M ATHEMATICAL S CIENCES AND A PPLICATIONS E-N OTES

c
4 (2) 131-138 (2016) MSAEN

On The Darboux Vector Belonging To Involute Curve

A Different View
Sleyman S ENYURT*, Yasin ALTUN and Ceyda CEVAHIR
(Communicated by Blent ALTUNKAYA)

Abstract
In this paper, we investigated special Smarandache curves in terms of Sabban frame drawn on the surface
of the sphere by the unit Darboux vector of involute curve. We created Sabban frame belonging to this
curve. It was explained Smarandache curves position vector is composed by Sabban vectors belonging
to this curve. Then, we calculated geodesic curvatures of this Smarandache curves. Found results were
expressed depending on the base curve. We also gave example belonging to the results found.
Keywords: involute curve; Darboux vector; Smarandache curves; Sabban frame; geodesic curvature.
AMS Subject Classification (2010): 53A04.
*Corresponding author

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

The involute of the curve is well known by the mathematicians especially the differential geometry scientists.
There are many essential consequences and properties of curves. Involute curves have been studied by some authors
[3, 7]. Whose position vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors regular curve is called a Smarandache curve
[10]. Special Smarandache curves have been studied by some authors [1, 2, 5, 8, 9]. K. Tas.kpr, M. Tosun studied
special Smarandache curves according to Sabban frame on S 2 [11]. S enyurt and alskan investigated special
Smarandache curves in terms of Sabban frame of spherical indicatrix curves and they gave some characterization
of Smarandache curves [4]. Let : I E 3 be a unit speed curve, we defined the quantities of the Frenet-Serret
apparatus, respectively

T (s)

0 (s), N (s) =

00 (s)
, B(s) = T (s) N (s),
k00 (s)k

(s) = kT 0 (s)k, (s) = hN 0 (s), B(s)i.

(1.1)
(1.2)

we have an orthonormal frame {T, N, B} along . This frames is called the Frenet frame of . This curve the Frenet
formulae are, respectively, [7]

T (s) = (s)N (s)

(1.3)
N 0 (s) = (s)T (s) + (s)B(s)

0
B (s) = (s)N (s).
For any unit speed curve : I E3 , the vector W is called Darboux vector defined by
Received : 11June2016, Accepted : 02November2016

132

Sleyman S ENYURT, Yasin ALTUN & Ceyda CEVAHIR

W = T + B.
If we consider the normalization of the Darboux, we have
sin =

, cos =
kW k
kW k

and
C = sin T + cos B
where (W, B) = , [6]. Let : I E3 unit speed and : I E3 be the C 2 class differentiable two curves. If
the tangent vector of the curve is orthogonal to the tangent vector of the curve which is called involute of the
. According to definition, if the tangent of the curve is denoted by T and the tangent of the curve is denoted
by T , we can write [7]
hT, T i = 0.

(1.4)

If the curve is involute of , then we may write that [7]

(s ) = (s) + (c s)T (s).

(1.5)

Let : I E 3 and : I E 3 be the C 2 -class differentiable unit speed two curves and the amounts of
{T (s), N (s), B(s)} and {T (s ), N (s ), B (s )} are entirely Frenet- Serret frame of the curves and the involute
, respectively, then [3]

T = N
(1.6)
N = cos T + sin B

B = sin T + cos B.
where (W, B) = . For the curvatures and the torsions we have
=
where

kW k
,
|c s|

( 0 0 )
.
|c s| kW k2

(1.7)

ds
= |c s|. From (1.9) equation, we have
ds

sin = p


0
kW k
0
, cos = p
, 0 = p
02 + kW k2
02 + kW k2
02 + kW k2
0

p
02 + kW k2
.
kW k

(1.8)

Let (, ) be a curve pair in E3 . For the vector C is the direction of the involute curve we have
sin kW k
0
cos kW k
T+p
N+p
B.
C = p
0
2
2
0
2
2
( ) + kW k
( ) + kW k
(0 )2 + kW k2

(1.9)

where the vector C is the direction of the Darboux vector W of the base curve , [3]. Let : I S 2 be a unit speed
spherical curve. We denote s as the arc-length parameter of . Let us denote by
(s) = (s), t(s) = 0 (s), d(s) = (s) t(s)

(1.10)

{(s), t(s), d(s)} frame is called the Sabban frame of on S . Then we have the following spherical Frenet formulae
of
0 (s) = t(s), t0 (s) = (s) + g (s)d(s), d0 (s) = g (s)t(s)

(1.11)

where g is called the geodesic curvature of the curve on S 2 which is, [11]
g (s) = ht0 (s), d(s)i.

(1.12)

On The Darboux Vector Belonging To Involute Curve

133

2. On The Darboux Vector Belonging To Involute Curve

A Different View
In this section, we investigated special Smarandache curves created by Sabban frame {C , TC , C TC }, that
belongs to drawn on the surface of the sphere by the unit Darboux vector of a curve are defined. We found some
results. These results will be expressed depending on the base curve. Let C (sC ) = C (s ) be a unit speed regular
spherical curves on S 2 . We denote sC as the arc-length parameter for drawn on the surface of the sphere by the
unit Darboux vector of involute (C ). Sabban frame for (C ) is
C (sC ) = C (s )

(2.1)

Differentiating (2.1), we found

TC

dsC
= 0 cos T 0 sin B
ds

and we can write

dsC
= 0
ds

(2.2)

(2.3)

Hence we have
TC = cos T sin B
and
C TC = N .
From the equation (1.10), we have

sin T + cos B

TC

cos T sin B

C T

(2.4)

N .

Then from the equation (1.11) we have the following spherical Frenet formulae of (C ) is:
C 0
(TC )0
(C TC )0

= TC
kW k
C TC
0
kW k
= 0 TC .

= C +

(2.5)

From the equation (1.12), we have the following geodesic curvatures of (C ) is

g = hTC0 , C TC i = g =

kW k
.
0

(2.6)

1 -Smarandache curve can be defined by

1
1 (sC ) = (C + TC )
2

(2.7)

or substituting the equation (2.4) into equation (2.7), we reach


1 
1 (s ) = (sin + cos )T + (cos sin )B .
2

(2.8)

Differentiating (2.7), we can write

0 (cos sin )
kW k
0 (cos + sin )
T1 (s ) = q
T +q
N q
B .
2
2
2
2 0 + kW k2
2 0 + kW k2
2 0 + kW k2
Considering the equations (2.8) and (2.9), it easily seen that

(2.9)

134

Sleyman S ENYURT, Yasin ALTUN & Ceyda CEVAHIR

1 T1 (s ) =

kW k(cos + sin )
0
kW k(cos + sin )
q
T q
N + q
B .
02
02
02

2kW k + 4
2kW k + 4
2kW k + 4

(2.10)

Differentiating (2.9), where

0

2
k
kW k

k

+ kW
1 = 2 kW
0
0

2

4

0
k
k
k
2 = 2 3 kW
kW
kW
0
0
0

3

0

k
k
k
3 = 2 kW
+ kW
+ kW
0
0
0

kW k

0

(2.11)

including we can reach,

T0 1 (s )

0 4
2(1 cos 2 sin )
( 0 )4 2(1 sin + 2 cos )
3 ( 0 )4 2
( )
=
T +
B . (2.12)


2
2 N +
2
kW k2 + ( 0 )2
kW k2 + ( 0 )2
kW k2 + ( 0 )2

From the equation (2.10) and (2.12), g 1 geodesic curvature for involute curve 1 (s ) is
g 1

= hT0 1 , 1 T1 i
 kW k

=
2+

kW k
0

2

)2


kW k

+
2
.
2
3
0

From the equation (1.6) and (1.9), Sabban apparatus of the 1 -Smarandache curve for base curve are

1 (s)

T1 (s)

(1 T1 )(s)

T0 1 (s)

and

0 + kW k
(kW k 0 ) cos
(kW k 0 ) sin
p
Tp
N+ p
B,
202 + 2kW k2
202 + 2kW k2
202 + 2kW k2
p
(kW k 0 ) sin kW k2 + 02 cos
(0 kW k)
p
p
p
T+p
N
kW k2 + 02 1 + 2 2
kW k2 + 02 1 + 2 2
p
kW k2 + 02 sin (kW k + 0 ) cos
p
p
+
B,
kW k2 + 02 1 + 2 2
p
(kW k + 0 ) sin 2 kW k2 + 02 cos
0 kW k
p
p
p
=
Tp
N
2 + 4 2 kW k2 + 02
2 + 4 2 kW k2 + 02
p
(kW k + 0 ) cos + 2 kW k2 + 02 sin
p
p
+
B,
2 + 4 2 kW k2 + 02

(1 kW k 2 0 ) 4 2 sin 3 4 2kW k2 + 202 cos

4 2(1 0 2 kW k)
p
p
=
T+
N
(1 + 2 2 )2 kW k2 + 02
(1 + 2 2 )2 kW k2 + 02
p

(1 kW k 2 0 ) 4 2 cos + 3 4 2kW k2 + 202 sin

p
+
B
(1 + 2 2 )2 kW k2 + 02

(2.13)

On The Darboux Vector Belonging To Involute Curve

g 1 =

1
(2 +

1
2 )

5
2

1
1
1 2 + 23 ,

135

(2.14)

where

0
1
( )0
0
=
=
cos (c s)
p
2

kW k
02 + kW k

(2.15)

and

1
1 1

1 = 2 2 + 0
2 = 2 3 12 14

3 = 2 1 + 13 + 10 .

1 1
0

(2.16)

2 -Smarandache curve can be defined by

1
2 (sC ) = (C + C TC )
2
or from the equation (1.6), (1.8) and (2.4), we can write

2 (s) =

p
p
kW k cos + 02 + kW k2 sin
kW k sin 02 + kW k2 cos
0
p
p
T+p
N+
B.
202 + 2kW k2
202 + 2kW k2
202 + 2kW k2

(2.17)

(2.18)

Differentiating (2.18), we can write

0 sin
kW k
0 cos
T2 (s) = p
T+p
Np
B.
2
02
2
02
kW k +
kW k +
kW k2 + 02

(2.19)

Considering the equations (2.18) and (2.19), with ease seen that
p
p
kW k2 + 02 sin kW k cos
kW k sin kW k2 + 02 cos
0
p
p
p
2 T2 (s) =
T
N+
B.
2kW k2 + 202
2kW k2 + 202
2kW k2 + 202
(2.20)
Differentiating (2.19), we can write

T0 2 (s)

2kW k sin 2kW k2 + 202 cos

20
p
p
T+
N
( 1) kW k2 + 02
( 1) kW k2 + 02
p

2kW k2 + 202 sin 2kW k cos

p
+
B.
( 1) kW k2 + 02

(2.21)

g 2 geodesic curvature for base curve 2 (s2 ) is

g 2 =

1+
.
1

(2.22)

3 -Smarandache curve can be defined by

1
3 (sC ) = (TC + C TC )
2
or from the equation (2.4), (1.6) and (1.8), we can write
p
p
0 sin 02 + kW k2 cos
02 + kW k2 sin 0 cos
kW k
p
p
3 (s) =
T+p
N+
B.
202 + 2kW k2
202 + 2kW k2
202 + 2kW k2

(2.23)

(2.24)

136

Sleyman S ENYURT, Yasin ALTUN & Ceyda CEVAHIR

Differentiating (2.24), we reach

T3 (s)

p
(0 kW k) sin kW k2 + 02 cos
0 + kW k
p
p
p
Tp
N
2 + 2 kW k2 + 02
2 + 2 kW k2 + 02
p
(0 kW k) cos + kW k2 + 02 sin
p
p
+
B.
2 + 2 kW k2 + 02

(2.25)

Considering the equations (2.24) and (2.25), it is easily seen

3 T3 (s)

p
(2kW k + 0 ) sin kW k2 + 02 cos
20 kW k
p
p
p
T+p
N
4 + 2 2 kW k2 + 02
4 + 2 2 kW k2 + 02
p
(2kW k + 0 ) cos + kW k2 + 02 sin
p
p
+
B.
4 + 2 2 kW k2 + 02

(2.26)

Differentiating (2.25), where

1 =

1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 3 + 2 0 , 2 = 1 3 2 2 4 0 , 3 = 2 2 4 + 0

(2.27)

including we have

T0 3 (s)

( 2 kW k + 1 0 ) 4 2 sin 3 4 2kW k2 + 202 cos

( 2 0 1 kW k) 4 2
p
p
T+
N
(2 + 2 )2 02 + kW k2
(2 + 2 )2 02 + kW k2
0

( 2 kW k + 1 )

(2.28)

2kW k2

2 cos + 3
p
(2 + 2 )2 02 + kW k2

202

sin

B.

g 3 geodesic curvature for base curve 3 (s3 ) is

g 3 =

1
(2 +

1 52
2 )

1
2 1 2 + 3 .

(2.29)

4 -Smarandache curve can be defined by

1
4 (sC ) = (C + TC + C TC )
3

(2.30)

or from the equation (1.6), (1.8) and (2.4), we can write

4 (s)

p
(kW k 0 ) sin 02 + kW k2 cos
0 + kW k
p
=
T+p
N
302 + 3kW k2
302 + 3kW k2
p
(kW k 0 ) cos + 02 + kW k2 sin
p
+
B.
302 + 3kW k2

(2.31)

Differentiating (2.31), we reach

T4 (s)

p


(1 )0 kW k sin kW k2 + 02 cos
( 1)kW k 0
p
p
p
T+p
N
2(1 + 2 ) kW k2 + 02
2(1 + 2 ) kW k2 + 02
(2.32)
p


( 1) kW k cos + kW k2 + 02 sin
p
p
+
B.
2(1 + 2 ) kW k2 + 02
0

On The Darboux Vector Belonging To Involute Curve

137

Considering the equations (2.31) and (2.32), it is easily seen

4 T4 (s)

p
((2 )kW k + (1 + )0 ) sin (2 1) kW k2 + 02 cos
(2 )0 (1 + )kW k
p
p
p
T+p
N
6 6 + 6 2 kW k2 + 02
6 6 + 6 2 kW k2 + 02
(2.33)
p
0
2
02
((2 )kW k + (1 + ) ) cos + (2 1) kW k + sin
p
p
+
B.
6 6 + 6 2 kW k2 + 02

Differentiating (2.32), where

1
1
1
1
1

1 = 2 + 4 4 2 + 2 3 + 2 0 2 1


2 = 2 + 2 1 4 12 + 2 13 2 14 10 1 + 1

3 = 2 1 4 12 + 4 13 2 14 + 10 2 1

(2.34)

including we can write

T0 4 (s)

(1 kW k 2 0 ) 4 3 sin 3 4 3kW k2 + 302 cos

(1 0 + 2 kW k) 4 3
p
p
T+
N
4(1 + 2 )2 02 + kW k2
4(1 + 2 )2 02 + kW k2
(2.35)

p
(1 kW k 2 ) 3 cos + 3 3kW k2 + 302 sin
p
B.
+
4(1 + 2 )2 02 + kW k2
0

g 4 geodesic curvature for base curve 4 (s4 ) is

g 4 =

(2 1 1)1 + (1 1 )2 + (2 1 )3
.

5
4 2(1 + 2 ) 2

(2.36)

Example. Let us consider the unit speed spherical curve:

(s) = {

2
1
2
1
4
sin (2 s)
sin (8 s) , cos (2 s) +
cos (8 s) ,
sin (3 s)}
5
40
5
40
15

in the context of definitions, we reach (C ) curve (see Figure 1) and Smarandache curves according to Sabban frame
on S 2 . 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 (see Figure 2).

Figure 1. (C )-curve

138

Sleyman S ENYURT, Yasin ALTUN & Ceyda CEVAHIR

Figure 2. Smarandache curves

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Affiliations
S LEYMAN S ENYURT
A DDRESS : Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, 52200, Ordu-Turkey.
E - MAIL : senyurtsuleyman@hotmail.com
YASIN ALTUN
A DDRESS : Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, 52200, Ordu-Turkey.
E - MAIL : yasinaltun2852@gmail.com
C EYDA CEVAHIR
A DDRESS : Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, 52200, Ordu-Turkey.
E - MAIL : Ceydacevahir@gmail.com