Chemical Engineering Tools

ChemicalEngineeringTools
1 MassBalance(NeracaMassa)
1.
M
B l
(N
M
)
Massayangmasuksuatusistemakansamadenganmassayangkeluarsistem.
2. Energybalance(NeracaPanas)
Energiyangmasuksistem+energiyangdihasilkan energikeluar/hilang energiberubah
bentuk=energiyangterakumulasi
3. Equilibrium(Keseimbangan)
Lajutransfermassaataupanasdarikeduasistemsama(keseimbanganfasa,keseimbangan
reaksikimia)
4. RateProcess(LajuProses)
Lajuperpindahanmassa(lajureaksi/kinetika)maupunlajuperpindahanpanas.
5. Economy(Ekonomi)
Proseskimiadiscaleup
p dalamskalapabrik.StrategiPerancangandankelayakanekonominya.
p
g
g
y
y
6. Humanity(Humanitas)
Mempertimbangkanaspeksosialdanlingkungan

MaterialBalance
MassIn
Mass In =MassOut+Accumulation
Mass Out + Accumulation

No Chemical Reaction Involved

NoChemicalReactionInvolved
ASlurrycontaining25%byweightofsolidsisfedintoafilter.Thefiltercakecontains
Sl
i i 2 %b
i h f lid i f d i
fil
h fil
k
i
90%solidsandthefiltratecontains1%solids.Makeamaterialbalancearoundthe
filterforaslurryfeedrateof2000kg/h.Forthatfeedrate,whatarethecorresponding
fl
flowratesforthecakeandthefiltrate?
t f th
k
d th filt t ?
CalculationProcedure
1. Sketchthesystem,showingtheavailabledata,indicatingtheunknown,defining
thesystemboundary,andestablishingthebasisforthecalculations
2. Setupandsolvethematerialbalanceequatios
p
q
3. Checktheresults

slurry

Filtercake

2000kg/h
2000
kg/h
75%liquid
25%solid

C kg/h
Ckg/h

System
boundary

Filtrate
1%Solid
99%Liquid
Fkg/h

Inthepresentprocess,letthebasisbe1hour.
Overallbalance :Filtrateout+cakeout=slurryin
F + C = 2000 kg/h
F+C=2000kg/h
Liquidbalance :Liquidinfiltrate+liquidincake=liquidinslurryor
(wtfractionliquidinfiltrate)(massoffiltrate)+(wtfractionliquidincake)(massofcake)=(wt
fractionliquidinslurry)(massofslurry)
(1.00.001)F+(1.00.90)C=(1.00.25)2000
Simultaneoussolving
Simultaneous
solving ofthetwoequations,F+C=2000and0.99F+0.1C=1500,givesFtobe
of the two equations F+C=2000 and 0 99F+0 1C=1500 gives F to be
1460.7kg/hoffiltrateandCtobe539.3kg/hofcake
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Chemical reaction involved

Chemicalreactioninvolved

Naturalgasconsistingof95%methaneand5%nitrogenbyvolumeisburnedina
Natural
gas consisting of 95% methane and 5% nitrogen by volume is burned in a
furnacewith15%excessair.Howmuchairat289Kand101.3kPa(14.7psia)is
requiredifthefuelconsumptionis10m3/smeasuredat289K?.Makeanoverall
material balance and calculate the quantity and composition of the flue gas
materialbalanceandcalculatethequantityandcompositionofthefluegas.
Naturalgas
10m3/s

Furnace

Air
Am3/s

Fluegas
Flue
gas
3
Fm /s

System
b
boundary
d

Naturalgasat289Kand101.3kPa=10m3/s
95% CH4
95%CH
MW = 16
MW=16
5%N2
MW=28
5

Airat289Kand101.3kPa =Am3/s
21%O2 (MW=32 );79%N2 (MW=28)

R=8.314m3 kPa/(kg.mol)(K) idealgasconstant

Theidealgaslawcanbeused
Thus,n=PV/RTwherenisnumberofmoles,Pispressure,Visvolume,Risthegasconstant,and
Tisabsolutetemperature
nCH4 =(101.3kPa)[(10m3/s)(0.95)]/[8.314m3kPa/kg.mol)(K)][(289K)]=0.40kg.mol/s
=(0.05/0.95)(0.40)=0.02kg.mol/s
nN2
ThecombustionreactionforCH4 is CH4 +2O2 CO2 +2H2O
0.40mol/sCH4 requires2(0.4)mol/sO2 forstochiometric combustion.
Since15%excessairisspecified,thenumberofmolesofoxygenintheairis(1.15)(0.80)=0.92
kg mol/s
kg.mol/s
TheamountofNitrogeninwiththeairis[(0.79molN2/molair)/(0.21molO2/molair)[0.92
kg.mol/sO2]=3.46kg.mol/s
Totalmolesintheincomingairare0.92+3.46=4.38kg.mol/s
Finally,usingtheidealgaslawtoconverttovolumetricflowrate,V=nRT/P=
(4.38)(8.314)(289)/101.3=103.9m3/sofair

Setupthematerialbalanceandcalculatethecompositionandquantityofthefluegas
p
p
q
y
g
Converttoamassbasis.Inthepresentproblem,thereisnoaccumulation.
Theoutput(thefluegas)includesnitrogenfromtheairangfromthenaturalgas,plusthe
15%excessoxygen,plusthereactionproducts,namely:0,40mol/sCO2 and2(0,40)=0,80
mol/swater.
Select1isasthebasis.Theinputsandoutputsareasfollows:
Component

Kilogrammolexkilogram/mole=Kilogram
Input

Natural Gas
NaturalGas
CH4

0,40

16

6,40

N2

0,02

28

0,56

N2

3,46

28

96,88

O2

0,92

32

29,44

Air

Total

133,28

Component

Kilogrammolexkilogram/mole=Kilogram
/
Output

Flue Gas
N2

(3,46 +0,02)

28

97,44

O2

(0,920,80)

32

3,84

CO2

0,40

44

17,60

H2O

0,80

18

14,40

Total

133,28

Theaccumulationiszero.Theoverallmaterialbalanceis133.28=133.28+0
The total quantity of flue gas therefore is 133 28 kg/s (293 lb/s)
Thetotalquantityoffluegas,thereforeis133.28kg/s(293lb/s).

Equilbrium

Phase Equilibrium
PhaseEquilibrium

VaporliquidEquilibriumRatios(VLE)foridealsolutionBehavior.
DesigncaclculationinvolvingVLE,suchasdistillation,absorption,orstripping,are
usuallybasedonvaporliquidequilibriumratios(K)
Ki =yi/xi ;yi =isthemolefractionofthatspeciesinthevapourphaseandxi =isits
q
p
molefractionintheliquidphase.
Sometimesthedesigncalculationsarebasedonrelativevolatilityi,j,whichequals
Ki/Kj.Thesubscriptsiandjreferringtotwodifferentspecies
In general K values depend on temperature and pressure and the compositions of
Ingeneral,Kvaluesdependontemperatureandpressureandthecompositionsof
bothphases

EExample
l :assumingidealsystembehavior,calculatetheKvaluesandrelativevolatility
i id l t
b h i
l l t th K l
d l ti
l tilit
forthebenzenetoluenesystemsat373K(212F)and101.3kPa(1atm).

10

WhenasystemobeysRaoultslawandDaltonslaw,itisknownasanidealsystem.ThenKi
=Pi/Pandi,j=Pi/Pj ,wherePiisthevaporpressureofthepureithcomponentatthe
systemtemperatureandPisthetotalpressure.
Onewaytoobtainthenecessaryvaporpressuredataforbenzeneandtolueneisemploythe
A i
Antoineequation:
i
LogPo =A[B/(T+C)]
P=isinmmofmercuryandT=istemperatureindegreesCelsius,thefollowingarethe
valuesfortheconstantsA,BandC
l
f th
t t AB dC
A

B
Benzene

6 90565
6.90565

1211 033
1211.033

220 790
220.790

Toluene

6.95464

1424.255

219.482

o
Then,at373K(i.e.,100C),logP
h
(
) l
[
/(
)]
d
benzene =6.90565 [1211.033/(100+220.790)]=3.1305.and
Pobenzene thereforeequals1350.5mmHg(180.05kPa)
Similary,logPotoluene =6.95464[1424.255/(100+219.482)]=2.4966,soPotoluene equals313.8
mm Hg (41 48 kPa) Total pressure P is 1 atm or 760 mmHg
mmHg(41.48kPa).TotalpressurePis1atm,or760mmHg.
Therefore,Kbenzene =1350.5/760=1.777,andKtoluene =313.8/760=0.413
Relativevolatilityofbenzenewithrespecttotoluene,benzenetoluene =1350.5/313.8=4.304

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