Lecture 6 About Theories

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Philosophies, Concepts & Theories
SAP Lecture 6 Human Settlement Planning IXth Semester Jul - Oct 2015
Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

An era spanning four centuries..
The era of Gateway Cities, Plazas,
Boulevards, Promenades and Axes but also
of congestion.
The medieval city opened up but
encroached upon its people..
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The era of the literary and the literate.. Urban Planning,
Design, Architecture, Art and Sculpture went Hand in Hand
Translation of 10 Books of Architecture (Original Text by Vitruvius) by
Alberti
The Rule of the Five Orders of Architecture Vignola
Five Books of Architecture - Sebastiano Serlio

Biagio Rossetti (1447 1516) Axis and the Grid Iron
Ferrara - Italy
First Renaissance city to be developed
using a complex urban plan.
The network of streets and walls were
closely linked with the palaces, churches
and gardens as part of an overall scheme
Addizione Erculea designed by Biagio

Rossetti at the end of the 15th century,
was one of the first urban plans based on
the idea of perspective that is, balancing
humanist principles relating to form and
volume in architecture with open space,
the needs of the city, and local traditions
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Michelangelo (1475 1564) Cult of the Axis
Capitoline Hill- Rome, Italy
A symbol of the new Rome to re-establish the
grandeur of Rome. The buildings covering the
irregular site had fallen into disrepair, and the
pope saw its renovation as a symbol of power
Michelangelo accentuated the reversal of
Capitoline
orientation of the Capitoline, in a symbolic
gesture turning Romes civic center to face away
from the Roman Forum in the direction of the
Christian church in the form of St. Peters Basilica
Michelangelo's comprehensive plan remains
surely among the most beautiful urban-renewal
projects of all time
Forum

Georgio Vasari (1511 1574) An Urban Footpath or a systematic
social divide
The Vasari Corridor
It is a covered corridor designed to link up
the Pitti Palace, where the Grand Duke
resided, with the Uffizi (or offices) where
he worked.
The corridor crosses several landmarks,

such as the Uffizzi Gallery, the Ponte
Vecchio and the Boboli Gardens, but its
design is rather skillful, as it is smoothly
incorporated into buildings throughout the
city
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Georgio Vasari (1511 1574) An Urban Footpath or a systematic
social divide

Andre Le Notre (1613 1700) For the love of Gardening
Gardens of Versailles
Le Ntre also laid out the radiating city plan of Versailles, based on his experience of laying the
plans of the Gardens of Versailles, which included the largest avenue yet seen in Europe, the
Avenue de Paris or later known as Champ Elysees
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Sir Christopher Wren (1632 1723) An Astronomer, A Physicist,
A Scientist An Architect
London After the Great Fire of 1966
The vision he laid out had many piazzas
linked in a geometric manner by wide, long
boulevards.
The north of the River Thames would have
become a large open quay and the River
Fleet would have been transformed into a
Canal, opening up crucial warehouse and
docks areas deep into the city.
Funds were low in the city and there was a However the city has more than 50
churches designed by Wren. Most notable
rush to quickly return to normality rather
being St. Pauls Cathedral
than invest in large scale redevelopment

Sir Christopher Wren A Vision for London
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William Penn (1644 1718) The Streets of Philadelphia
A Green Country Town?
The first plan envisioned houses to be
separated from their neighbors by sizable
areas of green The Country Estates
But since most of the town dwellers were
tradesmen so, in addition to having fertile
farm lands, he wanted it to be situated "in
the most Convenient place upon the river for
health & Navigation.
In his revised plan Penn provided a generous
amount of room for expansion. He thus
anticipated two major trends in city
development: growth and suburban
expansion

Pierre Charles L Enfant (1754 1825) The Corridors of Power Washington DC
Planning a New Capital
The new Constitution of the United States,
which took effect in March and April 1789, gave
the newly organized Congress of the United
States authority to establish a federal district up
to ten miles square in size
The L Enfant Plan was partly influenced by

the city of Versailles
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Pierre Charles L Enfant (1754 1825) The Corridors of Power Washington DC
Planning a New Capital
Most streets would be laid out in a grid East West and North
South.
Diagonal avenues later named after the states of the union
crossed the grid. The diagonal avenues intersected with the
north-south and east-west streets at circles and rectangular
plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide
open space.
L'Enfant laid out a 122 m wide and 1.6 km long garden-lined
"grand avenue in EW direction that would later become the
National Mall. He also laid out a narrower avenue (Pennsylvania
Avenue) which would connect the Congress house with the
President's house. Later, Pennsylvania Avenue developed into the
present "grand avenue

Baron Haussmann (1809 1891) Building Paris The Origin of
City Beautiful Tradition
Renovation of Paris in 1853
It included the demolition of crowded and
unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the
building of wide avenues, parks and squares,
the annexation of the suburbs surrounding
Paris, and the construction of new sewers,
fountains and aqueducts
Haussmann drove a network of boulevards
through the city, straightened other roads,
created public squares, vistas and sites for
important public buildings
Restoration of Champ Elysees: 1.9 kilometres

long and 70 metres wide Boulevard, which
runs between the Place de la Concorde and
the Place Charles de Gaulle, where the Arc
de Triomphe is located
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Baron Haussmann (1809 1891) Building Paris The Origin of
City Beautiful Tradition
The Industrial Age

The Era of. Concrete, Glass, Railways,
Transportation and Coal
But also of congestion, migration,
disease, destruction, construction a major upheaval
Gustav Dore London Street
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The Industrial Age

Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846 1912) City Beautiful
White City
The City Beautiful movement emerged at a time
in U.S. when the countrys urban population
began to outnumber its rural population. Most
city dwellers perceived that cities were ugly,
congested, dirty, and unsafe
City Beautiful concept focused on incorporating
civic centers, parks, and grand boulevards.
He headed the construction of the temporary city
in Worlds Columbian Exposition known as the
White City, a semi-utopia in which visitors were
meant to be shielded from poverty and crime
The Industrial Age

Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846 1912) City Beautiful
Washington DC The Mc Millan Plan
It limited building heights and positioned

new structures and monuments
throughout the city to create a balanced
aerial composition
It comprised of re-landscaping the
ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol
Grounds and Mall, consolidating city
railways and alleviating at-grade
crossings; clearing slums; and establishing
a comprehensive recreation and park
system that would preserve the ring of
Civil War fortifications around the city
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The Industrial Age

Tony Garnier (1869 1948) Une Cite Industrielle
A Utopia
His basic idea included the separation of spaces by
function through zoning into several categories:
industrial, civic, residential, health related, and
entertainment.
Une Cit Industrielle was designed for 35,000
inhabitants. It was located between a mountain and
a river to facilitate access to hydroelectric power.
The plan allowed schools and vocational-type
schools to be near the industries they were related
to, so that people could be more easily educated.
There were no churches or law enforcement
buildings, in hope that man could rule himself
complex developmental issues and

models in city planning
congested inner city dwelling
The elite lured by newer developments
Blighted urban core
Land speculation in neighborhoods
Chicago Knox & Pinch 2000

Urban Social Geography
1975 onwards The 1945- 1975 The

Post Industrial City Industrial City
An Era of
1850 The Industrial

City
The Post Industrial Age
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Now you must know that a Town Mouse once upon a time went on a visit to his
cousin in the country. He was rough and ready, this cousin, but he loved his town
friend and made him heartily welcome. Beans and bacon, cheese and bread, were all
he had to offer, but he offered them freely. The Town Mouse rather turned up his
long nose at this country fare, and said: "I cannot understand, Cousin, how you can
put up with such poor food as this, but of course you cannot expect anything better
in the country; come you with me and I will show you how to live. When you have
been in town a week you will wonder how you could ever have stood a country life."
No sooner said than done: the two mice set off for the town and arrived at the Town
Mouse's residence late at night. "You will want some refreshment after our long
journey," said the polite Town Mouse, and took his friend into the grand diningroom. There they found the remains of a fine feast, and soon the two mice were
eating up jellies and cakes and all that was nice. Suddenly they heard growling and
barking. "What is that?" said the Country Mouse. "It is only the dogs of the house,"
answered the other. "Only!" said the Country Mouse.
-
"I do not like that music at my dinner." Just at that moment the door flew open, in
came two huge mastiffs, and the two mice had to scamper down and run off. "Goodbye, Cousin," said the Country Mouse, "What! going so soon?" said the other. "Yes,"
he replied; Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and ale in fear
- Town Mouse and Country Mouse Aesops Fables

Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) The Garden City
Howard's "Three Magnets" diagram which
addressed the question "Where will the
people go?", the choices being "Town",
"Country" or "Town-Country.
The towns would be self-governed by the
citizens and financed by ground rents.
The land was to be owned by a group of
trustees and leased to the citizens. The rents
paid for a wide range of community services
facilities and infrastructure
Well planned buildings and ordered green
spaces between, with housing, employment
and leisure within easy walking distance.
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As with most instances of social
engineering, the garden city movement
didnt quite achieve what it set out to do.
Its laudable motive and egalitarian vision
contrasts with the often depressing
artificiality of garden cities, and the fact
that they merely function as dormitories
to the larger cities they so often adjoin

Howard wanted to make it as little like
the overcrowded London of his day as
possible
Public parks and private lawns are
everywhere.
The roads are incredibly wide, ranging
from 120 to 420 feet for the Grand
Avenue, and they are radial rather than
linear.
Commercial, industrial, residential, and
public uses are clearly differentiated
from each other spatially
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Garden City of Letchworth
The worlds first Garden City, it was designed to
overcome the urban squalor and rural poverty created
by rapid industrialization, by bringing together the
best of town and country living
The town was designed as a self-contained sustainable
community with proportionate areas for homes,
recreation and industrial areas, zoned so as to avoid
pollution, and surrounded by a green belt of
agricultural land for growing food.

A key element of the original concept was that the
town would feed itself the land capable of growing
enough food for the community.
This green belt around the town, which was the first of
its kind, has been maintained and also ensures no one
is far from open country.
Houses were sited to ensure they received the
maximum amount of daylight.
It is a walkable town, so the rail station, town centre
and industrial areas can easily be cycled or walked to,
and everyone has access to open space in parks and
public gardens.
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The land is still held in trust for the
community, with the estate managed by
the Letchworth Garden City Heritage
Foundation, a self-funding charitable
organisation, which uses revenue from
commercial rents to reinvest in the town
for long-term benefit.
The Foundation is also answerable to the

community, who help shape priorities
through regular town meetings.

Howard made clear that a population limit
was the only way to keep such towns
workable and Letchworth Garden City at
33,000 people is still close to his suggested
optimum of the time
Although both Letchworth and Welwyn
Cities were quite successful, according to
many opposers they lacked the hum drum of
life. No matter what they still remain the
most revolutionary idea and form basis of
several town planning schemes even today
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Patrick Geddes (1852-1932) Cities in Evolution
The environment acts, through function,
upon the organism and conversely the
organism acts, through function, upon the
environment
In human evolution terms this can be
understood as a place acting through climatic
and geographic processes upon people and
thus shaping them. At the same time people
act, through economic processes, on a place
and thus shape it.
Thus both place and folk are linked and
through work are in constant transition.

This means that the task of townplanning is not to coerce people into
new places against their associations,
wishes and interest - as we find bad
schemes trying to do.
Instead its task is to find the right places
for each sort of people; places where
they will really flourish. To give people in
fact the same care that we give when
transplanting flowers, instead of harsh
evictions and arbitrary instructions to
move on, delivered in the manner of
officious amateur policemen.
His four chambers of the "ledger of life"

expressed in his famous diagram as a
synthetic process encompassing Acts,
Facts, Dreams and Deeds, emphasizing
especially relations between the
objective out-world and the subjective
in-world, and the active and the passive,
each complementing the other.
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Patrick Geddes (1852-1932) "it takes a whole region to make the city"
Geddes illustrated the section using the locally available landscapes of Edinburgh and its hinterland. In
the early images, the Pentland Hills are the mountains, the Lothian region provides the pastoral hills
and agricultural plains, with their scattered settlements and villages,
Edinburgh is the city and Leith the fishing village closest to the sea. This was an attempt to set the
pattern of the contemporary city, its constructions and occupations, within the context of mankind's
roots in the landscape.

"From the hard World of Facts to the no less real
World of Acts, you can only travel by this "In-World
way."
Geddes P., Cities In Evolution, 1915, pg 208
Outlook Tower in 1892.
From this height one can survey the city of
Edinburgh from the "Out-world" and immediately
afterwards, by entering the dark space, see it from
the introverted perspective of the Obscura, i.e. the
"In-world".
Geddes used the tower as an educational tool, as a
way of showing new perspectives on the city, its
hinterland and how these sat in the wider contexts
of the Commonwealth and the World.
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Patrick Geddes explains that what he calls the
"Out-world" is the world we see around us,
every day.
The "In-world" is where we begin actively
thinking and planning; and then in carrying out
our plans we come back into the "Out-world"
once again.
As well as being what Geddes calls a "Civic
Observatory", the outlook tower is a physical
embodiment of this philosophy.

Patrick Geddes is best remembered for
introducing the concept of region and
for calling for survey before the plan in
the urbanistic debate of the early 20th
century.
He also coined the term conurbation, the
growing together of urban settlements.
It implied the waves of population inflow
to large cities, followed by overcrowding
and slum formation, and then the wave
of backflow the whole process
resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste,
and unnecessary obsolescence
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Tel Aviv, Israel - 1926
Tel Aviv turned out to be the only example of
one of Geddes plans being built largely as he
envisaged.
The area of Tel Aviv originally planned by
Geddes makes up approximately 7.5% of the
current day municipality of Tel Aviv and is now
known as Tel Avivs Old North.
Designed to be an extension of the much older
neighbouring Arabic port town Jaffa to the
south and a home for the increasing population
of emigrating Jews

Patrick Geddes (1852-1932) Tel Aviv
Emphasis was placed on pedestrians as
opposed to motor car traffic.
A sense of community and civic life was
encouraged through the use of town squares
Abundant planting of greenery provided
significant focus on a minimal environmental
footprint.
His plans were simple and therein lies their
success. As a biologist he saw the city as a
circulation system.
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Large main boulevards (North-South) Chen, Ben
Yehuda, Dizengoff and Hayarkon were planned as
extensions to existing roads
The boulevards would be the main circulation
arteries with the main commercial activities and
taller buildings 5 floors. He called them
mainways.
At right angles to these were the East-West
boulevards Keren Kayemet (Ben Gurion today),
Nordau, Arlozoroff and Kibbutz Galuyot
(Jabotinsky today).
These would bring the sea breezes into the new
city, like a circulatory system. These too were
mainways.

At right angles to the main boulevards were small
roads leading to Blocks.
Each block or cluster was of a different design in
shape and atmosphere and in planting, so that
there was instant recognition of place and home.
The central gardens were also the areas where
small public buildings or facilities, kindergartens,
schools, tennis courts, would be constructed.
In this way neighborhood units would be built
and completed and the town plan would be
carried out block by block
Unfortunately only 30 gardens were built.

By allowing small buildings of 3 floors, which
faced either towards the small access roads or
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His town plan was no mechanical or
geometrical grid like Manhattan for
instance, but a principle adapted to the
geography and topography of the place
and stressing the variety inherent in
humans, in locality and in climate.

Not all the architects working in those years agreed with the town plan and they
thought that lots should be larger, buildings spread further apart and building
densities be higher.
Geddes plan was amended by the municipality in 1938 and formally passed. By then
an additional floor was allowed to all buildings (the population had boomed, mostly
due to immigration).
By then Geddes was dead (in 1932), but parts of his plans with their parks and gardens
live on.
His plan with the important central features Dizengoff Circle, Habimah Square and
Chen Boulevard and his blocks with fruit trees and flowering shrubs around the
gardens are still a feature and are amongst the successes of world town planning of
the 20th century.
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Patrick Geddes (1852-1932) in India
Geddes' connections with India are well known. He visited four times between 1914
and 1924, staying for two and a half years between 1916 and 1919.
In Chicago in February 1900 he had met the famous Indian guru Swami Vivekanda.
There are records of this meeting with "the apostle of the Vedanta" and how "the
eastern discipline of body and mind made such a lasting impression on both Anna
(Geddes' wife) and Patrick that they later handed on to their young children the simple
Raja Yoga exercises for control of the inner nature
Also influenced by Rabindra Nath Tagore and Annie Besant
Whilst here he surveyed countless cities and also crystallised his thoughts on synthesis
as Professor of Civics and Sociology at Bombay University
He gave master planning advice for nearly 30 Indian cities based on his observations
and deductions thereon

Patrick Geddes (1852-1932) Social Experiments and Town
Planning Initiatives - India
Colonialism, Oppression and Neurasthenia
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The Diwali
Procession in
Indore 1918
City of
Indore
Indore Master Plan : A philosophical treatise with the narrative focused on defecation, sewage,
drains, gardens, festivals, and universities to propose a holistic vision for making the city
habitable

Waste Triangulation The Gardens
Using Gardens as a means of
recycling human waste.
Raise the status of waste
collectors/cleaners to Gardeners
Understood the extreme importance
of waste management in Town and
country planning
Waste is a resource
How many people think twice about a leaf?

Yet the leaf is the chief product and
phenomenon of Life: this is a green world,
with animals comparatively few and small,
and all dependent upon the leaves. By
leaves we live. Some people have strange
ideas that they live by money. They think
energy is generated by the circulation of
coins. But the world is mainly a vast leaf
colony, growing on and forming a leafy soil,
not a mere mineral mass: and we live not by
the jingling of our coins, but by the fullness
of our harvests.
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Clarence Perry (1872-1944) Neighborhood Units
Diagrammatic Planning Model for residential
development in the Metropolitan areas.
Concept of Walkable districts
The Six Principles:
1.
Size: housing for that population for

which an elementary school is required,
its actual area depending upon
population density
2.
Boundaries: The unit should be bounded

on all sides by arterial streets,
sufficiently wide to facilitate its
bypassing instead of penetration, by
through traffic

The Six Principles:
3.
Open Spaces: A system of small

parks and recreation spaces
planned to meet the needs of
the particular neighbourhood,
should be provided
4.
Institution Sites: Sites for

school and other institutions
having services spheres
coinciding with limits of the
unit should be suitably grouped 160 Acre neighborhood unit subdivision 10.6% of
about a central point, or
open spaces achieved through comprehensive
common
planning over standard grid iron Robert Whitten
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The Six Principles:
5.
Local Shops: One or more shopping districts,

adequate for the population to be served,
should be laid out in the circumference of
the unit, preferably at traffic junctions and
adjacent to similar districts of adjoining
neighbourhoods
6.
Internal Street System: The unit should be

provided with a special street system each
highway being proportioned to its probable
traffic load and the street net as a whole
being designed to facilitate circulation
within the unit and to discourage its use by
through traffic

Earnest Burgess (1886-1966) Concentric Zone Model
Sought to explain the socioeconomic divides in
the city
Model was based on Chicagos city layout
First theory to explain the distribution of social
groups
Social structures extend outward from one
central business area.
Population density decreases towards outward
zones
Shows correlation between socioeconomic
status and the distance from the central
business district
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Earnest Burgess (1886-1966) Concentric Zone Model
Zone 1: CBD : Non-residential Downtown with
business and commerce areas, commuted to by
residents of other zones
Zone 2: Transition: Least desirable place to live in
the city with dilapidated housing and
infrastructure, low rents, highest crime rates and
high rate of people moving in and out
Zone 3: Low Cost Homes: Older homes, stable,
working class families who can afford to move out
of Zone 2
Zone 4: Better Residences: Newer, more spacious
homes, well educated residents
Zone 5: Commuters: Mostly upper class who can
afford to commute into city

Homer Hoyt (1895-1984) Sector Theory
Based on his study of 60+ US cities, Hoyt published his
seminal work titled The Structure and Growth of
Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities.
He rejected the idea of concentric zones.
Basic Components of His Theory:
Cities tend to grow in wedge shaped formation called the
Sectors
Higher Accessibility leads to Higher Rent Value
Sectors expand outwards from CBDs along
railroads/highways or major transportation routes
gradually
Similar land uses attract other similar land uses Attract &
Repel
High Rent sectors develop along transportation routes,
towards higher ground, waterfronts and open spaces
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Homer Hoyt (1895-1984) Sector Theory
Major Criticisms:
Too Simplistic
Based on Housing
development neglecting
other land uses
Nonetheless, it still remains
a very influential urban land
use theory

Ullman (1912-1976) & Harris (1914-2003) Multiple Nuclei Theory
City grows from several
independent points rather than
from one central business district
Each point acts as a growth center
from a particular kind of land use,
such as industry, retail, or highquality housing
This model takes into account the
varied factors of decentralization
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Walter Christaller (1893-1969) Central Place Theory
A location theory concerning the size
and distribution of central places
(settlements) within a system
Central place is a spatial theory that
attempts to illustrate how settlements
locate in relation to one another, the
amount of market area a central place
can control, and why some central
places function as hamlets, villages,
towns, or cities.

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If there is an even distribution of population, all with equal money and transport
opportunities, and the land is flat and featureless, then settlements will follow a
distribution pattern according to size.
The distribution will follow one of three patterns:
1.
2.
3.
Market Optimising (K=3)

Transport Optimising (K=4)
Administration Optimising (K=7)

William Alonso (1933-1999) Bid Rent Theory
A geographical economic theory that refers to
how the price and demand for real estate
change as the distance from the central
business district (CBD) increases.
It states that different land users will compete
with one another for land close to the city
center.
This theory is based upon the reasoning that

the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater
the concentration of customers), the more
profitable.
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Le Corbusier (1887 1965) La Ville Radieuse
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Influenced by the linear city ideas of

Milyutin and the theories of the syndicalist
movement the Ville Radieuse was
developed
It represented an utopian dream to reunite
man within a well-ordered environment.
Ville Radieuse was a linear city based upon
the abstract shape of the human body.
High-rise housing blocks, free circulation
and abundant green spaces were proposed
Apartments were 50 m high, which would
accommodate 2,700 inhabitants with 14 sq.
m. per person.
The building would be placed upon pilotus,
five meters off the ground, so that more
land could be given over to nature

Le Corbusier (1887 1965) La Ville Radieuse
Unite Dhabitation, Marseilles started after
the Second World War (1945-46), and was
finished in 1952.
1. 337 apartments arranged over 12
storeys.
2. Suspended on large piloties to allow
free circulation and green spaces
3. The Internal Street with shops, sporting,
medical and educational and
recreational facilities
4. Flat roof is designed as a communal
terrace with sculptural ventilation
stacks, a running track, a pool and an
open-air theatre.
5. Apartments painted in different colors,
to create an identity for each resident.
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Le Corbusier (1887 1965) Chandigarh
The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale. It puts us in touch with the infinite cosmos
and nature. It provides us with places and buildings for all human activities by which the
citizens can live a full and harmonious Life. Here the radiance of nature and heart are within
our reach.
Chandigarh was conceived after India's independence in 1947, when the tragedy and chaos of
Partition, and the loss of its historic capital Lahore, had crippled the state of Punjab. A new city
was needed to house refugees and to provide an administrative seat for the new government
It was modelled as a city of prestige, as an aesthetic ideal, and, above all, as a social utopia
"The Chandigarh Project was, at first, assigned to the American planner Albert Mayer, with his
associate Matthew Nowicki
Le Corbusier's association with the city began after Nowicki's sudden death in August 1950.
Beginning in 1951, he continued to be associated with the city as the principal architectural and
planning advisor' till his death in 1965.
Rest is as we say History because PM Nehru's lofty optimism and his progressive, modernist
vision for an impoverished, politically unstable but newly independent nation was matched by
Le Corbusiers lofty ideas

Albert Meyers Plan
1.
Aa fan-shaped outline, spreading gently to fill

the site between the two river beds.
2. At the head of the plan was the Capitol , the seat

of the state government, and the City Centre
was located in the heart of the city.
3. Two linear parklands could also be noticed
running continuously from the northeast head of
the plain to its southwestern tip. A curving
network of main roads surrounded the
neighborhood units called Super blocks.
4. The flatness of the site allowed almost complete
freedom in creating street layout and the overall
pattern deliberately avoids a geometric grid in
favour of a loosely curving system
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Albert Meyers Plan
5.
The super block - a self sufficient neighborhood

unit placed along the curvilinear roads and
comprising of cluster type housing, markets, schools
and centrally located open spaces
6.
Mayer liked the variation of Indian streets, offsetting

and breaking from narrow into wider and back
7.
His house design involved an inner courtyard for

ventilation with small openings on the street side to
protect privacy.
8.
Another element in planning was to create a social

unit through courtyard planning where a group of
relatives or friends might live, with the central area
for play, gossip, etc. The urban village

Plan of Chandigarh by Le Corbusier
1. Le Corbusier had a team of his cousin Pierre
Jeanneret with Fry and Drew, as senior
architects assisted by a team of 20 young
Indian architects who would detail the plan
and Le Corbusier could concentrate on major
buildings.
2. He revised the shape of the city plan was
from one with a curving road network to
rectangular shape with a grid iron pattern for
the fast traffic roads
3. The city plan was conceived as post war
Garden City wherein vertical and high rise
buildings were ruled out, keeping in view the
living habits of the people.
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5. Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as
analogous to human body, with a clearly defined
a) Head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1),
b) Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
c) Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces
and sector greens),
d) arms, which were perpendicular to the main axis,
had the academic and leisure facilities
e) Circulatory system (the network of roads, the 7Vs)
and
f) Viscera (the Industrial Area).
6. Le Corbusier divided the city into different Sectors. Each
Sector or the neighbourhood unit, is quite similar to the
traditional Indian 'mohalla', and measures 800 meters by
1200 meters, covering 250 acres of area.
7. The sector featured a green strip running north to south,
bisected by a commercial road running east to west.

8. Les Sept Voies de Circulation
1. V1: arterial roads that connect one
city to another,
2. V2: urban, city roads,
3. V3: vehicular road surrounding a
sector,
4. V 4: shopping street of a sector,
5. V5: distribution road meandering
through a sector,
6. V6 residential road,
7. V7: pedestrian path,
.
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9. Each Sector is surrounded by V2 or V3 and is meant
to be self-sufficient, with shopping and community
facilities within reasonable walking distance
10.The entrance of cars into the sectors can take place
on four points only; in the middle of the 1,200
meters; in the middle of the 800 meters. All
stoppage of circulation shall be prohibited at the
four circuses.
11.Bus stops are provided at 200 meters from the
circus so as to serve the four pedestrian entrances
into a sector. Thus the transit traffic takes place out
of the sectors; the sectors being surrounded by four
wall-bound car roads (the V3s).

12. Citys Green Hierarchy
a)
At the city level, the open space consist of the

Leisure Valley and special gardens.
b)
At sector level, the open space constitute the

central green in each sector whereas open space
at community level consist of parks around
which clusters of houses re arranged.
c)
The smallest category of open space is the

courtyards provided in each dwelling on the
front and rear side.
13. Tree plantation and landscaping was planned in

harmony with the beautiful setting of Shivalik
Hills. He studied the various species of trees
before planning landscape scheme for the roads
and the open spaces
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14. The leisure valley is a green sprawling space extending North-East
to South-West along a seasonal stream and was conceived as the
lungs of the city.
15. The fitness trails and the other gardens along the green belt, which
passes through the city, offer quiet a retreat at all hours of the day
16. In all, more than 100 different tree species have been planted in
Chandigarh

17. City Center at Sector 17 comprises the Inter-State Bus
Terminus, Parade Ground, District Courts, etc. on one hand,
and vast business and shopping center on the other. The 4storey concrete buildings house banks and offices above and
showrooms/shops at the ground level with wide pedestrian
concourses
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18. The Capitol Complex
Assembly
High Court
Secretariat

19.Architectural Controls:
a) To curb undue individualism in the built environment, a number of
mechanisms were considered including architectural controls, frame controls
and zoning controls.
b) The basic aim was to maintain uniformity in skyline, heights and architecture.
c) Further controls on private construction in the city were imposed through
building byelaws, which govern and lay down the minimum standards of light
ventilation, living area and sanitation.
d) Each plot of land in the city is governed by the specific use and building
volume that can be developed on it through zoning restriction.
e) In small residential houses frames control was devised which is an
architectural element limiting projection lines and unifying heights. Opening
of desired size and shape may be arranged within this frame as per individual
requirements.
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New Urbanism
"The long-standing preoccupation with automobiles has degraded our communities
to such a degree - physically and otherwise - that our destinations are no longer
places worth reaching." World Watch Institute
It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is
about raising the quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live.
The organizing body for New Urbanism is the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded
in 1993. Its foundational text is the Charter of the New Urbanism
Andrs Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk are two of the founders of the Congress for
the New Urbanism
The urban-to-rural transect is an urban planning model created by New Urbanist
Andrs Duany. The transect defines a series of zones that transition from sparse rural
farmhouses to the dense urban core.
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New Urbanism
The 10 Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Walkability
Connectivity
Mixed-Use and Diversity
Mixed Housing
Quality Architecture and Urban Design
Traditional Neighborhood Structure
Increased Density
Smart Transportation
Sustainability
Quality of Life
Seaside, Florida
McKenzie Towne, Calgary
The Transect
The Segmentation of
the Transect
continuum is
accomplished by
dividing it into six
different Transect
Zones:
1. Rural Preserve
(T1),
2. Rural Reserves
(T2),
3. Sub-Urban (T3),
4. General Urban
(T4),
5. Urban Center (T5),
and
6. Urban Core (T6).
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New Urbanism
The concept of the transect was borrowed from ecology. Ecological transects are used
to describe changes in habitat over some gradient such as a change in topography or
distance from a water body.
Patrick Geddes, in his Valley Section of the early 20th century was among the first to
proclaim that human settlement should be analyzed in the context of its natural
region.

New Urbanism
The six Transect Zones provide the basis for real neighborhood structure, which requires
walkable streets, mixed use, transportation options, and housing diversity. The T-zones vary by
the ratio and level of intensity of their natural, built, and social components. They may be
coordinated to all scales of planning, from the region through the community scale down to the
individual lot and building. The Standards for each T Zone is recorded in the SmartCode (2003)
by Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company
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39
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New Urbanism
Urban
Transect of
Hayward,
California
Urban
Transect of
El Paso,
Texas
Urban Transect of Jamestown, Rhodes Island

New Orleans
Washington
San Fransisco
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Miami
The history of science shows that theories are perishable.

With every new truth that is revealed we get a better
understanding of Nature and our conceptions and views are
modified.
Nikola Tesla
40
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Settlements, Settlements, Settlements
41
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Renaissance ideal cities inspired by Vitruvius (15th-16th c.) 1. Filarete, 2. Fra Giocondo, 3.
Girolamo Maggi, 4. Giorgio Vasari, 5. Antonio Lupicini, 6. Daniele Barbaro, 7. Pietro Cattaneo,
8/9 di Giorgio Martini.
Lahore Walled City 1800s
Calakmul in Mayan Civilisation
Milan 1500s
The ancient grids of Mayans
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Cyprus
The ancient Roman castrum, (at left) a gridded military encampment, became the
basis for the plans of later settlements including Florence, Italy
43
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The biblical nine squares of New Haven, Connecticut
A linear settlement along St Lawrence

River, Champlain, Quebec
Maku Iran (1970)
44
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Stalingrad
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45
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Stockholm and Suburbs
Inner Los Angeles and Suburbs
Washington : Radial and Gridiron
New Delhi as designed by Lutyens
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Brasilia
Chandigarh
47
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Mecca
Vatican
48
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1763
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49
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Amsterdam 1320
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Amsterdam
1625
Amsterdam 1450
Amsterdam 1597
Amsterdam 1675
Amsterdam 1877

Amsterdam today
50
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Amsterdam today
Manhattan 1609
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Manhattan
1767
Manhattan 1731
Manhattan 1763
Manhattan 1797
Manhattan 1838
51
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Manhattan today

Manhattan today
52
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London
San Francisco Bay
53
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Chicago
A new urban morphology - Armelle Caron
New York
Istanbul
54
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The nine spontaneous squatter settlements from Recife, northeast of Brazil.
The nine spontaneous squatter settlements from Recife, northeast of Brazil.
55
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Sao Paolo Brazil
Manilla Philippines
56
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Mumbai

An Incredibly Detailed
Cross-Section Illustration of
Kowloon Walled City in
Hong Kong - Kowloon City
Expedition, Kazumi
Terasawa, and H. Kani
57

Lecture 6 About Theories

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8/28/2015

Philosophies, Concepts & Theories

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Addizione Erculea designed by Biagio

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

The corridor crosses several landmarks,

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

The L Enfant Plan was partly influenced by

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

Restoration of Champ Elysees: 1.9 kilometres

Renaissance & Baroque Town Planning

The Industrial Age

Gustav Dore London Street

The Industrial Age

The Industrial Age

It limited building heights and positioned

The Industrial Age

complex developmental issues and

Chicago Knox & Pinch 2000

1975 onwards The 1945- 1975 The

1850 The Industrial

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Foundation is also answerable to the

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

His four chambers of the "ledger of life"

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

Unfortunately only 30 gardens were built.

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

The Post Industrial Age

How many people think twice about a leaf?

The Post Industrial Age

Size: housing for that population for

Boundaries: The unit should be bounded

The Post Industrial Age

Open Spaces: A system of small

Institution Sites: Sites for