TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK

EVIZAL ABDUL KADIR

Textbook

Engineering Circuit Analysis,

8th edition McGrawHill
William H. Hayt Jr.,
Jack E. Kemmerly,
Steven M. Durbin

Many things operate using

Electricity. Why?

How to make the electricity?

Faradays Law

Practical Electricity Generator

Turbine

Coil Placement

3-phase system
L1

N
S

L2

L3
N

Electric Outlet

L1

GND

Alternating Current
AC

5V 800mA

Can this be used?

Why?

Need an AC DC converter.
How does it look like?

No. 1

Input 120V AC 60Hz 0.1A

Output 24V DC 100mA

No

No. 2

Input 220V AC 50Hz

Output 5V DC 500mA

No

No. 3

Input 120~220V AC 50-60Hz

Output 5V DC 2A

Yes

Electricity
Electricity is a result from the flow of electrons.

electricity

Note: Electricity flows in the opposite direction

of electron flow.

= electron

Electric Current vs. Electron Current

- ++ -

= Atom Structure

- ++ -

- ++ -

- ++ - electricity

++
++

We cannot see electric current.

We need a metaphor.
Which thing has similar property with electricity??

Water

Metaphor
Electricity is similar to water flow.
Water flows from high level
to low level.
Electricity flows from
high voltage to low voltage.

High
Voltage

Low
Voltage

Measurement of Electricity
Since we use electricity to do work for us, how
Can we measure its energy?
How can we measure the water power?
Think about a water gun.

High
Voltage
strong (fast, high kinetic energy)
amount of water

Low
Voltage

Voltage
Current

Imagine the water power at the outlet

Electric Potential
Which water drop has
more impact force at
the ground?

Potential Energy (Height)

transform
Kinetic Energy (Velocity)

Electric potential can be compared

with the height of the water drop
from the reference ground

Ground: Reference Point

Normally, we measure height compared to the sea level.
Also, electric potential at a point can be measured
compared to the electric potential at the ground.
Unit: Volt (V)

Electric potential,
or voltage has a
unit volt.
Ground always has 0 volts.

Voltage ( )
Voltage is a difference of electric potential
between 2 points
Unit: Volt

Compare to the height of 2

water drops

Electric Current ()

Low current

High current

Electric Current Unit

Unit: Ampere, Amp (A)

Note: Both current and voltage have directions

What is Circuit Analysis about?

To calculate voltage or current at some points

and some time in electric circuits

Course Overview
DC (Direct current)

AC (Alternating current)

Circuits
Constant voltage
Midterm

Constant current

Rules:

Techniques:

Ohms law
Kirchoffs law

Mesh Analysis
Node Analysis
Superposition
Thevenin/ Norton

Voltage

Voltage

Current

Current

Time

Frequency

Phasor
Concept

Transient Response

Symbol
Independent
Voltage
Source

Independent
Current
Source

Resistor

Electric wire

Ground

General Rules
All points on a same electric wire have the same
voltage.
A voltage source always have voltage difference
of its pins equal to its value.
A current source always have current pass
through it equal to its value.
Ground always has zero voltage. (0 volts)

Electric Flow Rule

Electric current flows from high voltage to low voltage
when there is a path.
Electric current can freely pass through electric wire.
Electric current can flow through a resistor with the
amount according to Ohms law.
Electric current can flow through a voltage source
with the amount depended on other components in the
circuit.
Electric current can flow pass a current source
according to its value.

Three Measurements
of Electricity
Voltage

Volt (V)

Current

Ampere (A)

Resistance

Ohm ()

Prefix
Giga (G) 109
Mega (M) 106
Kilo (K)
103
Centi (c)
Milli (m)
Micro ()
Nano (n)
Pico (p)

10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12

Simple DC Circuit
Current

1V

Metaphor
Current

1V

Increasing V is compared to ?
Increasing R is compared to ?

Ohms Law
V = IR

for using with a resistor only

Voltage (Volts) =
current (Amperes) x resistance (Ohms)
2A

2
x+4 volts

x volts

Note: Electric wire has a resistance of 0 ohms

Electric Current
1A

1V

1A

1A

Every point in the circuit has current = 1A

Electric Voltage
x + 1 Volts

1V

x Volts

Ground
Ground = reference point always have voltage = 0 volts
1 Volts

1V

0 Volts

Electric Voltage (2)

1 Volts
0 Volts

1V

0 Volts

Electric Voltage (3)

1 Volts
1 Volts

1V

0 Volts
1 Volts

Negative Voltage and Current

+
2 volts

Same as

-2 volts

1A

-1 A
Same as

Power
Symbol P

has a unit of Watt

P = VI

Absorb power

V
+

Generate power

Passive Sign Convention

Absorb power: Power has a sign +

Generate power: Power has a sign -

Example
2.5mA

10V

4K

DC source generates power = 10V * -2.5mA = - 25mW

Resistor absorbs power = 10V * 2.5mA = 25mW

Note: Resistors always absorb power but DC source can

either generate or absorb power

Direction of Voltage & Current on

Resistors

or
+

Resistor always absorb power.

Therefore, it always have current flow through it from
high voltage pin to low voltage pin.