Dimension

CriterionNorm-Referenced
Referenced
Tests
Tests
Purpose
To determine wheth
To rank each student wit
er each student has a h respect to the
chieved specific skills achievement of others in b
or concepts.
road areas of knowledge.
To find out how muc
To discriminate between
h students know befo high and low achievers.
re instruction begins
and after it has finish
ed.
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION:
CRITERION- VERSUS NORM-REFERENCED TESTING

Content

Measures specific s
kills which make up a
designated curriculu
m. These skills are id
entified by teachers a
nd curriculum experts
.
Each skill is express
ed as an instructional
objective.

Measures broad skill are

as sampled from a variety
of textbooks, syllabi, and t
he judgments of curriculu
m experts.

Score
Interpretation

Eachindividualiscomp
aredwithapresetstandard
foracceptableachievement
.Theperformanceofother
examineesisirrelevant.

Eachindividualiscomparedwithothe
rexamineesandassignedascore
usuallyexpressedasapercentile,
agradeequivalentscore,orastanine.

Astudent'sscorei
Studentachievementisreportedfor
susuallyexpressedas
broadskillareas,althoughsomenorm
referencedtestsdoreportstudent
apercentage.
achievementforindividualskills.
Studentachievementisr
eportedforindividualskills
.

Table of Specifications

Exercise no. 1
Formula: Number of items = Number of class sessions X desired total
number of items
Total number of class session
One Way Table of Specification: ______________________________
Content

Number
of Class
Sessions

Number of
Items

Test Item
Distributi
on

Total
Two-Way Table of Specification
Content

Total

Class
Hour
s

Know
ledg
e

Compreh
ension

Applic
ation

Analysi
s

Synthe
sis

Evaluat
ion

Total

Item Analysis
Exercise No. 2
Item No.

No. Correct Answers

1
2
3
4

15
25
35
45

% Correct

30%
50%
70%
90%

Difficulty Level

Decision
(Retain/Improve
or Discriminate)

Measure of Central Tendency

Exercise No. 3
Mean
Ten students were polled as to the number of siblings in their individual
families.
The raw data is the following set: {3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2}.
Find the mean number of siblings for the ten students.
Answer:
Median
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their
individual families and the results were:
3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2.
Find the median number of siblings for the ten students.
Answer:
Data in order: 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6
Answer:
Nine students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in
their individual families and the results were:
3, 2, 2, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2.
Find the median number of siblings for the ten students.
Answer
In order: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6
Answer
Mode
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their
individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the
mode for the number of siblings.
Answer:

Measures of Variability

The variance is
a measure of the spread of scores in a distribution around its mean
The larger the variance
the greater the spread of scores around the mean
The smaller the variance
the more closely the scores are distributed around the mean
Standard deviation
is a measure of dispersion of the scores around the mean
The higher the standard deviation
the greater the spread in the scores
The lower the standard deviation
the closer the scores are on average from the mean of the distribution
Exercise No. 5
Find the Mean, then SD, then find the variance.
60

70

40

Mean: __________
55

78

76

40

22

Mean: __________

66

44

55

66

55

67

68

70

SD: ____________ Variance: ________

88

Mean: __________
67

60

SD: ____________ Variance: ________

Mean: __________
78

55

90

20

44

78

60

SD: ____________ Variance: ________

45

80

80

90

67

89

SD: ____________ Variance: ________

Norm-Reference Versus Criterion Reference

Identify whether the statements are referring to Norm-Reference or Criterion

Reference
1. __________________ refers to standardized tests that compare test takers in
relation to one another.
2. __________________ tests reports whether test takers performed better or
worse than the average student.
3. __________________ tests mainly use a multiple choice format with a few
open-ended, short-response questions.
4. __________________ may include multiple-choice questions, true or false
questions, and open-ended questions
5. __________________ may be considered "high-stakes" tests because they are
typically used to make important decisions for teachers and students
6. __________________ tests categorizes students into high or low achieving
7. __________________encourage teachers to view students in terms of a bell
curve
8. Which situation points to criterion referencing?
a. Teddys score is in the 98th percentile of the batch
b. Amy types 40 words per minute without making more than 3
errors/peage
c. Teacher cathey has group 25 students for the test program
d. Josef topped the class
Tests are designed by testing experts and test developers that typically base
the test around national standards.
Assessments are a mandatory tool for effectively evaluating a student's
performance and then using the evaluation in order to modify teaching
methods to capitalize on a student's academic success.