KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN , PATNA REGION

MASTER CARDS/SURE SHOT QUESTIONS

SUBJECT -BIOLOGY, CLASS-XII

Chapter 1 (Reproduction in Organism)

Q1.

What is life span? Give example life span of Parrot and Crow.

Q2.

What is juvenile phase?

Q3.

What is senescence phase?

Q4.

What is Hermaphrodite? Give two examples of such animals.

Q5.

Name any two organisms and the phenonenon involved where the female gamete
undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilisation.

Q6.

Which is haploid or diploid among following:ovary, egg, anther, pollen grain, zygote, male gamete.

Q7.

A moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively few egg cells.
Why?

Q8.

What is homothallic and heterothallic? Give examples.

Q9.

What is the difference between oviparous and viviparous? Give examples.

Q10.

What is the difference between Asexual and Sexual reproduction? Discuss Binary
fission and Budding.

Q11.

What are Zoospores , Conidia, Gemmules? Give examples of organisms having such
spores.

Q.12.

What is the difference between external and internal fertilisation?

Q.13.

What are the events of sexual reproduction. Mention post fertilisation events.

Q.14.

Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower.

Q.15.

What is pericarp? Define fruit seed and embryo.

Q.16.

Rearrange the following events of sexual reproduction in the sequence in which they
occur in a flowering plants : embryogenesis, fertilisation, gametogenesis, pollination.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants (Chapter-2)

Q.1.

Draw a well labeled diagram of T.S. of Anther.

Q.2

Draw a well labeled diagram of micro sporangium showing different wall layers.

Q.3.

What is micro-sporogenesis? Write a flow chart showing the development of male

gametophyte.

Q.4.

Pollens are good sources to study evolution. What is the reason behind it?

Q.5.

Define the term Megasporogenesis.

Q.6.

Draw a well labeled diagram regarding development of female gametophyte.

Q.7.

What do you understand by the term pollination? What are its types?

Q.8.

Write any two difference between cleistogamous & cghasmogamous flower.

Q.9.

What are the features of the flowering plant to which is pollinated by wind.

Q.10. Describe double fertilisation.

Q.11. Draw a well labeled diagram of L.S. of an embryo of grass.
Q.12. Draw a well labeled diagram maize seed.
Q.13. Explain the term with examples.
a) False fruit
b) Parthenocarpic fruit
c) Albuminous & Non-Albuminous seed
Q.14. In some flowering plants like grasses & asteraceae, there is development of seed without
fertilisation. Name the process adopted by them.
Q.15. What is Polyembryony? Give two examples.
Q.16. Seed is the basis of our agriculture. give your view regarding this in brief.

CHAP-3 Human Reproduction

(1) At what stage is the human embryo implanted in the uterus?

(2) Where is acrosome present in human body?

(3) How many sperms will be produced from 50 primary spermatocytes?
(4) Expand(1)hCG(2)FSH

1
1
1

(a)Why (5) (a)is it important to feed the new born babies on colostrums?

(3)Give reasons
(b)The human testes are located outside the abdominal cavity.
(6) Menstrual cycles are absent during pregnancy. Why?

(7) Explain the hormonal regulation of the process of spermatogenesis

In male

(8). What is menstrual cycle .Describe briefly the cycle highlighting the role of harmones 3

(9) A married couple goes to the hospital for regular checkup of the lady who is pregnant.
The man is curious and asks the doctor to tell him the sex of the child,But the doctor refuses
.Answer the following questions based on above information
A-Did the doctor do the right thing .Which value is being promoted by the doctor?
B-What is this process of determining the sex of the foetus called?Explain.
C-What should be the result if all the doctor do not act in the same manner as
mentioned?
1+2+1=4

above

(10) (a) When and where does spermatogenesis occurs in human male?

(b) Draw a neat diagram of a mature human male gamete. Label the following parts
Acrosome, nucleus, middle piece and tail.
(c) Mention the functions of acrosome and middle piece.5
(11)During the reproductive cycle of a human female, when, where and how does a placenta
develop? What is the function of placenta during pregnancy and embryo development ? 5
------------------------

CHAPTER -4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Q1.Expand

a)IUD

b)MTP

Q2.Why do intensely lactating mothers not generally conceive?

Q3. After a brief medical examination a healthy couple came to know that both of them are
unable to produce functional gametes and should look for an ART (Assisted Reproductive
Technique). Name the ART and the procedure involved that you can suggest to them to
help them bear a child.
Q4.What are the measuers one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?

2
3

Q5.i) All sexually transmitted dieases are completely curable.

ii) In fertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due
to abnormalities or defects in the female partner.
iii) In ET techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.
Q6

Your School has been selected by the Department of Education to Organize and host an
interschool seminar on "Reproductive Health-Problems and Practices". However, many
parents are reluctant to permit their wards to attend it. Their argument is that the topic is
"too embarrassing".
Put forth four arguments with appropriate reasons and explanation to justify the topic to be
very essential and timely.

Q7 Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.

4
5

Chapter-5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Sure Shot Questions

Chapter-6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1.

DNA

Page:-2

Polynucleotide chain
Double stranded
- vely charged
hydrophillic

2. Nucleotide= Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar + Phosphate group.

3. Nitrogenous base = Purines & Pyrimidines

Adenine + Guanine
(A)

(G)

cytosine + Thymine + Uracil

(c)

(T)

(U)

A Combines with T. (A=T)

G Combines with C. (G=C)
4. Double helix model of DNA(1953)
James Watson and Francis crick.
Two chains have anti polarity.
One chain has polarity 5 3 & other has 3- 5
Double helix model based on X-ray diffraction data produced by Maurice wilkins and
Rosolind Franklin.

5. Erwin Chargaffs rules:(i)

Amount of A is equal to T.
Amount of G is equal to C
(ii)
Double H-bond between A & T i.e A=T,
Three H-bond between G & C i.e. GC
(iii)
6. Central Dogma
Francis crick states that genetic information always flows in uni-direction.
(except bi-direction in some viruses)
DNA Transcription mRNA Translation Protein
Replication
7. Packaging of DNA
(1) In prokaryotes, well defined nucleus is absent so DNA present in a region called nucleoid.
(2) In eukaryotes vely charged DNA wraps around the + vely charged histone proteins to form
a structure called nucleosome.
Nucleosomes contain 200bp of DNA helix.
8. Chromatin
Repeating units of nucleosome form the chromatin in nucleus.
9. Euchromatin
loosely packed
stains light
transcriptionally active
10. Heterochromatin
Densely packed
Stains dark
transcriptionally inactive
11. Transforming principle(1928)
Fredrick Griffith
S strain
inject into mice
micedie
R strain
inject into mice
micelive
S strain
inject into mice
micelive
(Heat killed)
S strain
inject into mice
micedie
(Heat killed)
+
R Strain
He concluded that heat killed S-type bacteria caused a transformation of R-type bacteria
into S-type bacteria but he was not able to understand the cause of transformation.

Page:-5

12. Biochemical characterization of transforming principle (1933-44)

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod &MaclynMc Carty.
They reported that DNa causes the transformation of R- type to S-type bacteria
they also discovered:Proteases: Didnt affect transformation.
RNase: Didnt affect transformation
Dnose: affect transformation.
13. Alfred Hershey and Martha chase (1952)
Worked on bacteriophage to prove that DNA is the genetic material.
Infection: Virus were allowed to infect E-coli.
Blending: Bacterial cells were gently agitated in blender to remove viral coats from
bacteria.
Centrifugation: Culture was also centrifuged to separate the viral particle from bacteria.
14. Properties of genetic material:
Able to replicate itself.
Chemically & structurally stable.
Senitise toward mutation.
obey Mendels inheritance law.

Page:-6

15. DNA Versus RNA.

RNA is more reactive due to presence of uracil.
Additional OH group in RNA at C no.2
DNA is better genetic material
DNA is evolved from RNA.
16. Replication (1953)
Watson & Crick proposed that DNA replication was semi conservative.
Matthew Meselson& Franklin stahl
(1958) worked on E coil to prove that DNA replication is semi conservative.
Taylor (1958)worked on eukaryotic plant Viciafaba to prove DNA rep is semiconservative.
17. Enzymes in Replication:
DNA dependent DNA polymerase.
Helicase
DNA ligase
Primase
Leading strand: 3-5- Continuous
Lagging strand: 5-3- discontinuous

18. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate:

Acts as substrate
Provide energy.
19. In Eukaryotes, replication accures at S-phase.
20. Transcription:
process of copying genetic information from one strand of the DNA into RNA is termed
as transcription.
Promoter: Binding site for RNA polymerase
Structural gene: Codes for enzyme or protein for structural functions.
Terminator: Region where transcription ends.
DNA dependent RNA polymerase.
Only single strand copied into RNA.
21. Transcription in prokaryotes:
Polycistronic
RNA polymerase
factor and factor
Initiation, elongation & termination.
22. Transcription in Eukaryote:
Monocistronic
RNA polymerase I rRNA
RNA polymerase II mRNA, hn RNA
RNA Polymerase III tRNA
Cappling methyl guanosine triphosphate in added to 5 end of hnRNA
Tailing- adenylate are added at 3 end
23. Splicing: Removal of introns and exons are joined to form mRNA.
24. Genetic Code: (George gamow)
Triplet
Universal
Specific
Degenerate
Commaless
AUG-initiator
Total 64 codons in which three are stop or terminating codon i.e. UAA,UGA, UAG.
25. Mutations: Sudden inheritable change in the genetic material.
Point mutation: Sickel cell anaemia.
frame shift mulation.
Insertion
Deletion
26. t-RNA
Clover leaf like structure.
Adapter molecule
Anticodon loop (5)
Aminoacid acceptor end (3)

 Specific
27. Translation:
Polymerisation of amino acid
Charging of tRNA.
aminoacylation of tRNA
Ribosome factory for protein synthesis.
Ribozyme from peptide bond.

UTR.
Initiation Elongation and termination.
Activation of Amino acid: AminoacyltRNAsynthetase.
A site: Smaller
P Site: larger
Peptide bond is formed between CooHgroup of amino acid at P site and NH group
of amino acid at A site by the enzyme by peptidyl transferase.
Dissociation of polypeptide from ribosome catalysed by released factor.
28. Lac Operon Concept:- (1961)
Jacob and Monod
Structural gene
Promoter
Operater
Regulator gene
Inducer
Three structural gene:Z B galactosidase- Lactose - Glucose + galactose.
y->Permease increases permeability.
a->transacetylase transcetylation.
Switch on inducer present(lactose)
Switch off- inducer absent.

29. Human genome Project (HGP)

Mega project (13 year) & 9 billion U.S dollar.
Expressed sequence Tags.
BAC, YAC, SNPs.
ELSI(ethical legal social issues)
Frederick Sanger-> Method for determination amino acid sequence in protein.
30. DNA finger printing: Repetitive DNA
Satellite DNA(Micro & Mini)
Polymorphism.
Source of DNA :-bood, hair follicle, skin, bone saliva etc.
Allecejeffreys.
VNTR (Variable no. of Taendem repeats)

Steps:(i)
isolation.
(ii)
digestion by rest endonueleases.
(iii)
Separation by eletrpharesis.
(iv)
Amplification by PCR.
(v)
Blotting(nitrocellulose or nylon)
(vi)
Hybridisation by VNTR probe.
(vii) Detection and representation.

DNA STRUCTURE

DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides (Nucleotide1+ Nucleotide2+ Nucleotide+..)

Nucleotides-pentose Suger (deoxyribose)+ phosphate group +nitrogenous base

NUCLEOTIDE

Poly NUCLEOTIDE

DNA

 DNA STRUCTURE SALIENT FEATURES

Two polynucleotide chains are coiled to form a helix. Sugar-phosphate
forms backbone of this helix while bases
project in wards to each other.

Anti parallel(5' 3' -> 3' 5'

Thymine = Adenine, Cytosine
Guanine

Bases are 3.4 apart

One turn of the double
helix is 34 and includes 10.6
bases
. Diameter 20

DNA vs RNA
DNA
contains ribose sugar

RNA
contains ribose sugar

Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less

reactive because of C-H
bonds(STABLE)
adenine, guanine, cytosine and
THYMINE
less mutant
never cross nucleus
double stranded

Ribose sugar is more reactive

because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds
(LESS STABLE)
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
URACIL
Can easily undergo mutation
can cross nucleus
generally single stranded

 Packaging of DNA Helix

1. DNA+HISTONE PROTEIN (OCTAMER) =NUCLEOSOME
(DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA
called nucleosomes)
The packaging of DNA into nucleosomes shortens the fiber length

2. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called

chromatin
become a "string-of-beads

chromatin is still much too long to fit into the nucleus

3.CHROMATIN + NHC(NON HISTONE CHROMOSOMAL) PROTEIN

Nucleosomes fold up to form a 30-nanometer chromatin fiber(SOLENOID FORM), which forms
loops averaging 300 nanometers in length. The 300 nm fibers are compressed and folded to produce a
250 nm-wide fiber, which is tightly coiled and wrapped by NHC into the chromatid of a chromosome.

Proof that DNA is Genetic Material

1. The transforming Principle-by Frederick Griffith(1928)

Transformation results in the genetic alteration of the recipient cell

Streptococcus pneumonia
Griffith concluded that the R-strain had been "transformed" into the lethal S strain by
a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead S strain bacteria .

2. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty-They used biochemical purification of cellular

fractions to determine that DNA and not RNA or protein was the transforming
principle

3. Hershey and Chase The "Blender Experiment"

PROVED DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

DNA C+H+O+N+P
Protein - C+H+O+N+S

DNA REPLICATION*process of producing two complementary replicas from one original DNA molecule.
* Semi-conservative (one parental + one new daughter strand)
* Each strand serves as a template
STEPS
1. INITIATION-

ORI- trigger unwinding

UNWINDING-Helicase(unwinding)+topoisomerase(relax the twisting)+SSBP(prevent the two

strands from reattaching to each other)
Y FORK

2.ELONGATION RNA PRIMER ANNEALING-PRIMASE,FREE 3OH END

leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in pieces called Okazaki
fragments. DNA POLYMERASE (adds complementary nucleotides)
3. TERMINATION & PROOF READING
Primers are removed and replaced with new DNA nucleotides and the backbone is sealed by
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase proofreads to make sure correct nucleotide is added

TRANSCRIPTION- DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA)

1. Initiation- RNA polymerase and cofactors(sigma factor) bind to DNA and unwind it,
creating an initiation bubble, binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in DNA

2. Elongation- RNA transcript is synthesized by ribonucleotide triphosphate additions by RNA

Polymerase , Base pairing rule is followed, Synthesis stops at a terminator sequence

3. Termination- Rho () dependent termination, release of the newly synthesized mRNA

from the elongation complex

Sure Shot Questions

2 marks Questions

5 marks questions

Chapter 7:

Evolution

Important points to remember:

Miller & Urey performed an experiment to prove Oparin and Haldane's hypothesis i.e.
first life developed from the simple inorganic molecules which existed on primordial
earth.

 Homologous organs have same structure but different function, show common ancestor
& divergent evolution eg: forelimbs of vertebrates, heart and brains of vertebrates, thorns
of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits.
Analogous organs have different structure but same function, show convergent evolution
and adaptation to similar habitat eg: wings of birds/bat and insects, eyes of octopus and
mammals, sweet potato and potato.
Darwins finches on Galapagos islands & marsupials of Australia exhibiting adaptive
radiation and branching descent.
Darwins natural selection theory egs: Industrial melanism, Chemical resistance (DDT
resistance in mosquitoes & antibiotic resistance in bacteria)
Types of natural selection : stabilising, directional and disruptive and examples.
Difference between Darwins theory and Hugo deVries theory(Natural selection Vs
Mutation)
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium : equation and factors affecting this equilibrium(gene flow,
genetic drift, mutation, gene recombination and natural selection)
Common ancestor of ape and man : Dryopithecus

Sure shot questions and hints:

1 mark questions :
i) State the significance of coelacanth?(amphibians evolved from fishes)
ii) What causes speciation according to de Vries? (mutation theory)

2 mark questions :
i) Explain how mutations are different from Darwinian variations? (mutations are random and
directionless but Darwinian variations are small and directional)
ii) How does industrial melanism support Darwins theory? (White moth number decreased and
black moth number increased after industrialisation)

3 mark questions ::
i) How Hardy Weinberg equilibrium explains the genetic equilibrium for a population? Mention
any two factors that can disturb the genetic equilibrium.
ii)Branching descent and natural selection are two key concepts of Darwins theory. Explain
them.

5 mark questions ::

i) How does the process of natural selection affect Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
ii) Explain the salient features of Hugo de Vries theory and compare it with Darwins theory.

Chapter 8:

Human health and disease

Important points to remember:

Bacterial diseases: typhoid (typhoid Mary, Salmonella typhi, Widal test), Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis, Plague, Tetanus, Syphilis etc.
Viral diseases: common cold, flu, herpes, measles, chicken pox, small pox, AIDS,
Chikungunya & Dengue (transmitted by Aedes mosquito) etc.
Fungal diseases: ringworm, athletes foot, candidiasis etc.
Protozoa diseases: Malaria ( cause=Plasmodium, transfer by= Anopheles mosquito),
Leishmaniasis/kala azar, trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness.
Helminthic diseases: Ascariasis, Filariasis/elephantiasis (filarial worm/Wuchereria is
cause & transmitted by Culex mosquito)
Secondary immune response is more intense due to memory.
Structure & types of antibody/Ig molecule.
Vaccines provide active immunity but tetanus injection & colostrum provide passive
immunity.
Replication of retrovirus (HIV)
Cancer: detection ( biopsy, CT scan, MRI), treatment (surgery, radiotherapy,
chemotherapy and immunotherapy).
Opioids: heroin/smack, morphine(sedative/pain killer) from Poppy plant.
Cannabinoids from Cannabis : marijuana, hashish, charas, ganja etc
Cocaine from Erythroxylum coca : coke/crack: cause euphoria and hallucinations.
LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) from fungus Claviceps purpurea is hallucinogen.
Addiction and abuse.
prevention and control of drug and alcohol abuse.

Sure shot questions and hints:

1 mark questions ::
i) How do interferons protect us?(prevents viral infection in neighbouring cells)
ii) Why do we say that HIV is a retrovirus? (genetic material is RNA)

2 mark questions ::
i) How do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes differ in their immune response? (B cells provide
antibody mediated immunity but T cell provide cell mediated immunity)
ii) What are carcinogens? Name an ionising and a non ionising radiation as carcinogen. (cancer
causing agents, X rays are ionising and UV rays are non ionising)

3 mark questions ::
i) What are primary and secondary lymphoid organs? Discuss their role in acquired immunity.
ii)A boy of 11 years had chicken pox. He is not expected to have the same disease for the rest
of his life. Mention how?

Chapter 9
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Master cards
1. Objectives of animal breeding
(i)
To improve growth rate.
(ii)
To increase production.
(iii)
To improve desirable qualities.
(iv)
To increase diseases resistance.
(v)
To improve resistance to adverse climatic conditions.
2. Farm management for livestock/Dairy/Poultry
(i)
Selection of good breeds having high yield and resistance to diseases.
(ii)
Good farm house.
(iii)
Proper food and water.
(iv)
Hygiene and health care.
(v)
Proper health check up.
3. Bee keeping/ Apiculture
Successful bee keeping requires.
i)
Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees.
ii)
Selection of suitable location for keeping the bee hives.
iii)
Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees).
iv)
Management of bee-hives during different seasons.
v)
Handling and collection of honey and beewax.
Importance
Bees pollinators of many crops
Honey high nutritive and medicinal value.
Wax used in industry to make cosmetics and polishes.
4. Animal breeding
Breeding:--

5.

6.

7.

8.

Inbreeding (between animals of same breeds)

a) Advantage increase homozygosity, develops pure line, remove less desirable genes.
b) Disadvantage reduce fertility and productivity, known as inbreeding depression.
A single outcross helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
Outbreeding (between animals of different breeds)
a) Out crossing :- mating within the same breed but not have common ancestors.
b) Cross breeding :- mating between superior males of one breed with superior female
of another breeds.
c) Interspecific hybridization :- mating between two different species.
Technique for the herd improvement ( cattle, sheep, rabbits etc.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)STEPS:i)
A cow is administrated by FSH hormone to induce follicular maturation and super
ovulation.
ii)
Cow produces 6-8 eggs instead of one egg.
iii)
It is now either mated with elite bullor artificially inseminated.
iv)
Fertilized eggs at 8-32 cell stage are removed non-surgically and transferred to
surrogate mother.
Plant breeding programme
STEPS:i)
Collection of variability/ Germplasm collection
ii)
Evaluation and selection of parents to identify plants with desirable traits.
iii)
Cross hybridization among the selected parents.
iv)
Selection and testing of superior recombinants
v)
Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivators.
Tissue culture methods
i)
Callus culture :- cell division in explants to form unorganized mass of cell called
callus.
ii)
Suspension culture :- small group of cells suspended in a liquid medium.
iii)
Meristem culture :- apical shoot meristem is used as explants (virus free).
iv)
Embryo culture :- excision of young embryos from developing seeds and culture
in nutritional media.
v)
Anther culture :- production of haploid plant species by desired anther cultured in
suitable medium
vi)
Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization :- pomato obtained by somatic
hybridization of protoplast of potato and tomato.
vii)
Micropropagation :- tissue culture technique used for rapid vegetative
multiplication of ornamental plants and fruit trees.
viii)
Somaclonal variation :- genetic variation in plants regenerated from a single
culture.
List of high yield varieties of plants.

S.no

Plants

Name of breed

Distribution

Types
varieties

1.

Rice

IR-8
Taichung Natire-1
Jaya
Ratna

Philippines
Taiwan
India
India

Semi-dwarf
Semi-dwarf

2.

Wheat

Sonalika
KalyanSona
9. Diseases In Plants Caused By Fungi, Bacteria & Virus.
S.no
1.

Causative organism
Fungi

2.

Bacteria

3.

Virus

10. Diseases resistance variety of plants

Crop
Variety
Wheat
Himgiri
Brassica
Pusa Swasrim
Pusa Shubhra
Cauliflower

India
India

Resistance of Disease
Leaf and strip rust, hill bunt
White rust
Black roat, curl blight blackroat

Pusa komal

Bacteria blight

Pusa Sodabaton

TMV, leaf curl, chilly mosaic virus

Okra(bhindi)

Pusa Sem2
Pusa Sem3
Pusa Sawani
Pusa A-4

12. Biofortification
List of crops with improved nutrient

Jassids,aphids and fruit borer

Shoot and fruit bore2

content

Crop
Carrot, spinach,pumpin
Bittergourd, bathua, musterd, tomato
Broad bean, lablab, French bean, garden
pea

Disease resistant

Brown rust of wheat, red rot of

sugarcane, late blight of potato
Blight of rice , citrus canker, black rot of
crucifers.
Tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic.

11. Plants developed resistance to insect pests

Crop
Variety
Insects pests
Brassica
Pusa Gaurav
Aphids
(rapeseed musterd)
Flat beat

Semi-dwarf
High yield

Diseases caused

Pusa snowball-k-1

Cowpea
Chilli

Semi-dwarf

Nutrient rich in
Vitamin-A
Vitamin C
Protein

of

Spinach, bathua
Wheat (Atlas 66)
Maize

Rice

Iron &
calcium
Improved protein content
Increased amount of amino acid, lysine and
tryptophan
Increased iron content

Chapter: 9-Strategies For enhancement in Food Production

(1 Marks Each)
Q1. Name two techniques involves in controlled breeding experiment
Q2. What is inbreeding depression? How you will over come from inbreeding ?
Q3. State the importance of boifortification.
Q4. Name any two diseases the Himgiri variety of wheat resistant to.
Q5. Mention the strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desire traits.
Q6. Write the name of the following :
(a)
The most common spices of bees suitable for apiculture.
(b)
An improved breed of chicken.
Q7. Name the varieties of rice from which semi dwarf varieties have been developed.
Q8. Write the scientific names of microorganisms which produce high quality of proteins.
(2 -Marks)
Q1. What is single cell protein? Writes its significance.
Q2. What is Blue revolution? Name two fresh water and two marine edible fish.
Q3. Why are plants obtained through micropropagation termed somaclones ? name three food plants
produced on commercial scale using this method.
Q4. Name the methods employed in animal breeding. According to you which of the method is best?
Why.
Q5. Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus free plants and why?
Q6. Write the scientific name of sugarcane grown in north and south India respectively. Mention the
characteristic of the hybrid produce by crossing these two varieties.
Q7. (a) What is the programme called that is involved in improving success rate of production of desired
hybrid and herd size of cattle?
b) Explain the method used for the carrying this programme for cows.
Q8. (a) Name the Indian scientist, whose efforts brought Green revolution in India.
(b)
Mention the steps that are essentially carried out in developing a new genetic variety
of crop under plant breeding programme.
Q9. Scientist have succeeded in recovering healthy sugarcane plants from a diseased one:
(a)
Name the part of the plant used as explants by the scientist.
(b)
Describe the procedure the scientists followed to recover the healthy plants.
(c)
Name this technology used for crop improvement.
Q10. What is interspecific hybridization. Give one example of crop in which it is
practiced and mention one advantage.

Chapter-10: Microbes in human welfare

Master cards
1. In household products:
(a).Lactobacillius,(LAB)Lactic acid bacteria-form curd from milk
- Increase vit. B12.
- Check disease causing microbes in stomach.
(b).Dough for idili is formed by fermentation by bacteria(Co2 product)
(c).Bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae use in making bread.
(d). Toddy made from sap of palm, Fermented by bacteria.
(e). Cheese making- Swiss by propioni bacterium sharamanii bacteria.
-Production of large amount of CO2 forms large holes in swiss cheese.
-Roquefort cheese is ripined by fungi penicillium.
2. Microbes in indusrial products:
(a). Fermented beverages:- like wine,bear,whisky,brandy,rum,with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
-Wine and bear is made without distillation process.
-Whisky,brandy and rum is made by distillation.
(b).Antibiotics:- Penicillin from penicillium notatum Fungi
-Treat disease like plague whooping cough,diphtheria,laprosy etc.
(c). Organic acid and alcohol:
Aspergillius niger(Fungi) :- Production of citric acid.
Acetobactor aceti(bacteria):- Production of acetic acid.
Clostridium butylicum(bacteria):- Production of butyric acid.
Lactobacillus species(bacteria):-Production of lactic acid.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae(fungi/yeast):- Production of ethanol.
(d).Enzymes
Lipase:- used in detergents to remove oil strains from laundry.
Pectinase and Proteases:- used to clarify bottled juices.
Streptokinase:-Produced by streptococcus is used as clot buster for removing clots from blood vessels
in myocardial infraction(heart attack)patients.
(e).Bioactive molecules

Cyclosporin A:- Produced from Trichoderma polysporum(fungi) is used as an immune suppressant

agent in organ transplant.
Statin:- Monascus purpureus(fungi) used as blood cholesterol lowering agent.
2.Microbes in sewage treatment:
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plant(STPS) process of sewage in STP.

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

(physical process)

(Biological process)

Filtration & Sedimentation

Effluent loaded in large aeration

Tank.
Agitation and rapid growth of
aerobic microbes (Flocs).
Consumes organic matter,reduce
BOD.
Effluent passed to settling tank.
Flocs sediments form activated
Sludge.
Anaerobic sludge digestion.
Biogas

Water released into

Rivers and streams.

4. Microbes in production of biogas:

Biogas:-Methane(60%) + CO2(40%).
Methanogens like Methanobacterium produce large quantitiis of methane along with co2 and hydrogen
by acting on cellulosic compounds.
Cattle dung, anaerobic sludge are used for production of biogas as it contains cellulosic compounds as
well as methanogens.
5.Microbes as bio-control agents:
Biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests.
Ladybird and Dragonflies useful to get rid of aphids and mosquitoes.
Bacillus thuringiensis(BT) used to contro butterfly caterpillar because its spores are toxic to certain
insects larvae and kill them but not harmful to othere insects.
Nucleoplyhedrovirus- good for narrow spectrum insecticide application.

It has no negative impacts on other organisms because it kills specipic insect only.
6. Microbes as bio-fertilizers:
Main sources of bio-fertilizers:- Bacteria,Cyano bacteria and fungi
(a). Bacteria:-(1) Rhizobium bacteria(symbiotic bacteria) fix atmospheric
nitrogen into usable form.
(2)Azospirillum and Azotobacter(free living bacteria) fix
atmospheric nitrogen into usable form.
(b).Cyanobacteria-(1)eg. Anabaena,mostoc,oscillatoria,aulosira etc.
(2)They increase fertility of soil and adding organic matter.
(3)They fix atmospheric nitrogen.
(c)Fungi/Mycorrhizae:-eg. Glomus
They absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to
plants.
Other benefits:1.Resistance to root-borne pathogens.
2.Tolerance to salinity and drought.
3.Increase in plant growth and development.

Chapter- 10
Microbes in Human Welfare
Sure Shot Questions
Q1.

Milk start to coagulated when Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is added to warm milk as a strates.
Mention any two benefits which LAB provides.

Q2.

Which one of the followings is the bakers yeast need in fermentation?

Q3.

Which of the following is a cyanobacterium that can fix atmospheric nitrogen?

Azospirillum , oscillatoria, spirulina.

Q4.

Write the scientific name of the microbes used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices

Q5.

List two advantages that a mycorrhizal association provides to the plants

Q6.

Name the organisms that causes large holes in semi cheese. How are these holes caused?

Q7.

Why are some molecules called bio active molecules? Give two examples of such molecules.

Q8.

Why should biological control of pests and pathogens be preferred to the conventional use of
chemical pesticides ? Explain how the following microbes act as bio-control agents
(a)
(b)

Bacillus thuringiensis
Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Q9.

What is organic farming? Why is it suggested to switch over to organic farming?

Q10.

State the use of the following enzymes/acids produce by the microbes:

i.
ii.
iii.

Lipase
Streptokinase
Pectinase

Q11.
Name the source of the streptokinase, cyclosporin A & statins . How does this bio active
molecule function in our body?
Q12.
Explain the different steps involved in sewages treatment before it can be released into
natural water bodies.
Q13.

What do you mean by flocks and primary sludge?

Q14.

How do biofertiliser enrich the fertility of the soil.

Q15.
Describe how biogas is generated from activated sludge. List the components of biogas.
Name an organism which is known to employed in biogas.
Q16.
River Ganga has become very polluted. It is considered to be a scared river, which people
believe purifies it self. Just because of this reason , the polluteon in it has increased as people
throw many things in it in the name of religion.
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
i)
ii)
iii)

What has government done to check the pollution here?

How can you play a role in saving the river?
How is the pollution of water checked?

Chapter-13 Organism and Population

(1) Give the integral form of equation of Exponential growth and Verhulst-Pearl Logistic growth of
population.
N1 =Noert and dN/dt = rN(K-N/N)
(2) What is the function of the fungus inmycorrhizal association?
Solubilization and absorbtion of minerals and water.
(3) In a pond there were 200 frogs 40 more were born in a year. Calculate the birth rate of population.
40/200 = 0.2 individuals per frog per years.
(4) What is interaction between cuscuta and shoes flower brush?
Parasitism
(5) Explain brood parasitism with the help of example.
Koel is a parasitic bird the technique of laying egg in the nest of crow.
(6) How does the floral pattern of Mediterranean ophrys guarantee cross pollination?
One petal of ophyrs resembles the female of a bee Male bees are attracted to it, Pseudocopulates
same male bee Pseudocopulates with another flower of ophrys and pollination is completed.

CHAPTER- 14 ECOSYSTEM
(1) Give an example of anthropogenic Ecosystem?
Aquarium
(2) State what does standing crop of a trophic level represent.
Biomass at a particular time.
(3) List the three parameter used for constructing echological pyramids. Describe any one instance where
the pyramids may look inverted.
Three parameters are(1) Number of individuals.
(2) Amount of Biomass.
(3) Amount of energy
The bird may be support a still larger population of ectoparasite, thus, the pyramid of number shall
be inverted.
(4) Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.
=> Energy requirement for maintenance of body rises successively with higher level. As 90% of energy is
lost when it moves from one trophic level to the next.

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