course - how could I forget! It must be furnished.
We dont mind buying kitchen utensils. A TV - yes, well need that. We dont need a video or
DVD player. Oh, and a washing machine. Thats essential, as is an Internet connection. I presume
all the accommodation you offer has a cooker?
Salewoman: Yes. You dont have to worry about that. Do you prefer a bath or a shower?
Student: We would prefer to have a shower, but were not fussy about that.
Saleswoman: Right then. Ill send you details of three or four of the most suitable properties later
today by e-mail. Then you can let me know whether youd like to see any of the properties or
whether youd prefer to see details of some others. Thank you for dropping by, Mr. Garcia.
SECTION 2
Interviewer: What was your holiday location and how did you hear about it?
Interviewee: My holiday location was Waiwera, in New Zealand. It is a thermal spa resort. I was
there last year with my parents, my sister and a couple of friends of my parents. My father and my
little sister, who inherited the medical problems from my father, need to go to a thermal spa every
year for treatment. They used to go to the Polynesian Spa in Rotorua, another famous resort in
New Zealand, but last year they decided that they fancied a change. I had never gone with them to
a spa because I preferred to spend my holiday at home or go to other places, but last year when
they changed the location I decided to go with them. I also decided to go because my sister really
wanted me to go with her. My parents found out about this location from some of the people they
met in Rotorua. These people said that they were more satisfied with the accommodation and
facilities at the Waiwera spa, so my parents were curious and when they returned home they asked
me to search on the Internet for some information. They were impressed with the information I
found and it was then that they decided to plan a trip there.
Interviewer: So you went with your family and your parents friends?
Interviewee: Yes. I travelled with my parents, my little sister and some family friends with their
three children, so that altogether we were nine people. I was lucky because in the other family
there was a boy one year older than me, so I had someone to pass the time with and have some
fun. There were a lot of elderly people and kids at the spa town, so I was happy that he was with
me. We had similar interests. Its good to be with someone with your own age when you are on
holiday.
Interviewer: How much time did you spend finding out information about this spa?
Interviewee: I didnt spend so much time searching for the information because the spa has
website that was easy to find. We wanted some more information that wasnt on the website,
particularly about how to get there, but we went to a travel agency and they gave us the
information that we didnt have and made there the reservations for all of us.
Interviewer: Can you tell us the thing you like most at the spa?
Interviewee: There were so many things that I liked there. I especially liked the accommodation.
We stayed at the Waiwera Holiday Inn which is situated right on the beach. It offers spectacular
sea views. I think that I will never forget it.
Interviewer: Were there any things that you were not satisfied with?
Interviewee: I think that the bad side of this vacation was that there were so many old people and
many, many children. Luckily, there were some play areas for children and they stayed there most
of the time.
Interviewer: How was your room? Did you have everything you needed?
Interviewee: Yes, we had everything we needed. Everything was comfortable and the conditions
were great, so I have nothing to complain about.
Interviewer: Did you make any new friends? Are you still in touch?
Interviewee: Everyone was very gentle and warm. They really made a good impression. When
we needed some help, they were very helpful and I felt great. Im still in touch with the son of my
parents friends.
Interviewer: How did you spend your time? Did you participate in any recreational activities?
Interviewee: I dont have any medical problems like my father and sister, but I still went to the
thermal spa. There were a lot of recreational activities to enjoy if we wanted. For example, I played
golf because there was a minigolf course. Basketball and volleyball were also available, but we
couldnt get enough people together for two proper teams. I also went to swim and I also went
scuba diving on the reef not far from the hotel. There was a small group of us with an instructor.
It was truly amazing. I cannot describe in words how I felt down there. It was like I was in paradise.
SECTION 3
Tutor: So, you have all told me that you have been having difficulties with taking part in seminar
discussions. Ive invited you here to see if we can come up with some suggestions and solutions.
Sometimes talking about these things can be helpful. Mika, you said that you think speaking and
listening abilities are related?
Mika: Yes, it was really difficult because basically I... I wasnt good at listening during
discussions. You know, you need to understand what is going on so if you miss some things that
people say. ts very difficult to catch up with the topic. Also, when the tutor asked me a question,
sometimes I couldnt understand the question and I was answering by making a guess about what
he was asking. Usually, the result was that he said something like I think you didnt understand
my question, which was quite embarrassing for me.
Tutor: Martina, have you personally had many difficulties taking part in discussions?
Martina: Oh, yes. Definitely. Especially at the very beginning of the course. In terms of speaking,
I think I feel that the students, when they talk in class, there is no end to the conversation. They
sometimes talk continuously regardless of whether you raise a hand. However, they will usually
stop and, let you speak if you just interrupt someone. At the beginning, I think I was trying to adapt
to this kind of environment or classroom chemistry. It was also difficult because of my language
ability. At the beginning, students, especially native speaker students, well, their English is, well,
I don't need to comment about their English, but the speed and the fluency of their English made
interaction or intervention,... I mean interruption, very difficult for students like me, like us, nonnative speakers. One thing I learnt to try and do is to think and try to anticipate where the discussion
might go, so that when, for example, they talk about something, you know, like,... when they talk
about, for example, how children think, I can get some ideas in my mind and then I can join in.
Before, by the time I had collected all my thoughts and was ready to join in, the discussion had
moved on. So, basically, I think it requires you to think quickly and think ahead if you want to join
in.
Tutor: Michal, have you done anything to try and improve and to participate in such discussions?
Michal: I think I have. For example, now, I have more discussions with my classmates outside the
classroom and talk with them about some of the questions raised in the seminars. If you ask tutors
about your concerns, they listen to you very carefully and they pay attention to the issue in future
seminars. They also try to, how do you say it in English?... catch your eye and see if you are ready
to make a comment, If you are, they interrupt the native speakers and ... whats the other idiom?
... give you the floor. Thats it. Tutors are very good at accommodating all people in the room, but
you have to let them know you want to speak. Eye contact and body language can be useful.
Tutor: Martina, with regard to speaking in discussions, what advice would you give to another
student coming to study in England?
Martina: Be polite when you discuss something or argue something. Dont be aggressive. Just be
polite and argue in a polite way and if you say something wrong, just admit it. English students
dont mind if you make a mistake, and you should admit it and then continue the argument or
discussion. If I have really good idea or previous knowledge about the subject under discussion,
my view is respected, but if I dont have anything to say about the topic, thats not good, so I advise
the students from overseas to be prepared and to be polite. Its a good chance for you to talk and
share. Take it.
Tutor: Mika, what advice would you give to international students about how to prepare for
discussion activities?
Mika: If you ... if you want to improve your English abilities it takes some time. You must be
realistic. You cannot make a quick improvement easily, but what you can do immediately is to
have enough knowledge on that subject. If you have enough knowledge, for example, if you know
technical terms, you can ... there is a much higher probability that you will understand the content
of the seminar. You can also help yourself by using your English outside seminars. If you make
some friends from your seminar groups, you will also find that they like to discuss, er, discuss
topics with you in the seminars. So thats the advice I would give. I agree with Martina about being
prepared before the discussion. I find that English students are very interested in how things are
done, or tackled, in other countries. However, they can be impatient if you take too long to express
yourself.
Tutor: Well, thank you very much. I hope thats given you a few ideas. Now, there is something
else I can suggest...
SECTION 4
Lecturer: Hello, everybody and thank you for coming. I know that youre all very busy at this time
but I hope that by coming to this talk, youll at least get some useful information for when you go
to study overseas. Well, today I want to talk about the effect of cultural background on learning
style; that is, how a learners culture might impact on his or her approach to study. I want to begin
by looking at some basic cultural values and how these affect teaching and learning. Ill then go
on to present evidence which shows that approaches to learning which are acceptable in one culture
may not be acceptable in another. If you have any questions, Id be happy to answer them at the
end of the talk. Now, I want to start by introducing the two concepts. They are actually contrasting
concepts, these are conserving and extending cultures. What do these terms mean?
Experts have categorised cultures as being either basically conserving or extending in their attitude
to the transmission of knowledge. Let me give you an example to try to make this clear. A good
example of a conserving cultural attitude is demonstrated by most Arabic cultures. Here there is
the requirement to learn the holy book - the Koran - by heart. This demands a huge effort of
memorisation, as you can imagine. The way the Koran is learnt impacts on the way other subjects
are learnt generally. It might also have an effect on learners perception of what constitutes an
acceptable teaching style. By this I mean that the unquestioning acceptance of the messages in the
Koran and the concentration and repetition necessary to memorise those messages are transferred
to the learning of school subjects and to the expectations students have on teachers.
Thats Arab culture. Lets turn now to Chinese culture. There is evidence to suggest that Chinese
culture is conserving in nature. For example, keeping quiet in the classroom, listening to the
teacher, not talking to other students, not interacting; these tend to characterise the Chinese
classroom. As a result, Chinese learners do not develop argumentation skills as quickly as their
American counterparts. American students tend to be actively encouraged to question their
teachers, their materials and to interact with other classmates. However, I have to say - in the
interests of balance - that Chinese students tend to work with greater concentration - but this is not
the point Im trying to make. The point is that some cultures display a conserving attitude to
teaching and learning, while others display a more extending attitude to learning.
Now, the memorisation and non-interactive styles of learning encouraged, for example, in Arab
and Chinese cultures may disadvantage learners, at least initially, when they progress from
secondary school to university. Why is this? Well, its because universities worldwide are
increasingly adopting - with a few local variations - the Western requirement for students to show
argumentation skills in written assignments and effective interpersonal skills in tutorials and
seminars. In other words, the world model for university teaching and learning is now the Western
model, the interactive model if you like.
Now, of course, students from conserving backgrounds who go on to study in an extending culture
will obviously need to adapt to a different learning style to accommodate to the new conditions.
This, unsurprisingly, can often prove to be a painful process. However, such learners are able to
make the transition quite successfully with guidance from academic staff and a lot of determination
from their own part to unlearn or dismantle the study-related approaches and strategies acquired
in their own cultures. Let me give you some examples from real life to try to illuminate this issue.
Ive put these on slides.
Now, lets look at the comments made by three Asian students who found the Western university
system of teaching and learning very different from their previous experience. If you just look at
the screen - Ive put these comments on slides... as I said. This is what a Chinese undergraduate
from Shanghai studying at an Australian university had to say: Generally, many of us are trained
in a system where you dont contribute much to classroom discussions; some students even hesitate
to ask questions from lecturers. Heres what a Masters student from Japan studying at an English
university in London had to say: In Tapanese culture and education, the emphasis on training
seems to be on intuition rather than logical construction of arguments. This makes it much harder
to study at my British University. Finally, lets take a look at the comments by an Indian research
student studying at an American university: One problem was getting used to the American
system where a student is expected to find out for herself or himself the requirements and facilities
of the university. This contrasts with the system at home whereby a person, generally the lecturer
or supervisor, is responsible for the needs of the student.
To sum up, then, there is certainly evidence to show that the cultural values of a society affect the
way that societys educational institutions function and how the teaching in them is carried out.
While ensuring the continuation of cultural identity and solidarity, the existence of culturally
determined patterns of teaching and learning means that individual learning style - the way a
learner would prefer to learn - is largely ignored in classrooms around the world. Well, thats all I
want to say for the moment -1 hope youll find what Ive said interesting and useful when you go
overseas to study. Are there any questions?
TEST 9
SECTION 1
(A - Accommodation Officer, S = Student)
A: Hello. How may I help you?
S: Hello. My name is Martina Bila. I made an appointment to see you at 10 o'clock. Im a little
early. Is that OK?
A: No problem. Were not very busy at the moment. You said on the phone that you werent happy
with your accommodation and were thinking of changing.
S: Thats right.
A: May I ask what the problem is exactly?
S: To be honest, theres more than one problem. The main problem is that the accommodation is
further than I imagined from the university.
A: I see. And the other problem or problems?
S: The other problem is that the landlady is quite a heavy smoker. Im a non-smoker, and Im
afraid that I find it quite unpleasant.
A: Im sorry about that. Werent you given the option of accommodation with smokers or nonsmokers?
S: Im afraid thats really my fault. I dont mind light smokers, but I didnt get my accommodation
organised very much in advance, so most of the accommodation had gone by the time I applied.
However, a friend told me that there is sometimes accommodation ... er ... you know ... er ...
accommodation becomes available mid-term because some people leave the university or change
their place ... er... the place where they live, so I thought maybe ...
A: I see. Yes, it is important to arrange accommodation well in advance, though it isnt always
possible. However, your friend was correct. We do get some accommodation available mid-term.
Just give me a minute to find your details on the computer....
S: Yes, of course.
A: Now, your current address is 43 Parkway Drive, isnt it?
S: Yes.
A: Yes, thats a fair way away. The bus connection isnt too good either, is it? I think that it would
be better to focus on that as the reason for moving, rather than the smoking issue. However, I will
change the information in the computer to say that this accommodation is only suitable for smokers
or people who dont mind heavy smokers. That way we can avoid similar problems in the future.
S: That sounds like a good idea.
A: Now, the good news is that there is plenty of accommodation available nearer the university.
The bad news is that it is more expensive.
S: Thats OK. I expected that. Is there any catered or self-catering university accommodation
available? That would be ideal.
A: I thought you might be interested in that. The day after you phoned, a place became available.
Its catered, so its the most expensive type of accommodation, but its yours if you want it.
S: Theres no self-catering accommodation available?
A: Not at the moment. Something could become available at any time, but, then again, you might
have to wait weeks.
S: I understand. Can I just check the cost?
A: Its 37.50 per week. You also have to pay 23.15 during the Christmas and Easter holidays,
regardless of whether you are there or not. That sum doesnt include meals during those periods.
S: But summer holidays are not included?
A: Thats right. Students are permitted to stay in university accommodation during holidays but
they usually have to move to a different flat.
S: I see. And do I pay monthly?
A: Yes, but dont worry if youre a few days late. It happens quite often and we dont mind too
much.
S: Can I see a picture of the accommodation?
A: Sure.... It looks like this. You can see that there is a single bedroom for each student and a
common living room and bathroom. There are no cooking facilities, but many students buy a
microwave.
S: Can you tell me anything about the people Id be living with?
A: There are two girls there. One is British and one is Indian. They are studying law and marketing
respectively. Theyre the same age as you, 20. And theyre not smokers!
S: That sounds perfect. If I dont give my landlady a months notice, she gets to keep the deposit,
doesnt she?
A: Thats normally stated in the rental agreement, yes. Id like to be able to keep this university
accommodation available, but Im afraid I cant. If someone else wants it and takes it.
S: I understand. Ill take it. Can I move in on the first day of next month?
A: What day is it today? 22m! Yes. That should be fine. Give me a minute to print out the standard
rental agreement
SECTION 2
Presenter: Welcome everybody. Are you all sitting comfortably? My name is David Price and
this is our first meeting in a series of presentations called Countdown to Departure. I know that
you have just arrived here for your year-long course prior to going abroad, but it is certainly worth
taking the time to consider... to think about events that will take place a year, or almost a year,
from now. I have handed out this useful guide to planning your time abroad. Please follow the
suggested timetable closely. It is vital that you get each thing done on time. If you can get things
done earlier than we suggest in the guide, thats great, but certainly dont leave them later than we
recommend. If you do not get these things done on time, it could jeopardise your study abroad or
at least delay it by a year.
Now, we are currently one year from departure, so you should start applying for postgraduate
programmes and scholarships immediately - if you havent already. Consult your tutors for further
advice on these points. You should also calculate a rough estimate of your study and living
expenses and consider how to pay for them. Well be looking at that in more detail during the next
meeting. You should start arranging accommodation abroad as soon as you have accepted a place
on a course. Arranging accommodation can be a rather bureaucratic procedure and can take a
while. At the same time, ask the university about your options for paying your fees.
The next point on your timetable is six months before you leave. At that point, you need to check
your passport and, if you are going to need a new one, deal with that immediately. Remember that
your passport might need to be valid for the whole of the period you intend to be abroad, but that
you can often renew your passport at your embassy in the country where you are studying. In any
case, your passport needs to be valid for at least six months after you enter the country where you
intend to study. It might seem unnecessary to get your passport in order so early before you go,
but remember that you have to get your visa as well. You should do that around six months before
leaving too. Bear in mind one final, simple point. Make sure that your passport has a few empty
pages left: for visas and stamps.
Two or three months before departure, you should ask your bank about the options for transferring
money to the country youll be studying in and setting up a bank account there. You should also
start looking at booking your flight to the country youll be studying in, in order to get the best
rates. The cost of flights varies considerably from carrier to carrier, and even between different
travel agencies, and depends a lot upon the time of year you are flying. Booking in advance can
save you a considerable sum of money. When you book your flight, you should check with the
airline or travel agent to find out what your baggage allowance is. At the same time, look into
booking your other travel within the country youre going to from the airport where you will arrive.
Dont forget to buy travel insurance when you book any flights. Finally, still two or three months
before departure, make sure that you have an unconditional letter of acceptance from the university
youre going to attend. This is vital as it facilitates entry clearance if into the country.
Next, about one month before leaving, find out whether you will be entitled to receive free health
treatment in the country you are going to and find out how much you will have to pay if not. Look
into arranging health insurance if necessary. Also buy currency and travellers cheques to cover
your first few weeks in the country. Watch the exchange rates and pick a good time, but do not
leave it too late. If you are buying travellers cheques or a large amount of money or currency,
your bank may need a while to arrange this. Another thing to do is to find out what you can take
into the country and what items are prohibited. Finally, find out whether your home insurance
policy will cover your belongings while they are abroad. If not, arrange suitable insurance or look
into the possibility of arranging a policy in the foreign country. The last point on this timetable is
two weeks before you leave. At this time, you need to do two things. One is to ask your doctor to
write a letter explaining any prescription medicines - what they are and why you are taking them.
The second is to request a reference letter from your bank in your own country as this will help
you to open a bank account abroad. Now, lets take a closer look at...
SECTION 3
Professor: Hello, Dinesh. Come in. You said on the phone that you had a few problems to discuss
with me. Tell me what they are and Ill see what I can do to help.
Dinesh: Thank you very much, professor. Ive been having some problems adapting to the style
of learning at a British university and was hoping you could give me some advice.
Professor: Ill do my best. You wont be the first overseas student to have problems. Whats your
first problem?
Dinesh: Well, my first problem is organising my time. I mean, after I worked out my timetable for
lectures, seminars and tutorials, I was surprised to find that I had quite a lot of free time. However,
thats how it looked on paper and not as it has turned out in reality.
Professor: I see. Take control of this time and organise it carefully. Time that is not organised can
disappear very quickly, leaving you rushing to catch up on your work or even running out of time
altogether. Learn the essentials of time management. First, make weekly or monthly plans that set
out your study targets for the week or month ahead. Schedule time for reading, and work out
roughly how much you want to read in each session. Plan time to research and write your essays
or prepare projects so that you do not have to stay up late doing them at the last minute. Have you
made such a plan?
Dinesh: No, I havent. Thats obviously something I should do. I can easily fill that free time with
extra studies.
Professor: No, no. Thats not what I mean. Dont plan to spend all your extra time studying.
Remember to leave some time free for hobbies, sports, seeing friends or simply relaxing. If you
do not take time to enjoy yourself, your work will suffer and you will miss out on many other
worthwhile experiences. Make a timetable for your free time, if you like. Plan when to see your
friends, play your favourite sport, or just hang out. Dont forget to revise your plans if you need
to. As you progress through your course, you will get a better idea of how much time you need for
different activities. Adjust your schedules and keep them realistic.
So, youre saying that I need to keep a balance between work and play and keep an eye on things
to make sure that Im not doing too much or too little?
Thats right. Feel free to show me your plan when youve made one.
Thank you. My next problem is coping with my course. Living abroad in a new environment makes
studying more challenging than usual. Im worried about my progress and about how I will cope
with examinations.
Professor: These concerns are natural, but do not let them overwhelm you. Here are two simple
ways you can stay in control of your studies. First, ask for regular meetings with your tutor - in
your case, thats me - to review your progress and discuss any problems. Youre doing that now,
so youve taken the first step. Let me know if you are having any language difficulties, though in
your case that seems doubtful. As you are probably aware, there is a language centre here where
all students can use language learning materials, but its probably not of much use to you. Second,
why not try to form a mutual support group with other international students to discuss common
challenges and to share useful ideas? This can be particularly helpful if you find the teaching
methods very different from those you have experienced before. Another type of support group
could be other students in your subject area - get together with students on similar courses to
discuss the issues, swap ideas and give each other support.
Dinesh: Yes. The second idea is particularly good. As you know, there are not so many overseas
students on this course, but I know some other students from my country on other courses here. I
think that I feel overwhelmed because I have set myself unrealistic goals. Just talking to you has
made me realise that I need to take a more realistic approach and put my problems into perspective.
Professor: Just remember that whatever concerns you may have - about new learning methods,
managing your time, or handling your workload - there is someone here who can help. Im happy
to be that person. All you have to do is ask. Hopefully, I can offer you a practical solution.
Dinesh: Thank you very much. There is one other thing. When we had the orientation, the
International Student Advisor mentioned a book thats available from the campus bookshop. Its
not specifically for overseas students, but she said it was useful. I didnt write it down. You
wouldnt happen to know the book I mean, would you?
Professor: I know it. I recommend it. Its called Learn How to Learn, by David Warner. Im
popping over to the bookshop myself now. Perhaps we could go together?
SECTION 4
Lecturer: Part of the role of university education is to prepare students for their professional life
and career. Part of this preparation is to introduce and train students in lifelong learning - preparing
them to approach their career as a continuous learning experience, rather than assuming that the
end of their university education represents an end goal beyond which there is no need for further
learning. Therefore, students are encouraged to develop as independent learners. An independent
learner is one who takes responsibility for his or her own learning and is not always dependent on
teacher being available to guide and correct. Such a student sets their own learning goals, makes
their own decisions as to when and how to study for these goals, and also evaluates their own
progress and develops further goals. This is not always easy for students, particularly those whose
secondary education has been very teacher focussed, with teaching conducted mainly in lecture
format and with little opportunity for the students to take any control of the learning process. At
university, while much teaching is conducted via lectures, students are expected to become
increasingly independent in their learning. Departments approach this issue in a number of ways.
For example, they might provide personal mentors. This could be a student or a member of staff
who is available to discuss problems that the student might have and who will support the student
in the process of becoming an independent learner. The second one requires the student to make
certain choices about their course, either in the elements they choose to learn or in the way in
which they choose to learn them. Thirdly, there is the provision of learning opportunities outside
the confines of the campus, including study trips and student exchanges.
In the English Language Centre, we try to help the development of learner independence. This
English Language Centre is a self-access one. A self-access centre is a place where learners come
voluntarily to improve the subject that they are studying. In the case of the English Language
Centre, we focus on English language. In a self-access centre, it is the student who decides what
to study, when to study, how long to study, what materials to use, how to use the materials, and
how to assess effectiveness. The learner is not, however, left totally alone. Learners are encouragcd
to come to the centre in groups so that they can help each other in the learning process, and there
is also always an English teacher available to answer any questions that students might have, to
discuss their progress, and to help the learner assess their work.
Lets take an example. Mary and her friend Jim have decided they need to improve their report
writing skills. They decide to go to the ELC twice in the next week, for two hours each time, from
five oclock to seven oclock. The first thing they do is to talk to the English teacher there, to help
them identify what particular elements of writing a report they find especially difficult. Having
done this, they identify suitable books, videos, or computer programs from the index, with help
from the teacher if needed. Looking at the materials, they decide which to use first, and how to
best use it. Working through the materials, they discuss problems with each other, compare notes,
and evaluate each other's work and progress. This process of working together is important, as the
students are able to support each other in the learning process. Of course, sometimes they need
more help and so they ask the English teacher at the centre. When they have finished their studies,
they review what they have studied, with help from their notes, and evaluate the extent to which
they have, or have not, achieved their initial aim. In the light of this, they will decide to either do
more work on the same topic, or move to another topic, either related to this one or something
completely different.
There are many ways students can improve their English independendy of a teacher. Firstly, they
can use English language videos in conjunction with learning activities such as exercises to
practise particular listening skills, questions to lead discussion on the topic introduced by the video.
They can do follow-up tasks that use the content of the video to focus on other language skills,
such as learning vocabulaiy or understanding the grammar used by the characters in the video.
Secondly, they can use a computer program to improve their pronunciation, by identifying, and
then practising, the individual sounds used in English. Thirdly, they can use a book to find a model
business letter, for example, writing one of the same type, but with different information, and then
discussing it with the ELC teacher before finally rewriting it. Finally, they can use newspapers or
magazines as stimuli for discussion activities with a brief report written at the end, summarising
the discussion.
However, the development of an independent learner is not dependent on a centre like the ELC.
Within the university, as well as within individual depart-ments, the library, the Student Affairs
Office and the Student Union all provide a range of opportunities for the student to develop as an
independent learner.
Outside the campus, the opportunities are both physical and virtual. The physical ones include
libraries, museums and other centres, as well as various special interest groups. In the virtual world
of the Internet, the opportunities are both global and vast. To conclude, in a world in which change
is central to our con-tinued survival, the professional must have the adaptability and flexibility of
a lifelong learner. A lifelong learner must be an independent learner, able to take responsibility for
all stages of the learning process. It is the students responsibility to take advantage of the various
opportunities on offer.
TEST 10
SECTION 1
MAN: Hello, this is Land Transport Information at Toronto Airport. How may I help you?
WOMAN: Oh, good morning. Um. I'm living to Toronto Airport next week, and I need to get to
a town called um, Milton. Could you tell me how I can gel there?
MAN: Milton, did you say? Let me see. I think that's about 150 miles southwest of here. In fact
its 147 miles to be exact, so itll lake you at least say, three to four hours by road.
WOMAN: Wow! Is it as far as that?
MAN: Yes, I m afraid so. But you have a number of options to get you there and you can always
rent a car right here at the airport, of course.
WOMAN: Right. Well, I dont really want to drive myself, so Id like more information about
public transport.
MAN: OK. In that case the quickest and most comfortable is a cab and of course there are always
plenty available. But itll cost you. You can also lake a Greyhound bus or theres an Airport Shuttle
Service lo Milton.
WOMAN: Hmnm, I think lor that kind of distance a cab would be way beyond my budget. But
the bus sounds OK. Can you tell me how much that would cost?
MAN: Sure. Lets see, that would be $15 one way or $27.50 return... thats on the Greyhound.
WOMAN: Oh. thats quite cheap great! But whereabouts does it stop in Milton?
MAN: It goes directly from the airport here lo the City Centre and its pretty fast. But you have to
bear in mind that there is only one departure a day, so it depends what time your flight gets in.
WOMAN: Oh. of course. Hang on, were due to get there at 11.30 pm.
MAN: Hmmtn, too bad. the bus leaves at 3.45, so you would have quite a wait more than 4 hours.
WOMAN: Oh. I see. Well, what about the Shuttle you mentioned?
MAN: OK. I hat s the Airport Shuttle that will take you from the airport right to your hotel or
private address. Its a door-to-door service and it would suit you much better, because theres one
every two hours.
WOMAN: So how much docs that cost?
MAN: Lets see. Yeah, thats $35 one way, $65 return, so I guess its a bit more expensive than
the Greyhound.
WOMAN: Oh, that doesnt sound too bad, especially if it'll take me straight to the hotel.
MAN: But you do need to reserve a scat.
WOMAN: OK, is it possible to make a booking right now? Through you?
MAN: Sure.
MAN: OK, I just have to fill this form out for you. So what date do you want to book this for?
WOMAN: The 16th of October oh, no, sorry, thats my departure date. I arrive on the 17th, so
book it for then, please.
MAN: So. thats the Toronto Airport Shuttle to Milton. And this is for just one person or... ?
WOMAN: Yes, just me, please.
MAN: Right. And you said your expected time of arrival was 11.30? So if I book your Shuttle for
after 12.00 let's say, 12.30: that should give you plenty of time to, you know, collect your baggage,
maybe grab a coffee?
WOMAN: Yeah, that sounds fine, as long as we land on tune!

MAN: Well, well take your flight details so you dont need to worry too much about that. Now.
what about the fare? What sort of ticket do you want? One way or . . .?
WOMAN: Yes, that'll be fine, provided I can book the return trip once Im there.
MAN: No problem just allow a couple of days in advance to make sure you get a seat. And whats
your name, please?
WOMAN: Janet. Janet Thomson.
MAN: Is that Thompson spell with a p?
WOMAN: No. it s T-H-O-M-S-O-N.
MAN: OK. And youll be coming from the UK? What flight will you be travelling on?
WOMAN: Oh, its Air Canada flight number AC936, from London Heathrow.
MAN: Right. Now. do you know where youll be staying? We need to give the driver an address.
WOMAN: Yes. its called the Vacation Motel and I think it's near the town centre. Anyway, the
address is 24, Kitchener Street that's KITCHKNER Street.
MAN: I hats fine. Right, so thats S35 to pay please. Have you got your credit card number there?
WOMAN: Yes. it's a VISA card, and the number is 3303 8450 2045 6837.
MAN: OK. Well, that seems to be everything. Have a good trip and we'll see you in Toronto next
week!
WOMAN: Yes, bye oh, thanks for your help!
SECTION 2
Thank you all for coming to my talk this evening. It's nice to see so many people in the audience.
For those of you who dont know very much about PS Camping, let me start by giving you some
background information about the company.
The company started twenty-five years ago. It actually opened us a retail chain selling camping
equipment, and then twenty years ago, it bought a small number of campsites in the UK, and began
offering camping holidays. The company grew rapidly and has been providing holidays in
continental Europe for the last fifteen years.
If you book a camping holiday with us, you'll have a choice of over three hundred sites. In Italy
we now have some 64 sites that we either own, or have exclusive use of. France is where we have
the majority of sites, and we currently have a project to expand into Switzerland.
We also have a number of sites in Northern Spain, particularly in the mountainous region of Picos
de Europa. Weve upgraded all these Spanish sites, and improved them considerably from their
original three-star rating.
We believe our holidays offer superb facilities for the whole family. Parents who want their
children to be fully occupied for all or part of the day can take advantage of our children's activities.
These are organised by our well-qualified and enthusiastic staff. Each day kicks off with a sports
match, perhaps football, or volleyball, followed hy an hour of drama for everyone This may include
singing or dancing, mime or other activities. In the afternoon, theres a different art activity for
each day of the week including a poster competition or model making. Whats more, our sites are
truly child-friendly, and. with this in mind, we operate a no-noise rule in the evenings. Childrens
evening activities usually finish at 9.30, or occasionally 10, and from 10.30 holiday-makers are
expected to be quiet in the areas where there are tents.
We want nothing to go wrong on a PS Camping holiday, but if it does, we also want all customers
to be insured. If you haven't organised an annual insurance policy of your own you'll need to take
out the low-cost cover we offer and we require that you arrange this when you make your holiday
reservation.
There are many advantages to choosing PS Camping, and to recommending it to others. As a
regular customer, you'll he kept informed of special offers, and your friends can benefit from ten
per cent off their holiday, or book a luxury tent for the price of a standard one. In return, we'll send
you a thank- you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.
When it comes to our tents, these are equipped to the highest standard. We really do think of every
essential detail, from an oven and cooking rings fuelled by bottled gas, to mirrors in the bedroom
areas. If you don't want to cook indoors, you can borrow a barbecue if you ask in advance lor one
to be made available, and there's even a picnic blanket to sit on outside your
tent. Inside, a box
of games and toys can be found, and childrens tents can be hired if required. All tents have a fridge,
and if you want. In spend the day on the beach, for example, ask for a specially designed PS
Camping cool box, which will keep your food and drinks chilled. There are excellent washing
facilities at all our sites, with washing machines and clothes lines in the central areas, along with
mops and buckets in case your tent needs cleaning during your stay. All sites have a cale and/or a
shop for those whod rather "eat in than dine at a local restaurant.
SECTION 3
TUTOR: Well, youve both been looking at different styles of managing individuals in companies
and the workplace. Hows the research going. Philip?
PHILIP: Well. Ive been looking at why individualism. I mean individual differences, are such
an important area of management studies. When you think about any organization, be it a family
business or a multinational company, they are all fundamentally a group of people- working
together. But its what these individuals contribute to their places of work that makes you realize
how important they are. Of course they bring different ideas, but it s also their attitudes and their
experiences of learning. Diversity is important in these areas too.
TUTOR: So why do people behave so differently from one another at work?
PHILIP: There are lots of reasons but research has shown a lot of it comes down to personality.
And the other factor is gender. Its a well known fact that men and women do lots of things in
different ways, and the workplace is no different.
TUTOR: Did you look at the effects of this variation on companies?
PHILIP: Yes, I did. On the positive side, exposure lo such diversity helps encourage creativity
which is generally an assel lo a company. But unfortunately individual dilferences are also the root
of conflict between staff and they can lead to difficulties for management, which can sometimes
be serious.
TUTOR: Thanks, Philip. So now I guess the two main things to remember here are to identify
individual talent and then to utilize it. So Janice,you were looking at identifying different talents
in workers. Do you think this is easy for managers to do?
JANICE: Well, currently teamwork is hi fashion in the workplace and in my opinion the
importance of the individual is generally neglected. What managers should be targeting is those
employees who can take the lead in a silnation and are not afraid to accept the idea of responsibility.
TUTOR: Thais true Janice but unfortunately many managers think the entire notion of
encouraging individuality amongst their stall is far loo hard.
JANICE: Yes, that may be true but I think one of Ihe most important tasks of managers is to
consider the needs of the individual on one hand and group co-operation and conformity on the
other. It requires creative thinking on the part of management to avoid tension.
TUTOR: So Janice, what kind of people do you think companies should be looking lor?
JANICE: Well, it has to start from the very beginning when companies are looking for new
employees. When the personnel department is choosing between applicants they need to look for
someone who's broken the mould and can think for themselves. Instead, people making these
decisions often use a range of psychological tests to see if a person is a problem solver, or will do
as theyre told. Im not convinced these qualities are actually the most important.
TUTOR: So do you think being a good team player is overrated?
JANICE: No. it's not overrated. You do need to learn the rules and learn them fast. No individual
can get around this if youre working in an organization.
TUTOR: So how should managers deal with this?
JANICE: Rewards. When an individual demonstrates the behaviour the organisation expects,
some kind of incentive can be given. Whats important here is that this happens right at the
beginning so new recruits learn the rules of the system immediately. Also the incentive should be
something the individual actually wants, and this isn't always just money.
TUTOR: To come back to you. Philip. You were saying that recognition of good performers is
essential. What else should managers be looking for?
PHILIP: Well, managing people means you not only have an understanding of your employees,
but you also recognise the culture of the organization. In fact, for some organizations creativity
and individuality may be the last thing they want to see during working hours!
TUTOR: Very true.
PHILIP: Yes, but managing people isn't as easy as it looks. For example, change in the workplace
can be quite tricky, especially if there's a need to increase profit. And at times like these managers
may have to give priority to profit rather than individual staff needs.
TUTOR: Yes, and that creates difficult situations for people.
PHILIP: Yes but what's important is that managers are able to deal with quite high levels of
personal stress. During times of change they should be thinking not only about the strain on their
stall' but take time out to think of themselves.
TUTOR: Absolutely. So what are the implications of that for
SECTION 4
Good afternoon, everyone!
This is the first seminar in preparation for our archaeological fieldwork in Namibia: we are
fantastically lucky to have received partial research funding for this trip from our Institute so I
shall expect 200% attention and participation from you all. First in this seminar. Im going to give
a brief introduction to contemporary research on rock art and in the second part Im going to give
you some dos and donts for our fieldwork trip in April so please listen very carefully.
I'm first going to focus on the interpretation of rock art in Namibia. We are very fortunate to be
going to an area where you can find some of the most important sites in the entire world. And I
hope to show you how easy it is for everyone to make mistakes in looking at cultures which are
different from our own the first and most important lesson we have to learn.
In Namibia there are both paintings and engravings that's where the surface of the rock is cut out.
Many of the engravings show footprints of animals and most scholars used to think that the purpose
of these was simple and obvious: this rock art was like a school book with pictures lo teach children
about tracks: which track belonged lo which animal - giraffe, lion and so on.
But there were some mysteries. First, when you look at a typical Namibian painting or engraving,
you see the tracks are repeated, there are dozens of tracks for the same animal. Youd expect just
one clear illustration if the reason the aim was to teach tracking.
Now there were two more problems. Why are some of the engravings of animals very accurate as
you'd expect all clearly identifiable and others quite unrealistic?
And another mystery some of these unrealistic animals that's in the engravings seem to be half
human. Some, for example, have got human faces. Many researchers now think that these were
pictures the wise men engraved of themselves. They believed they could use magic to control the
animals they had drawn, so the hunters could then catch them for food.
This shows you some of the dangers of coming from one culture to another, as well be doing,
without understanding it fully. Scholars imagined that children looked al rock art pictures to learn
to track just because they themselves had learnt skills from pictures: many researchers now believe
that rock art had a much more complex purpose. And we'll talk more about it next week!
Now before I invite you to join in a discussion in this second part of the seminar. I'd like to make
some very important points about our fieldwork and in fact any field lrip to look at rock art.
We're going to a number of sites, and we won't always be together. I he single largest problem
faced by people who manage the sites is - yes. Im sure youve guessed damage caused by visitors,
even though its usually unintentional.
Whenever you do go to a site, dont forget you can learn many things from observing at a distance
instead of walking all over it. This can really help to reduce visitor pressure. People often say.
Well, there's only two of us and just this one time, but maybe thousands of people are saying the
same thing.
And then some basic rules to guide you - we'll have our own camp near a village, but remember
never to camp on a site if you go on your own It may be disrespectful to the people of that culture,
and certainly dont make fires, however romantic it may seem. Its really dangerous in dry areas,
and you can easily burn priceless undiscovered material by doing so.
So, how are we going to enjoy the rock art on our field trip? By looking at it, drawing it and
photographing it - NEVER by touching it or even tracing it. Rock art is fragile and precious.
Remember that climbing on rocks and in caves can destroy in a moment what has lasted for
centuries. So no heroics in Namibia, please! Try to be extra careful and help others to be too.
And lastly please don't even move rocks or branches to take photographs you should leave the site
intact. I'm sure I can rely on you to do that.
Well, thats about all I want to say before todays first discussion, but if you have any questions
please ask them now and dont forget youll find some fascinating information about world-wide
sites on the Internet. Right, first question then?
LISTENING & READING ANSWER KEYS

TEST 1
LISTENING
1. driving license
2. benefit book
3. insurance certificate
4. electricity bill
5. 9.30 3.30
6. ground floor
7. no/ nothing
8. F
9. A
10. C
11. work samples
12. job description
13. employees
14. experience or skills
15. ten minutes
16. take your time
17. ask for clarification
18. salary
19. confident
20. appearance
21. university
22. interesting
23. vocational
24. careers service
25. A
26. C
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
90,000/ ninety thousand
32.
4 km/ four kilometres
33.
40 km/ forty kilometres
34.
35.
36.
37.
(the) earthquake / shock waves
38.
(the) explosion
39.
sand
40.
(the) (huge) waves
READING
1 iii
2 ii
3 viii
4 vi
5v
6-9 A C F G
10 disorientating
11 DNA protein
12 natural processes
13 forensic investigators/scientists
14 G
15 A
16 E
17 D
18 E
19 C
20 F
21 No
22 Not given
23 Yes
24 Yes
25 No
26 Not given
27 D
28 C
29 B
30 C
31 A
32 E
33 militant linguist
34 first Russian Revolution
35 postmodern caricature
36 formal
37 personal champion
38 40 B D F
TEST 2
LISTENING
1. Went blank
2. Plugged in
3. On the/ using the Internet
4. Not sure
5. Morningside (area)
6. 7:45
7. Branston
8. Sarrencen
9. 60
10. Half an hour
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. D
20. E
21. an article
22. puzzled
23. record
24. 50 references
25. (the) requests
26. E
27. F
28. C
29. G
30. B
31. the sossil record
32. changed physically
33. reason and/or imagine
34. thought
35. experiments
36. great apes
37. presence of
38. altruism
39. social deception
40. moral and political
READING
1. tropical
2. (a) (twig) snake
3. (a/the) forest (of Magombera)/Magombera (forest)
4. (the) nose
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. FALSE
8. FALSE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. TRUE
11. TRUE
12. NOT GIVEN
13. FALSE
14. F
15. D
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. B
20/21. B/D
22/23. C/D
24. moods
25. milestone
26. pessimistic
27. C
28. A
29. C
30. A
31. NO
32. YES
33. YES
34. NOT GIVEN
35. NOT GIVEN
36. YES
37. E
38. D
39. B
40. H
TEST 3
LISTENING
1. Laffterty
2. Abbeyfield
3. BR8 9P3
4. 25m
5. 20m
6. Music albums
7. Stationery
8. 3000
9. B
10. B
11. Gift Shop
12. Art Gallery
13. Main exhibition Centre
14. 3D Theatre
15. Modern Art Studio

16. B
17. A
18. C
19. A
20. B
21. Appliances
22. Practical
23. Lower arm
24. rehabilitation
25. high-performance athletes
26. 1,500
27. 2
28. 15
29. 5 recovery patients
30. Gym members
31. A
32. B
33. B
34. C
35. C
36. Visualize
37. Apologies
38. Body language
39. 25%
40. Realistic
READING
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. TRUE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. reptiles
9. monkeys
10. habitat(s)
11. behavior / behaviour
12. vets
13. conservation
14. E
15. B
16. E
17. F
18. A
19. birch trees
20. (Russian) rivers
21. pumps
22. cables
23. volcanic explosions
24. C
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. A
29. D
30. NO
31. YES
32. NOT GIVEN
33. NO
34. YES
35. NOT GIVEN

36. NO
37. C
38. E
39. A
40. B
TEST 4
LISTENING
1. Jacobs
2. Rod
3. Highfield
4. NH 87 18 12 C
5. Dr (Kevin) White
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. 5 pound fee
12. University card
13. Daily
14. Friday(s)
15. 6
16. 1 week
17. Computers
18. Non-leading section
19. Arts
20. Basement
21. Tomorrow
22. Reliability
23. 4000 words
24. E-mail attachment
25. Market surveys
26. Stack system
27. Plagiarism/ using their conclusions
28. Extension
29. Doctors note/ certificate
30. Mortgage interest rates
31. B
32. B
33. A
34. Seismic detection system
35. Buoys (at sea)
36. Offshore landslide
37. No wave/ zero feet
38. Submarine earthquake
39. 26,000 people
40. None
READING
1 iii
2 vii
3v
4 ii
5 viii
6 7 B D (in either order)
B
D
8 FALSE
9 TRUE
10 NOT GIVEN
11 TRUE
12 NOT GIVEN
13 TRUE
14 D
15 B
16 F
17 A
18 E
19 C
20 useful nourishment
21 exoskeleton
22 nitrogen
23 TRUE
24 NOT GIVEN
25 FALSE
26 TRUE
27 industrial development
28 economic growth
29 literacy
30 human potential
31 resource-intensive
32 poverty indicators
33 climate change
34 Yes
35 Yes
36 Not given
37 No
38 Yes
39, 40 B E (in either order)
TEST 5
LISTENING
1. Mike
2. four/ 4
3. creche facilities
4. 24th July
5. 4 hours
6. Spain
7. path (through fields)
8. minibus (NOT bus)
9. 5 minutes
10. family run
11. continental (style)
12. blackboards
13. fish + seafood
14. extra supplement
15. main bar
16. (2) lifeguards
17. freshwater showers
18. water spors office
19. notice board
20. children/ under 16s
21. Hindi
22. 322 million
23. Arabic
24. 20
25. secondary speakers

26. economic power
27. Brazil
28. Raw materials
29. Bangladesh
30. 2500 and 7000
31. nervous functions
32. protein
33. tonsils
34. (food) disinfection treatments
35. the UK
36. genetically inherited
37. late 50s
38. coordination
39. sheep
40. calves/ young cattle
READING
1. NOT GIVEN
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. FALSE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. stonemason
9. Gian Giorgio Trissino
10. Inigo Jones
11. temple (architecture)
12. Quattro Libri dell Architettura
13. benevolent calm
14. v
15. viii
16. vi
17. vii
18. iii
19. i
20. ii
21. equal opportunity
22. internal costs
23. C
24. C
25. A
26. B
27. C
28. A
29. B
30. D
31. I
32. D
33. J
34. F
35. C
36. YES
37. NOT GIVEN
38. NO
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES
TEST 6
LISTENING
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. Blond Dynamite
5. Ghana
6. A
7. injury
8. Students Union
9. Bitter
10. 8759 765
11. board member
12. staff member
13. stockholder
14. C
15. E
16. long battery life
17. medical imaging
18. interested sourcing
19. energy efficiency
20. minimum
21. university
22. New Zealand
23. Canterburry Catheral
24. A
25. E
26. Easter
27. filming
28. London
29. Chess
30. debating society
31. Mexico City
32. building terraces

33. dug canals
34. beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash, tomatoes ( any three of these )
35. 52
36. 12
37. 20
38. sacrificial days
39. bad birth signs
40. using herbal medicine
READING
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. A
6. Not Given
7. No
8. Yes
9. Not Given
10. Not Given
11. Yes
12. in recycle paper
13. most to lost
14. B
15. vi
16. xi
17. viii
18. vii
19. iv
20. v
21. viii
22. skeletal anatomy
23. eosuchians
24. two long bones
25. B
26. G
27. H
28. F
29. Yes
30. Not Given
31. Yes
32. No
33. D
34. C
35. C
36. A
37-40. A,C,E,F
TEST 7
LISTENING
1. new term
2. recycling
3. waitress job
4. frequent flyer
5. empty seats
6. yellow fever
7. malaria
8. C
9. B
10. Dave
11. Convenient
12. co-op house
13. native speaker
14. arriving early
15. to housing office
16. chatting with people
17. C
18. E
19. Home Office
20. any sort
21. C
22. D
23. reviewing notes
24. note- writing
25. critical thinking
26. F
27. C
28. A
29. E
30. B
31. balance
32. leg motion range
33. lower body strength
34. St James
35. a formal internship
36. a certification examination
37. C
38. E
39. cognitive
40. animal assited therapy
READING
1. Imagine
2. citizen
3. crocodile
4. obelisk
5. obelisk
6. pharaoh
7. uprising
8. mind/minds
9. propaganda
10. subtle
11. D
12. D
13. A
14. B
15. English lexicographer
16. (0f) human knowledge
17. advent of printing
18. Renaissance man
19. easy access to information/easily accessible information/easy information access
20. all-knowing
21. stream of information
22. the most singular failure
23. a natural human instinct
24. a vortex/a veritable vortex/a large information machine
25. disillusionment and stress
26. No
27. Not Given
28. No
29. C
30. E
31. D
32. B
33. A
34. Not Given
35. Yes
36. Yes
37. Yes
38. A
39. B
40. D
TEST 8
LISTENING
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. 35C Campus lane
6. garciainuk@email.uk
7. 200-250/ 200 to 250
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. D
13. C
14. 9/nine
15. year older
16. travel agency
17. (the) accommodation / hotel

18. (in/ the/ some) play areas
19. gentle, warm, helpful
20. basketball and volleyball
21. catch up with
22. guess
23. (quite) embarrassing
24. raise a hand
25. (just) interrupt (someoneO
26. think quickly
27. eye contact
28. C
29. C
30. C
31. teaching and learning

32. present evidence
33. conserving
34. Memorisation
35. interacting/ interaction
36. argumantation
37. undergraduate
38. hesitate
39. logical arguments
40. Lecturer or supervisor
READING
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. FALSE
10. NOT GIVEN
11. TRUE
12. FALSE
13. A
14. E
15. B
16. G
17. C
18. A
19. D
20. F
21. B
22. TRUE
23. NOT GIVEN
24. TRUE
25. FALSE
26. D
27. Taxes
28. interest rates
29. budget deficit
30. Asian currencies/ economies
31. Labour standards
32 35 B C D F (in any order)
36. C
37. E
38. D
39. A
40. B
TEST 9
LISTENING
1. ten/ 10 oclock
2. farther
3. heavy smoker
4. bus connection
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. 37.50
9. British and Indian
10. (her) deposit
11. Countdown to Departure
12. (a) guide
13. A
14. D
15. D
16. F
17. B
18. C
19. free health treatment
20. write a letter
Section 3
21. free time
22. time management
23. weekly or monthly
24. revise
25. progress
26. realistic
27. C
28. D
29. D
30. C
31. teacher focussed
32. (personal) mentor
33. (the) campus
34. self-access
35. identify suitable
36. compare notes
37. initial aim
38. B
39. A
40. C
READING
1. A
2. G
3. D
4. E
5. B
6. creative
7. quite and dreamy
8. unusual ways
9. suicide
10. D
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. ii
15. i
16. vi
17. viii
18. iv
19. YES
20. NOT GIVEN
21. YES
22. NO
23. D
24. F
25. A
26. E
27. H
28. A
29. F
30. C
31. G
32. Paragraph C
33. Paragraph E
34. Paragraph G
35. Paragraph B
36. Paragraph B
37. Paragraph G
38. Paragraph D
39. Paragraph D
40. Paragraph H
TEST 10
LISTENING
1. taxi/cab
2. city centre/center
3. wait
4. door-to-door
5. reserve (a seal)
6. (the) 17th(of) October
7. 12.30
8. Thomson
9. AC 936
10. 3303 8450 2045 6837
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. C
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. attitude(s)
22. gender/sex
23. creativity/creativeness
24. A
25. B
26. A
27. B
28. culture
29. profit(s)
30. stress/strain
31. April
32. children
33. repeated
34. human
35. magic
36. distance
37. culture
38. fire(s)
39. touching
40. intact
READING
Section 1
1. False
2. True
3. Not Given
4. True
5. True
6. Not Given
7. True
8. False
9. Vibrant
10. Polar-opposite
11. Grainy picture
12. Adamant
13. Imagery hovering
Section 2
14. C
15. G
16. B
17. A
18. H
19. D
20. E
21. F
22. Perseverance
23. Catapult
24. Improvisation
25. Network
26. C
Section 3
28. A
29. A
30. B
31. C
32. luminaries
33. downside
34. novel
35. issue
36. frown
37. True
38. True
39. Not Given
40. False
Model and Sample Answers for Writing Tasks
TEST 1
TASK 1
Model Answer
The line graph shows different average daily maximum temperatures throughout the year for
Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand, and London and Edinburgh, the United Kingdom.
Auckland and Christchurch both recorded wanner temperatures during January and February of
approximately 24c and 23c rcspcctivcly. The temperatures in both cities then dropped steadily,
reaching a low of 15c in Auckland in July and in August and llc in Christchurch in July before
beginning to rise back up to just over 20c in December.
In contrast, the data for London and Edinburgh shows a temperature slightly above 5c during
January, prior to climbing to a peak of about 23c during July in London and approximately 18c
in Edinburgh during the same month. The temperatures for both cities then dipped to
approximately 7c and 6c in December respectively.
Overall, the average daily maximum temperatures of the two cities in New Zealand show
completely the opposite pattern to the two British citics, although British cities had lower
temperatures than New Zealand on the whole, regardless of season.
(171 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
Television has becomc an integral feature of almost every household in the world As a result,
children undoubtedly spend more time watching television than previous generations and less time
being active.
There are several reasons for this phenomenon and also a number of strategies to encourage
children to be more act VC. Firstly, televisions have become much more accessible through pricc
reduction. Also, interesting programmes which target children, such as cartoons, have increased
in number and improved in quality, which attracts a greater number of children viewers. Another
reason for the increase in television viewing is related to the amount of time young people and
children have these days. Often by the time they have studied a full day, they arc simply too tired
to go outside and play or do sports.
However, it is still vital that children spend enough time outdoors playing and being activc. One
approach which could be taken to motivate young children is to take the time to do fun outdoor
activities with them, such as ice-skating or going to the bcach for a swim. Running childrens
outdoor fun groups and camps is another way to cncourage young people to be active. As well as
these, schools can run physical education classes as part of their curriculum to ensure the
rccommcndcd levels of activity are completed cach day. Finally, television programmes can build
awareness and ideas for physical activities into thc shows.
All in all, the reduction in the pricc of televisions together with high quality of childrens
programmes and the time children have have contributed to the problem. However, as discusscd
above, there arc several initiatives which could help to combat the issue of increased television
viewing and decreased physical activities in todays children.
(289 words)
TEST 2
TASK 1
Model Answer
The table indicates the proportion of land covered by forest in four different countries in 1990 and
2005 as well as projected figures for 2015.
The figures for two countries showed an increase in the amount of forested land, including New
Zealand at 28.8% in 1990, climbing to 31.0% in 2005, with a predicted rise to 32.3% in 2015.
Likewise, the proportion of forested land in Chile also rose from 20.4% in 1990 to 21.5% in 2005
and is expected to increase to 22.0% in 2015.
However, in Australia and Brazil, the percentage of land covered by forest decreased. Australias
1990 figure of 21.9% fell to 21.3% in 2005 and is estimated to continue to fall to 20.0% until 2015.
Brazil had a drop from 62.2% in 1990 to 57.2% in 2005, and this figure is projected to dip further
to 53.5% in 2015.
Overall, New Zealand and Chile had an increase in the proportion of forested land, whereas Brazil
and Australia experienced a decrease and these trends are expected to continue in the future.
(172 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
International air travel has become progressively cheaper over the past decade. As a result, many
more people arc utilising this mode of transport more frequently.
Proponents of cheap air travel argue that it provides more opportunities in the areas of business
and tourism. For instance, it is now cheaper for business people to attend meetings or conferences
abroad, thus contributing to a global knowledge economy and opening up business opportunities
and economic growth. Furthermore, there has been huge tourism growth as access to some
countries has become cheaper through reduced airplane fares. For these countries, the economic
benefits of tourism are clear more money is spent locally.
However, others feel that cheap air travel has associated with detrimental environmental costs.
Firstly, aeroplanes use huge amounts of fuel, a non-renewable resource. They also emit high levels
of carbon dioxide, which is the main contributor to climate change and global wanning. At a more
local level, air travel has a negative effect on air quality and noise levels. Cheap airlines offering
2 flights from London to Rome and Madrid only exacerbate the problem by encouraging more
people to fly for shorter stays, thus compounding the environmental effects.
All in all, it is certain that people will continue to utilise air travel, as it is so convenient for business
and leisure. However, in my view, it would be beneficial for travellers to be more aware and
informed of the true cost of their air travel in relation to the environment and to make their choices
accordingly.
(258 words)
TEST 3
TASK 1
Model Answer
The bar chart shows how many library books from each category were borrowed from
Lammertown Public Library in 1991 and 2001.
Two genres of books, crime novels and children's fiction, showed a reduction in the number of
books borrowed. The borrowing of crime novels decreased from approximately 500 in 1991 to
slighdy over 200 in 2001, whereas the number of childrens fiction books taken out nearly halved
from close to 700 to just under 400 during the same time period.
However, all other categories of books experienced an increase in the number borrowed, with the
biggest jump in the selfimprovement category, which increased from just over 200 in 1991 to
slightly under 1,000 in 2001. Romance books also had a surge in popularity to 1,400 in 2001.
All in all, the number of books lent in most categories increased with the exception of the
categories of crime novels and childrens fiction.
The pie chart gives information about the gender of Lammertown library members in 2010:
approximately two thirds were female and about one third were male.
(176 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
The advent of new technology has meant that nowadays, machines are more than capable of doing
many of the tasks and jobs that people used to do. There are both advantages and disadvantages to
this development.
One of the main advantages of having machines do work relates to speed and efficiency. Machines
tend to be much fester and more efficient at doing repetitive type tasks such as those performed in
factories. In addition, the human error factor is eliminated, further saving time and cost Also,
although machines might require a more expensive initial outlay, their long-term usage is much
more economical than paying human wages by the time factors such as sick leave, annual leave,
and wasted time are included.
However, there are also several disadvantages. Machines cannot be used for every task, as often
the human touch is necessary in completing certain tasks. For instance, a machine cannot as yet
interface with a customer or client in the same way as a human employee. Nor can they create new
ideas or concepts in the innovative way that people can. Machines are also unable to show
initiative. In addition, many types of machinery require considerable and sometimes costly
maintenance which can reduce their overall cost-effectiveness.
In conclusion, machinery certainly has its place in society, supporting and freeing up peoples
work time so that they are able to concentrate on more interesting work and work to their strengths.
However, machinery also has its limitations, and these need to be recognised in weighing up their
advantages and disadvantages.
(256 words)
TEST 4
TASK 1
Model Answer
The diagram shows the various stages of development in the life cycle of the salmon.
At the very beginning of the cycle, in fresh water or rivers, eggs take approximately three months
to hatch. After hatching, the baby salmon called alevin not yet looking like a fish - feeds off the
yolk sac. Several weeks later, it takes the form of a young fish, identified as fry, which can swim.
The fry is about five to ten weeks old. By the time it is several months old, the salmon, now known
as parr, has developed typical finger-shaped markings. At some point between the age of one and
three years old, the salmon or smolt forms groups and swims out to sea. The fully grown adult
spends up to eight years swimming in the ocean until it is time to spawn. The spawning adult then
returns to fresh water or upriver and after spawning dies within a couple of weeks.
Overall, the life cycle of the salmon covers seven distinct stages over approximately eight years
from the hatching of the eggs till death.
(181 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
International celebrities come from many different fields these days, with a considerable number
of them famous for little more than good looks and expensive fashion. However, they all serve to
act as role models for society. There are positive and negative aspects to this phenomenon, but on
the whole 1 see it as a detrimental development.
First of all, many celebrities have achieved their fame not through admirable behaviour but for
public misconduct. For instance, many young pop stars with very little talent have exploited media
focus on their party lives, courting photographs of them with little clothing or involvement in drugs
or alcohol. Affairs and celebrity scandal provide young people with poor examples of how to
conduct themselves morally and with integrity in the public eye, which is an extremely worrying
trend that some of these celebrities have exerted on young generations.
In addition, marketing cclcbritics these days has become a billion dollar industry. Social
networking pages such as Face book and Twitter ensure that people can focus on and obsess about
their idols twenty-four hours a day. This constant following of celebrities only serves to perpetuate
the idea that their shallow lives are worthy of this constant attention, when in reality, decisions
about which jewellery to wear and which premiere to attend distract young people from the real
issues facing modem society.
All in all, being a celebrity comes with the responsibility of having others look up to you.
Unfortunately, in my opinion, too few celebrities take this responsibility seriously, which has
corresponding negative effects for those who choose to adore them.
(262 words)
TEST 5
TASK 1
Model Answer
The pie charts compare the expenses of an average American household in 1970 and in 2004. The
most significant change that can be seen was in the proportion that went towards paying the
mortgage; and the other increase was in the outlay for childcare.
In 1970, about a quarter of the household income was spent on mortgage payments, whereas by
2004, this doubled to account for half of all expenditure. The 1970 family spent only one per cent
of income on childcarc, while the 2004 family allocated ten times more of the budget to this.
Expenditure on entertainment remained the same at 13%, but the percentage spent on food halved
from 25% to 12%; and 8% less of the total income was taken up by transport costs in 2004 (only
5%). Clothing costs consumed more of the budget in 1970, at 22%, but this fell to only 10% in
2004.
(150 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
Imprisonment has long been the most popular form of punishment for criminals in society, but
many also believe that rehabilitation should take the form of psychological treatment.
Those in favour of long-term imprisonment argue that criminals are not fit to live alongside normal
members of society. The obvious reason for this is that they represent a danger to others personal
safety, and it is true that society would not tolerate violent criminals living in its midst. The
thinking behind imprisonment is to take away prisoners rights to individual freedom: this is their
punishment. In addition, it is thought that prisoners use their time in prison to reflect on and
consider their illegal behaviour, hopefully regretting and feeling remorseful about their crimes.
However, some people argue that prisons are not the best place for all criminals. Advocates for
psychological rehabilitation believe that psychological therapy may be a better alternative to
imprisonment for some offenders. Psychological therapy may address the root causes of the
criminal behaviour and offer strategies and possibilities for change in the future. This approach
may be more successful in preventing reoffending in the long run because it does not assume the
same solution (that is, prison) works for all.
On the whole, I believe prison definitely has its place as a form of punishment, as no one would
wish to live in fear of violent crime, and criminals need to be removed from society for this reason.
However, I think a combined approach which has a strong focus on psychological treatment is
essential in addressing the core causes of crime, as prison alone offers no hope for future change
and eventually, almost all criminals are released back into society.
(279 words)
TEST 6
TASK 1
Model Answer
The bar graph illustrates the quantity of carbon emissions produced by six countries in 1975,1990,
and 2005.
The USA emitted the largest amount of carbon for all three years, showing an increase from
slightly over 1,200,000 thousand metric tonnes in 1975 to just under 1,600,000 thousand mctric
tonnes in 2005. Chinas level of carbon emissions more than doubled from 300.000 thousand
metric tonnes in 1975 to over 600,000 thousand metric tonnes in 1990 before more than doubling
again to approximately 1.6 million thousand metric tonnes in 2005. In contrast, Germanys carbon
emissions reduced slightly from approximately 250,000 in 1975 and 1990 to roughly 200,000 in
2005. The only other country to reduce emissions was the United Kingdom between 1975
(approximately 180,000) and 1990 (about 160,000), although this was quite slight and rose again
in 2005 to 170,000. Canadas level increased slightly each year to match the UK in 2005, and
carbon emissions in India jumped from approximately 80.000 in 1975 to 350,000 in 2005.
On the whole, the two largest contributors to carbon emissions were the USA and China.
(181 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
As part of a varied and stimulating curriculum, many universities and tertiary providers often offer
student internships with companies or other organisations as a component of study. This trend has
both benefits and drawbacks.
One of the mam advantages is that an internship in an appropriate place ofTers students the chance
to integrate their theory and knowledge in a real-life, practical setting. The example of student
doctors and nurses illustrates the value of practical internships: how else would students learn to
practise medicine but in an authentic, supervised context? In addition, internships and practicum
placements can often lead to a job opportunity for the student upon graduating, or at the very least,
a good set of contacts for the commencement of their professional life. In terms of assessment it
also gives the university a clear picture of how the student is progressing against industry
standards, and whether the course is meeting the needs of that particular industry.
However, there are several disadvantages to these types of placements. First of all, universities can
sometimes have difficulty in securing good quality, suitable placements for their students or, even
worse, students are left to their own devices to arrange a placement. This is unsatisfactory and puts
students at a disadvantage. As well as this, sometimes students in these types of placements get
used to doing menial task which are well beneath their capabilities, simply because they are
perceived as inexperienced and incapable.
To conclude, student placements arc an excellent way to provide practical experience and support
our future professionals to gain the skills they need to succeed, but these placements must be
monitored and facilitated carefully.
(273 words)
TEST 7
TASK 1
Model Answer
The graph shows unemployment levels in three countries from 1991 to 2005 while the table gives
the proportion of men and women in these countries who worked in 1991.
In 1991, Spam had the highest unemployment rate at 13% increasing markedly to 18%( 19931995), then falling steadily to 9% in 2005. In contrast, unemployment was low in Germany starting
at 4% but climbing gradually to 9% in 1997, dipping to 6% in 2001 and increasing to a high of
11% in 2005. Italys unemployment rate fluctuated less than the otheis, starting and finishing at
8% over this period and reaching a maximum of 12% from 1997 to 1999.
In 1991, just over half the female population in Germany (54.4%) was working compared with
more than three quarters of the men. However, in Spain, about a third of the women were working
and a third of the men were not Italys employment rate among men in that year was similar to
Germanys, but not as many female workers were employed (37.8%).
Overall, in Germany, the rate of unemployment rose while there was a downward trend in the other
two countries.
(190 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
Worldwide, steadily increasing demand for houses and accommodation has left many
cosmopolitan cities unable to meet die bousing needs of their citizens.
One of the main reasons for housing shortage in urban areas is an increase in urban populations.
Many individuals have migrated from rural areas to the cities in search of a better life for
themselves and their families. Similarly, foreign immigration rates to large cities continue to rise.
Another cause behind the shortage in bousing supply is tbc desire of citizens and councils to protect
green spaces and environmental areas within the city. As admirable as this goal may be, it
actually ties up valuable land which could be used for housing. In addition, the economic recession
has caused investment in construction projects to drop away, which has slowed development in
this area accordingly. A final contributing factor in some cities is a lack of coordinated planning
and vision for the future, which fails to consider population growth and the needs of future
residents.
It is clear that solutions to this housing crisis need to be found. One suggestion is to implement
town planning systems which encouragc the concept of satellite cities to give residents the best of
both worlds. These satellite cities have all the benefits of small town living in regard to
environment and community, but are situated only a short commute from the nearest city for
employment purposes. Thus, they take the pressure off city infrastructure and in particular housing
stock. Pockets of high density inner-city housing could also assist in alleviating the housing
shortage.
All in all, the answers to the urban housing crisis lie in effective planning for future population
growth while addressing current needs.
(282 words)
TEST 8
TASK 1
Model Answer
The different components of household rubbish in the United Kingdom in 1985 and 2002 are
shown in the two pie charts.
The percentage of kitchcn/organic waste jumped from 28% in 1985 to 44% in 2002, representing
the greatest increase in that time. In contrast, paper waste was significantly reduced from 36% in
1985 to 16% in 2002. The proportion made up of plastic waste remained the same in both years at
7%. Similarly, the percentages of wood and textile waste remained relatively stable at 5% (wood)
and 3% (textiles) in 1985 and at 6% and 2% in 2002 respectively.
The miscellaneous category which appeared in the 2002 pic chart did not feature in Ac 1985 pic
chart. Also, the category of dust and cinders, which represented 8% of household rubbish in 1985,
disappeared from the 2002 breakdown.
In general, the proportions of most categories of household waste remained similar from 1985 to
2002, but the two major changes were represented by increased kitchcn /organic waste and rcduccd
paper waste.
(168 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
Animal testing has become a highly controversial debate in recent years, with strong and emotive
arguments presented on both sides.
The view that testing medicines on animals is necessary is supported by those who argue that if
not animals, then who? Animals are seen as the only logical testing population close enough to
humans to accurately identify and test the efficacy of different types of medicines, including those
involved in cancer treatment, and other potentially life-saving drugs. Furthermore, there is the
notion that animals do not feel or experience pain and suffering in the same ways that humans do,
and that all research on animals is ethically conducted to minimise any pain that is felt.
However, the other side of the debate revolves around the argument that animals do experience
pain and suffering, and it is simply unacceptable to subjcct them to medical testing. Also,
opponents of medical testing on animals point out that the results are not necessarily reliable when
applied to human populations: even though as mammals we might be very similar, we are not the
same. This brings into question the entire philosophical base behind testing medicine on animals.
There is also the moral question of whether we humans actually have the right to subject animals
to testing and inhumane experiments against their will.
In my opinion, the use of animals for medical testing should be avoided at all costs, as I feel that
animals deserve humans respect and kindness. Alternatives to medical testing on animals must be
sought
(252 words)
TEST 9
TASK 1
Model Answer
The table shows population figures for four countries from 1990 to 2000 and projected growth for
2020 and 2050.
The country with the lowest population and the lowest projected growth rate is New Zealand with
3.4m in 1990 rising to 3.8m in 2000 and cxpcctcd to increase to 4.7m in 2050. The United States
has a similar growth rate but a much larger population, starting at 249.9m in 1990, reaching 275.1m
in 2000 and anticipated to increase by almost 100m over the 60-year period.
Canadas population rose from 26.6m to 31.0m between 1990 and 2000 and is cxpcctcd to have
increased by 50% from where it was in 1990 by 2050. The highest growth rate occurs in Australia
where the population grew by 2.1m to reach 19.2m in 2000 and is predicted to reach 26.0m by
2050.
Overall, the countries represented had, and are forecast to have, fairly stable rates of growth over
the time period although their total populations differ markedly.
(162 words )
TASK 2
Model Answer
With communication technology constantly developing, working from home has become a reality
for many workers, which some would argue only benefits employees. However, I disagree with
this argument for several reasons.
Keeping office overheads down is a key benefit to having staff work from home. For instance, the
cost of paying rent or even a mortgage on office space so that each staff member can have their
own office spacc can be saved when employees work from home. Likewise, the day-to-day
running costs of an office, such as power, water, and phone costs, can all be kept to a minimum
when staff arc based at home.
Maintaining low staff stress levels is the key to increasing productivity in the workplace, and
working from home has been proven to increase or maintain worker productivity while facilitating
higher levels of happiness. This is due to the fact that employees feci trusted with the responsibility
of managing their own time and tasks without the need for a supervisor monitoring their
performance. This, coupled with the increased flexibility that those who work from home can have
for activities such as picking up children, walking the dog or going to the gym, all contributes to
worker well-being and satisfaction.
There is also evidence to suggest that allowing employees to work from home actually helps
employers to retain staff which is a definite advantage. Provided with the flexibility of working
from home, staff remain loyal and committed to the company, and the company retains their
knowledge and experience which are valuable aspects of any organisation's human resource.
To sum up, I disagree with the idea that working from home represents a drawback for employers
for the reasons stated above.
(283 words)
TEST 10
TASK 1
Model Answer
The diagram demonstrates the process of converting potatoes into potato chips.
First of all, when a batch of potatoes arrives at the manufacturing plant, they arc examined by hand
for quality before being washed in cold water. The potatoes are then sent to a peeling machine to
remove their skins and eliminate potato peels and starch. Then, the peeled potatoes arc transported
to a bucket conveyor, which moves them one by one into a slicing machine, after which the slices
are distributed on another conveyor belt and air-dried as they move along into the deep fryer. The
chips arc then cookcd in the deep fryer, and after the completion of this process, they are salted
and transported by a flat belt conveyor to the bag packer machine, which feeds chips into cach
bag. Alternatively, if the chips are to be packaged in a can, a different machine is used.
In summary, potatoes are washed, peeled, sliced, and fried in order to produce potato chips.
(164 words)
TASK 2
Model Answer
Mobile phones are now so commonplace that it seems as though everyone owns one, in comparison
to just a decade ago. There are both beneficial and negative aspects to this development.
On a positive note, mobile phones are fun and enjoyable to use, with games, messages, pictures,
music, and even email available as a function. They arc also highly personalised, expressing
individual style and fashion through colour, shape, and ringtone. Cell phones make communication
straightforward and very convenient, whether they are used for business or pleasure.
Communication has bccome instant and efficient. The other positive aspect of cell phones is that
they are a relatively economical method of communicating with others.
On the other hand, there have been several negative impacts due to increased cell phone usage. It
has made people constantly available and placcd high demands and expectations on response
times, particularly for employees. It has also had a detrimental cflfcct on peoples social skills and
manners as they arc constantly on alert for their latest call or message, even to the point of rudeness
when chocking their phone while having lunch or coffee with others, for instance. Some young
people have had problems with repetitive strain injuries caused by constant texting, and there have
also been conccms about the link between cell phone use and certain types of cancer. Finally, there
has been considerable community resistance to the construction of mobile phone signal towers in
their neighbourhoods, on the grounds of safety and aesthetics.
On the whole, mobile phones have dramatically changed the way we live and communicate, which
has both negative and positive consequences.
(268 words)
MODEL AND SAMPLE ANSWERS FOR

SPEAKING TASKS
TEST 1
PART I
Can you tell me something about the town or city you grew up in?
I grew up in a really small town close to Madrid. I have a long family history in that town.
No, I dont. Madrid is a more interesting city for young people, so now I live here while Im
attending university.
Which tourist attractions would you recommend in the town or city you grew up in?
My town is recognised for its architecture and in fact, its a world heritage area, so I would
recommcnd just wandering around the town and enjoying the houses and history.
After graduating, do you intend doing any further study?
Yes, I would be quite keen on doing some further postgraduate study, perhaps overseas, which is
the reason Im taking the IELTS test
Tell me about what you like to do in your free time.
In my spare time, one of the things I love to do is to go out dancing and singing karaoke. I love it
because we always sing together in group and its really funny hearing other people singing out
of tune!
Does it cost much money to do this activity?
No. In my country, karaoke bars and clubs arc really cheap because this activity is so popular.
We go practically every weekend.
Do many of your friends enjoy the same types of activities?
Almost everyone I know loves karaoke. Its never difficult to get a group together to go to a
karaoke bar, and in fact, 1 think its getting more popular with all the recent talent shows on
television, and so on.
Do you think you will have more or less free time in the future? Why?.
I'm pretty sure I will have more, because once 1 finish studying, I will have a job which,
hopefully, will only take up 40 hours a week of my time, so my weekends will be free! That's my
dream anyway.
Which season of the year is your favourite? Why?
Well, it probably sounds strange, but winter is definitely my favourite season. I love being warm
and cosy inside while its freezing cold outside, and I really enjoy winter sports like ice skating
and skiing.
What is the weather typically like where you live during the season?
Cold! It snows all winter and in the middle of the winter, the temperature gets down to about
minus 20 degrees.
Do you think you will always prefer this season? Why?
I think so, although perhaps when I get older. I might feel the cold more, I guess. And if I
couldn't enjoy winter sports, then probably wouldnt like winter very much.
What types of things do you enjoy doing during this season? Why?
Well, apart from winter sports, I love to stay indoors with my family and watch movies.
Shopping is also pretty good because all the shopping malls have good central heating. Also, we
have the ice sculpture festival during winter and thats a lot of fun.
Which outdoor places or locations do you enjoy going to? [Why?]
I like to spend time walking along the river, because I love to be near the water. I also like to be
up high, where I can get a good view and perspective of where I am, so I like going to the top
floor of my city's tallest buildings and enjoying the views.
Do you prefer to spend time indoors or outdoors? [Why?]
Of coursc, coming from a cold climate in winter, that really depends on the season! But for the
most part, I like to be outdoors, as long as I've got the right type of clothing.
What are some of your outdoor hobbies?
I enjoy walking, hiking, and playing sports outdoors. I also love skiing and ice skating because
of the thrill I get of going fast.
Do some parts of your country have more beautiful outdoor spaces than others?
Yes, just like any country I suppose, the UK is quite diverse in that some areas are noted for lush,
green outdoor spaces, and other areas for their beaches and lakes. It depends.
PART 2
You might have heard of the story Im going to tell you about, because a movie was made in
English about it Its called Mulan. Anyway, this is an ancient story which is sourced from a
poem written a long time ago. Mulan, the daughter of a former army
general, lived with her family in a little village. Her father taught her to ride a horse and use a
sword, which was quite unusual because normally only boys learned these skills. One day, the
government callcd for one soldier from each village to help boost the
army who were fighting important wars. Mulans father was chosen from her village, but she
knew that he was too old to fight but too honourable to say so. She was faced with a dilemma, as
she had no older brother who could go, and her younger brother was much too young to go to
war. So, she had the idea that she would go instead. She dressed in her fathers armour, bought a
horse, and rode away in the middle of the night to join the army without telling anyone in her
family. Mulan spent ten years fighting and was even awarded a special prize from the emperor.
During this time, no one knew she was a woman. She was offered a wonderful job by the
emperor but refused, saying she only wanted to go home to be with her family. So she did and
returned home to find her father alive but old and frail. She swapped her armour for beautiful
silks and was a beautiful woman. When her friends from the army came to visit, they could not
believe their eyes! The story spread across China but no one knows if it was based on fact or not,
but I
think it was. The story was well known in China because it was popular with young children,
especially girls, but then when Mulan, the movie, was made by Disney, it became popular
worldwide. My grandmother told me this story when I was about seven years old. What I learnt
from this story was that keeping face and honour is really important, as well as protecting ones
family above all else.
PART 3
Many people believe that traditional stories are irrelevant to modern society. Do you
agree or disagree?
Actually, I couldn't disagree more. I think that traditional stories often contain strong morals or
messages for how we should live our lives, and these morals remain constant regardless of time.
Traditional stories are an excellent reminder to return to these values and morals and remind as
what is simple but important in our lives. Anyway, you see these same morals repeated in
modem forms of storytelling such as movies, so they are definitely still topical and relevant.
What type of traditional stories do children generally enjoy? Why do you think this is
so?
I think young children tend to enjoy stories which have a little of everything because they lik to
feel all the emotion, such as suspense, fear, happiness, and courage. They also need to be fast
moving to keep children entertained. As well as this, children like stories which have happy
endings. Thats because happy endings make them feel more secure and confident and dont give
them nightmares!
What can traditional stories tell us about a culture?
I think that traditional stories express many things about a culture. Obviously, there are cultural
references to basic everyday things like food, clothing, and housing, but beyond that, there are
messages about the values a society holds important. For instance, that might be family values,
or it might be related to love or fidelity, things like that. Stories also tell us about the position of
certain people in society, such as men and women, rich and poor. Therefore, I believe that there
is a lot of cultural information contained within traditional stories.
TEST 2
PART 1
Can you tell me something about the town or city you grew up in?
I grew up in a really small town close to Madrid. I have a long family history in that town.
No, I dont Madrid is a more interesting city for young people, so now I live here while Im
attending university.
Which tourist attractions would you recommend in the town or dty you grew up in?
My town is recognised for its architecture and in fact, its a world heritage area, so I would
recommend just wandering around the town and enjoying the houses and history.
Where are you studying at the moment?
Im studying at the Independent University in Madrid. My major is philosophy.
How do you hope to use your studies in the future?
I hope to go on to complete postgraduate study, and then I am interested in teaching at the

university or maybe at another university abroad.
What do you like most about your studies?
I love the fact that every day, we have great discussions and debates at university. If s never dull.
What time do you usually get up in the mornings? Why?
I always get up at the same time, at 6 oclock. I dont have an alarm clock or anything. I just always
wake up
at that time and cant get back to sleep, so I get up.
What sort of things does your morning routine include?
Well, the first thing I do is take the dog for a walk at the local park, then I come back home and
have a shower and eat breakfast. Then, I catch the bus to work and on my way, I grab a coffee.
Have you always had a similar morning routine?
I used to get up much later when I was a university student I had late lectures, so I would go to bed
late and sleep in for hours.
It was great!
Would you say you are a person who prefers mornings or nights? Why?
Im definitely a morning person now. But I think given the choice, I would be a night person. I
dont really enjoy the early mornings.
What types of reading material do you prefer to read? Why?
I dont really enjoy reading, so I dont read much at all. I suppose the material that I read most
often is on websites and online material.
Do you read as much now as you did when you were younger? Why/Why not?
I think I probably read more when I was younger, but not much more because Ive never enjoyed
reading. Of course, I had to read for school, so I probably read a lot more then.
Where do you usually read? Why?
As I mentioned, I usually read online, so its either in my office at home, on the laptop, or at work.
Oh, and occasionally, I read a magazine while Fm relaxing in the lounge at home.
What do you like most about reading? Why?
Well, I know I said I didn t like reading much, but the one thing I do enjoy is keeping up to date
with new trends, so I suppose I do like that aspect of reading.
How do you normally relax? Why?
I guess I relax by having a hot bath or doing some yoga on my mat at home. If Im feeling really
stressed out, then I usually need to switch off for a bit, so I watch some television.
Have you always relaxed in the same way?
I think I used to relax more by playing sport. Oh, and I also used to go to the beach just to think
and try to relax, but I dont do that so much anymore because we dont live near the beach.
Do you prefer to relax by yourself or with other people? Why?
Most of the time I prefer to relax by myself, and then spend time with other people because I dont
like being stressed out around others.
Do you think men and women relax in different ways? Why?
Yes, I think they do. I think that men relax more by playing sport and expressing physicality, while
perhaps women relax by talking things through with friends or pampering themselves in some
way.
PART 2
Im going to talk about a dress that I bought which I hardly ever wear. The dress is black, which
is usually a very useful colour because it s so versatile. Anyway, I bought it when I was on holiday
in London last year and everything was on sale. I was with a friend of mine who has quite unusual
fashion taste in the sense that she is quite wild, I guess - much less conservative than my own taste
in clothes. So, we spent a great day together having lunch in London and shopping in the afternoon.
My friend saw this black dress which had a very low back with gold chains across it and quite
unusual detail around the waist and hem, and well, she loved it. She took it off to the changing
room and tried it on but came out to show me and well, it was just too tight There was no way I
could lie, so I just said perhaps we could ask the sales assistant for another size. But of course, it
was the last dress and the last size, and that was that My friend was so disappointed but thought
that I loved the dress as much as she did, so she forced me to try it on as Im slightly smaller than
she is. Reluctantly, I tried the dress on and could see straight away that it wasnt my style at all,
but my friend was so enthusiastic and over the top that she practically bullied me into buying it.
She kept telling me how fantastic I looked and how glamorous the dress was that I couldnt say
no. So of course, I ended up buying it because I didnt want her to feel bad. The only good thing
was that it wasnt too expensive, but because it was on sale, I couldnt even return it the next day.
So now, I have this inappropriate black dress hanging in my wardrobe that I will probably never
wear! 1 know 1 should try and sell it or even give it to charity but I havent got around to it I keep
thinking there will be an occasion to wear it but perhaps not.
Did it cost a lot of money?
No, not really. I think the sale price was $50 or something.
Do you often buy things that arent useful?
I try not to!

PART 3
There is a growing trend towards introducing public recycling schemes in many countries.
What are the reasons for and the results of this?
The main reason for introducing these recycling schemes is simply that people are producing too
much rubbish and the amount needs to be reduced. Recycling plastic, glass, and paper means that
the amount of waste is reduced, and thus the amount of rubbish in landfills is also reduced. In turn,
this has positive effects on the local environment Also, recycling saves money.
Do you believe individuals or governments should be responsible for recycling? Why?
I think that both individuals and governments need to take responsibility and initiative for
recycling schemes. At the level of local government in particular, there needs to be coordination
of recycling pickup, centres, and processing plants. At the individual level, people need to commit
to sorting their rubbish so that it can be easily collected. Ultimately, it has to be a combined effort
in order to be successful.
What can be done to encourage people to recycle more?
There are several main initiatives which I believe encourage recycling. First of all, when people
understand what happens to their recycled items, I think they are more motivated. And they are
also motivated by knowledge about what can be recycled and what cant So education and
information is important Secondly, I believe people are really quite lazy, so recycling has to be
made as simple and easy as possible for them, so schemes which involve kerbside collections are
the most encouraging for people. Then, all they have to do is put their recycling out with their
everyday rubbish.
Some people think that owning the latest products and goods is extremely important.
Whats your opinion?
I feel that having the most up-to-date products and clothes is fun but not essential. I think that too
many people place too much status on money as opposed to style and innovation. Money cant
buy you style, but with creativity and flair, you can show your style, definitely. So for me, its not
important to have the most expensive, latest phone or item of clothing.
Are there any disadvantages to having a wide array of choice of similar items?
Yes, I think there are. On the whole, I just think its unnecessary to go to the supermarket and be
faced with 100 different types of toothpaste to choose from. I mean, competition is necessary but
that kind of thing seems wasteful. And you see it in every supermarket aisle, whether its types of
cheese or types of shampoo. So yes, I think the feet that it is wasteful is a disadvantage of having
too much choice.
Do you think people will buy more or less in the future?
Oh more, definitely. I mean after the recession, people have slowed down in the retail consumption
area, but I dont think that will last for long. People have to feel good about themselves by buying
lots of products that they dont really need but just want to show off to their friends. Purchasing
things will become even more related to status and wealth in the future.
TEST 3
PART I
Do you live in a house or an apartment?
At the moment, Tm living in an apartment downtown.
How many other people do you live with?
My uncle and aunt as well as their young son.
Do you enjoy living in this type of accommodation? Why/ Why not?
Yes, I really enjoy apartment living because its safe, easy, and convenient.
What type of accommodation is common in your town? Why?
High-rise apartment buildings are definitely the most common where 1 live. Probably because
thats all there really is, until you get to the outskirts of the city.
What are you studying currently?
Im studying medicine at university.
Are there any subjects which you do not enjoy as much as others? Why?
No, not really. I really enjoy every class although some teachers are better than others.
Do you have to complete a lot of homework?
Yes. They require us to memorise a lot, of course, and that takes up a lot of my free time.
What do you plan to do after you finish your studies?
I hope I can join a volunteer organisation and get some experience that way. Thats why Fm also
learning English.
How do you normally keep in contact with friends? Why?
Mainly through Facebook and social networking sites like that. For me, if s the easiest way and all
of my friends are on there.
What do you enjoy about this way of keeping in touch?
Just that its so easy and you can log on any time of the day and catch up with what your friends
are doing all over the world.
Is there anything you dont like about this method of keeping in touch? Why?
Not really. Some people say they spend too much time online, staring at a computer screen. But I
dont mind that. Its just the way socialising works now.
Do you ever find it difficult to keep in touch with friends using this method? Why / Why
not?
The only thing I would say is that I think it is more difficult to keep in touch with people one on
one, as ifs quite a group form of communicating. Although in saying that you can always privatemessage people anyway which is similar to email. Sometimes, I find it annoying when people
dont check their pages very often.
Do you enjoy looking at art? Why / Why not?
It depends on the type of art. I definitely enjoy photographic exhibitions and modem art, but Fm
not really keen on the classic, old-fashioned types of paintings and so on. I find landscapes really
boring, and I hate sketches and art with no colour or life.
What type of art do you like best? Why?
As I said, I enjoy modem art the most because I think it is more interesting.
Have you ever been taught to do any type of art?
We had art as an efective at high school, and we learned to do all sorts - working with clay,
photography, painting, and sketching. Our ait tcachcr was really passionate about all forms of art.
Do you know any artists?
That depends on how you define an artist I don't know anyone famous, if thats what you mean,
but I do know some university students who I think are very talented. One is a photographer who
only takes extreme close-ups of people so that one tiny aspect of their face is shown. The results
arc fascinating.
Which colours do you like the most? Why?
I love blue because it is the colour of the sea and the sky. My other favourite colour is green
because I connect it with nature as well.
Have you always liked these colours? Why?
No, actually when 1 was a little girl, I used to love pink and purple. Fm not sure why, probably
because they are thought of as quite feminine colours, I guess.
Do most of your friends like similar colours?
I haven't really thought about that. I think everyone has their own preferences, particularly related
to what they wear. Many of my friends wear a lot of black, but I'm not sure if that is their favourite
colour as such.
Do certain colours have any special significance in your culture? Why?
Some colours have a meaning of good luck, including red, which symbolises wealth and good
fortune. Other colours like white stand for purity, but beyond that, I cant really think of any strong
meanings or significance.
PART 2
An important decision I made was quite recently, about three years ago. My family was very keen
for me to study English abroad and gain the advantages of learning about foreign culture at the
same time. I was also really excited about the prospect of travelling and improving my English,
but I didnt want to leave as my wife was here in China and couldnt come with me. Then, just as
we had to make the final decision and commit to buying a tickct, wc found out that my wife was
pregnant So, 1 talked and talked with her and also with my parents, because I value their opinion
also, and finally I decided that I wouldn't go abroad to study as I didnt want to miss the birth of
my child and also I wanted to support my wife through her pregnancy. They really helped me to
make my decision just by listening to me talk it through and giving their own opinions and ideas.
The alternative that we came up with was that I would study here at night and work very hard on
my English, with perhaps an opportunity to study at post graduate leveloverseas instead of just
studying English. My daughter was born over two years ago, and I think it was the best decision
Ive ever made. And it has worked out really well, as now we arc going to travel altogether as a
family to live in Oxford in the UK, where I am going to complete an MBA. And my wife has an
excellent job offer there as well. It was a huge decision at the time, but I'm so confident that it was
the right one for my family and me.
Do you often make decisions in this way?
Yes. I always find it helpful to talk my decision through with someone.
Do you find it difficult to make big decisions?
Yes, sometimes I do, and it can take me a bit of time to think things over.
PART 3
Describe some of the important life decisions people need to make at various points in their
lives.
Well, I think there are many, but possibly the most important decisions are in young adulthood
when people usually make lots of choices about their future - which carccr to choose, choices about
marriage and starting a family, and so on. These are the decisions which have such a long-lasting
impact on the rest of life, so they arc incredibly important Then, there are the decisions which
comc later, maybe about finances and retirement and that type of thing. And when were younger,
I suppose our choices are in some way made for us by our parents who dccidc which kindergarten
or school we will attend.
Some people think that an important decision should be made quickly and based on
intuition, while others believe an informed choice is better. What's your view?
Personally, I believe its a combination of the two. I ccrtainly think you need to have all possible
information available to you before a decision can be made, but I also think that a ccrtain degree
of intuition, or gut feeling, can really help to guide the decision-making proccss. Its
unexplainable, but I know that some of my best decisions have been based on intuition more than
anything else.
Do you think that individuals nowadays have more or fewer important choices to make
than those in the past? Why?
Todays society certainly confronts people with more important decisions than in the past. For a
start, there is so much more choice in lots of different areas, like in the area of career and
occupation, for instance. My parents or grandparents generation often had the same job for forty
or fifty years, but people nowadays commonly have four or five different careers. In this area
alone, there is so much more choice and freedom, and I think thats part of the reason why there
are more important decisions to be made now, along with the fact that constant changc is part of
modem life.
What kinds of decisions are more difficult: those which solely affect you or those which
also have an impact on other people?
I think its more difficult to make decisions which are going to have an effect on other peoples
lives, but I also think that this relates to most decisions wc make - decisions very rarely only
impact on one person. Anyway, it is obviously a matter of degree, for instance, if you are the
manager of a large company and you have to decide how many redundancies are necessary to
keep the business from failing, then thats a decision which will have a huge impact on many
people. On the other hand, if you are deciding which house to buy, then that probably only
affects you and your family. Overall, I think its wise to consider the potential impact of your
decision in any case.
In your opinion, is there such a thing as too much choice?
I definitely believe that there is too much choice for young people nowadays, and this creates
a lot of pressure for them. Whether it is in terms of what career path to take or where to live
and study, there arc an overwhelming number of choices available to this generation, and I
think it can be extremely difficult to feel as though one has made the right choice, whatever
that is. However, choice provides us with options and freedom as well, so I believe its
important to value that.
How effective do you believe it is to make decisions based on discussions with other
people?
I know that for some people, this method of making decisions is very effective, as they gain
perspective from talking with someone else, and this process clarifies their own thought
process. However, I believe that choices, in particular personal choices, are best made
methodically and carefully, but alone. Sometimes, people have different motives for giving
advice, and they cannot always be trusted to give you neutral advice.
TEST 4
PART I
Can you describe the area which you live in?
I live on an island, so the sea and bcachcs arc everywhere and its also really green.
Are there any disadvantages to living in this area?
Yes, I think there are. Because its an island, you have to catch a ferry to the city or to get anywhere,
and so youre restricted by timetables and sailings. I'm always missing the ferry.
How long have you lived in this area?
I've lived here since I was 12, so about five years. We moved because my dad got a really good
job on the island.
Would you recommend living in this area to others? Why/ Why not?
I would definitely recommend the island in summer, but winters a different story. I have to
commute every day to school, so I get up in the dark and come home in the dark, so I hate it. But
summer is fantastic.
Which university or school are you studying at?
Im studying at the University of Auckland.
Which course are you studying? What is your major?
My major is education, so I'm studying to become a primary school tcachcr.
Why did you select this course/major?
I chose education because I love working with children and I want to help kids to learn.
Do you have to travel far to university/school each day?
Yes, I do. I have to catch the ferry from the island where I live into the city. It takes about 40
minutes each way.
Who normally does the cooking in your household?
Mostly my mum cooks all the meals, but sometimes I cook dinner or something, just to give her a
break.
Do you think its important to share the cooking duties? Why?
Yes, I think it is pretty important because otherwise, one person can get resentful when they
always have to do it, and then they dont cook good meals! There's more variety if different
people cook.
Do you enjoy cooking?
Well, yes, sometimes I enjoy cooking, when its not difficult and it doesn't take me very long.
Do you think you will cook more often in the future? Why?
Yes, I think so, because I'll probably be living away from home, in a shared flat or something. So,
I'll have to cook a lot more.
What kinds of sounds or noises do you commonly hear?
I hear all sorts of sounds, depending on where I am. At university, I bear people talking and doing
stuff, and at home, I hear my family talking, the dog barking, things like that
Which types of sounds or noises do you enjoy most? Why?
I love music because it can really make me feel good and lift my mood. And I also love hearing
birds singing because the sound is so beautiful and unlike anything else I have ever heard.
Are there some sounds or noises which you dislike? Why?
I dont like people screaming or talking really loudly. It really annoys me. I also don't like hearing
people talking to other people on the phone, or other people's conversations, or when someone
reads their text messages out loud.
Which noises or sounds do you recall from when you were a child?
I can't really remember any - apart from my parents voices always telling me what to do and what
not to do!
How do you usually send messages to people?
I usually send emails or messages on Facebook.
Have you always used this method?
Yes, I think so. Although I only used emails before I knew about Facebook.
What do you like about sending messages in this way?
I like it because I hate talking on the phone, because it can get really awkward making small talk.
So, if youve got something to say, it's just a lot easier to message it rather than talk on the phone.
Its faster.
How much time do you spend sending messages?
It depends, because if someone else is online at the same time, FU spend a bit of time chatting with
them, otherwise, Ill send a message ... probably about an hour a day, I think.
PART 2
Im going to talk about a magazine which I read called New Weekly. Its a celebrity gossip
magazine, so it contains all the latest news and scandal from Hollywood movie stars, actors,
singers, everyone whos famous. Its not exactly serious journalism. In fact, it probably has more
pictures than anything else, you know, pictures of celebrities without make-up or looking terrible
in their bikinis while theyre on holiday. But if they cant get pictures, then the brief gossip column
at the back always has some rumours which I actually think are just made up, but then months
later, it turns out that theyre true! You know, things like whos seeing who in celebrity world. It
comes out every week, but I dont actually read it that often as I never actually buy it. I just borrow
friends copies once they have finished reading it, or sometimes my mum buys it I like to read it
while Tm lying on the sofa eating chocolate, during the commercial breaks on television. Or
sometimes, I read it in waiting rooms where they have lots of magazines. I have to confess that I
really do enjoy reading this magazine, because I enjoy the gossip and seeing that famous people
are just people like the rest of us. Plus it gives me and my friends something to talk about as well.
But theres also a part of me which hates the fact that I enjoy the reading it as it is so trashy and
tabloid and doesn't give the celebrities any privacy. My boyfriend always teases me about how
embarrassing it is that I actually read it, but then I catch him reading it when I've finished as well!
Would you recommend this newspaper/magazine to others?
Yes, I suppose so, if I thought they would enjoy it
Do you have much time to read?
No, not as much as I would like because Im busy studying.

PART 3
How have the ways people access the media changed in your country over the last decade?
Well, I think for more and more people, accessing electronic media has become much more
convenient and easy over the last decade. Thinking back, I dont think that many people even had
their own computers ten years ago, and now almost everyone has a laptop or a PDA or something,
so they are constantly able to access the Internet and online material. The Internet and advent of
mobile technology has completely changed the way people work, play, and study.
The issue of Internet-based musk and video piracy has become critical. What do you think
can be done about this problem?
This is such a big problem that Im not sure what the solution is. One approach might be to make
the price of the movies and DVDs cheaper so that people can access them for less money, then
they might be less tempted to purchase illegally copied material. There could also be higher
penalties for selling pirated goods and the police could be stricter and more focused on
apprehending people. Ultimately, I think technology has to be utilised to fight the problem, like
with an encrypted signature on each song file or video or something. However, I don't think this
problem can ever be completely solved.
As electronic media becomes more and more accessible, many forms of print media are
disappearing. Do you consider this to be a positive or negative trend?
I think that it's such a shame that so many magazines and newspapers have gone under, because
they certainly had something to offer. On the other hand, the growth of new online publications
has been huge, and because its so cheap to set up, I think there arc a lot more specific resources
out there for people. I think there will always be print media though, because people enjoy the
tangible nature of paper in hand.
What type of responsibility, if any, do you believe the media has to the general public?
I personally feel that the media has a huge responsibility to its public, in particular, the news media.
This responsibility includes informing the public about political and other news as well as giving
an unbiased view of current affairs. Often the media is what keeps politicians honest, and I think
this is definitely an important part of their role.
Some people think the media is highly influential in spreading new ideas and trends.
Whats your opinion?
Of course it is, I definitely agree. Particularly with the Internet, the way new ideas are quickly
distributed around the world through blogs, emails, and social networking sites is amazing. Ideas
spread incredibly quickly, especially in the areas of fashion and music. On a political level, I think
the media is also influential as certain types of news commentary and opinion are selected for
publication whereas others are not, and this reflects a bias which is often then reflected in popular
opinion. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to ensure they are informed about a particular issue,
though.
How do you think the role of the media might change in the future? Why?
The media of the future in some ways is already here, through blogging and social networking.
Everyone and anyone can publish whatever they like - were all editors and journalists and critics.
So, the role of traditional media might change to keep pace with this and maintain an online
prcscncc. But overall, the role of the media is to provide information, and I don't think that this
key function will actually change significantly; just the way it is delivered may alter.
TEST 5
PART 1
Which region of the country are you originally from?
I'm originally from a region callcd Hunan Province. Its south of the Yangtze River.
What do you like most about this region?
I think the climatc is pretty comfortable, and the food is traditionally very spicy, which I love.
Would you recommend living in this region to others?
Yes, definitely. If s a great place to live and it is developing very quickly, so there are plenty of
good job opportunities.
What type of course are you studying at the moment?
Fm studying law and politics at the University of Political Science and Law in Beijing.
What type of job or career will this course lead to?
I'm hoping that it will lead to a job with the government or with the university.
What do you enjoy most about being a student?
I think its probably the university environment. I really enjoy attending lectures instead of classes,
and 1 have made a lot of good friends here at university.
What kinds of advertisements do you like to watch or listen to? Why?
Actually, 1 dont really enjoy advertisements. Although sometimes there are some funny ones on
TV, but generally I just ignore them.
Have you ever bought something as a result of an advertisement?
Well, yes, I suppose I have. Not me but my family. We saw a great deal advertised on a new flat
screen television, and it was for a limited time, so we went and bought one. Its great.
Which do you prefer: advertisements on television or on the radio? Why?
If I had to choose I would say radio, bccausc I think radio ads are less annoying and easier to
ignore.
What changes would improve advertisements in your country? Why?
The main problem here is the large amount of advertisements. So, 1 think it would be better if the
industry was better controlled and if there were slightly fewer advertisements, especially on TV.
Which season do you enjoy most? Why?
Summer. I love summer because its so nice and hot and everybody can be outside enjoying the
weather and doing different things.
What type of activities do you do during this season?
The usual things I guess: swimming, sunbathing, eating ice creams, and having picnics.
Would you prefer to live in a cold climate or a warm climate? Why?
I would definitely prefer a warm climate, the hotter the better. I love visiting really hot places, and
I would love to live somewhere warm.
Are there any festivals associated with particular seasons in your country?
Yes, actually we celebrate Spring Festival at the very start of spring, although it is usually still
quite cold. Its to celebrate the Chinese New Year and is usually spent with family.
How long have you been learning English?
Ive been learning English since I was about five years old. I started when I began school.
How much of your lime do you spend learning English?
I guess I spend about an hour a day at school, and then I study for a couple of hours each week at
home. Apart from that, I also practise speaking with a private tutor for two hours a week.
What do you enjoy most about learning a language? Why?
I think probably its realising that I can communicate with almost anyone. Thats really satisfying.
Do you find it easy or difficult to learn new languages? Why?
At first, I hated it and found it really difficult, but now I find it easy, but only bccausc I put the
time in.
PART 2
I find that I have to take a lot of breaks from study bccausc 1 get distracted so easily. I can only
concentrate for relatively short, intense periods of study. Anyway, I'm going to talk about a time
more recently when I was studying for my mid-year examinations. The examinations are quite
important bccausc they give you an idea of how well you know the material, and whether or not
you are on track for achieving a good grade for the years work. So, although the marks only
represent a small proportion of the overall grade, I think it is important mentally to feel as though
you are on top of things. So, I was studying quite hard actually, every day and the weather was
very hot outside, but I kept studying and every day, one of my friends would call me and say, hey,
were going to the beach today, do you want to come? or, were going away to the coast for die
weekend to go surfing, you should come with us" and every time I had to say no, I'm sorry I cant,
because I have to study. So, I was being very good and staying focused. Untilfinally, I think it
was about a week away from my exams and I was starting to feel really restless and frustrated,
when I beard that an old friend of mine was back in town from abroad. Well, he called me up and
what could I say? I really wanted to catch up with him because it had been ages since wed hung
out together and he was only in town for a couple of days! So of course, I put my study on hold,
and we went out with a whole bunch of friends and had a great night Of course, I felt slightly guilty
the next day, but then, I got straight back into the books, and the good news is that I felt much
more focused and able to absorb the material, so I think in the end, it was more productive, for me
anyway, to take some time out and then return to the studying. It helped me to clear my head and
study more effectively. But I have to be really firm with myself on occasion as I am easily tempted
to procrastinate and run out of time! In this ease, it worked for me as in the end, I got straight. As
on all my exams.
Do yoa often take breaks?
Yes, I take a lot of little breaks while I'm studying for a test.
Do you generally find it easy or difficult to relax?
I find it pretty easy actually bccausc Fm quite laid-back to begin with.

PART 3
What do most people in your country do to relax?
People tend to do lots of different things. Some people like to do sports or go running or do yoga,
and other people like to go out and relax with friends over dinner and drinks. Others relax by
reading a book or doing more quiet things. I guess it depends on the person.
Some people think that relaxation techniques such as meditation should be introduced into
the workplace and schools. Whats your opinion?
I definitely agree that techniques such as meditation and learning how to manage stress are very
important. I think it would be a great idea to implement systems in the workplace because a stressfree environment is a more productive one. I have heard of a number of companies who offer free
massage at work to their staff and it is very successful. And ccrtainly, teaching children relaxation
techniques would be very beneficial, so I think that introducing these types of things into schools
is a forward thinking idea.
Do you think that people will be more or less relaxed in the future? Why?
Its hard to say. As the world becomes busier and there are so many more demands on people, I
think it might become more difficult for them to relax. Technology has made us so constantly
available to others, particularly in terms of work, that I think people might be less relaxed in the
future, but on the other hand, there seems to be more awareness of the negative effects of stress
and ways to manage it.
What do you think are some of the reasons why people experience stress?
I think there are many reasons, and they can be different for different individuals, but it depends
quite a lot on personality. For instance, if you are quite a highly strung individual, then this could
be a contributing factor to stress, whereas if you are quite relaxed and laid-back, you might not get
stressed so easily. However, I think the main reasons people get stressed include work and study
concerns, relationship difficulties as well as time pressures and deadlines.
Do you think there are any advantages to stress?
I guess I hadn't really considered that. But yes, I believe there are because I think a little bit of
stress can be quite motivating and can help people to get things done efficiently and on time. It
can give people a burst of energy, so in that sense, a small amount of stress can be productive.
What are some of the effects of stress on people in your country?
I think the physical effects of stress are huge. People get sick more often, have more headaches
and neck and back pain, and in the extreme, they can sometimes have heart attacks and so on. And
the psychological impact is also considerable, as people can become depressed and anxious as a
result of stress, and this in turn can have an effect on their friendships and relationships.
TEST 6
PART 1
What type of boose do you live in?
I live in a two-storey house, which is made of wood. Its a nice house to live in, but cold in winter.
How many rooms are there?
In total, there are five bedrooms plus a lounge, study, kitchen, and two bathrooms. Oh, and the
laundry. So, thats about eleven rooms all in all.
Which is your favourite room in the house? Why?
My favourite room would have to be the kitchen, because it gets sunshine all day long. My family
also spend a lot of time in there, preparing food, eating and talking about our days, so I really enjoy
that.
How many hours do you spend studying each day?
I probably spend about eight hours studying every day. Thats including lessons at school and also
the time that I spend doing homework cach evening.
Are there any subjects which you like studying more than others?
Definitely. I really prefer maths and scicnce to subjects like English literature and history. I find it
difficult to understand or be interested in English literature especially, probably bccausc I find it
so boring.
Which subjects are you interested in studying further?
I would really like to study biology at university level. In feet. I'm hoping to bccomc a doctor one
day.
How do you typically use the Internet? Why?
I use it for lots of things, including communicating with friends by email and social networking
websites, finding information and doing research for university.
Do you find it easy to use the Internet? Why?
Yes, I find it very simple. The only thing that is not so easy is that the speed of my conncction is
sometimes very slow, which is so annoying.
What do you like most about using the Internet? Why?
I like the fact that so much information is out there and easily acccssiblc. I can find the answer to
anything!
How much of your time do you spend using the Internet? Why?
Well, as I said, I use it a lot for university research, so probably about four hours a day, at least.
More when I have an assignment due. And then, I use it for tun on top of that, so maybe six hours
a day in total.
Do you like animals? Why/ Why not?
I really love animals. In my family, we have two pets, a dog and a cat, and I love most animals
because theyre so cute.
Are there any animals that you arc afraid of or particularly dislike? Why?
Well, I guess I'm kind of afraid of rats bccausc I think they're disgusting and I hate their tails and
teeth. I'm also not really a fan of snakes, but luckily, we dont have any poisonous ones in my
country.
Are people in your country generally fond of animals? Why/Why not?
Yes. In particular, people treat pets as though they are part of the family, and animals are, on the
whole, well taken carc of.
Do particular animals have any special meaning in your culture?
I suppose some animals do, for instance, a black cat can sometimes symbolise bad luck, and lions
have long been associated with courage and bravery. Oh, of coursc, the dove stands for peace, but
I think thats a worldwide symbol.
How do you usually spend your free time?
When I have some spare time, I like to go and have a coffcc with friends, or see a movie, or just
talk.
Do you prefer to spend your free time with friends or with family? Why?
It really depends. I don't have a preference either way - I always enjoy catching up with either
friends or family.
How often do you have free time?
I wouldnt say that I have a lot of free time, but I make sure that I have time each day. I aim for at
least a couple of hours to just relax and have some time to myself.
What changes would improve the way you spend your free time? Why?
I dont think that I'd make any changes really. Free time is just for relaxing and having fun, and I
feel like thats what I do with my free time, so I'm happy.
PART 2
The image that Tm going to describe is a famous black and white photograph which has been
reproduced many times over the years. I think it is called The Kiss, but Tm not sure. It depicts a
man and a woman meeting on the platform of a train station, perhaps after a long absence or maybe
even after the man has been a soldier at war. You can't see his facc as he has his back to the camera
and he is wearing a hat and there is a suitcase as well, I think. He is embracing the woman who
has obviously been running along the train platform to meet him, and he has taken her in his arms
and is swinging her around. She is very beautiful, and her expression is joyful at the return of her
lover. Neither of them is looking at the camera as they are just in their own world. I cant remember
exactly when I first saw it, but I think it was as a teenager at the local poster store where there were
many prints and pictures. I liked it so much that I saved up my allowance to buy a framed copy of
it for my bedroom wall, where it hung for a couple of years. When I look at this image, I feel many
things, and many emotions. There is love, of coursc, also sadness that perhaps their reunion might
be brief. I also feel it is a very romantic picture. I heard that it was a candid shot taken by chance
by the photographer, but then later, I also heard that it was posed, but I much prefer to think of it
as a spontaneous moment which was captured on film. It is quite a nostalgic image, but one which
tells a real stoTy and that's why I love it. The reason I remember it so well is that 1 thought it was
so romantic and heartfelt, and also because I looked at it every day for a few years while it was
hanging on my wall at home! I think I still have it somewhere.
Do you eojoy photographic images/pictures?
Yes, I do. I probably like them more than other types of art such as paintings.
Would you recommend this to others?
Probably not for someones house now, as it has become a bit dated.
PART 3
What kind of visual art forms is popular in your country?
I'm not completely sure, but I know my generation really enjoys street art and sculpture, and
installations with light and sound. Also, my friends and 1 love animation and graffiti. As for older
generations, I think they probably prefer the more classic type of visual art such as paintings and
portraits or perhaps sculpture. That's the great thing about art: there is always something for
someone to enjoy and appreciate and ifs always changing.
Many people argue that art should be freely accessible to the public to enjoy. Whats your
view?
I definitely agree as I think it would be ideal if all or at least most art galleries had free admission.
And there have recently been a lot of very popular exhibitions in my city which are displayed in
public areas, such as parks or squares, or public buildings like railway stations. This really appeals
to me that as people go about their daily lives, they meet and can enjoy or think about art, so its
integrated in their life rather than being something separate that they go and do on weekends or
something. Art should be available for everyone to see and take pleasure from.
What do you think of investing money in the arts?
When corporations and companies sponsor exhibitions, it means that more people get to see and
experience that exhibition, so I believe it makes art more accessible and available to more people.
Its the corporate worlds way of giving something back to the community, and if they get a little
bit of positive association for doing so, then I think that's fine. Its not as though they have any
creative control.
It is often said that creative genius is born, not made. Whats your opinion?
Well, I think this is true, to an extent, but I also feel that it is only in very rare cases that pure talent
is not nurtured through life experience and events. What I mean is that I believe you have to have
natural artistic talent, but that this can only be fully realised through excellent tuition and exposure
to influential people and art pieces. It is not any one thing which creates creative genius, it is a
combination of everything as well as a case of good timing.
How have the way's people express their creativity in your culture changed in the last fifty
years?
I think in the past, art took more traditional forms such as paintings, sketches and sculpture, but
nowadays, its like almost anything can be ealied art. I went to an exhibition the other day which
included giant images projected onto buildings in the downtown area and it has been very well
received. So with technology that is rapidly changing, art is also evolving to be expressed in new
ways such as this. While in the past, we might have had movies shot on old-fashioned cameras,
now anyone can be a director and shoot video even with their mobile phones! So making art and
expressing creativity has become an option for many more people. That is the main change.
Many artists make valuable contributions to society through their art, yet struggle to
succeed financially. What are the reasons for this? What are the implications of this?
Part of the reason might be that artists are more concerned with expressing themselves in a genuine
way than with making money. They arc so foe used on creating their works that perhaps the money
is of secondary importance to them. Of course, the effect of this is that it becomes difficult to earn
a living, and perhaps it could discourage future young people from that type of lifestyle. The other
reason is that society doesnt really value art properly, so artists are underpaid accordingly, which
is sad.
TEST 7
PART 1
Tell me about your neighbourhood.
My neighbourhood is pretty quiet, with lots of apartment blocks and high-rise buildings. It also
has lots of parks and green areas, which is nice.
Which are some of your favourite areas in the neighbourhood? Why?
My favourite area is probably the shopping mall because it has so many great stores and I love to
shop whenever I can!
What type of people tends to live in your neighbourhood?
Its mainly families with children and retired couples. Lots of young people like to live closer to
the city centre, so its not very popular with them.
Tell me about your studies.
I'm studying at senior high school and then I hope to enter university to study architecture and
town planning.
Are you a full-time student or part-time student?
Full-time, of coursc, bccausc Im still at school. When I start university. I'll also be full-time
bccausc my parents will support me while I'm studying.
What are your goals after completing your studies?
After completing my architecture degree, I hope to study at postgraduate level in either Spain or
Italy. Thats my dream anyway.
How do you find out about news?
I read the national newspaper every day or every second day. I like to keep up with what's going
on here and overseas, so I make an effort to buy it and read it quite often.
Do you always use the same method of accessing news? Why?
Yes, actually I do. I think its bccausc I have bccome used to this way, and I know where to find
my favourite columnists and articles, as well as the TV listings. Its familiar.
Which type of news do you enjoy reading the most? Why?
I like international news and analysis. Then for fun, I enjoy the magazine lift out section which
has all sorts - recipes, fashion, feature articles, and so on. Its more magazine style, but it comes
free with the newspaper, so thats a bonus.
Which type of news do you enjoy (reading) the least? Why?
Well, I have to say I dont really enjoy the motoring or financc sections, but then. Im not really
interested in either of those topics. Also, I don't really enjoy sports news, either.
What kinds of things make you feel happy? Why?
Um, I guess the kinds of things which make me feel happy are mainly when I'm with people that
I care about. Oh, and I love hiking and enjoying nature, so if Tm outside in the forest or the
mountains, Tm usually pretty happy. And I love chocolate, that makes me pretty happy.
What do you tend to do when you fed this way? Why?
Well, I suppose I just enjoy it while it lasts and try to make it last for a long time!
Have similar things always made you happy?
Now that I think about it, yes. I've always been happy when Im around people and just relaxing
and talking. Of course, when I was a child, I wasnt able to go off hiking or anything, but I still
used to enjoy beaches and parks, so I enjoyed the outdoors that way.
Do you feel its important to feel happy every day? Why?
Definitely. I mean not all day, every day, but I do think its important to have some happiness in
a small part every day. Otherwise, life can get you down a bit, so I think its good to know
what makes you happy and seek
it out.
Where do you typically go on holiday?
Oh, I like a bit of excitement on my holidays, so I prefer to go somewhere where there are lots of
young people and activities to do, and also some nightlife for the evenings. I don't really care where
it is, as long as its fun!
What kinds of things do you enjoy doing on holiday? Why?
I like adventure sports, like bungee jumping or white-water rafting. I love the adrenaline rush from
these things, and its such a change from a 9-to-5 office job, isnt it? And then, in the evenings, I
like to go somewhere where theres a good band and I can have a few drinks with my friends and
maybe some dancing. I like my holidays to be full of action! Oh, and I love shopping, too, so if
there are some nice clothes shops nearby, thats always a bonus.
What form of transport do you usually use to get to your holiday destinations? Why?
Oh, plane is definitely best. It's so much quicker than driving, and I love it when the weather is a
bit windy and the plane bumps along. Its like an exciting start to the holiday! It makes me feel
like I have left home and I have gone somewhere new, with no responsibilities for a few days.
Do you prefer to travel in a large group or a small group? Why?
Well, I think on balance, I prefer a smallish group, but not just one person. I find that a bit intense.
Three or four good friends are ideal, because I can be by myself for a while if I want or I can join
in the group if I want company. I dont like large groups much. It feels too much like a package
holiday then.
PART 2
I havent ever really thought about this type of question, but I would probably say that the famous
person I would most like to meet is the lead singer from the band U2, Bono. I've always really
loved this band, ever since I was just a kid, and 1 think that his campaigns for social change arc
quite inspiring. Its nice to see someone who is using their fame for good, and I have a lot of respect
for that. So, hes famous for his music and also for the work that he does, including his work with
Oxfam and the Make Poverty History campaign. He combines the two activities well and some of
U2s music has quite strong messages. So yes, Id like to meet him because I think he is an
inspirational person. As for what questions I would ask him. I'm not really sure. Id like to know
a bit about his private life, I guess, as hes always been very private and guarded about his family
and wife and children, so I'd be interested to hear about them. I guess I'd also be curious about how
the band has managed to stay together for so long in an industry which is renowned for break-ups
and instability, because theyve been together for over twenty years and through several big
changes in music style. So, Td be interested in the dynamics of the band and how they all get along,
and what their creative process is like. And why they think their music resonates with so many
people. Yes, actually Id have a lot of questions! But I'd also want to know his ideas about ending
poverty and how he thinks that might happen within our lifetime, and to learn a bit about that.
However, I dont think it is particularly realistic that I would ever get to meet Bono, but I have
been to one of the conccrts and seen him on stage quite close up. In saying that my best friend is a
music journalist, so who knows, maybe one day Ill get a VIP backstage pass and get to chat with
him. I hope so! I think Id be quite nervous, but then famous people are just people like everybody
else, arent they?
Have you ever met a famous person?
Yes, a few local celebrities but nobody really famous.
Do you like to read about famous people?
Not especially, just if Im reading a magazine in line at the supermarket or something.

PART 3
What do you think motivates people who seek fame?
In some ways, I think there are two types of motivation, or two pathways, if you like, to fame.
There are those who deliberately set out to become famous and that is their goal from the
beginning. It doesn't really matter if they have talent or anything, they just cravc fame, and I think
they arc motivated by wanting lots of people to like them, and the attention and perhaps the money
also, but I dont think that is the main motivation. Then, there arc people who simply do what they
love and become famous doing it. They are motivated by their talent, I believe.
Some people argue that celebrities and famous people have no right to expect privacy
because they are in the public eye. Whats your opinion?
I dont think this is a valid argument at all. Famous people do not bccomc public property simply
bccausc they are famous, and I certainly believe they are entitled to as much privacy as the rest of
us. Take Princcss Diana as an example - she was hounded by the media and paparazzi to the extent
that it killed her in the end. They arc human beings and have the basic right to privacy like the rest
of us. The only exception to this would be related to politicians and information which the public
needs to be aware of in order to keep them honest!
Many celebrities have begun using their fame to raise awareness of social issues. Do you
think this is a good trend or a bad trend?
I think this is a positive trend, but I also think celebrities have to be informed and knowledgeable
about the issues they claim to believe in rather than just lending their names to causes they know
nothing about in order to promote their own profile. They cant just use it for their own gain; they
have to be genuinely concerned. When its done well, theres a real benefit in having celebrity
power in raising awareness and money for important issues, such as the benefit concert for the
earthquake in Haiti, for instance.
How important is it to spend time with family members in your culture? Why?
Family is at the centre of life in my culture, so spending time with family is highly valued. For
instance, we always get together for family meals, and we see each other all the time. It's important
because family is simply the most important thing in life and we make it a priority, always. I guess
its traditional and just reflects my cultures values.
How have the ways people socialise in your country changed over time? Why do you think
these changes have occurred?
I think the old ways of socialising are still alive and well, for instance, networks through family
and friends, school and university, sports clubs, and so on, but this has been added to by other
forms of new media socialising such as online social networks. I think these are particularly
popular with the younger generation. This change has happened simply because of the growth in
new technologies which has made it possible, and while I think it is a positive change, I think
meeting people and talking is preferable.
Some members of society feel isolated and alone. What measures can be taken to combat
this issue?
Well, I think this is the responsibility of the family to ensure that people dont feel isolated and
lonely. They can offer strategics to support the person socially and get them the help they need if
they are lacking social skills, self-esteem and confidence. And in wider society, I think there could
be more of a swing back to old-fashioned ways of meeting people, face to face, rather than such a
focus on the Internet, email and social networking, as I think these types of tools can end up making
people feel even more alone.
TEST 8
PART 1
Where do you live?
I live in a city called Guilin, which is in the south-west of China. It has beautiful scenery and
mountains.
Have you always lived in this area?
No, my parents moved here when I was five years old. Before that, we lived with my grandparents
in Shanghai, but we moved because my parents found good jobs here.
Which part of the area where you live do you find most interesting? Why?
I think the mountains and unusual rocks that we have are the most interesting, because they are
such a pretty landscape. I never get tired of looking at the different views around the city.
Do you have a job or are you a full-time student at the moment?
At the moment, I do both: I'm a full-time student, but I also have a part-time job related to my
studies so that I can gain good work experience.
What type of job will your studies lead you to?
Im studying to be a vet, so thats the earner that I hope to get into. Its very competitive though
and I have to maintain a high average.
For bow many years will you need to study in order to become qualified?
In total, five years. Theres a lot of practice in the final year but of course thats unpaid work, so I
cant wait to graduate and start working to pay off my student loan.
Which types of shops do you usually like to shop at? Why?
All kinds of shops, I suppose, as it depends on what I'm buying. I do tend to prefer shopping in a
large shopping mall, as theres everything you need in one place, so its very convenient
What types of things do you buy most often? Why?
Well, I feel like I'm always running to the supermarket to buy things Ive forgotten to make dinner,
so probably the thing that I buy the most is food.
Do you prefer shopping alone or with others? Why?
I cant stand shopping with other people because I waste so much time! I definitely prefer shopping
on my own as I know what I like and where I'm going.
Would you describe shopping as a bobby or a chore? Why?
You know, I think shopping can be both. It totally depends on the circumstances - if youre running
late and theres no car park and the supermarket is busy, it can be a total nightmare. But if I have
lots of time, I really enjoy it.
What types of books do you enjoy reading? Why?
I dont really get that much time to read for fun, but when I do, I love the latest vampire books that
have become really popular. I think they are just the right mix of romance and horror.
Do most of your friends enjoy reading similar types of books?
Yes, I guess so - although everyone has their own preferences as well. Some of my friends prefer
classic literature while others like science fiction, but we all love to talk about the Twilight books.
Which do you generally prefer, a book or the movie version of that book? Why?
I have to say that the book is, nine times out of ten, always better. Having said that I really enjoyed
the Twilight and Eclipse movies as well, as I think they were great adaptations of the book. But
most of the time. I'd say the book is better.
Is there anything that you dont like about reading? Why?
I hate reading boring scientific articles for university because they make me feel sleepy and they
are so difficult to understand! Its like reading another language.
What is your preferred way of relaxing? Why?
I hadnt really thought about that - I suppose I just like to watch TV or a movie, or hang out with
friends. Those are the ways that I relax because I like to switch off and do nothing.
What is the effect on you when you take time to relax?
Well, I suppose my muscles become less tight and any tension I have kind of disappears. My mind
starts to feel calm, and my whole body just unwinds. Its a great feeling!
Do you think you have more or less time to relax nowadays than you used to? Why?
I actually probably have a bit more time to relax just at the moment, because Fm on holiday from
university, but when the semester starts again, I would say I definitely have less time than 1 used
to when I was at high school. Study takes up most of my time.
Do other people you know have much time to relax? Why/Why not?
I think so. I mean most people are busy and work hard, but finding time to relax is important to
them too, so they make time. My fellow students are like me though, always studying for the next
test, so we dont really get that much time to just chill out and relax.
PART 2
An advertisement that I saw on television recently, which I actually really enjoyed, is for a
company called Expeda, I think. The company has something to do with booking online hotel
rooms and flights or something. Anyway, the advertisement has lots and lots of people outside in
a field and each of them is a hotel housekeeping staff member, making up a beautiful hotel bed. It
starts with them unfolding the sheets and tucking in the comers, and they all do it in unison, so the
effect is quite interesting, kind of like a dance. Then, they all fluff the pillows and ifs funny,
because its all quite serious, but one man does his a bit too hard and feathers come flying out.
After that, all the staff stretch their backs, again all together, and finally they place a couple of
chocolates on the bed so that everything is perfect. Then finally, they all stand by the bed they
have made. Overall, the advertisement is beautifully made with great styling and no terrible voice
over or rushed talking. I think the number of beds is quite dramatic and is designed to show that
the company has a really wide network and can offer lots of choice to their customers. It's also like
a little story and makes you wonder about all the people all over the world who work hard making
hotel beds, so in that sense, it's not only quite a charming story but its also something we can all
relate to. However, 1 think what makes the ad really special is the song which it features, which is
so catchy and melodic that it is very memorable. 1 remembered the song before I remembered
what the ad was for. The song is by an Australian singer who wrote it especially for the ad, but
now, her singing career has really taken off, and she is releasing an album which I think is great. I
don't know if this ad would influence me to buy flights or hotel rooms online at Expedia, but it
certainly did make me aware of the brand and I even googled the song to see who it was by, so in
that way, it is kind of like double exposure, for Expedia and also for the singer. I think its very
clever marketing.
Do you often watch advertisements on television?
No, I dont. Its only occasionally that one catches my eye.
Do you generally find advertisements interesting?
No, not really. There are too many and they are too frequent
PART 3
Why do you think that some people become annoyed with advertising? Would you agree
that advertising can be irritating? Why?
I think the reason why people get annoyed with advertisements is due to the fact that they arc
everywhere: on the bus, on the train, on the television, on the radio, on the Internet It sometimes
feels like advertising is never-ending, so I think a lot of people find this really intrusive, repetitive,
and well just boring, as a lot of ads are not well designed or thought out and seem basic and boring.
How effective do you think the medium of advertising is? Why?
That's the funny thing: its effective in many ways. 1 think it has a role in making people aware of
new and innovative products and services, and in that way, it is very effective. However, I think
some types of advertising are more effective than others, such as targeted advertising to a particular
demographic, or even more subdue types of advertising such as sponsorship and product
placement. There are many different methods of advertising.
What changes have there been in the way products are advertised and promoted over the
last decade?
Well, as I mentioned, I think die industry is evolving in the sense that it is finding more subtle
ways to express advertising messages. For instance, product placement in popular television shows
or movies is growing in popularity. Sponsorship of anything from a radio show to the Olympic
Games is another change which has become more and more popular over the last ten years. Also,
formats of advertising have had to change as lots of people have in many ways gone online for
their main media source, so ads on websites and blogs are now commonplace. Fm sure there will
be more changes in future, too.
Advertisements for social issues such as drink-driving often use graphic images to convey
their message. What in your opinion is the impact of these types of advertisements?
I think when these types of advertisements first came on television, they were extremely effective
because they were so shocking and people responded to them, so the effect was positive in that
people definitely thought twice before drinking alcohol and then getting into their cars to drive
home. However, over time, I believe people have become quite desensitized to these images,
particularly the drink-driving type ads, and they just tend to switch off. 1 think this has made
people tired and bored of die issue.
Increasingly, a number of charities are utilising advertising and marketing as a method of

promoting their causes. How effective do you think these types of campaigns are?
In todays market everything is a product or service, and charity campaigns arc no exception, so I
think some of these charities who have taken on board marketing concepts or even used
professional agencies to take care of their branding have been very clever. These campaigns can
be incredibly effective, because they use advertising and marketing psychology to build awareness
of an issue and accordingly, turn that awareness into donations, and so on. Nowadays, charities
have to compete for our attention just like any other business.
Some people feel that using celebrities to back a particular cause or social issue is a very
effective way to encourage public support of that cause. Whats your opinion?
My opinion is that celebrity endorsements of a cause are fine, as long as they believe in and
understand what it is they are backing. For instance, you cant have a celebrity standing up and
supporting an anti-fur campaign and then being photographed the next day wearing a fur coat as it
has zero credibility. Thats an extreme example, but I guess what Fm trying to say is that a lot of
these celebritics who endorse a cause don't actually know anything about it nor do they live their
lives according to the cause. So, I think charities have to be very careful about who they approach
for this type of role.
TEST 9
PART 1
What is your town famous for?
Well, my town, or city really, because I live in Beijing, is famous for the National Palace Museum,
which used to be called the Forbidden City. If s beautiful old palaces.
Do many people visit your town?
Yes, they do. Beijing is a popular destination for international tourists and domestic travellers
because it is easy to get to and has lots of attractions.
What sights would you recommend to a visitor to your town? Why?
I would definitely recommend that they visit the National Palacc, also I would recommend that
they visit the Hutong area in Nantuoguxiang. This is fun for shopping and enjoying classic
architecture.
Which subjects are you studying at the moment?
I'm studying chemistry, physics, biology, and maths as well as English and English literature.
Why did you choose to study these subjects?
I chose the science subjects because I want to go on to study science at university, and Im really
interested in becoming a food technologist after I graduate, so I need a good grounding in these
science subjects.
Are there any subjects which you are not studying but are interested in?
Yes, there arc many! Im really interested in the arts, but it's just not very practical to study these
types of subjects long term.
How do you usually find out about new music?
I suppose mainly when I hear it on the radio, or when my friends recommend it to me. We share a
lot of music, so friends are always introducing me to their latest favourite tune.
Where do you normally buy new music? Why?
To be honest, I don't really buy a lot of new music, I just wait for my friends to get it and then if I
like it, I put it on my iPod. I used to buy CDs but nowadays I dont bother - its so much
easier with an iPod or MP3.
Do you think listening to music can have an effect on your moods? Why?
Oh, definitely. When Im feeling a bit down or sad, I can put on music that will make me feel
sadder or music which is uplifting, and I think thats because of the mood of the music, or the
melody.
What do you enjoy most about listening to music? Why?
I love that listening to good music can make any task belter, for instance, homework or work.
When you put on good music, everything seems better, even exercise! Thats why I love it
How often do you spend time with your friends?
I sec my friends all the time because a lot of them are at school with me, so we hang out at
lunchtime or during breaks. So, those friends I see every day except weekends, but sometimes we
get together then, too.
What type of things do you and your friends do together?
At school, we just tend to sit around and talk, or go for lunch or something like that. On the
weekends, we might go shopping or out to see a movie. Whatever it is, we always talk a lot.
What kinds of things do you do to show you are a good friend?
Well, I suppose I make an effort to see people and keep in touch with them, and I think I'm pretty
supportive of my friends in that Im a good listener. I always try to be on time and reliable.
Would you prefer to have a lot of acquaintances or a few good friends? Why?
I would definitely prefer to have a few good friends than lots of people that 1 didnt really know,
and Fm lucky because that is true for me. Tm not interested in forming fake, superficial friendships
with people because there is no point.
When was the last time you sent or received an email?
Oh, I guess it was probably yesterday. 1 sent an email to my brother, who is overseas, for his
birthday. I dont know if he sent me one back yet or not though, probably not if he's enjoying his
birthday celebrations!
What purpose do you mainly use email for? Why?
I mostly use email to keep in touch with friends and family all over the world. Its such an easy
way to communicate with people, and it can be a one-line email or a whole page, that's what I like
about it.
Do you prefer to receive group or individual emails? Why?
I actually really hate group emails, so 1 much prefer to receive an individual email even if it's just
very short. Theres something about group emails that doesnt make me feel very special!
Is there anything that you dislike about emails?
Well, not really, apart from, as I mentioned, the group emails. Oh, and the other thing that I cant
stand is when a personal message goes into the spam folder. That's really frustrating as is spam
mail in general.
PART 2
An activity which I like doing outdoors is swimming at the beach. Actually, 1 love doing anything
at the beach, especially in summer when the weather is hot, and also in winter, when I love to go
for long walks along the beach as well. In summer, I like to go to the beach for the afternoon with
my friends, and we all lie around reading magazines and enjoying the sunshine, although of course
we have to be very careful not to get sunburnt, so were always applying sunscreen and we also
use a beach umbrella to protect us from the sun. Anyway, we tend to go when its late afternoon,
when the sun is not as harsh. I love being in the water, swimming or just cooling down. Fm quite
a strong swimmer and sometimes I like to swim around to the next bay or swim the length of the
beach. Sometimes I just float in the dear water and stare up at the sky. It's beautiful. I hate getting
out of the water, especially if there is a chilly wind, because it cools me down too fast and then I
get cold before I can get dry in the sun again. I think the reason I enjoy the beach so much is
because in my country, the beaches are very clean and unpolluted; at the same time, they are not
very crowded, so there is a lot of space to stretch out and enjoy. I am also thinking of one particular
beach close to where I live and there are lots of rocks for exploring and jumping ofF when the tide
is high. Oh, I love ice cream at the beach from the comer store, and sometimes we get takeaway
dinner to eat together and that's a lot of fun. Most of all, I think I love this outdoor activity because
it brings me close to nature and is so relaxing and calm that I can just forget about all my stress
and enjoy a gorgeous environment. So, thats what I love about going to the beach. I'm really
looking forward to summer!
Do you often do this outdoor activity?
Not that often, but in summer, I probably go once or twice a week.
Is the location for this activity close to home?
Yes, Tm lucky as ifs only about a twenty-minute walk, or a few minutes in the car.
PART 3
Do you think that people nowadays are more or less aware of conserving public spaccs for
parks and reserves in comparison to 20 years ago? Why / Why not?
I think there is a greater general awareness at present that parks and public spaces for recreation
need to be planned for and protected. Everybody enjoys these types of areas, and they contribute
to a citys attractiveness and charm. I think this awareness has stemmed from environmental group
lobbying and also from people's experience of what they want for their city or area.
Some people argue that urban development is more important than keeping public spaces
for recreation. Whats your view?
I certainly think it is a mistake to prioritise construction and housing development over dedicated
areas for recreation, for many reasons. A well-planned city with lots of parks and green spaces is
much more attractive in the long term and helps to build value for all the houses in an area. Take
Central Park in New York for example. Recreation areas promote physical activity and encourage
citizens to maintain good health, which is another reason to prioritise these spaces. And finally,
trees and greenery in a densely populated urban area absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen,
making our air easier to breathe and reducing the effects of the greenhouse effect.
Who tends to enjoy outdoor recreation spaces more: young people or old people? Why?
I dont really think there is a group that I could say enjoys parks and recreation spaces more than
any other, as they have something to offer each age group. For instance, young children enjoy
playing on the playgrounds while their parents talk and socialise, and old people often walk or
enjoy these spaces as well. Workers and business people often take advantage of a park to enjoy
their lunch break, and teenagers often utilise these areas for basketball and hanging out with
friends.
What types of jobs do people in your country do in the outdoors?
There are plenty of jobs, which arc outdoors based, for instance, building and construction work,
landscaping, farming, and park ranger, or even adventure tourism guide. I suppose the most
common ones in my country would be maintenance and construction type roles, as this industry is
very strong at the moment, with lots of new development taking place. However, other types of
outdoor roles such as fanning are still popular in rural areas.
What are some of the advantages of working outdoors? Why?
I suppose the main advantage is that you aren't tied to an office job and have the freedom to move
around and enjoy the outdoors while the rest of us are stuck indoors with air conditioning and
artificial lighting. I guess you have the chance to enjoy your local environment and for some
people, their work is also their passion, for example, ski instructors or tourism guides.
Are there any drawbacks to working outdoors? Why?
The first disadvantage this springs to mind is of course the weather! I suppose working outdoors
is great when the temperature is neither too hot nor too cold, but once it gets outside of this range,
I imagine working outdoors could be very uncomfortable. There may also be health cfFccts as a
result of this, such as sunburn or heat exhaustion in summer, or colds and fever in winter
temperatures. However, as many outdoor jobs arc seasonal, I guess these problems could be
managed.
TEST 10
PART 1
Tell me about the area where you live.
The area I live in is located in the subuibs of quite a big city, but its a very clean and safe
neighbourhood, which has lots of young families and old people.
What do you find most enjoyable about living there? Why?
The thing that I find most enjoyable is that we have a garden and lots of parks and reserves nearby
my house, so its quite an attractive area to Uve in for that reason.
What is the area where you live famous or well known for?
Well, I wouldnt say that it is particularly famous for anything special, but there is a really popular
shopping centre just down the road, which people come to from all over the city. So thats what
people who live in my city think of when they think of my suburb.
How long have you been studying English?
I've been studying Rnglish only for a short time, for a couple of years. I started learning when I
went abroad to Australia on an exchange programme in my last year of high school.
What do you like most about studying English?
For me, its not so much that I like studying it, but when I reach a point of fluency, I really enjoy
the opportunities that speaking English opens up for me.
Why are you sitting the IELTS test?
I'm taking the 1ELTS test because I would really love to go back to Australia to go to university
in Melbourne, where I hope to study economics and accounting.
What is your preferred mode of transport? Why?
The way I prefer to get around is by train or subway. I like it because you never have to wait very
long for the next train, and you can read a book or whatever on the train without feeling sick. Plus
you can also walk around while the Crain is moving, which I like.
Do most of your friends use this method of transport to get around?
Yes, its the cheapest and most convenient way to travel around my city. Buses are hopeless and
never run on tunc, so everyone takes the trams.
Are there any problems travelling around your city? Why?
The city is pretty much gndlockcd during rush hour, every weekday morning and evening. That's
the main problem and I think as a result of that, more and more people are using public transport
or travelling off-peak if they can.
In what way do these problems affect you?
To be honest, they dont really affect me at all, thank goodness. The subway station is elose to my
house, and the trains run on time and of course they are not affected by peak traffic or anything.
The only thing is that they arc quite crowded now.
Tell me about a typical day for you.
On a typical day, like a weekday, I get up at around 7:30 a.m., have a shower and grab breakfast
on the way to university. Then ifs lectures all day until about 5 p.m., when I get the train home and
help ray dad cook dinner. After dinner, I might chat with my friends or watch television, then I go
to bed at around midnight.
Which time of day do you prefer? Why?
Im not really sure. Probably the late morning, because I think that's when my brain comes to life,
just before lunch. I always get a lot done at this time of day.
Do you think you will always prefer this time of day? Why/ Why not?
Possibly not. Maybe as I get older, m learn to love the early mornings, like ray mum, but somehow,
I dont think so! Its hard to say really.
Are there any times of day that you dont like? Why?
Well yes, I hate mornings. It doesnt seem to matter what time I wake up, I always feel tired, so I
really cant stand early mornings. Theyre a terrible time of day bccausc then you know you have
to get up.
Do you or anyone you know collect things? Why/Why not?
Let me think. Yes, actually, my grandmother collects tea towels from around the world. F.very
time someone goes on holiday, they have to bring her one back. I'm not sure why. I think it's just
something she started when she was younger and now its a habit.
How does she go about collecting these items?
Whenever her friends or family go away, they know they should bring back a tea towel for
grandma, so its quite easy really they just go into the nearest tourist souvenir shop and buy one
for her, pack it in their luggage and bring it home.
How long has she been collecting these items?
I'm not exactly sure, but I think she started when she and my grandfather went on a trip to Europe,
and everything was so expensive that she brought us back tea towels as souvenirs because they
were cheap and easy to bring home. I think she would have been about 45 or something at that
stage.
What is the value in collecting things, do you think?
For her, its a way to feel like shes been travelling to these places. And of course, there is a
sentimental value to cach tea towel and the story of how she came to get it. Yes, it's mainly
sentimental value I suppose.
PART 2
Well, its hard to remember exactly, but I do recall one time when I suppose I was really quite
naughty and disobedient I was probably about nine or ten, I think, and because we lived a short
distance from school, about twenty minutes walk, my friend and I used to walk to school together
every morning. On this morning at school, we were scheduled to have a talk by the local police
officer about road safety, including crossing roads, riding bikes and wearing helmets while on our
bikes. It was all very serious, and the policeman arrived in his blue uniform and to be honest, I
think we were all a bit in awe of him really. This was the last class of the day, and I think he told
us some horror stories about traffic accidents to try and scare us into being very careful on the
roads. Well, after that, the bell rang and school was finished for the day, and another friend of mine
had brought her bike to school and asked me if I wanted to double home with her. Now, our school
was on top of a very steep long road, and for some reason, despite having had the safety lecture
just beforehand, we decided it would be a lot of fun if she rode the bike and I doubled on the back,
sitting just above the back tyre with my legs tucked in on top of the chain. Neither of us had bike
helmets. Why we thought this was a good thing to do I have no idea! So off we went zooming
down the steep hill of a one-way street where it was great, lots of fun, until towards the end, she
hit a stone and of course I fell off the bike as it wobbled, the whole side of one leg was grazed and
bleeding and I was bruised as well - not to mention very embarrassed, as there were lots of my
classmates who had seen my tumble. But that was nothing compared to feeing up to school the
next day, when the headmistress put an announcement over the PA system that two very stupid
girls had been very naughty, especially after the kind policeman had taken the time to try to tell us
about road safety. I was absolutely mortified and embarrassed, as everybody knew who it was of
course, and I think my friend was banned from riding to school for the rest of the year. As for the
impact the accident had on me, I guess after a while, once the embarrassment had worn off, I was
actually quite proud of our rebellion but perhaps a little more cautious on the back of bikes!
Did you ever do the same thing again?
No, not as a child, anyway!
Did you often get into trouble as a child?
No, not any more than other children, I suppose.

PART 3
Some people believe that smacking or using any type of physical violence as punishment
against a child is wrong. Whats your view?
Well yes, I completely agree that any type of violence should not be used as a punishment. There
are much better ways to discipline children, and I think that violence sends the wrong message to
them, even if it is only a light snack. I think it has been shown that in countries with legislation
which prevents the use of smacking as a form of discipline, there have been lower overall rates of
child abuse. So that tells us something, doesnt it?
Why do you think some people have difficulty disciplining and controlling their children?
I think there are many reasons for peoples struggle to discipline their children, but mainly, I guess
it is related to a lack of consistency and perhaps a lack of awareness on the part of parents as to
what to do or how to go about disciplining their children. However nowadays, there are lots of
television shows which focus on good parenting, and they all seem to talk about the importance of
good boundaries and consistent consequences for bad behavior. Maybe some parents are just too
easily manipulated by their children!
What are some of the disadvantages of having a strict upbringing?
I think a very strict upbringing can have a few drawbacks. For instance, if you never get the chance
to make your own mistakes and I came from them, then I think its more likely that you might
have a mid-life crisis or a period later in life where you feel the need to rebel and break the rules,
so to speak. Also, I think that if a strict upbringing prevents you from enjoying things in life that
your peers arc enjoying, then you are left with a feeling of resentment and a sense of missing out.
What do you think are some of the reasons why children misbehave?
There are all sorts of reasons! I suppose one of the main ones is that they misbehave in order to
get attention, even though the attention might be negative; that is in the form of a punishment or
scolding. Or they might play up in order to impress their friends, or they might just be hungry or
bored, I guess. Another reason that they might misbehave is if they dont know the rules, or these
havent been consistently applied, so they dont know where they stand. Those are just a few
reasons why children might be naughty.
Do you think it is a good idea to ignore bad behaviour or punish it? Why?
In my view, its better to punish bad behaviour in some way, but it depends on what the bad
behaviour is. For instance, if it's a temper tantrum, then I think its probably a better idea to ignore
it, because then the children don't receive any attention (good or bad) from their behaviour, so will
hopefully be less likely to repeat it. On the other hand, I think there are some instances that need
punishment, or maybe not punishment, but information about what is acceptable and whats not,
depending on the child's age and ability to absorb that information.
Do you think that children nowadays misbehave more or less than those in the past? Why
might this be so?
I think that its probably about the same. I mean, I know you hear older generations complaining
about todays younger generation and how badly they behave, but really I think its just that we
are more aware of it nowadays, and there are also more pressures and strains on young people
today, so ifs all relative. Although I would say that there has been a move away from extended
family life in some countries, which has maybe had an effect on the way children are raised, and
accordingly, their behaviour.

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Contents

MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR NUMBERS for each answer.

Open which days?

Step 1: Prepare things to Gather all documents, e.g. copies of resume.

more Check you have pen and paper.

Ask firm for a 12

Step 3: Focus on you and Contact 13.. of this or related firms.

Compare yourself with what is required.

Arrive no more than 15..................................before the time of the interview.

developing computer skills

exemption from part of a module

assessment by formal examination

developing speaking and writing skills

learning through problem-solving

nowadays entirely covered by sea water.

one of the most beautiful on Karth.

less spectacular than others in Australia.

35 Williams realised what had happened at Acraman when he

saw pictures of the area taken from above.

visited Acraman for the first time in 1980.

noticed a picture of the crater in a textbook.

36 Where was rock from Acraman found?

Only in the Flinders Mountains.

At several placcs over 300 km from Acraman.

At a place 500 km from Acraman, but nowhere else.

What made the sea water shake? ..................................

What threw the pebbles into the air? ..................................

What was mixed with silt to form a layer of rock? ................

40 What shaped the ripples on top of the rock? .........................

v. Future opportunities in biological engineering

11. In order to use bioluminescence in a trans-genetic environment, . must first

if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

if the statement contradicts with the view of the writer

if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

21. A thin body is achievable for men regardless of their genes.

25. Mens Health has suffered from a downturn in magazine sales.

27. Mistakes should be corrected on the basis of common sense.

What should I call you?

Could you tell me where youre from?

Can I see your identification, please?

Have there been any recent improvements to your home town0

Which area of your home town is the most attractive? Why?

Let's talk about your studies.

What are you studying at present?

What type of career do you hope to have after completing your

Alter graduating,, do you intend doing any further study:?

Tell me about what you like to do in your free time.

Does it cost much money to do this activity?

Do many of your friends enjoy the same types of activities?

Now let's talk about seasons.

Which season of the year is your favourite? Why?

Do you think you will always prefer this season? Why?

Now let's talk about the outdoors.

Which outdoor places or locations do you enjoy going to? Why?

Do you prefer to spend time indoors or outdoors? Why?

What are some of your outdoor hobbies?

Would you recommend this story to others?

Do you enjoy traditional stories?

What can traditional stories tell us about a culture?

Now, let's talk about preserving and protecting traditions.

some of the solutions to this issue?

generations? Why might this be so?

What happened: the screen 1..............................