ANABALNARSEE SCHOOL , ABSORPTION BY ROOTS STD IX Roots & leaves are the main absorbing organs of plants. Roots absorb water & minerals from the soil, while leaves take in oxygen & carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ‘Adaptation that the Roots have for Water Absorption a) Roots are positively geotropic b) Roots have enormous surface area due to their branching nature. @) Roots are covered by a large number of unicellular root hairs through which substances enter the roots. d) The thin, freely permeable cell wall of the root hair allows free movement of minerals in & out of the cell by the process of diffusion e) The semi-permeable cell membrane permits entry of water & restricts the entry of water & restricts the entry of salts by the process of osmosis, f) The concentration of water in the cell sap of the root hair is lower than that of the surrounding soil. This makes absorption of water by osmosis possible. Absorption of water & minerals from the soil by the roots & the movement of this material between the cells takes place by five main phenomena : b) Diffusion ©) Osmosis d) Active Transport e) Turgidity & Flaccidity ion is a phenomenon by which the dry surface of the living or dead plant A. imbibition : Imbi cells absorb water by surface attraction. Wood (cellulose) & seeds (proteins)have a strong affinity for water (hydrophilic). Thus they absorb or imbibe water or moisture from their surroundings & swell up. For eg, dry seeds, wooden doors, swell up on contact with water or on contact with moist air. Due to imbibitional pressure , the seed coat ruptures in case of germinating seeds. can packet Theseedsinbibe Gl with dry seeds water, well ap Ud closed ef- fandcautethe lid ter adding to burst open. Tile water. "To demonstrate ImbibitionB. Diffusion : Diffusion is the free movement of molecules of a substance (solute or solvent, gas, liquid) from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration when the two are in direct contact. Diffusion continues till the concentration becomes uniform, ie molecules of the solute are evenly distributed in the solvent making a homogeneous solution. In diffusion the movement of the molecules is RANDOM. (i) To demonstrate diffusion in gases To demonstrate diffusion in liquids con woo sabe ocr ct’ Cotton woo! soaked in aa Dente whe fumes of ‘rman chloride Ammonia Gt) end hydrogen ere gos (ich | Aes i pate aeetees wera teapot Iercoctnton Ti sen oe het fsa a et aa ed wo be re pus mee Dison compated “rear rues [maior C. Osmosis : Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules Ys) across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of Sums wate J 00 on e2 their higher concentration to a region of their lower ogee — 4 7 o concentration. atest, gal cron eT — sr moe one ‘A semipermeable membrane is one which allows the passagepastioan (6. 0 © Baggy? of molecules selectively. Example : Cellophane paper, Goat or." ""* ond sheep's bladder, living cell membrane. Hohner of oe, oe Lome oncntaton ig. 3.8 Movemént of water molecules through ‘esniparmeable membrane ‘A semi-permeable membrane controls both the solvent & the solute present in the solution. It allows the solvent (water) molecules to pass through it easily. Itstops the solute molecules from passing through it easily. ‘The size of the solvent molecule roughly corresponds to the pore size of the semi permeable membrane hence it passes thoroughly easily whereas the size of the solute molecule is bigger in size hence it is not allowed to pass easily. 2Experimet 1: Aim: To demonstrate the process of osmosis Apparatus: 2 retort stands, 2 thistle funnels, 2 beakers, water, sucrose, parchment paper, melted wax. Procedure: 1. Prepare 3 solutions A,B & C having the following percentage composition: Solution A: 20% solute ; 80% solvent Solution B: 50% solute ; 50% solvent Solution C: 5% solute ; 95% solvent 2. Close the wide open end of each of the thistle funnel by securely fastening the parchment paper around it . Seal with melted wax. 3. Suspend each funnel in a beaker as shown alongside. Set-up A: Beaker : Plain water Thistle funnel : 20% sucrose solution Set-up B : Beaker : 50% sucrose solution _Thistle funnel: 5% sucrose solution Mark the initial levels of sucrose solution in each funnel, 5, Allow the apparatus to stand for someti ‘Observation: Set-up A: The level of solution in the stem of the thistle funnel rises. Set-up B: The level of solution in the stem of the thistle funnel falls. Inference: Water molecules (100% solvent) move from the beaker to the thistle funnel (20% solute & 80% solvent), ie. from their region of higher concentration to their region of lower concentration across the parchment paper (semi-permeable membrane). Water molecules move from the thistle funnel (5% solute & 95% solvent) to the beaker (50% solute & 50% solvent), i.e. from their region of higher concentration to their region of lower concentration across the parchment paper (semi-permeable membrane). ‘Saofespecinent Set-up A (C50 arse stoon| Setup B ‘To Demonstrate OsmosisOsmosis is of two types: Depending upon the movement of water into or out of the cells , osmosis is of two types: Endosmosis :Itis the inward movement of water into a cell through a semi-permeable membrane when itis placed in hypotonic solution which is ess concentrated than the cell sap. It causes swelling of the cell Exosmosis : It is the outward flow of water from a cell through a semi-permeable membrane when it's placed in: hypertonic seiution which is more concentrated i.e, has a lower concentration of water as compared to the cell sap. It causes shrinkage of cell. ~ ‘There is “NO NET MOVEMENT “ when the concentration of the surrounding solution is the same as that inside the cell, Significance of osmo: # Ithelps in absorption of water by the plants. 4# Living cells remain turgid by osmosis. # Movement of water from one cell to another is due to osmosi # Opening & closing of stomata is regulated by the osmotic entry & exit of water in guard cells. # Resistance of plants to drought & frost is brought about by osmosis, # Many plant movements like folding & drooping of leaves are brought about by osmosis, Osmotic Pressure: Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure that must be exerted to prevent the passage of the solvent into the solution when the two are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, Experiment 2: Aim :To demonstrate osmotic pressure. ae Procedure : Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. Introduce a piston in the stem of the thistle funnel ti ‘comes in contact with the surface of sugar solution. Water from the beaker enters the thistle by osmosis. It Pst tends to raise the piston upwards. Place enough weights rst tunnel — con the piston to check its upward movement. a tect — Explanation : Due to osmosis of water from the beaker “ial eel into the thistle funnel, the piston moves upwards slowly. sxarsouion "| When the weights kept on the piston just equalize the irl water evel — Pressure with which water molecules tend to move from a eee beaker into the thistle funnel through the semi-permeable __colorne papor membrane, the process of osmosis stops. ee Inference : Osmotic pressure is that pressure which stops the process of osmosis when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. ig: 9 Demonstration of asrotic pressure 4DIFFUSION ‘OSMOSIS 1. Liquids & gases can diffuse over considerable distances. 2. Movement of the molecules of solute or solvent. Movement of the molecules of only water as @ Water only transported over a short distance. solvent. '3._ Rapid in gases, but siow in solutions. Slow process. 4. Transports from high to low concentration along a gradient. ‘Transport of water from a solution of ow concentration (more water molecules) to that of a high concentration (fewer water molecules). 5. Occurs with or without @ non-living permeable membrane. Tonicity : Tonicity is the relative concentration of two solutions that determines the dire« Either a living or non-living semi-permeable membrane needed, n & the extent of diffusion. It is usually determined when the two solutions are compared for their osmotic pressure. On the basis of tonicity ,solutions are of three types: Isotonic , Hypotonic & Hypertonic. Isotonic Solution : Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure resulting in no osmosis are said to be membrane. tonic solutions. In such solutions , there is no net movement of water molecules across the cell Hypotonic Solution : In this condition , the solution outside the cell has lower concentration of soluteys as compared to the solutes inside the cell. The cell contents are hypertonic to the solution outside which is hypotonic to the cell. As a result , water from outside the cell moves into the cell (endosmosis). Hypertonic Solutios the fluids inside the cell is called hypertonic solution. solution having higher solute concentration outside the cell in comparison to In this case , fluid inside the cell is hypotonic to the outside solution. As a result, the water from the cell diffuses out into the surrounding medium {exosmosis). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS {SAME TENSION) HYPOTONIC SOLUTION (LOWER TENSION) HYPERTONIC SOLUTION (HIGHER TENSION) The relative concentration of solution on either side of cell membrane remains same. inside. Outside solution is less concentrated than the solution ‘Outside solution is more concentrated than the inside the cell Because of same concentration on either side, no movement of water molecules across the membrane occurs. outside. Because of higher concentration inside the cell, water molecules ‘move inside the cell from Because of difference in concentration on two sides, water molecules move from inside to the outside of the cell.() Animal Catt ‘A~Placed in Placed in c— Plans in fsotonie solution Hypertonic solution Fypetonie solution ‘Water entoing the lotr entering he oot ‘ol equal nthe ter ‘slss thant leaving (8 Plant etl ister entering the cal exceeds tho leaving ator leaving ypertone satution 8 Hypotonic solution © D. ACTIVE TRANSPORT: The movement of salts, idns or glucose from its lower concentration to higher concentration ,using energy from the cell is called active transport. Certain nutrients such as ions of nitrates , sulphates , potassium , zinc , manganese , etc cannot be absorbed by root cells by simple diffusion because their concentration in ceil sap or cell cytoplasm is ‘much higher than in outside water. Therefore , these ions will have to be “forcibly” carried inwards by carrier molecules present in the cell membrane & transported inside into the cell cytoplasm. The carrier molecules are protein molecules & they need energy for picking & transporting fons or substance molecules. This required energy is supplied by using ATP which is available as chemical form of energy in biological systems PASSIVE TRANSPORT: Passive transport isnothing different fromdiffusiorr® it requires no input of energy. There is a free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFUSION & ACTIVE TRANSPORT DIFFUSION ‘ACTIVE TRANSPORT * _ Diffusion is movement of ions or molecules from their higher concentration to the area of their lower concentration. ‘Active transport is the movement of ions or molecules from the region of their lower concentration to their higher concentration. * Movement of ions &molecules occurs along the concentration gradient. ‘Movement of ions &molecules occurs against their concentration gradient. No energy is needed. Energy is needed & obtained from ATP. Can occur even without a living permeable Can occur only through a living selectively membrane. permeable membrane. * _Itinvolves movement of both solutes & Itinvolves movement of ions only (no solvents. water).JAMANABAI NARSEE, ABSORPTION BY ROOTS [cone] STD IX E. TURGIDITY ; Plants cells, root hairs in particular , are permeable to water. Cell sap of these cells is highly concentrated, When this cell is surrounded by water , water enters the cell by osmosis. Due to endosmosis, a cell becomes distended or turgid & due to exosmosis it becomes limp or flaccid a) Turgidity : A cell fully charged with water and connot accommodate any more water is said to be turgid & the phenomenon is described as turgidity. b). Flaccidity: A cell, no longer charged with water , is said to be flaccid & the phenomenon is described as flaccidity. ¢) Turgor Pressure: The autward pressure exerted on the cell-wall by the fluid contents of the cell under fully turgid condition js called turgor pressure. Asa result of turgor pressure ,the protoplasm is forced against the cell wall which becomes stretched. The cell wall being elastic tends to return to its originai shape & in turn exerts a pressure on the fluid contents of the cell. d) Wall Pressure: The inward pressure exerted on the fluid contents of the cell by the cell- wall under fully turgid condition js called wall pressure. ‘Thus , wall pressure is a reciprocal pressure of the cell wall cn the cellular contents. fe} Plasmolysis : The shrinkage of the protoplasm from the cell wall when the cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, is called plasmolysi f) Deplasmolysis: The return of a plasmolysed cell to its normal condition when placed ina hypotonic solution, is called deplasmolysis. WALL PLASHOLYSED alo ca TURGID on CELL VACUOLE VACUOLAR. MEMBRANE PLASMA, \ MEMBRANE enone Feo mangmessine IEE tamer SENT | A plant cell showing osmotie pressure, turgor pressure | ‘and wall pressure represented togetherSIGNIFICANCE OF TURGIDITY Turgidity brings about movement of water from cell to cell especially In the root cortex. Water moves from a more turgid cell to a less turgid (flaccid) cell * Turgidity is essential for initial growth. The cell increases in size on account of distention of the cell wall due to turgidity & not due increases in the number of cells ‘maintains shape of the cells & keeps them & their organelles stretched. It is, essential for the proper functioning ofa cell. ‘ Turgidity provides rigidity to soft tissues such as parenchyma, especially in young leaves & growing regions. ‘+ Roots are able to penetrate through the soll since their tips are turgid. infact , due to turgor pressure , the roots of some planis are often seen growing through walls Ricrevices. * Wilting of the leaves is noticed when a plant is noticed when the plant is exposed to hot after sun. Water is rapidly lost during transpiration but is not absorbed as quickly as lost. * In the evening turgidity of leaf cells is restored & the leaves again become erect because transpiration is reduced & the water absorbed exceeds the loss of water through transpiration. + Turgidity regulates movement of cells © Guard Cells : The opening & closing of the stomata is controlled by the guard cells. When the guard cells are turgid , their walls distend & move away from the stomatal opening. When the guard cells are flaccid, their walls collapse & the stomatal opening is closed. * Cell of the Pulvinus: The drooping of the leaves of the sensitive plant Mimosa udica , when touched , is brought about by the changes in the turgidity of the cells of the pulvinus (the swollen base of the petiole of the leaf), + Root pressure develops as a result of turgidity. In the root cortex, due to root pressure , the water is forced through the cortical cells upwards into the xylem vessels, Root Pressure : Root pressure is the pressure developed in the roots due to cell to cell osmosis, which helps in ascent of plant sap. Hydatid canbe seenunerslensa fer serping ff te seidemisTRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS The upward movement of water & minerals from the root to the leaves through the xylem is called ascent of sap. The process by which food prepared by leaves Is transported in solution. form by the phloem to storage organs & to parts where they are utilized is known as translocation. ASCENT OF SAP ( Upward movement of sap): The water , that is absorbed from the soil by the root hairs , gradually accumulates in the tissue of the cortex. Some part of this water is transpired by the aerial surfaces of the plant. However, before the water can be transpired , it ‘must reach the aerial surfaces against the downward pull of gravity. This upward movement of water & dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves is called ascent of sap. Enders Cortex epidermis (Gross section of a part of root showing celltescell Factors responsible for Ascent of Sap: ‘conduction of water ftom @ root hair to xylem 1) Root Pressure: When cell to cell osmosis takes place in the root cortex each cortical cell alternatively becomes turgid & flaccid. This process of alternate expansion & Contraction of the cells results in an intermittent pumping action which gives rise to considerable pressure. This pressure is called root pressure .Due to this pressure ,the water is forced into the xylem vessels through the passage cells & the unthickened areas of the endodermis. The lignified walls of the xylem vessels are also permeable to water. Root pressure is adequate to force water in herbs, shrubs & small trees. It is Sufficient to raise a column of water to a maximum height of about 19m. 2) _Transpirational Pull & Force of Cohesion: Water forms continues columns in the xylem vessels from their lower end in the roots to their upper end in the mesophyll cells of the leaves. When water is lost from the leaves either due to transpiration , or is consumed in the process of photosynthesis, the water column becomes greatly stretched. However, the continuity of the water column does not break due to the forces of cohesion among the water molecules & adhesion between the water molecules & the substance of the wall of the xylem vessels, The magnitude of the transpirational pulls sufficient to raise water up to the top of the tallest trees. 103) Capillarity: Xylem vessels may be regarded as several capillary tubes in which water rises by capillary action. The magnitude of capillarity force cannot account for the ascent of sap beyond one or two metres 4) Imbibition Force: By the process of imbibitions , water rises through & along the walls of the xylem elements, However, the ascent of sap by imbibition is too slow & insignificant. ‘Thus, root pressure & transpirational pull play a significant role in the ascent of sap. ‘While root pressure ‘pushes’ the sap in the xylem vessels, transpiration ‘pulls’ the water upwards along the xylem. Capillarity & imbibitions play a comparatively minor role in the ascent of sap, Experiment 3 ‘Aim: To study the role of xylem & phloem in ascent of water & in the translocation of food inthe plant. Procedure: A: The phloem & other peripheral tissues upto the cambium of a leafy shoot are removed, leaving the xylem intact. The ‘wig is then suspended in a beaker of water with the help ofa retort stand. B: With the help of the scalpel, the xylem carefully removed from a portion of another twig as shown in the diagram The twig is then fixed to a retort stand & suspended in a beaker of water. Observation: A: The leaves remain turgid & adventitious (fibrous) roots are seen developing at the base of the upper end of the cut portion. The part below the ring eventually shrivels. B: Leaves become flaccid & the shoot eventually dies There is no decrease in the upward movement of water & solutes shown by the fact that the shoot remains turgid, healthy & continues to grow. However , the food fails to reach below ‘the ring. This shows that water is transported upwards by the xylem & food translocated downwards by the phloem. B: Water fails to reach above the ring. This shows. ee that water is transported upwards by the xylem, Since water does not reach the leaves, hardly any food is prepared. Hence, shoot eventually dies. @O@@GiHINSSSSSHIHHFeeeeO i A: Phlocm removed Bs Xylem emeved Inference:a. a2. b) ¢ ) a3, aa, as. QUESTION BANK-1. Name the following: a) The movernent of molecules of a substance from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. b)_ The movement of water molecules from the region of higher solvent concentration to lower solvent concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. ©) The process by which water enters root hair. 4) The process in which water absorption needs metabolic energy. @) The condition ofa cell placed in hypotonic solution State whether the following statements are true or false: Osmosis occurs when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi- permeable membrane. ‘When a celtis placed in a hypertonic solution, endosmosis takes place. Wooden doors & windows usually swell during the rainy season because they absorb water due to diffusion, Water absorption from the soil can only take place when the soil solution is hypotonic to cell sap. Differentiate between: a). Diffusion & Osmosis b) Turgor Pressure & Wall Pressure ©) Endosmosis & Exosmosis d)_Hypotonic Solution & Hypertonic Solution Define the following: a) Osmosis) Diffusion) imbibition _d) Osmotic Pressure €) Active Transport Give Reasons: a) Jams & pickles do not spoil easily. b) Fresh water fish cannot survive in sea water. ©) Aclosed can of dried seeds bursts open if some water enters it by accident. d)_ Plants growing in well-fertilised soil wilt ifthe soil is not adequately watered. e) The roots of some plants are seen growing through walls & crevices. OSS SHHHHHSSSSSHENIT@@E@ 7