A 13800V/4160 V transformer has five taps on the primary winding giving -5%, -2 1/2 %, nominal, +2

1/2 % and +5 % turns. If, on-load, the secondary voltage reduces to 4050 V then, which tap, should be
used to maintain 4160 V on-load (assuming the supply voltage remains constant)?
The following answer results:
To keep the secondary voltage at (or as close as possible to) 4160 V, either primary supply voltage or
the HV winding tap position must be altered.
Examining the relationship:
V1/V2 = N1/N2 or V1N2 = V2N1 indicates that, to keep the equation in balance with primary voltage and
secondary winding turns fixed, either V 2 or N1 must be adjusted. Since the objective is to raise V 2 back
to nominal, then N 1 must be reduced.

To raise V2 from 4050 to 4160V requires an increase in secondary volts of: 4160/4050 =
1.027 or 102.7 %. N1must be reduced to 1/1.027 = 0.974

Figure 1 Basic tap-changer

Therefore N1 must be reduced by (1 0.974) = 0.026 or 2.6 %. Reducing N1 by 2.6 % will accomplish
the increase in secondary voltage output.
The nearest tap to select is -2 1/2% (see Figure 1).

What is a transformer tap changer?

The transformer voltage at the load side desired to be constant or as close to the design value. But the
load voltage may vary according to current drawn by the load or supply voltage.

Secondary voltage = (supply voltage or primary voltage) / Turns ratio.

Based on the above equation to maintain constant secondary voltage/load voltage or as close to the
desired value it is needed to change the turns ratio. The tap changer of the transformer performs this task
to change the turns ratio. The tap changer basic function is that it removes or connects some portion of
the winding to the load side or source side. Tap changer can be located on primary side or secondary
side. However it will be placed on high voltage winding side.

Why tap changer is placed on high voltage side?

The tap changer is placed on high voltage side because:
1)
The HV winding generally wound over LV winding hence it is easier to access the HV winding turns
instead of LV winding.
2)
Because of high voltage the current through the HV winding is less compared to LV windings, hence
there is less wear on the tap changer contacts. Due this low current, in on load tap changer the change
over spark will be less.

Transformer Tap changer

Tap changer Primary side:

In this type the tap changer circuit is placed in primary side or supply side. As we know;
Turns ratio

= secondary winding turns (Ns)/ primary winding turns (Np).

Secondary voltage = (supply voltage or primary voltage) / Turns ratio.

By the above formulas it is stated that if the primary turns decreases the turns ratio increases hence then
secondary voltage decreases. Opposite for the reverse case i.e. primary turns increase leads to turns
ratio decrease which increases the secondary voltage.

Figure shows the tap changer on primary winding with tap changing interval of 2.5 % per tap. With this we
can understand three conditions:

Transformer Tap changer on Primary Side

1)
In normal operation the tap changer will be at 0% position to provide required designed secondary
voltage.
2) If the supply voltage increases or load current decreases there will be an increase in supply voltage
which is not desirable. At this case the tap position in the primary winding will rise towards positive
direction i.e. +2.5%, and hence decreases the Np. This will increases the turns ratio (Ns/Np) further
decreases the secondary voltage.
Consider the load voltage decreased then the tap changer shift towards negative side to increase the
primary turns and hence decreases the turns ratio. The secondary voltage will increase to compensate
the change.
Tap changer Secondary side:
In this the tap changer is placed in secondary side of the transformer. This type of taping is used in stepup transformer where low voltage winding is in primary side and high voltage winding is in secondary
side. Figure shows the tap changer circuit on secondary side with tap interval of 2.5 %. In some
distribution transformers the tap changer resolution can be up to 1% for fine adjustments.

Transformer Tap changer on secondary Side

In this the case is reverse compared to primary tap changer. To increase the secondary voltage the tap
changer will move towards positive direction and it moves in negative direction to decrease the secondary
voltage.

IMPORTANCE OF RMU
SELECTION FOR THE SOLAR
PV POWER PLANTS [ Air
Insulated RMU Vs Gas
Insulated RMU]

Published on July 1, 2016

LikeIMPORTANC E OF RMU SELEC TION FOR THE SOLAR PV POWER PLAN TS [ Air Insulated RMU Vs Gas Insulated RMU]

41

C omment

ShareShare IMPORTANCE OF RMU SELEC TION FOR THE SOLAR PV POWER PLANTS [ Air Insulat ed RMU Vs Gas Insulat ed RMU]

V.R V
FollowV.R V
Head of Design Department at Leading Solar Organisation in India.

Now a days, Many of the Industry & Commercial Consumer needs

Power with No interruption. So that one is the Idea to Discover RMU,
i.e Ring Main Unit, In Most of Areas People Mentioning as RMU in
simple language, in some of the Area People Mentioning as RMG, i.e
Ring Main Gear.
Before Proceeding Detailing, First we need to understand What is mean
by RMU ?
It having One Breaker normally VCB or SF6 type for
Transformer Protection.
It having 2 Incoming Lines of LBS, i.e Load Break
Switch. We can define LBS - 1 & LBS - 2. Both Should
have Interlocking Facility. That Means it will allow the
system to tap the Power from the Grid by using One
Feeder at a Time.
Sometimes LBS having without Earth Switch, In some
Areas LBS having with Earth Switch Subjected to the
System Designed by the Design Professionals.
RMU is the Best Choice to switch ON HT Part of the
Large Scale PV Projects. Power Blocks are designed
having power capacity of 2MW or 4MW or 6MW.
There is no Power Interruption in the Solar PV Plants,
If We have RMU in the HT Areas.

The following types of RMU existing in the Power System.

1. AIR INSULATED RMU WITH LBS WITHOUT
EARTH SWITCH.

2. AIR INSULATED RMU WITH LBS WITH EARTH

SWITCH

3. AIR INSULATED RMU HAVING VCB AT INCOMING

& OUTGOING END

4. SF6 GAS INSULATED RMU WITHOUT EARTH

SWITCH

5. SF6 GAS INSULATED RMU WITH EARTH SWITCH

Now a days, Most of the Government Solar PV Project Tender having Gas Insulated RMU in the
HT Area. So Every component having Merits & Demerits, This Article deals, the detailed
Engineering Analysis of Air Insulated RMU & Gas Insulated RMU.

Air Insulated RMU of 11KV Systems: [Ref: IEC : 62271-1]

Busbar Clearance

B/W Phases : 120mm.

Gas Insulated RMU of 11KV Systems:

Phases : <=90mm.

Busbar Clearance B/W

AIR Insulated RMU Sectional View

be 1500mm - 2000mm]

[ Panel Width will

GAS Insulated RMU Sectional View

[ Panel Width will be 600mm -

<=1000mm]

AIR INSULATED RMU MERITS:

1. Easy to Handle & Easy to Maintain.

2. Easy to Identify the internal Faults & Easy to Replace the Faulted things.

3. Suitable to the Green Energy Power Plants. Environment Friendly Systems.

4. We can select the Product subjected to the System Fault current.

Example: If Project Needs 11KV RMU of 25KA / 3 Sec Means, We can easily get the
RMU Suitable for 25KA / 3 Sec.

5. We can accomdate the Required CT, PT Rating with Required Burden.

It's Valid Point in

the Air Insulated RMU.

6. We can accomdate the Required Relays subjected to the system Requirements.

If you need to place more Auxiliary relays in the Air Insulated RMU, then it's possible.

7. We can install Surge Arrestor, if system needs. In Gas Insulated RMU, it's difficult to Place.

8. Indoor / Outdoor Systems both are easily Available.

9. Easy to Repair. Associated Products are Easily available in the Market.

10. Variety in Product Range. Also Developer can fabricate the Panel with different make of
associated Components of RMU.
Example: If Developer Needs Breaker from 'X' Company & Relays need from 'B' Company then
it's possible in Air Insulated RMU Panel.

AIR INSULATED RMU DEMERITS:

1. Costlier Compare than Gas insulated RMU.

2. More Space is Required. It Requires More space compare than Gas insulated RMU.

3. Plinth is required if RMU is Outdoor, Developing Plinth, Fencing Around of RMU will add more
Cost.

GAS [SF6] INSULATED RMU MERITS:

1. Cost wise is cheeper than Air Insulated RMU.

2. Occupies lesser space compare than Air Insulated RMU.

3. Required Product Delivery time is less, compare than Air Insulated RMU.

4. Gas Insulated RMU Only Required, where the limited space is available for the HT RMU.

GAS [SF6] INSULATED RMU DEMERITS:

1. Available with Limited Short Circuit Current Carrying Capacity,

Example : If System requires 25KA / 3 sec at 11KV Means, Gas Insulated RMU Available with
21KA / 3 Sec Only. It shows that, Product could not able to fabricate subjected to Client & System
Requirements.

2. System Monitoring:
Special Monitoring should needed to Monitor the SF6 Gas Quantity & Property.

3. Maintenance Factor:
Difficult to Maintain, Trained person is needed to Maintain the system.

4. Suitable only for Indoor.

5. Risk for Fire is little More Compare than Air Insulated RMU.

6. Space Constraint. Need to find Separate Panel to House All Auxiliary Relays or Additional Relays
if Required.

7. Cost will be Additional incase of the Relay Panels, which are not able to place in the Gas
Insulated RMU.

8. Cost is high for Spare Parts of Gas Insulated RMU.

9. Temperature Range is limit Compare than Air Insulated RMU.

10. Difficult to place the CT & PT subjected to the Burden Ratings, which are again Subjected to
System Requirements.

11. Difficult to Repair, during fault Times. If system needs to replace means, then Particular Power
Block of the Power Plant gets disturbed. Loss subjected to the Cost of the power will be high to
the Power Developers. [Special Trained Personal is needed to Repair the Whole System]

Conclusion:

Air Insulated RMU is better to Consider where System Needs More Protection, High level fault
current area, & Where the system required Less Maintenance.

Gas Insulated RMU is better to Consider or better to use, Where the Plant having less space for
the HT Systems, Where the Time Constraint to commission the Project, Where the Plant needs to
commission the Project by investing less money on the HT Systems.

QUALITY OF Single Line Diagram [SLD]

Head of Design Department at Leading Solar Organisation in India.

Drawing is nothing but to know about details of the Main Content and Associated with the Main
Content. Well, So Drawings Plays Major role in all areas, Especially in Projects.
Projects are categorized in various types, but those are common with One of the Known part,
Which is nothing but SLD [Single Line Diagram]. So SLD is the Heart of the Project in
Electrical Domain, Also it needs to know What are the Components will occupy in your building
permisses.
Without knowing any details of the Project, Only based on the Available SLD, The Well versed
Electrical Engineer easily identified, What type of Project will come.
Definition of SLD:
As a layman View, SLD is nothing but consisting of various
components of the Electrical System like, Transformer, DG, Panels
consisting of HT Breaker, LT Breaker, CT, PT, Fuses, Meters, Capcitor
and many on. Also it have HT Cables, LT Cables & Earthing System.
Mainly SLD Consists of many single lines, which says Three Phase Distribution system how
distributed to the Load from the Power Generation Source.
I updated here,Various types of SLD which are Categorized according to the Type of the
Electrical Distribution System.
A) Power Plant Generation Scheme.
B) Power Plant Distribution Scheme.
c) Commercial Project Scheme. [It included like Commercial Building Project, Industrial
Project, Multi-stage Building Project, IT Parks, Residential Project, Hospital Project, Hotels &
Resorts Project, Educational Institution Project]

D) Railway Distribution Scheme.

E) HVAC [Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning] Project Scheme.
F) Power Transmission Scheme.
G) Switchyard Scheme [Swtichyard developed by local EB Company which is reserved for
Booster Purpose, Load Sharing Purpose, To reduce Voltage Drop Purpose].
H) Control & Protection Panel Scheme.
I) SCADA Distribution Scheme.
J) Fire & Safety Control Scheme.
Electrical Consultants who are Principle for the Project, should developed SLD in Well manner
which will easily understandable by the Principle Engineer, Project Team especially Lay man.

Success of the SLD, Which is Easily understandable even by the Layman also.

Here I mentioned technical points which will improve the Quality of

Drawing Especially SLD.
TRANSFORMER:

Fig.A. Transformer Symbol in SLD

When you are mentioning Transformer in the SLD, the following
things should present:

Rating of Transformer in kVA. [or Some Cases in MVA]

Voltage Range of Transformer [Based on the Voltage Range, we will

come to know Whether Transformer is Step-up or Step-down or Auto
Transformer]

Type of Transformer Whether Oil Impregnated or Oil Cooled or Dry

Type Transformer.

Type of Tapping with Percentage Value of tapping. [Type : Whether

ON-Load or OFF-Load, Tapping Range: - 5% to + 10% @ 2.5% Steps]

Vector Group. [This is Factor to known whether Transformer is

reserved for Generation or Distribution or Earthing Purpose]

% Impedance must to mention in the SLD.

A Arrow in the HT Part indicated that ON-Load Tapping @ HT level.

Whether Transformer is OFF-Load Tap change, then Transformer
Symbol should have no Arrow on the HT Side.

Protection Symbol: Right Corner of Transformer symbol should have

protection equipment symbol associated with the Transformer.
Example, Oil Temperature Indicator [49 OTI], Winding Temperature
Indicator [49 WTI], Buckholz Relay [63], Magnetic Oil Level Gauge [74].

Type of Cooling : [ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, ONWF, ANAN]

Earthing should shown in the Transformer Symbol.

HT Breaker:

Fig.B. HT
Breaker Symbol in SLD
When you are mentioning HT Breaker in the SLD, the following
things should present: [Similar to LT Breaker]

Voltage Rating of Breaker. [Generally for an Electrical System,

Breaker Rating available only for the highest value of the Voltage, not
as the same level of the Voltage, Example: For a 11kV System, Breaker
Rating in the Market as 12kV, Similar like for all voltage levels, for a
33kV system breaker Rating will be 36kV]

Continuous Current Rating of Breaker say 400A or 630A or 800A,

What ever Rating so, but it should present in the SLD.

Short Circuit Current Value of the Breaker.Also it should have

time value to withstand that short circuit level. [Eg. 25kA / 3 Sec]

Arc Quenching Medium. Now a days AIR, Vacuum, SF6 are the three
Major Arc Quenching Mediums used in the almost of the Breakers till
Manufactured.

Draw out Model : Whether Breaker having Electrical Draw Out [EDO]
or Manual Draw Out [MDO]. Upward & Downward Arrow indicates that
Draw out Symbol.

Motor Symbol in the Breaker, described as Whether Motor Coil

Charged with Motorized System. Now a Days, All HT Breaker up to
33kV class should have Motorized Charging Mechanism.

CABLE:

Fig.C. HT Cable in SLD

Fig.D. LT Cable in SLD

When you are mentioning Cables in the SLD, the following things
should present:

Whether Cable HT or LT [While Mentioning HT Cable, other

important code should present, Whether Cable is Earthed Cable [E] or
Un-Earthed Cable [UE] ]

Voltage Rating [For Low Rated Cable 1.1kV, for High Voltage Cable
11kV, 22kV, 33kV, for EHT Cable > 33kV]

No.of.Runs [Ex. 3 Runs or 4 Runs]

No.of.Cores [Example: Single Core 1C or Dual Core 2C or Three Core

3C or Three and Half Core 3.5C or Four Core [4C] ]

Area of Sq.mm [Example: 240 Sq.mm, 300 Sq.mm]

Type of Insulation of Cable [A2xFY, AYWY, AYFY, CuYFY]

CT & PT:

Fig.E. CT [Current Transformer] Symbol in SLD

FIG.F. PT [Potential Transformer]

When you are mentioning CT in the SLD, the following things should
present:

Current Ratio [Example: 100 / 1A, 250 / 5A]

Class of Accuracy [Whether CT reserved for Metering or Protection,

Example : CL.0.2 Says CT for Metering, CL.5P10 Says CT for Protection]

Burden [Example: 5VA, 10VA, 15VA]

Secondary of CT should Earthed.

When you are mentioning PT in the SLD, the following things should
present:

Voltage Ratio [Example: 33 kV / Root 3 / 110V / Root 3]

Class of Accuracy [Whether PT reserved for Metering or Protection,

Example : CL.0.2 Says PT for Metering, CL.3P Says PT for Protection]

Burden [Example: 30VA, 50VA, 100VA]

Most of the PT having winding configuration as Star at both Primary

and Secondary, So we Should shown earth symbol in the PT.

Control & Relay Panel [C&R Panel]:

Fig.I.Control & Relay Panel Scheme

When you are Developing C&R Panel SLD, the following things
should present:

All Relays Associated with System [Example: C&R Panels are

needed for Generator Protection, Transformer Protection and Line
Protection. So Type of Application choose Relays, i.e Transformer C&R
panel is having little difference when compare than Line C&R
Panel,according to the relays adapted]

Annunciation System [Type of Faults should be in the Annunciation

Board (Generally ANN having 8 Window, 12 Window, 16 Window) ]

Indicative Lamps.

The Drawing Quality is depended on how symbols used, Also it incorporated details which are
needed to easily understand the scheme. SLD Should Cover Legend [Symbols Description],
Insulation Strength of the Voltage and General Notes associated with the SLD.