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Table of Contents

Characteristics

Users

3-tier Architecture

Entity-Relationship Model

Relational Model

Database Schema

Database Instance

Data Independence

Logical Data Independence

Physical Data Independence

Entity

Attributes

Types of Attributes

Entity-Set and Keys

Relationship

Relationship Set

Degree of Relationship

Mapping Cardinalities

Entity

Attributes

Relationship

Binary Relationship and Cardinality

Participation Constraints

Generalization

Specialization

Inheritance

Rule 1: Information Rule

Rule 2: Guaranteed Access Rule

Rule 3: Systematic Treatment of NULL Values

Rule 4: Active Online Catalog

Rule 5: Comprehensive Data Sub-Language Rule

Rule 6: View Updating Rule

Rule 7: High-Level Insert, Update, and Delete Rule

Rule 8: Physical Data Independence

Rule 9: Logical Data Independence

Rule 10: Integrity Independence

Rule 11: Distribution Independence

Rule 12: Non-Subversion Rule

Concepts

Constraints

Key Constraints

Domain Constraints

Referential Integrity Constraints

Relational Algebra

Union Operation ( )

Set Difference ( )

Rename Operation ( )

Relational Calculus

Tuple Relational Calculus (TRC)

Domain Relational Calculus (DRC)

Mapping Entity

Mapping Relationship

Mapping Process:

Mapping Weak Entity Sets

Mapping Process:

Mapping Hierarchical Entities

Mapping Process

Data Definition Language

CREATE
For example:

DROP
For example:

ALTER

For example:

Data Manipulation Language

SELECT/FROM/WHERE

For example:

INSERT INTO/VALUES
Syntax:

For example:

UPDATE/SET/WHERE
Syntax:

For example:

DELETE/FROM/WHERE
Syntax:

For example:

Functional Dependency

Armstrong's Axioms

Trivial Functional Dependency

Normalization

First Normal Form

Second Normal Form

Third Normal Form

Boyce-Codd Normal Form

Join

Equijoin
Natural Join ( )

Outer Joins

Left Outer Join (R

S)

Right Outer Join: (R

Full Outer Join: (R

S)

S)

Memory Hierarchy

Magnetic Disks

RAID

File Organization

Heap File Organization

Sequential File Organization

Hash File Organization

Clustered File Organization

File Operations

Dense Index

Sparse Index

Multilevel Index

B+ Tree

AB

Structure of B+ Tree

Internal nodes:

Leaf nodes:

B+ Tree Insertion

B+ Tree Deletion

Hash Organization

Static Hashing

Operation:

Bucket Overflow

Dynamic Hashing

Organization

Operation

ACID Properties

Serializability

Equivalence Schedules

Result Equivalence

View Equivalence

Conflict Equivalence

States of Transactions

Lock-based Protocols

Binary Locks
Shared/exclusive Locks

Simplistic Lock Protocol

Pre-claiming Lock Protocol

Two-Phase Locking 2PL

Strict Two-Phase Locking

Timestamp-based Protocols

Timestamp Ordering Protocol

Thomas' Write Rule

Deadlock Prevention

Wait-Die Scheme

Wound-Wait Scheme

Deadlock Avoidance

Wait-for Graph

Loss of Volatile Storage

Recovery:

Database Backup & Recovery from Catastrophic Failure

Remote Backup

Crash Recovery

Failure Classification
Transaction Failure

System Crash

Disk Failure

Storage Structure

Recovery and Atomicity

Log-based Recovery

Recovery with Concurrent Transactions

Checkpoint

Recovery