Power Transmission, Distribution and

Utilization
Lecture# 20 & 21: Power Quality

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Assistant Professor, EED
KFUEIT, Pakistan

EEDKFUEIT

10.1.0.6

LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Slide credits
This presentation is based on the book
Power quality in electrical systems by A Kusko
and M T Thompson.

Dr.Sher
2

Contents

Introduction
Ideal voltage waveform
Linear vs non-linear
Non-linear load
Can PQ be defined explicitly
Examples of poor PQ
Why to bothered about PQ ?
Relative cost of maintaining PQ
PQ standards

Dr.Sher
3

Introduction
The concept of powering and grounding
electronic
equipment
in
a
manner
that is suitable to the operation of that
equipment and compatible with the
premise wiring system and other connected
equipment.

Dr.Sher
4

Introduction
There are several reasons for interest in PQ.
Metering
Poor PQ can affect the accuracy of utility metering.

Protective relays
Poor PQ can cause protective relays to malfunction

Downtime
Poor PQ results in equipment downtime and hence loss of
productivity

Cost
All the above mentioned effects the cost of system.

EMC
Poor PQ pose challenges when it comes of EMC and noise.
Dr.Sher
5

Ideal voltage waveform

Amplitude, frequency, phase and
distortion of waveform are within limits.

any

Dr.Sher
6

Linear Vs. Non-linear

Current drawn by the load depends on the
impedance of the load.
If the current shape is same as the applied
voltage the load is said to be linear
If the current drawn by the load is not of same
shape then the load is non-linear
The distorted wave shape of current produce
disturbance in the voltage waveform.

Dr.Sher
7

Non-linear load

Dr.Sher
8

Can PQ be defined explicitly ?

Good power quality, however, is not easy to
define
because
what
is
good
power quality to a refrigerator motor may not
be good enough for todays personal
computers and other sensitive loads. For
example, a short (momentary) outage would
not noticeably affect motors, lights, etc. but
could cause a major nuisance to digital clocks,
videocassette
recorders
(VCRs)
etc.

Dr.Sher
9

Examples of poor PQ
Interruption
Sag
Swell
Long duration variations
Impulsive transient
Oscillatory Transient
Harmonic distortion
Voltage fluctuations
Noise
Dr.Sher
10

Examples of poor PQ
Sag or dip
Decrease in rms line voltage of 10-90% of nominal
line voltage
Common duration is 0.5 cycles to 1 minute.

Swell
Brief increase in rms voltage of 110-180 % of
nominal line voltage
Common duration is 0.5 cycles to 1 minute

Dr.Sher
11

Examples of poor PQ
Impulsive transient
Brief, unidirectional variation in voltage,
current, or both.
The most common causes of impulsive transients are
lightning strikes, switching of inductive loads, or
switching in the power distribution system.

Oscillatory transient
Brief, bidirectional variation in voltage, current, or
both on a power line.
These can occur due to the switching of power factor
correction capacitors, or transformer ferroresonance.
Dr.Sher
12

Examples of poor PQ
Interruption
Reduction in line-voltage or current to
less than 10 percent of the nominal, not
exceeding 60 seconds in length.

Notching
Created by rectifiers that have finite line
inductance.
The notches show up due to an effect known as
current commutation.
Dr.Sher
13

Examples of poor PQ
Voltage fluctuations
relatively small (less than 5 percent) variations in
the rms line-voltage

Voltage imbalance
variation in the amplitudes of three-phase
voltages, relative to one another

Dr.Sher
14

Why to bothered about PQ ?

The end user wants to see the noninterruption of good quality electrical service
because the cost of downtime is high.

Dr.Sher
15

Relative cost of maintaining PQ

Dr.Sher
16

PQ standards
Standards provide acceptable design practice.
Some of the PQ standards
IEEE 519 and 1159
Deals with AC systems and their harmonics

ANSI C84
Standard for 120V service

CBEMA (computer business equipment

manufacturer association)
Acceptable sag/swell amplitude versus event duration
Dr.Sher
17

Voltage distortion
Voltage sag
line rms voltage decreases from the nominal linevoltage for a short period of time
It occurs because of a line to ground fault

Dr.Sher
18

Voltage distortion
Impulsive transient
Unidirectional variation in voltage, current or
both.
It can occur because of lightening strike on a
power line.

Dr.Sher
19

Voltage distortion
Notching
It occurs during current commutation in single and
three phase rectifiers

Dr.Sher
20

Voltage distortion
Phase imbalance
Adverse effects on induction motors operating
temperature.

Dr.Sher
21

Voltage distortion
EMI
Repetitive low energy disturbances in the 10kHz
to 1GHz band, with 100V to 100 V amplitude.
Mainly because of SMPS, motor speed controllers,
power line communications and wireless
broadcasting.

Dr.Sher
22

Harmonics and Interharmonics

Harmonics are the integer multiples of the
fundamantal line frequency.

Dr.Sher
23

Harmonics and Interharmonics

Dr.Sher
24

Harmonics and Interharmonics

Harmonics is attributed by harmonics number.
For example h=5 refers to the fifth component
with frequency five times the fundamental.
It is also attributed in terms of odd and even
components e.g odd harmonics 3,7 ,9,11 and
even harmonics 2,4,6,8
The 1 is usually used for fundamental component
0 represents the DC value

Dr.Sher
25

End of Course EE-355

Presentations due on the next week lecture
schedule.

Dr.Sher
26